1
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Runge K, Fiebich BL, Kuzior H, Rausch J, Maier SJ, Dersch R, Nickel K, Domschke K, Tebartz van Elst L, Endres D. Altered cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult patients with autism spectrum disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:134-142. [PMID: 36584491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intensive research, the etiological causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain elusive. Immunological mechanisms have recently been studied more frequently in the context of maternal autoantibodies and infections, as well as altered cytokine profiles. For the detection of immunological processes in the central nervous system, analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous due to its proximity to the brain. However, cytokine studies in the CSF of ASD patients are sparse. METHODS CSF was collected from a patient sample of 24 adults (m = 16, f = 8, age: 30.3 ± 11.6 years) with ASD and compared to a previously published mentally healthy control sample of 39 neurological patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A magnetic bead multiplexing immunoassay was used to measure multiple cytokines in CSF. RESULTS Significantly decreased interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (p = 0.001) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.041) levels as well as significantly higher interleukin-8 levels (p = 0.041) were detected in patients with ASD compared with the control group. CONCLUSION The main finding of this study is an altered cytokine profile in adult patients with ASD compared to the control group. This may indicate immune dysregulation in a subgroup of adult ASD patients. Further studies in larger cohorts that examine a broader spectrum of chemokines and cytokines in general are needed to detect possible specific immune signatures in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Runge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuzior
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jördis Rausch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon J Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Ni W, Ramalingam M, Li Y, Park JH, Dashnyam K, Lee JH, Bloise N, Fassina L, Visai L, De Angelis MGC, Pedraz JL, Kim HW, Hu J. Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory effect of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Central Nervous System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:866-885. [PMID: 36650367 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical event that responds to disturbed homeostasis and governs various neurological diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). The excessive inflammatory microenvironment in the CNS can adversely affect endogenous neural stem cells, thereby impeding neural self-repair. Therapies with neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have shown significant inhibitory effects on inflammation, which is mainly achieved through intercellular contact and paracrine signalings. The intercellular contact between NSPCs and immune cells, the activated CNS- resident microglia, and astrocyte plays a critical role in the therapeutic NSPCs homing and immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the paracrine effect mainly regulates infiltrating innate and adaptive immune cells, activated microglia, and astrocyte through the secretion of bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the immunomodulatory effect of NSPCs is not well discussed. This article provides a systematic analysis of the immunomodulatory mechanism of NSPCs, discusses efficient ways to enhance its immunomodulatory ability, and gives suggestions on clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Khandmaa Dashnyam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Saddala MS, Lennikov A, Mukwaya A, Yang X, Tang S, Huang H. Data mining and network analysis reveals C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 is involved in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10783-10792. [PMID: 34243690 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1949391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies found that the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) loss leads to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and AMD pathogenesis. The current study aimed to characterize the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structure of CXCR5 and analyze its interactions with AMD-related risk genes. The sequence alignments, homology model of CXCR5 and structural assessment analysis were performed. Data and text mining were then performed to identify AMD-related risk genes and their interaction with CXCR5 using statistical and mathematical algorithms. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that human CXCR5 was highly similar (85.4839%) to the rabbit. The least similarity (33.871%) was found to be in zebrafish compared to the other species. The CXCR5 model structural assessment and secondary structure analysis exhibited an excellent model. Network analysis revealed that IL10, TNF, ICAM1, CXCL1, CXCL8, APP, TLR4, SELL, C3, IL17A and CCR2 were the most connected genes CXCR5. These findings suggest that CXCR5 signaling may regulate the biological function of RPE and modulate AMD pathophysiology via GPCR signaling and interacting with identified AMD risk genes. In summary, the data presented here provide novel and crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms of CXCR5 involvement in AMD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhana Saddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Mukwaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical, and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xu Yang
- Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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4
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Tang Y, Zhou Y, He B, Cao T, Zhou X, Ning L, Chen E, Li Y, Xie X, Peng B, Hu Y, Liu S. Investigation of the immune escape mechanism of Treponema pallidum. Infection 2022; 51:305-321. [PMID: 36260281 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis is a chronic sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum), which is a public health problem that seriously affects human health worldwide. T. pallidum is characterized by early transmission and immune escape and is therefore termed an "invisible pathogen". METHODS This review systematically summarizes the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to T. pallidum infection as well as the escape mechanisms of T. pallidum. PURPOSE To lay the foundation for assessing the pathogenic mechanism and the systematic prevention and treatment of syphilis. CONCLUSION The immune escape mechanism of T. pallidum plays an important role in its survival. Exploring the occurrence and development of these mechanisms has laid the foundation for the development of syphilis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Bisha He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Lichang Ning
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - En Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Binfeng Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Yibao Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang City, 421000, Hunan, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Kong L, Fu J, Zhang Q, Liu H. PLGA@IL-8 nanoparticles-loaded acellular dermal matrix as a delivery system for exogenous MSCs in diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:688-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Norman TR. Editorial: Role of the serotonergic system in pathology of major depressive disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:988307. [PMID: 36003982 PMCID: PMC9393722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ronald Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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7
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Du J, Bao H, Xing Y, Cai M, Si Y. Chemokine CXCL13 acts via CXCR5-ERK signaling in hippocampus to induce perioperative neurocognitive disorders in surgically treated mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:335. [PMID: 33161894 PMCID: PMC7648984 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) occur frequently after surgery and worsen patient outcome. How C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 13 and its sole receptor CXCR5 contribute to PNDs remains poorly understood. Methods A PND model was created in adult male C57BL/6J and CXCR5−/− mice by exploratory laparotomy. Mice were pretreated via intracerebroventricular injection with recombinant CXCL13, short hairpin RNA against CXCL13 or a scrambled control RNA, or ERK inhibitor PD98059. Then surgery was performed to induce PNDs, and animals were assessed in the Barnes maze trial followed by a fear-conditioning test. Expression of CXCL13, CXCR5, and ERK in hippocampus was examined using Western blot, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in hippocampus were assessed by Western blot. Results Surgery impaired learning and memory, and it increased expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in the hippocampus. CXCL13 knockdown partially reversed the effects of surgery on CXCR5 and cognitive dysfunction. CXCR5 knockout led to similar cognitive outcomes as CXCL13 knockdown, and it repressed surgery-induced activation of ERK and production of IL-1β and TNF-α in hippocampus. Recombinant CXCL13 induced cognitive deficits and increased the expression of phospho-ERK as well as IL-1β and TNF-α in hippocampus of wild-type mice, but not CXCR5−/− mice. PD98059 partially blocked CXCL13-induced cognitive dysfunction as well as production of IL-1β and TNF-α. Conclusions CXCL13-induced activation of CXCR5 may contribute to PNDs by triggering ERK-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211118, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Si
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Ben Afia A, Aflouk Y, Saoud H, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Inteurleukin-8 gene variations and the susceptibility to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113421. [PMID: 32920525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) cytokine alteration in the peripheral and central system has been widely shown in psychosis while variation in the IL-8 gene remains largely unexplored and to the best of our knowledge, IL-8 polymorphisms have never been specifically targeted in Schizophrenia (Scz). Thus, we set out to search a potential correlation between rs4073, rs2227306 and rs1126647 polymorphisms in IL-8 gene and the development of Scz in a sample of the Tunisian population in a candidate gene approach. Targeted polymorphisms were analysed in 206 patients and 195 controls using PCR-RFLP method. Among all analysed polymorphisms, only rs1126647 showed a significant risk for Scz. After stratification analysis, we noted a significant association of TT genotype and T allele at rs1126647 with paranoid form, and more specifically with female sex. We find that the rare haplotypes at rs4073-rs2227306-rs1126647 of TTT, ACT and TCT, each containing the risk allele rs1126647T, were associated with increased risk for paranoid Scz while only the TCT combination constituted a risk factor for Scz more generally. Our findings support that IL-8 gene may be involved in susceptibility to Scz but this still preliminary and needs to be strengthened by further independent analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Ben Afia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Farid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
