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Cheng YK, Ling YZ, Yang CF, Li YM. Contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children: case reports and systematic review of literature. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:1663-1678. [PMID: 36662402 PMCID: PMC9857898 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis (AEs). METHODS Two cases of CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs have been reported. In addition, a systematic search of literature published between January 2010 and March 2022 through six online databases was conducted to identify the pediatric patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. Data on demographics, clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations, imaging, treatment, and outcome were collected. RESULTS Our updated literature search yielded 1,837 publications, of which 21 were selected, and 40 patients in this study met the diagnostic criteria for AE. There were 25 males and 15 females with a mean age of 9.2 years. The most common presenting symptoms are psychiatric symptoms (72.5%), sleep changes (62.5%), and movement disorders (60%). The psychiatric symptoms included mood changes (39.1%), behavior changes (25%), and hallucination (7.5%). In total, 23 cases (57.5%) combined with autonomic dysfunction, such as gastrointestinal dysmotility, cardiovascular-related symptoms, and sweating. No tumors were observed in children. Thirty-eight patients received first-line immunotherapy, and eight received first-line and second-line immunotherapy. All patients had a good clinical response to immune therapy. Mean mRS at onset was 3.4; It was 0.88 at the last follow-up. There was no recurrence during follow-up. CONCLUSION Psychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, movement disorders, and cardiovascular-related symptoms are the most common presentation in pediatric patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. Tumor, particularly with thymoma, is uncommon in children diagnosed with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. In addition, prompt diagnosis and immunotherapy can relieve symptoms and improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-kang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Yao-zheng Ling
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Chun-feng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Yu-mei Li
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
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Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, Lee HS, Moon J, Park KI, Lee SK, Chu K, Lee ST. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes. Brain 2022; 145:3509-3521. [PMID: 35512357 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis is autoimmune encephalitis without any identifiable pathogenic antibody. Although it is a major subtype of autoimmune encephalitis, many unmet clinical needs exist in terms of clinical characteristics, treatments and prognosis. In this institutional cohort study, patients diagnosed with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis with available 2-year outcomes were analysed for the disease course, 2-year outcome prediction system, effect of immunotherapy, necessity of further immunotherapy at 6 or 12 months and pattern of brain atrophy. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis was subcategorized into antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune limbic encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Poor 2-year outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale scores 3-6, and the 2-year serial data of Clinical Assessment Scales in Autoimmune Encephalitis score was used for longitudinal data analyses. A total of 147 patients were included. The frequency of achieving a good 2-year outcome (modified Rankin scale 0-2) was 56.5%. The antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis subtype exhibited the poorest outcomes, although the baseline severity was similar among the subtypes. The RAPID score, consisting of five early usable clinical factors, refractory status epilepticus, age of onset ≥60 years, probable autoimmune encephalitis (antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis subtype), infratentorial involvement and delay of immunotherapy ≥1 month, was associated with poorer 2-year outcomes. Any immunotherapy was associated with clinical improvement in the patients with low risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 0-1), and the combination immunotherapy of steroid, immunoglobulin, rituximab and tocilizumab was associated with better outcomes in the patients with high risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 2-5). In patients with persistent disease at 6 months, continuing immunotherapy was associated with more improvement, while the effect of continuing immunotherapy for more than 12 months was unclear. In the longitudinal analysis of MRI, the development of cerebellar atrophy indicated poor outcomes, while the absence of diffuse cerebral atrophy or medial temporal atrophy indicated the possibility of a good outcome. This study provides information about the clinical characteristics and courses, the effect of immunotherapy and its duration, and prognostic factors in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13620, South Korea
| | - Han-Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.,Department of Hospital Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Do-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06236, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea
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Chen TS, Lai MC, Huang HYI, Wu SN, Huang CW. Immunity, Ion Channels and Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126446. [PMID: 35742889 PMCID: PMC9224225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder in modern society. One of the major unmet challenges is that current antiseizure medications are basically not disease-modifying. Among the multifaceted etiologies of epilepsy, the role of the immune system has attracted considerable attention in recent years. It is known that both innate and adaptive immunity can be activated in response to insults to the central nervous system, leading to seizures. Moreover, the interaction between ion channels, which have a well-established role in epileptogenesis and epilepsy, and the immune system is complex and is being actively investigated. Some examples, including the interaction between ion channels and mTOR pathways, will be discussed in this paper. Furthermore, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy associated with autoimmune encephalitis, and numerous neural-specific autoantibodies have been found and documented. Early recognition of immune-mediated epilepsy is important, especially in cases of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and in the presence of signs of autoimmune encephalitis, as early intervention with immunotherapy shows promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Shan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tainan Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan 701002, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | | | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5485)
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Autoimmune Encephalitis in COVID-19 Infection: Our Experience and Systematic Review of the Literature. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040774. [PMID: 35453524 PMCID: PMC9024859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurologic complications of COVID-19 infection are frequent in hospitalized patients; a high percentage of them present neurologic manifestations at some point during the course of their disease. Headache, muscle pain, encephalopathy and dizziness are among the most common complications. Encephalitis is an inflammatory condition with many etiologies. There are several forms of encephalitis associated with antibodies against intracellular neuronal proteins, cell surfaces or synaptic proteins, referred to as autoimmune encephalitis. Several case reports published in the literature document autoimmune encephalitis cases triggered by COVID-19 infection. Our paper first presents our experience in this issue and then systematically reviews the literature on autoimmune encephalitis that developed in the background of SARS-CoV-2 infections and also discusses the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-immune-mediated damage to the nervous system. This review contributes to improve the management and prognosis of COVID-19-related autoimmune encephalitis.
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Seery N, Butzkueven H, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Contemporary advances in antibody-mediated encephalitis: anti-LGI1 and anti-Caspr2 antibody (Ab)-mediated encephalitides. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103074. [PMID: 35247644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitides with antibodies directed against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) represent two increasingly well characterised forms of autoimmune encephalitis. Both share overlapping and distinct clinical features, are mediated by autoantibodies directed against differing proteins complexed with voltage-gated potassium channels, with unique genetic predisposition identified to date. Herein we summarise disease mechanisms, clinical features, treatment considerations, prognostic factors and clinical outcomes regarding these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Seery
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Dou Q, Li R, Shu X. Anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated encephalitis in children: A case report and literature review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1004210. [PMID: 36340710 PMCID: PMC9630637 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated encephalitis is a rare group of autoimmune diseases that causes extensive damage to the central and/or peripheral nervous system. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we reported a case of anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis in a 12-year-old male patient with symptoms of headache, consciousness disturbance, mental abnormalities, urinary incontinence, fasciculations in the extremity muscles, and involuntary movements. The testing for autoimmune encephalitis-associated antibodies showed that CASPR2-associated antibodies were positive, and electroencephalography showed diffuse slow waves. No tumor was found after screening for malignancies. The child's status significantly improved after receiving immunotherapy with intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis has been rarely reported in children. It has a complex clinical presentation and a low incidence of tumor. Most pediatric patients have a favorable prognosis and relapse is uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Dou