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Fridman WH, Miller I, Sautès-Fridman C, Byrne AT. Therapeutic Targeting of the Colorectal Tumor Stroma. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:303-321. [PMID: 31622621 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal tumors have been classified based on histologic factors, genetic factors, and consensus molecular subtypes, all of which affect the tumor microenvironment. Elements of the tumor microenvironment serve as therapeutic targets and might be used as prognostic factors. For example, immune checkpoint inhibitors are used to treat tumors with microsatellite instability, and anti-angiogenic agents may be used in combination with other drugs to slow or inhibit tumor growth. We review the features of the colorectal tumor stroma that are associated with patient outcomes and discuss potential therapeutic agents that target these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf H Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inflammation, Complement and Cancer Team, Paris, France.
| | - Ian Miller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Inflammation, Complement and Cancer Team, Paris, France
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Preconditioning of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells with Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin-Derived Factors Does Not Enhance Their Neuroregenerative Effect. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8589149. [PMID: 31089335 PMCID: PMC6476049 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8589149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies of the central nervous system are characterized by loss of brain tissue and neuronal function which cannot be adequately restored by endogenous repair processes. This stresses the need for novel treatment options such as cell-based therapies that are able to restore damaged tissue or stimulate repair. This study investigated the neuroregenerative potential of the conditioned medium of human dental pulp stem cells (CM-hDPSCs) on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and migration as well as on neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neurons (pCNs). Additionally, the effect of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) priming on the neuroregenerative potential of the hDPSC secretome on NSCs and pCNs was evaluated. L-PRF contains factors that enhance stem cell-induced regeneration, but its effect on hDPSC-mediated neuroregeneration is unknown. This study demonstrated that CM-hDPSCs enhanced neuritogenesis. Moreover, CM-hDPSCs had a chemoattractant effect on NSCs. Although priming hDPSCs with L-PRF increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion, no additional effects on the paracrine-mediated repair mechanisms were observed. These data support the neuroregenerative potential of hDPSCs, and although priming had no additional effect, the potential of L-PRF-primed hDPSCs on distinct regenerative mechanisms remains to be clarified.
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Luo X, Zhang X, Gan L, Zhou C, Zhao T, Zeng T, Liu S, Xiao Y, Yu J, Zhao F. The outer membrane protein Tp92 of Treponema pallidum induces human mononuclear cell death and IL-8 secretion. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6039-6054. [PMID: 30596396 PMCID: PMC6237608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum is the pathogen that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease; however, the pathogenic mechanism of this organism remains unclear. Tp92 is the only T. pallidum outer membrane protein that has structural features similar to the outer membrane proteins of other Gram-negative bacteria, but the exact functions of this protein remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that the recombinant Tp92 protein can induce human mononuclear cell death. Tp92 mediated the human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monicytic leukemia patient (THP-1) cell death by recognizing CD14 and/or TLR2 on cell surfaces. After the stimulation of THP-1 cells by the Tp92 protein, Tp92 may induce atypical pyroptosis of THP-1 cells via the pro-caspase-1 pathway. Meanwhile, this protein caused the apoptosis of THP-1 cells via the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/caspase-8/aspase-3 pathway. Tp92 reduced the number of monocytes among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, further research showed that Tp92 failed to increase the tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP)-1 levels but slightly elevated the IL-8 levels via the Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB pathway in THP-1 cells. The data suggest that Tp92 recognizes CD14 and TLR2, transfers the signal to a downstream pathway, and activates NF-κB to mediate the production of IL-8. This mechanism may help T. pallidum escape recognition and elimination by the host innate immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Caspase 1/genetics
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/microbiology
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/genetics
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Syphilis/genetics
- Syphilis/microbiology
- Syphilis/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Treponema pallidum/genetics
- Treponema pallidum/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Histology and EmbryologySchool of MedicineUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Lin Gan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Chenglong Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Tie Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Yongjian Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Jian Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Feijun Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology and Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Molecular Drug ResearchUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
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12
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Zhang J, Luo W, Huang P, Peng L, Huang Q. Maternal C-reactive protein and cytokine levels during pregnancy and the risk of selected neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 105:86-94. [PMID: 30212728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders is unclear. Increasing evidence has suggested maternal immune system dysregulation may be implicated in offspring's early brain development and related to an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association of maternal CRP and cytokine levels with offspring's neuropsychiatric disorders. We identified relevant studies following a search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase database between January 1971 and February 2018. A meta-analysis was performed on studies which reported the association of prenatal maternal peripheral blood concentrations of CRP and cytokines with offspring's neuropsychiatric disorders. Results were reported according to PRISMA statement. Fifteen studies (six for maternal CRP, nine for maternal cytokines) were included in the meta-analysis, of which 80% were of high methodological quality. Random-effect meta-analysis showed that increasing maternal CRP (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.11-1.55, SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.06-0.24, P < 0.01), pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06-2.55, SMD = 0.27, 95% CI 0.03-0.52, P = 0.03) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.30-3.59, SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.14-0.71, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with schizophrenia in offspring. The finding of our meta-analysis has identified significantly altered maternal CRP and cytokine concentrations in schizophrenia, strengthening evidence of maternal immune system dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders where inflammatory signals dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wanjun Luo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Linrui Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qitao Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Prophylactic Zinc and Therapeutic Selenium Administration Increases the Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in the Rat Temporoparietal Cortex and Improves Memory after a Transient Hypoxia-Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9416432. [PMID: 30258527 PMCID: PMC6146673 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9416432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia rat model, the prophylactic administration of zinc can cause either cytotoxicity or preconditioning effect, whereas the therapeutic administration of selenium decreases the ischemic damage. Herein, we aimed to explore whether supplementation of low doses of prophylactic zinc and therapeutic selenium could protect from a transient hypoxic-ischemic event. We administrated zinc (0.2 mg/kg of body weight; ip) daily for 14 days before a 10 min common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO). After CCAO, we administrated sodium selenite (6 μg/kg of body weight; ip) daily for 7 days. In the temporoparietal cerebral cortex, we determined nitrites by the Griess method and lipid peroxidation by the Gerard-Monnier assay. qPCR was used to measure mRNA of nitric oxide synthases, antioxidant enzymes, chemokines, and their receptors. We measured the enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx and protein levels of chemokines and their receptors by ELISA. We evaluated long-term memory using the Morris-Water maze test. Our results showed that prophylactic administration of zinc caused a preconditioning effect, decreasing nitrosative/oxidative stress and increasing GPx and SOD expression and activity, as well as eNOS expression. The therapeutic administration of selenium maintained this preconditioning effect up to the late phase of hypoxia-ischemia. Ccl2, Ccr2, Cxcl12, and Cxcr4 were upregulated, and long-term memory was improved. Pyknotic cells were decreased suggesting prevention of neuronal cell death. Our results show that the prophylactic zinc and therapeutic selenium administration induces effective neuroprotection in the early and late phases after CCAO.
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14
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LCCC 1025: a phase II study of everolimus, trastuzumab, and vinorelbine to treat progressive HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:637-648. [PMID: 29938395 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE HER2 + breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive subtype with high rates of brain metastases (BCBM). Two-thirds of HER2 + BCBM demonstrate activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway driving resistance to anti-HER2 therapy. This phase II study evaluated everolimus (E), a brain-permeable mTOR inhibitor, trastuzumab (T), and vinorelbine (V) in patients with HER2 + BCBM. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had progressive HER2 + BCBM. The primary endpoint was intracranial response rate (RR); secondary objectives were CNS clinical benefit rate (CBR), extracranial RR, time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and targeted sequencing of tumors from enrolled patients. A two-stage design distinguished intracranial RR of 5% versus 20%. RESULTS 32 patients were evaluable for toxicity, 26 for efficacy. Intracranial RR was 4% (1 PR). CNS CBR at 6 mos was 27%; at 3 mos 65%. Median intracranial TTP was 3.9 mos (95% CI 2.2-5). OS was 12.2 mos (95% CI 0.6-20.2). Grade 3-4 toxicities included neutropenia (41%), anemia (16%), and stomatitis (16%). Mutations in TP53 and PIK3CA were common in BCBM. Mutations in the PI3K/mTOR pathway were not associated with response. ERBB2 amplification was higher in BCBM compared to primary BC; ERBB2 amplification in the primary BC trended toward worse OS. CONCLUSION While intracranial RR to ETV was low in HER2 + BCBM patients, one-third achieved CNS CBR; TTP/OS was similar to historical control. No new toxicity signals were observed. Further analysis of the genomic underpinnings of BCBM to identify tractable prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers is warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL (NCT01305941).
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15
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Periasamy R, Surbek DV, Schoeberlein A. In vitro-microenvironment directs preconditioning of human chorion derived MSC promoting differentiation of OPC-like cells. Tissue Cell 2018; 52:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Sports-Related Concussion Results in Differential Expression of Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Genes in Peripheral Blood During the Acute and Subacute Periods. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 31:269-76. [PMID: 26479397 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in global gene expression in peripheral leukocytes in the acute and subacute periods following a sports-related concussion in athletes. SETTING Samples were collected at 2 universities in Rochester, New York. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen contact sport athletes who experienced a sports-related concussion, and 16 nonconcussed teammates served as controls. DESIGN Blood samples were collected at the start of the season (baseline), within 6 hours of injury (acute), and at 7 days (subacute) postinjury. Differential gene expression was measured using the GeneChip 3' in vitro transcription Expression kit and Affymetrix microarrays, and genes with fold difference of 2 or more were identified using Partek. MAIN MEASURES Whole genome differential gene expression, and cognitive and balance measures to asses for clinical symptoms pre- and postinjury. RESULTS In the concussed athletes, we observed 67 downregulated and 4 upregulated genes in the acute period and 63 downregulated and 2 upregulated genes in the subacute period compared with baseline. Of these, there were 28 genes from both time points involved in the inflammatory response. No significant differences in gene expression were detected in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recovery from sports-related concussion relates to modulation of inflammation through cytokine and chemokine gene pathways, which can contribute to future development of personalized therapeutic agents.
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17
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Soluble Factors from Human Olfactory Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Influence the Fate Decisions of Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8014-8037. [PMID: 29498005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis plays a significant role during adulthood, and the observation that neural stem cells reside in the central nervous system and the olfactory epithelium has attracted attention due to their importance in neuronal regeneration. In addition, soluble factors (SFs) release by neural stem cells may modulate the neurogenic process. Thus, in this study, we identified the SFs released by olfactory human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs-OE). These cells express Ki67, nestin, and βIII-tubulin, indicating their neural lineage. The hNS/PCs-OE also express PSD95 and tau proteins during proliferation, but increased levels are observed after differentiation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on the viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential of adult murine hippocampal neural precursor cells (AHPCs). SFs from hNS/PCs-OE maintain cells in the precursor and proliferative stages and mainly promote the astrocytic differentiation of AHPCs. These effects involved the activation, as measured by phosphorylation, of several proteins (Erk1/2; Akt/PRAS40/GSK3β and JAK/STAT) involved in key events of the neurogenic process. Moreover, according to the results from the antibody-based microarray approach, among the soluble factors, hNS/PCs-OE produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). However, residual epidermal growth factor (EGF) was also detected. These proteins partially reproduced the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on AHPCs, and the mechanism underlying these effects is mediated by Src proteins, which have been implicated in EGF-induced transactivation of TrkB receptor. The results of the present study suggest the potential use of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE in controlling the differentiation potential of AHPCs. Thus, the potential clinical relevance of hNS/PCs-OE is worth pursuing.