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Renke Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Swayang PS, Nalini A, Preethish-Kumar V, Udupa K, Yadav R, Vengalil S, Reshma SS, Polavarapu K, Nashi S, Sathyaprabha TN, Treesa Thomas P, Maya B, Jamuna R, Mahadevan A, Netravathi M. CASPR2-Related Morvan Syndrome: Autonomic, Polysomnographic, and Neuropsychological Observations. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e267-e276. [PMID: 34484901 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Morvan syndrome is characterized by central, autonomic, and peripheral hyperexcitability due to contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) antibody. Our objective was to study the clinical spectrum, electrophysiologic, autonomic, polysomnographic, and neuropsychological profile in patients with CASPR2-related Morvan syndrome. Methods Serum and CSF samples that were CASPR2 antibody positive from 2016 to 2019 were assessed. Among them, patients with Morvan syndrome diagnosed based on clinical and electrophysiologic basis were included. Results Fourteen (M:F = 10:4) patients with Morvan syndrome were included with age at onset of 37.1 ± 17.5 years. The clinical features were muscle twitching (12), insomnia (12), pain (11), paresthesias (9), hyperhidrosis (7), hypersalivation (6), double incontinence (3), spastic speech (2), dysphagia (2), behavioral disturbances (2), seizures (1), and cold intolerance (1). Neurologic examination revealed myokymia (12), hyperactive tendon reflexes (10), and tremor (6). EMG revealed neuromyotonia (12) and increased spontaneous activity (7). Autonomic function tests conducted in 8 patients revealed definite autonomic dysfunction (4), orthostatic hypotension (2), early dysfunction (1), and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (1). Polysomnography findings in 6 patients revealed insomnia (3), absence of deep sleep (1), high-frequency beta activity (1), REM behavior disorder (1), and periodic leg movements (1). Neuropsychological evaluation showed subtle involvement of the left frontal and temporal lobe. Malignancy workup was negative. All patients were treated with steroids. There was complete neurologic resolution in follow-up with persistent neuropathic pain in 5 patients. Conclusions This study has contributed to the growing knowledge on CASPR2-related Morvan syndrome. It is important for an increased awareness and early recognition as it is potentially treatable by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panda Sudha Swayang
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Veeramani Preethish-Kumar
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Seena Vengalil
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sheikh Sultana Reshma
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Saraswati Nashi
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - T N Sathyaprabha
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Priya Treesa Thomas
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bhat Maya
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rajeshwaran Jamuna
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - M Netravathi
- Departments of Neurology (PSS, AN, VP-K, KU, RY, SV, SSR, KP, SN, MN), Neurophysiology (TNS), Psychiatric Social Work (PTT), Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology (NIIR) (BM), Neuropsychology (RJ), and Neuropathology (AM), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Qin X, Yang H, Zhu F, Wang Q, Shan W. Clinical Character of CASPR2 Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Multiple Center Retrospective Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652864. [PMID: 34054814 PMCID: PMC8159154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the clinical characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis associated with the contactin-associated protein-2 (CASPR2) antibody. Materials and Methods Medical records of all patients diagnosed with CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis were retrospectively analysed. Data regarding demographic features, neurological symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, imaging results, treatments, and prognosis were collected. Results A total of 25 patients aged from 3 to 79 years old were enrolled in this study, with a median age of 43. Eight of 25 (32%) were female, and 17 of 25 (68%) were male. The median age of symptom onset was 42 years old with the course of disease from onset to hospital admission ranging from 2 days to 6 months (median was 17 days). Six patients (6/25) had fever as an onset symptom. During the course of disease, cognitive disturbance was the most common symptom, which was observed in 17 patients (17/25) in total. Eight patients (8/25) met the criteria for limbic encephalitis. Epileptic seizure occurred in six of these eight patients. Four patients (4/25) were diagnosed as Morvan syndrome. All patients were positive for anti-CASPR2 antibody in the serum (1:10-1:300). In six patients, antibodies were detected both in the blood and CSF (1:32-1:100). White blood cell (WBC) counts in the CSF were elevated in eight patients (8/25). The concentration of proteins in CSF increased in 10 patients (ranging from 480 to 1,337.6 mg/dl), decreased in seven patients (ranging from 23.2 to 130.5 mg/dl) and remained at a normal range in the other eight patients (ranging from 150 to 450 mg/dl). Abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) activities included slow background activity and epileptic patterns. Abnormal signals in the bilateral hippocampus were detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three patients presenting cognitive disturbance. In one patient who had limbic encephalitis, increased metabolism of bilateral basal ganglia and the mesial temporal lobe was revealed by PET-CT. Eleven of 15 patients receiving immunotherapy experienced varying degrees of improvement. Relapse occurred in four of 25 patients (4/25) after 2 months. Conclusion CASPR-antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis is characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The most prominent conclusion revealed by this retrospective analysis is the involvement of both central and peripheral nerve systems, as well as a lower relapse rate, a good response to immunotherapy, and favorable short-term prognosis after treatment was also demonstrated. Besides, additional work is necessary to evaluate the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Qin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Neurology Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
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9
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Shivaram S, Nagappa M, Seshagiri DV, Mahadevan A, Gangadhar Y, Sathyaprabha TN, Kumavat V, Bharath RD, Sinha S, Taly AB. Clinical Profile and Treatment Response in Patients with CASPR2 Antibody-Associated Neurological Disease. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:178-185. [PMID: 34220060 PMCID: PMC8232480 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_574_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The clinical spectrum of contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated disease is wide and includes Morvan syndrome. Studies describing treatment and long-term outcome are limited. Aims: We report the clinical profile and emphasize response to treatment and long-term outcome in eight patients with CASPR2-antibody-associated disease. Methods: Clinical, radiological, electrophysiological, treatment, follow-up, and outcome data were collected by retrospective chart review. Results: Clinical manifestations included Morvan syndrome (n = 7) and limbic encephalitis (n = 1). None of the patients were positive for LGI1 antibody. Associated features included myasthenia (n = 1), thymoma (n = 1), and dermatological manifestations (n = 4). Patients were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone and plasma exchange during the acute symptomatic phase followed by pulsed intravenous methyl prednisolone to maintain remission. Mean-modified Rankin score at admission (pre-treatment), discharge, and last follow-up were 3.75, 2.5, and 0.42, respectively. One patient with underlying thymoma and myasthenic crisis died. The other seven patients were followed up for a mean duration of 19.71 months. All of them improved completely. Relapse occurred in one patient after 13 months but responded favorably to steroids. Conclusion: CASPR2 antibody-associated disease has favorable response to immunotherapy with complete improvement and good outcome. Underlying malignancy may be a marker for poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth Shivaram
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Doniparthi V Seshagiri
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Yashwanth Gangadhar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T N Sathyaprabha
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumavat
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rose D Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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10
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Goudot M, Frismand S, Hopes L, Verger A, Joubert B, Honnorat J, Tyvaert L. Recurrent seizures of autoimmune origin: emerging phenotypes. J Neurol 2021; 268:3000-3010. [PMID: 33638022 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent seizures of autoimmune origin (AEp) are one of the most frequent causes of recurrent seizures or suspected epilepsy of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to identify specific phenotypes corresponding to AEp. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed features of patients with recurrent seizures of unknown cause and investigated for suspected AEp (January 2015-May 2018). Patients were separated in: (1) AEpAb+: AEp with positive autoantibodies; (2) AEpAb-: suspected AEp (inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) profile) without autoantibodies; (3) NAEp: epilepsy without CNS inflammation. RESULTS Eighty-nine epileptic patients underwent a CSF antibody detection. From the remaining 57 epileptic patients (32 excluded for a differential diagnosis), 61.4% were considered as AEp. 21% were AEpAb+ (4 NMDAR, 2 GABAbR, 3 GAD-Ab, 2 LGi1, 1 CASPR2), 40.4% AEpAb-, and 38.6% NAE. AE (AEpAb+ and AEpAb-) was significantly associated with antibody prevalence in epilepsy (APE) score ≥ 4 (80%), encephalitic phase (71.4%), psychiatric involvement (64.7%), cognitive impairment (50%), and status epilepticus (41.2%). Within the group of 29 patients without encephalitic phase and with chronic epilepsy (NEPp), 34.5% were defined as AEp. 10.4% were AEpAb+ (2 GAD, 1 CASPR2) and 24.1% were AEpAb-. NEP AEp was associated with non-cerebral autoimmune disorders, short epileptic disease duration, and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune cause (AEp) should be assessed in patient suffering from recurrent seizures of unknown cause. Acute encephalitis is clearly the main AEp phenotype. AEp was also defined in more than one-third of chronic epilepsy patients (NEP) of unknown cause. Then, AEp may be combined with other autoimmune comorbidities, a shorter evolution of recurrent seizures, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Goudot
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Solène Frismand
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Lucie Hopes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Verger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IADI, INSERM U1254, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- Department of Neurology, French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1217/CNRS, UMR5310, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Department of Neurology, French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1217/CNRS, UMR5310, Lyon, France
| | - Louise Tyvaert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France. .,Faculty of Medicine, CRAN CNRS UMR 7039, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France. .,Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Nancy University Medical Centre, Central Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France.