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18
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β-escin selectively targets the glioblastoma-initiating cell population and reduces cell viability. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66865-66879. [PMID: 27589691 PMCID: PMC5341843 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumour of the central nervous system and is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Within GBM exists a subpopulation of cells, glioblastoma-initiating cells (GIC), which possess the characteristics of progenitor cells, have the ability to initiate tumour growth and resist to current treatment strategies. We aimed at identifying novel specific inhibitors of GIC expansion through use of a large-scale chemical screen of approved small molecules. Here, we report the identification of the natural compound β-escin as a selective inhibitor of GIC viability. Indeed, β-escin was significantly cytotoxic in nine patient-derived GIC, whilst exhibiting no substantial effect on the other human cancer or control cell lines tested. In addition, β-escin was more effective at reducing GIC growth than current clinically used cytotoxic agents. We further show that β-escin triggers caspase-dependent cell death combined with a loss of stemness properties. However, blocking apoptosis could not rescue the β-escin-induced reduction in sphere formation or stemness marker activity, indicating that β-escin directly modifies the stem identity of GIC, independent of the induction of cell death. Thus, this study has repositioned β-escin as a promising potential candidate to selectively target the aggressive population of initiating cells within GBM.
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19
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Al-Ayadhi LY, Attia SM. Upregulation of peripheral CXC and CC chemokine receptor expression on CD4 + T cells is associated with immune dysregulation in children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:211-220. [PMID: 28986277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by disturbances in social interactions and communication, restricted repetitive interests, and stereotyped behavior. Cumulative evidence recommends that there are immune alterations in ASD. Chemokine receptors are known to play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) and in many neuro inflammatory disorders. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of CXC and CC chemokine receptors signaling in children with autism. We examined chemokine receptor production of CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR5, and CXCR7 in all peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in CD4+ T cells of typically developing control children (TD) and autistic children (AU). We also examined chemokine receptor production of CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, and CCR9 in all PBMCs and in CD4+ T cells of AU and TD samples using flow cytometric analysis. In addition, we measured mRNA expression levels of CXC and CC chemokine receptors using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Our results showed the increased production of CXCR2+, CXCR3+, CXCR5+, and CXCR7+ and CCR3+, CCR5+, CCR7+, and CCR9+ in all PBMCs and in CD4+ T cells of children with AU as compared to TD controls. Our results show that chemokine receptor signaling components might provide unique therapeutic targets for children with AU and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Yousef Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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A preliminary study on the proinflammatory mechanisms of Treponema pallidum outer membrane protein Tp92 in human macrophages and HMEC-1 cells. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Immune Alterations in CD8+ T Cells Are Associated with Neuronal C-C and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Regulation Through Adenosine A2A Receptor Signaling in a BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Autistic Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2603-2616. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Huang H, Liu Y, Wang L, Li W. Age-related macular degeneration phenotypes are associated with increased tumor necrosis-alpha and subretinal immune cells in aged Cxcr5 knockout mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173716. [PMID: 28282423 PMCID: PMC5345864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chemokine receptor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains elusive. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of chemokine receptor Cxcr5 in the pathogenesis of AMD. Cxcr5 gene expression levels (mRNA and protein) are higher in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of aged C57BL/6 wild type mice than younger ones. Vascular and glial cells express Cxcr5 and its ligand Cxcl13 in mouse retina. Aged Cxcr5 knockout (-/-) mice develop both early and late AMD-like pathological features. White and yellow spots, which look like drusen in humans, were identified with fundscopic examination. Drusen-like sub-RPE deposits with dome-shaped morphology were characterized on the sections. RPE vacuolization, swelling, and sub-RPE basal deposits were illustrated with light and transmission electron microscope (TEM). TEM further illustrated degenerated and disorganized RPE basal infoldings, phagosomes and melanosomes inside RPE, as well as abnormal photoreceptor outer segments. Lipofuscin granules and lipid droplets in the subretinal space, RPE, and choroid were revealed with fluorescence microscope and oil-red-O staining. Increased IgG in RPE/choroid were determined with Western blots (WB). WB and immunofluorescence staining determined RPE zona occuldens (ZO)-1 protein reduction and abnormal subcellular localization. TUNEL staining, outer nuclear layer (ONL) measurement and electroretinogram (ERG) recording indicated that photoreceptors underwent apoptosis, degeneration, and functional impairment. Additionally, spontaneous neovascularization (NV)-like lesions develop in the subretinal space of aged Cxcr5-/- mice. The underlying mechanisms are associated with increased subretinal F4/80+ immune cells, some of which contain RPE marker RPE65, and up-regulation of the multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in RPE/choroid and retina. These findings suggest that Cxcr5 itself may be involved in the protection of RPE and retinal cells during aging and its loss may lead to AMD-like pathological changes in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Liu
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Aier Eye Hospital of Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Wen Li
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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A meta-analysis of chemokines in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 68:1-8. [PMID: 26903140 PMCID: PMC5536843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are increasingly recognised as playing a role in depression. Here we meta-analyse the data on concentrations of all chemokines in patients diagnosed with a major depression versus healthy controls. We included studies which utilised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV diagnostic criteria for major depression, participants free from major medical conditions, studies with healthy controls, and unstimulated measurements of chemokines. We only included chemokines which had ≥3 studies performed. Two chemokines and 15 studies in total met criteria for this meta-analysis; 8 for Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 (n=747), and 7 for Interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8 (n=560). There were significantly higher concentrations of CCL2/MCP-1 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects - overall mean difference of 36.43pg/mL (95% CI: 2.43 to 70.42). There was significant heterogeneity across these studies (I2=98.5%). The estimates of mean difference between the control and depression groups did not remain significant when the trim-and-fill procedure was used to correct for publication bias. There was no significant difference in concentrations of IL-8/CXCL8 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. Significant heterogeneity was found across these studies (I2=96.7%). The estimates of mean difference between the control and depression groups remained non-significant when the trim-and-fill procedure was used to correct for publication bias. This meta-analysis reports significantly heterogeneity in this field among studies. There are higher concentrations of the chemokine MCP-1/CCL2 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects, and no differences for IL-8/CXCL8. More high quality research and consistent methodologies are needed in this important area of enquiry.