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11
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Lee WJ, Lee ST, Shin YW, Lee HS, Shin HR, Kim DY, Kim S, Lim JA, Moon J, Park KI, Kim HS, Chu K, Lee SK. Teratoma Removal, Steroid, IVIG, Rituximab and Tocilizumab (T-SIRT) in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:474-487. [PMID: 32880854 PMCID: PMC8116457 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, we analysed the efficacy of a combined immunotherapy protocol consisting of teratoma removal, steroid, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), rituximab and tocilizumab (T-SIRT). This cohort study included seventy-eight consecutive patients treated for anti-NMDAR encephalitis between Jan 2014 and Oct 2019 in a national referral hospital. Detailed 2-year disease time course was analysed using Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) scores at every 2 weeks for 12 weeks from baseline, every month for the next 3 months and then every 3 months. Treatment regimens at each time point were categorized as SI, SIR, or SIRT with/without teratoma removal (T). Adverse events were classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse-Events (CTCAE v5.0), where a severe adverse event was defined as an adverse event with CATAE grade 4. In a linear mixed model analysis, using the SIRT regimen was more effective than SIR or SI regimens in lowering CASE scores (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). The presence of teratoma (P = 0.001), refractory status epilepticus (P < 0.001) and a higher CASE score at baseline (P < 0.001) predicted a higher CASE score at each time point. Completion of the (T)-SIRT regimen within 1 month of onset resulted in better 1-year improvements in CASE score (P < 0.001) and modified Rankin scale scores (P = 0.001), compared to those of using other regimens within 1 month or delaying teratoma removal for more than 1 month. Pneumonia was a frequent adverse event (52/78, 66.7%) in the whole study population and neutropenia was frequent during SIRT (11/52, 21.2%), but the regimen was well tolerated in most patients. We concluded that the early application of combined immunotherapy consisting of T-SIRT had better efficacy than was found for delayed or partial application of this combination in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
- Center for Hospital Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Neurology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Do-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
- Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Center for Medical Innovations, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
- Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Center for Medical Innovations, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- Department of Neurology, Cham Joeun Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
- Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Center for Medical Innovations, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
- Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Center for Medical Innovations, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
- Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Center for Medical Innovations, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
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12
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Tan C, Jiang Y, Zhong M, Hu Y, Hong S, Li X, Jiang L. Clinical Features and Outcomes in Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated With CASPR2 Antibody. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:736035. [PMID: 34660491 PMCID: PMC8518709 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.736035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) neurological autoimmunity has been associated with various clinical syndromes involving central and peripheral nervous system. CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis is mostly reported in adults. Analysis of the clinical presentation and prognostic data of CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children remains important. Methods: A single-center retrospective review of children diagnosed with CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis from June 1st, 2018 to October 31st, 2020. Results: Six patients were identified. The median age was 12 years (range 1.8-14), with an overall male predominance of 83% (5/6). Commonest clinical features were psychiatric symptoms (6/6), movement disorders (4/6), altered consciousness (3/6), sleep disorders (3/6), and headache (3/6). Four patients (4/6) received first-line therapy alone (steroids combined with intravenous immunoglobulins), and two patients (2/6) received second-line therapy (rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, or cyclophosphamide). All patients showed no peripheral nervous system involvement. One patient had comorbidities with systemic lupus erythematosus. No evidence of neoplastic disease was found in the whole cohort. All patients had favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Score 0-2) with recurrence rate at 0%, respectively. Conclusion: CASPR2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis is rare in children. Our findings suggest that this type of encephalitis seems to occur more frequently in older children. Patients respond well to immunotherapy and usually demonstrate a favorable clinical outcome. Associated tumors are extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbing Tan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Hong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
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13
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Diagnostic Value of Structural and Functional Neuroimaging in Autoimmune Epilepsy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:8894213. [PMID: 33380947 PMCID: PMC7752299 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common nervous system disease, which affects about 70 million people all over the world. In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) considered immune factors as its independent cause, and the concept of autoimmune epilepsy (AE) was widely accepted. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can effectively improve the prognosis of the disease. However, due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, the expensive cost of autoantibody detection, and the increased prevalence in Western China, the difficulty for clinicians in early diagnosis and treatment has increased. Fortunately, convenient and fast imaging examinations are expected to help even more. The imaging manifestations of AE patients were characteristic, especially the combined application of structural and functional neuroimaging, which improved the diagnostic value of imaging. In this paper, several common autoantibodies associated with AE and their structure and function changes in neuroimaging were reviewed to provide help for neurologists to achieve the goal of precision medicine.