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24
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Chapman KZ, Ge R, Monni E, Tatarishvili J, Ahlenius H, Arvidsson A, Ekdahl CT, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Inflammation without neuronal death triggers striatal neurogenesis comparable to stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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25
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Stuart MJ, Singhal G, Baune BT. Systematic Review of the Neurobiological Relevance of Chemokines to Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:357. [PMID: 26441528 PMCID: PMC4564736 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent and disabling conditions of increasing public health relevance. Much recent research has focused on the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders; however, the related family of immune proteins designated chemokines has been relatively neglected. Chemokines were originally identified as having chemotactic function on immune cells; however, recent evidence has begun to elucidate novel, brain-specific functions of these proteins of relevance to the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. A systematic review of both human and animal literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was undertaken. After application of all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 157 references were remained for the review. Some early mechanistic evidence does associate select chemokines with the neurobiological processes, including neurogenesis, modulation of the neuroinflammatory response, regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and modulation of neurotransmitter systems. This early evidence however does not clearly demonstrate any specificity for a certain psychiatric disorder, but is primarily relevant to mechanisms which are shared across disorders. Notable exceptions include CCL11 that has recently been shown to impair hippocampal function in aging – of distinct relevance to Alzheimer’s disease and depression in the elderly, and pre-natal exposure to CXCL8 that may disrupt early neurodevelopmental periods predisposing to schizophrenia. Pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, and CCL13, have been shown to drive chemotaxis of pro-inflammatory cells to the inflamed or injured CNS. Likewise, CX3CL has been implicated in promoting glial cells activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, expression of ICAM-1, and recruitment of CD4+ T-cells into the CNS during neuroinflammatory processes. With further translational research, chemokines may present novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stuart
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
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26
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Janelidze S, Suchankova P, Ekman A, Erhardt S, Sellgren C, Samuelsson M, Westrin A, Minthon L, Hansson O, Träskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Low IL-8 is associated with anxiety in suicidal patients: genetic variation and decreased protein levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:269-78. [PMID: 25251027 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies indicate that inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of suicidality. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that in addition to its function in the immune system also exert neuroprotective properties. The involvement of this chemokine in neuropsychiatric conditions is incompletely known. METHOD We measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-8, as well as the genotype frequency of a single nucleotide polymorphism (-251A/T, rs4073) in the promoter region of the IL8 gene, in suicide attempters (n=206) and healthy controls (n=578). RESULTS Plasma and CSF levels of IL-8 were significantly lower in suicide attempters with anxiety than in healthy controls. IL-8 in both plasma and CSF correlated negatively with symptoms of anxiety. Compared with the population-based cohort, the IL-8-251T allele was more prevalent among female suicide attempters. Furthermore, suicide attempters carrying this allele showed more severe anxiety. This correlative study warrants further mechanistic studies on the effects of IL-8 in the central nervous system. CONCLUSION We suggest that IL-8 might be involved in the biological mechanisms mediating resilience to anxiety. Thus, our findings highlight the chemokine IL-8 as a potential target for future development of anti-anxiety treatments and suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janelidze
- Section for Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Merino JJ, Bellver-Landete V, Oset-Gasque MJ, Cubelos B. CXCR4/CXCR7 Molecular Involvement in Neuronal and Neural Progenitor Migration: Focus in CNS Repair. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:27-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Victor Bellver-Landete
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dept II; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación; Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM; Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubelos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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Franasiak JM, Burns KA, Slayden O, Yuan L, Fritz MA, Korach KS, Lessey BA, Young SL. Endometrial CXCL13 expression is cycle regulated in humans and aberrantly expressed in humans and Rhesus macaques with endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:442-51. [PMID: 25031316 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C-X-C ligand 13 (CXCL13), a regulator of mucosal immunity, is secreted by human endometrial epithelium and may be involved in embryo implantation. However, cyclic expression of human endometrial CXCL13 in health and disease is not well studied. This study examines cycle stage-specific endometrial CXCL13 expression in normal humans when compared to those with biopsy-confirmed, stage 1 to 4 endometriosis using real-time reverse transcriptase, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Eutopic endometrial CXCL13 expression was also compared between normal, control Rhesus macaques, and macaques with advanced endometriosis. In healthy women, CXLC13 messenger RNA expression was minimal in the proliferative phase and maximal in the secretory phase. However, in the presence of endometriosis, proliferative-phase endometrial expression markedly increased in both humans and rhesus subjects (P < .05). The cross-species and cross-stage concordance suggests a pathophysiologic role for CXCL13 in endometriosis and its use as a biomarker for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Franasiak
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA * Jason M. Franasiak and Katherine A. Burns contributed equally and should both be regarded as joint first authors
| | - Katherine A Burns
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA * Jason M. Franasiak and Katherine A. Burns contributed equally and should both be regarded as joint first authors
| | - Ov Slayden
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lingwen Yuan
- Ob/Gyn, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc A Fritz
- Ob/Gyn, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Finding ATF4/p75NTR/IL-8 signal pathway in endothelial-mesenchymal transition by safrole oxide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99378. [PMID: 24905361 PMCID: PMC4048316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer and various diseases induced by fibrosis. We aimed to identify a small chemical molecule as an inducer of EndoMT and find a new signal pathway by using the inducer. Safrole oxide (SFO), 50 µg/ml, could most effectively induce EndoMT within 12 h. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism, we performed microarray, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis to find key factors involved in SFO-induced EndoMT and demonstrated the involvement of the factors by RNAi. The expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was greatly increased in SFO-induced EndoMT. Knockdown of ATF4 inhibited the SFO-induced EndoMT completely, and knockdown of p75NTR or IL-8 partially inhibited the EndoMT, which suggests that all three factors were involved in the process. Furthermore, knockdown of p75NTR inhibited the SFO-increased IL-8 expression and secretion, and knockdown of ATF4 inhibited SFO-increased p75NTR level significantly. The ATF4/p75NTR/IL-8 signal pathway may have an important role in EndoMT induced by SFO. Our findings support potential novel targets for the therapeutics of cancer and fibrosis disease.
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Ge D, Kong X, Liu W, Zhao J, Su L, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Miao J. Phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of integrin β4 induced by a chemical small molecule contribute to apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1120-31. [PMID: 23677256 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Integrin β4 and its Y-1494 phosphorylation play an important role in cell signaling. We found a small molecule, ethyl1-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (ECPC), that could elevate the levels of KIT ligand (KITLG), interleukin 8 (IL-8), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and promote apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) through integrin β4. We investigated the underlying mechanism of integrin β4 participating in this process. ECPC treatment increased the phosphorylation of Y-1494 in the integrin β4 cytoplasmic domain via a well-known receptor tyrosine kinase, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), and integrin β4 translocated from the cytoplasm to nucleus. With suppression of Y-1494 phosphorylation by FGF-2 or siRNA of FGFR1, ECPC failed to promote integrin β4 nuclear translocation and could not increase the expression of KITLG, IL-8, PTGS2 or ATF3. Y-1494 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of integrin β4 may be important during ECPC-induced apoptosis in VECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Stuart MJ, Corrigan F, Baune BT. Knockout of CXCR5 increases the population of immature neural cells and decreases proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:31. [PMID: 24528805 PMCID: PMC3928586 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of neurogenesis in which new neurons are generated by proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) has been a topic of intensive recent investigation. Investigations of the factors which regulate this process have recently begun to include immune factors including immune cells and cytokines, however the class of immune proteins designated as chemokines have been relatively neglected. Increasing evidence for novel brain-specific mechanisms of chemokines beyond their classical chemotactic functions has suggested that they may play a role in the regulation of NSC/NPC biology. METHODS We have investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 (ligand is CXCL13) in the activity of these cells through neurobiological and behavioural analysis of CXCR5-deficient mice (CXCR5-/-). These investigations included: immunohistochemistry for the markers Ki67, nestin, doublecortin, and IBA-1, neurosphere assays, and the baseline behavioural tests: open field test and sucrose preference test. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in doublecortin and nestin staining in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (P = 0.02 and P = 0.0008, respectively) of CXCR5-/- animals as compared to wild-type controls. This was accompanied by a decrease in Ki67 staining subgranular zone (P = 0.009). Behavioural correlates included a significant increase in baseline locomotor activity in an open field test (P <0.00018) and a decrease in stress reactivity in that test (P = 0.015). Deficiency in CXCR5 was not associated with alterations in hippocampal microglial density, microglial activation or systemic cytokine levels, nor with loss of NSC/NPC populations in the neurosphere assay. CONCLUSIONS These findings are the first to describe a brain-specific function of CXCR5 under physiological conditions. CXCR5 reduces maintenance of immature neural cell populations and enhances proliferation of subgranular zone cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, however the mechanism of these effects remains unclear. Further research into the regulation of NSC/NPC activity should consider investigation of CXCR5 and other chemokines which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment/dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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Chemokines and chemokine receptors in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment: a systematic review of biomarker studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:93-115. [PMID: 24513303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The search for immune biomarkers in psychiatric disorders has primarily focused on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Other immune proteins including chemokines have been relatively neglected in such studies. Recent evidence has implicated chemokines in many neurobiological processes potentially relevant to psychiatric disorders, beyond their classical chemotactic functions. These may include neuromodulator effects, neurotransmitter-like effects, and direct/indirect regulation of neurogenesis. This systematic review presents the existing early evidence which supports an association of many chemokines with the psychiatric disorders: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The non-specific association of chemokines including CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1α) and CCL5 (RANTES) with these disorders across diagnostic categories implies a generalised involvement of many chemokine systemic with psychiatric disease. Additional chemokines with great mechanistic relevance including CXCL12 (SDF-1) and CX3CL1 (fractalkine) have been rarely reported in the existing human literature and should be included in future clinical studies. The potential utility of these proteins as pathologically relevant biomarkers or therapeutic targets should be considered by future clinical and translational research.
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Hao N, Lü G, Liu X, Yu B, Wu H, Ji D, Li Y, Han X. Potential role of microRNA: identification and functional analysis of microRNA in corticospinal tract after unilateral lesions of the medullary pyramid. Neurosci Lett 2014; 564:37-42. [PMID: 24513234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corticospinal tract is mainly descending tracts by dominating voluntary movement of the limbs and fine movement of distal limb, especially in mammals. Distal axonal degeneration is called anterograde degeneration. Proximal end is connected to the neuron cell body, whereas retrograde degeneration is very slight with the possibility of regeneration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding with the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. In order to understand the mechanism of underlying gene alteration in the rostral and caudal, respectively, after the corticospinal tract injury, we analyzed rostral and caudal mRNA and miRNA, respectively, using microRNA and mRNA profiles. We combined the predicted targets of miRNA with differentially expressed mRNA for selecting intersection gene. To predict the function miRNAs, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed to find genes associated with change of rostral and caudal, respectively. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that changes in miRNA and target mRNA expression affected rostral regeneration, including negative regulation of apoptosis, positive regulation of cell proliferation, cell adhesion, oligodendrocyte development etc. It also affected caudal degeneration, including induction of apoptosis, down-regulating nervous system development, immune response etc. The current results illustrated that corticospinal tract injury produces a wide range changes of miRNAs, whereas mRNA also showed significantly change which affects key biological processes after injury in rostral and caudal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guangming Lü
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dafeng Ji
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yaofu Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Almasi S, Aliparasti MR, Farhoudi M, Babaloo Z, Baradaran B, Zamani F, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Mostafaei S, Hokmabadi ES. Quantitative evaluation of CXCL8 and its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) gene expression in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:737-48. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.812652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pluchino S, Cossetti C. How stem cells speak with host immune cells in inflammatory brain diseases. Glia 2013; 61:1379-401. [PMID: 23633288 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology have raised great expectations that diseases and injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) may be ameliorated by the development of non-hematopoietic stem cell medicines. Yet, the application of adult stem cells as CNS therapeutics is challenging and the interpretation of some of the outcomes ambiguous. In fact, the initial idea that stem cell transplants work only via structural cell replacement has been challenged by the observation of consistent cellular signaling between the graft and the host. Cellular signaling is the foundation of coordinated actions and flexible responses, and arises via networks of exchanging and interacting molecules that transmit patterns of information between cells. Sustained stem cell graft-to-host communication leads to remarkable trophic effects on endogenous brain cells and beneficial modulatory actions on innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, ultimately promoting the healing of the injured CNS. Among a number of adult stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are being extensively investigated for their ability to signal to the immune system upon transplantation in experimental CNS diseases. Here, we focus on the main cellular signaling pathways that grafted MSCs and NPCs use to establish a therapeutically relevant cross talk with host immune cells, while examining the role of inflammation in regulating some of the bidirectionality of these communications. We propose that the identification of the players involved in stem cell signaling might contribute to the development of innovative, high clinical impact therapeutics for inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Transmigration of neural stem cells across the blood brain barrier induced by glioma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60655. [PMID: 23637756 PMCID: PMC3618035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit of human neural stem cells, ReNcell CX, through the blood brain barrier (BBB) was
evaluated in an in vitro model of BBB and in nude mice. The BBB model was based on
rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) cultured on Millicell inserts bathed from the
basolateral side with conditioned media (CM) from astrocytes or glioma C6 cells. Glioma C6 CM
induced a significant transendothelial migration of ReNcells CX in comparison to astrocyte CM. The
presence in glioma C6 CM of high amounts of HGF, VEGF, zonulin and PGE2, together with
the low abundance of EGF, promoted ReNcells CX transmigration. In contrast cytokines IFN-α, TNF-α,
IL-12p70, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, as well as metalloproteinases -2 and -9 were present in equal
amounts in glioma C6 and astrocyte CMs. ReNcells expressed the tight junction proteins occludin and
claudins 1, 3 and 4, and the cell adhesion molecule CRTAM, while RBMECs expressed occludin, claudins
1 and 5 and CRTAM. Competing CRTAM mediated adhesion with soluble CRTAM, inhibited ReNcells CX
transmigration, and at the sites of transmigration, the expression of occludin and claudin-5
diminished in RBMECs. In nude mice we found that ReNcells CX injected into systemic circulation
passed the BBB and reached intracranial gliomas, which overexpressed HGF, VEGF and
zonulin/prehaptoglobin 2.
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Su L, Zhang H, Zhao J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Miao J. Safrole-2',3'-oxide induces atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:129-36. [PMID: 23270965 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Safrole-2',3'-oxide (SFO) is the major electrophilic metabolite of safrole (4-allyl-1, 2-methylenedioxybenzene), a natural plant constituent found in essential oils of numerous edible herbs and spices and in food containing these herbs, such as pesto sauce, cola beverages and bologna sausages. The effects of SFO in mammalian systems, especially the cardiovascular system, are little known. Disruption of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the main cause of cardiovascular events. In this study, we investigated SFO-induced atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability (possibility of rupture) in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice. Lipid area in vessel wall reached 59.8% in high dose SFO (SFO-HD) treated group, which is only 31.2% in control group. SFO treatment changed the lesion composition to an unstable phenotype, increased the number of apoptotic cells in plaque and the endothelium in plaques was damaged after SFO treatment. Furthermore, compared with control groups, the plaque endothelium level of p75(NTR) was 3-fold increased and the liver level of p75(NTR) was 17.4-fold increased by SFO-HD. Meanwhile, the serum level of KC (a functional homolog of IL-8 and the main proinflammatory alpha chemokine in mice) in apoE(-/-) mice was up to 357pg/ml in SFO-HD treated group. Thus, SFO contributes to the instability of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE(-/-) mice through activating p75(NTR) and IL-8 and cell apoptosis in plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Minagar A, Maghzi AH, McGee JC, Alexander JS. Emerging roles of endothelial cells in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and therapy. Neurol Res 2012; 34:738-45. [PMID: 22828184 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been viewed and researched as an immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), its highly complex pathogenesis clearly includes a significant vascular inflammatory component and many therapeutic approaches achieve benefit by direct or indirect effects on cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Cerebral endothelial cells create and separate the compartments of the peripheral circulation and CNS creating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a selectively permeable boundary layer between these spaces. Interactions between activated leukocytes and cerebral endothelium play essential roles in mediating their trans-BBB diapedesis during normal immune surveillance and during pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases like MS. Extravasation of activated and committed leukocytes from the peripheral circulation through the endothelial layer of the BBB into the CNS milieu is the most fundamental step in formation of MS lesions. During MS pathogenesis, once the activated leukocytes enter the CNS environment, they propagate a massive wave of destruction which culminates in the loss of both myelin/oligodendrocyte complex and neurodegeneration. Multiple clinical and basic scientific observations support endothelial cell 'stress' and apoptosis as a hallmark characteristic of MS. The manipulation of the endothelial biology aiming to block trans-endothelial migration of activated immune cells into the CNS is a potent form of treatment for MS achieving significant reductions in disease activity and new lesion formation. In particular, endothelial microparticles are now well-recognized as important biomarkers and mediators of this type of stress. In this review, we discuss recent findings and new advances in our knowledge regarding leukocyte migration through the endothelial frontier of the BBB and how this can be exploited toward treating MS patients.
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Kizil C, Dudczig S, Kyritsis N, Machate A, Blaesche J, Kroehne V, Brand M. The chemokine receptor cxcr5 regulates the regenerative neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish brain. Neural Dev 2012; 7:27. [PMID: 22824261 PMCID: PMC3441421 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike mammals, zebrafish exhibits extensive neural regeneration after injury in adult stages of its lifetime due to the neurogenic activity of the radial glial cells. However, the genes involved in the regenerative neurogenesis response of the zebrafish brain are largely unknown. Thus, understanding the underlying principles of this regeneration capacity of the zebrafish brain is an interesting research realm that may offer vast clinical ramifications. Results In this paper, we characterized the expression pattern of cxcr5 and analyzed the function of this gene during adult neurogenesis and regeneration of the zebrafish telencephalon. We found that cxcr5 was upregulated transiently in the RGCs and neurons, and the expression in the immune cells such as leukocytes was negligible during both adult neurogenesis and regeneration. We observed that the transgenic misexpression of cxcr5 in the ventricular cells using dominant negative and full-length variants of the gene resulted in altered proliferation and neurogenesis response of the RGCs. When we knocked down cxcr5 using antisense morpholinos and cerebroventricular microinjection, we observed outcomes similar to the overexpression of the dominant negative cxcr5 variant. Conclusions Thus, based on our results, we propose that cxcr5 imposes a proliferative permissiveness to the radial glial cells and is required for differentiation of the RGCs to neurons, highlighting novel roles of cxcr5 in the nervous system of vertebrates. We therefore suggest that cxcr5 is an important cue for ventricular cell proliferation and regenerative neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. Further studies on the role of cxcr5 in mediating neuronal replenishment have the potential to produce clinical ramifications in efforts for regenerative therapeutic applications for human neurological disorders or acute injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caghan Kizil
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr, 105, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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Jaerve A, Müller HW. Chemokines in CNS injury and repair. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:229-48. [PMID: 22700007 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of inflammatory cells is known to drive the secondary damage cascades that are common to injuries of the central nervous system (CNS). Cell activation and infiltration to the injury site is orchestrated by changes in the expression of chemokines, the chemoattractive cytokines. Reducing the numbers of recruited inflammatory cells by the blocking of the action of chemokines has turned out be a promising approach to diminish neuroinflammation and to improve tissue preservation and neovascularization. In addition, several chemokines have been shown to be essential for stem/progenitor cell attraction, their survival, differentiation and cytokine production. Thus, chemokines might indirectly participate in remyelination, neovascularization and neuroprotection, which are important prerequisites for CNS repair after trauma. Moreover, CXCL12 promotes neurite outgrowth in the presence of growth inhibitory CNS myelin and enhances axonal sprouting after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we review current knowledge about the exciting functions of chemokines in CNS trauma, including SCI, traumatic brain injury and stroke. We identify common principles of chemokine action and discuss the potentials and challenges of therapeutic interventions with chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jaerve
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kast RE, Lefranc F, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. Why dapsone stops seizures and may stop neutrophils' delivery of VEGF to glioblastoma. Br J Neurosurg 2012; 26:813-7. [PMID: 22551309 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2012.674577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lopez-Gomez et al. recently published remarkable but mechanistically unexplained empirical evidence that the old antibiotic dapsone has antiepileptic activity. We addressed the question "Why should a sulfone antibiotic reduce seizures?". We report here our conclusions based on data from past studies that seizures are associated with elevated interleukin-8 (IL-8) and that dapsone inhibits IL-8 release and function in several different clinical and experimental contexts. Diverse CNS insults cause an increase in CNS IL-8. Thus, the pro-inflammatory environment generated by increase IL-8 leads to a lower seizure threshold. Together this evidence indicates dapsone exerts anti-seizure activity by diminishing IL-8 signalling. Since IL-8 is clearly upregulated in glioblastoma and contributes to the florid angiogenesis of that disease, and since interference with IL-8 function has been shown to inhibit glioblastoma invasion and growth in several experimental models, and dapsone has been repeatedly been shown to clinically inhibit IL-8 function when used to treat human neutrophilic dermatoses, we believe that dapsone thereby reduces seizures by countering IL-8 function and may similarly retard glioblastoma growth by such anti-IL-8 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kast
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Bye N, Turnley AM, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Inflammatory regulators of redirected neural migration in the injured brain. Neurosignals 2012; 20:132-46. [PMID: 22456466 DOI: 10.1159/000336542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury following stroke or trauma induces the migration of neuroblasts derived from subventricular zone neural precursor cells (NPCs) towards the damaged tissue, where they then have the potential to contribute to repair. Enhancing the recruitment of new cells thus presents an enticing prospect for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat brain injury; to this end, an understanding of the factors regulating this process is required. During the neuroinflammatory response to ischemic and traumatic brain injuries, a plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are released in the damaged tissue, and recent work indicates that a variety of these are able to influence injury-induced migration. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of specific chemokines and growth factors towards stimulating NPC migration in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bye
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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Turbic A, Leong SY, Turnley AM. Chemokines and inflammatory mediators interact to regulate adult murine neural precursor cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25406. [PMID: 21966521 PMCID: PMC3179517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural precursor cells (NPCs) respond to injury or disease of the CNS by migrating to the site of damage or differentiating locally to replace lost cells. Factors that mediate this injury induced NPC response include chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ), which we have shown previously promotes neuronal differentiation. RT-PCR was used to compare expression of chemokines and their receptors in normal adult mouse brain and in cultured NPCs in response to IFNγ and TNFα. Basal expression of many chemokines and their receptors was found in adult brain, predominantly in neurogenic regions, with OB≫SVZ>hippocampus and little or no expression in non-neurogenic regions, such as cortex. Treatment of SVZ-derived NPCs with IFNγ and TNFα (alone and in combination) resulted in significant upregulation of expression of specific chemokines, with CXCL1, CXCL9 and CCL2 most highly upregulated and CCL19 downregulated. Unlike IFNγ, chemokine treatment of NPCs in vitro had little or no effect on survival, proliferation or migration. Neuronal differentiation was promoted by CXCL9, CCL2 and CCL21, while astrocyte and total oligodendrocyte differentiation was not affected. However, IFNγ, CXCL1, CXCL9 and CCL2 promoted oligodendrocyte maturation. Therefore, not only do NPCs express chemokine receptors, they also produce several chemokines, particularly in response to inflammatory mediators. This suggests that autocrine or paracrine production of specific chemokines by NPCs in response to inflammatory mediators may regulate differentiation into mature neural cell types and may alter NPC responsiveness to CNS injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Turbic
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soo Yuen Leong
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann M. Turnley
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Burkert K, Moodley K, Angel CE, Brooks A, Graham ES. Detailed analysis of inflammatory and neuromodulatory cytokine secretion from human NT2 astrocytes using multiplex bead array. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:573-80. [PMID: 21939706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a very important cell type in the brain fulfilling roles in both neuroimmunology and neurotransmission. We have conducted the most comprehensive analysis of secreted cytokines conducted to date (astrocytes of any source) to determine whether astrocytes derived from the human Ntera2 (NT2) cell-line are a good model of human primary astrocytes. We have compared the secretion of cytokines from NT2 astrocytes with those produced in astrocyte enriched human brain cultures and additional cytokines implicated in brain injury or known to be expressed in the human brain. The concentration of cytokines was measured in astrocyte conditioned media using multiplex bead array (MBA), where 18 cytokines were measured simultaneously. Resting NT2 astrocytes produced low levels (∼1-30 pg/ml) of MIP1α, IL-6 and GM-CSF and higher levels of MCP-1, IP-10 and IL-8 (1-11 ng/ml) under non-inflammatory conditions. All of these in addition to IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-13, were increased by pro-inflammatory activation (TNFα or IL-1β stimulation). In contrast, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, LTα, and IFNγ were not detected in astrocyte conditioned media under any of the culture conditions tested. NT2 astrocytes were unresponsive to IL-2 and the adenyl cyclase agonist, forskolin. Interestingly, IFNγ stimulation selectively increased IP-10 secretion only. As astrocytes stimulated with IL-1β or TNFα produced several chemokines in the ng/ml range, we next assessed the chemoattractant properties of these cells. Conditioned media from TNFα-stimulated astrocytes significantly chemoattracted leukocytes from human blood. This study provides the most comprehensive analysis of cytokine production by human astrocytes thus far, and shows that NT2 astrocytes are highly responsive to pro-inflammatory mediators including TNFα and IL-1β, producing cytokines and chemokines capable of attracting leukocytes from human blood. We conclude that in the absence of adult human primary astrocytes that NT2-astrocytes may provide a valuable alternative to study the immunological behaviour of human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Burkert
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Rocha de Paula M, Gómez Ravetti M, Berretta R, Moscato P. Differences in abundances of cell-signalling proteins in blood reveal novel biomarkers for early detection of clinical Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17481. [PMID: 21479255 PMCID: PMC3063784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In November 2007 a study published in Nature Medicine proposed a simple test based on the abundance of 18 proteins in blood to predict the onset of clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) two to six years before these symptoms manifest. Later, another study, published in PLoS ONE, showed that only five proteins (IL-1, IL-3, EGF, TNF- and G-CSF) have overall better prediction accuracy. These classifiers are based on the abundance of 120 proteins. Such values were standardised by a Z-score transformation, which means that their values are relative to the average of all others. METHODOLOGY The original datasets from the Nature Medicine paper are further studied using methods from combinatorial optimisation and Information Theory. We expand the original dataset by also including all pair-wise differences of z-score values of the original dataset ("metafeatures"). Using an exact algorithm to solve the resulting Feature Set problem, used to tackle the feature selection problem, we found signatures that contain either only features, metafeatures or both, and evaluated their predictive performance on the independent test set. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to show that a specific pattern of cell signalling imbalance in blood plasma has valuable information to distinguish between NDC and AD samples. The obtained signatures were able to predict AD in patients that already had a Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) with up to 84% of sensitivity, while maintaining also a strong prediction accuracy of 90% on a independent dataset with Non Demented Controls (NDC) and AD samples. The novel biomarkers uncovered with this method now confirms ANG-2, IL-11, PDGF-BB, CCL15/MIP-1; and supports the joint measurement of other signalling proteins not previously discussed: GM-CSF, NT-3, IGFBP-2 and VEGF-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Rocha de Paula
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Martín Gómez Ravetti
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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