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14
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Fernandes D, Santos SD, Coutinho E, Whitt JL, Beltrão N, Rondão T, Leite MI, Buckley C, Lee HK, Carvalho AL. Disrupted AMPA Receptor Function upon Genetic- or Antibody-Mediated Loss of Autism-Associated CASPR2. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4919-4931. [PMID: 30843029 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders share susceptibility genes, suggesting a common origin. One such gene is CNTNAP2 encoding contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), which harbours mutations associated to autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Antibodies targeting CASPR2 have also been recently described in patients with several neurological disorders, such as neuromyotonia, Morvan's syndrome, and limbic encephalitis. Despite the clear implication of CNTNAP2 and CASPR2 in neuropsychiatric disorders, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with alterations in CASPR2 function are unknown. Here, we show that Caspr2 is expressed in excitatory synapses in the cortex, and that silencing its expression in vitro or in vivo decreases the synaptic expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors and the amplitude of AMPA receptor-mediated currents. Furthermore, Caspr2 loss of function blocks synaptic scaling in vitro and experience-dependent homoeostatic synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex. Patient CASPR2 antibodies decrease the dendritic levels of Caspr2 and synaptic AMPA receptor trafficking, and perturb excitatory transmission in the visual cortex. These results suggest that mutations in CNTNAP2 may contribute to alterations in AMPA receptor function and homoeostatic plasticity, and indicate that antibodies from anti-CASPR2 encephalitis patients affect cortical excitatory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Fernandes
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,PDBEB, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, CNC & Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sandra D Santos
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jessica L Whitt
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nuno Beltrão
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rondão
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Camilla Buckley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neurosciences, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Synapse Biology Group, CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Ghimire P, Khanal UP, Gajurel BP, Karn R, Rajbhandari R, Paudel S, Gautam N, Ojha R. Anti-LGI1, anti-GABABR, and Anti-CASPR2 encephalitides in Asia: A systematic review. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01793. [PMID: 32783406 PMCID: PMC7559615 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aim to review the literature to collate and describe features of encephalitides arising from autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), gamma aminobutyric acid receptor (GABABR), and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) in Asian populations and compare them with findings of Western studies. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles published till 24 May 2020 were searched, and original, full-text studies from Asia with serum/CSF antibody-based diagnosis and at least 2 patients were selected. Twenty-four studies with 263 patients (139 anti-LGI1, 114 anti-GAGABR, and 10 anti-CASPR2) were included. Data were pooled to produce descriptive information on demographics, clinical characteristics, diagnostics, treatments, and outcome. RESULTS The mean age was 54.2 (anti-LGI1), 55.2 (anti-GABABR), and 47.7 years (anti-CASPR2), with an overall male predominance of 62.0%. Commonest clinical features across all types were seizures (87.5%), memory deficits (80.7%), psychiatric disturbances (75.9%), and altered consciousness (52.9%). Four anti-LGI1, 40 anti-GABABR, and 1 anti-CASPR2 patients had tumors. CSF, MRI, and EEG were abnormal in 33.3%, 54.1%, and 75% patients in anti-LGI1; 60.0%, 49.6%, and 85.7% in anti-GABABR; and 50%, 44.4%, and 100% in anti-CASPR2 patients, respectively. 95.6% patients received first-line therapy alone (steroids/IVIG/Plasma therapy), and 4.4% received second-line therapy (rituximab/cyclophosphamide). 91.7%, 63.6%, and 70% of patients had favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Score 0-2) with mortality rates at 2.5%, 23.2%, and 0% in the three types, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that these disorders present in Asian patients at a relatively young age often with features of seizures, memory deficits, and psychiatric disturbances and usually demonstrate a favorable clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinska Ghimire
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Ragesh Karn
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Reema Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunanda Paudel
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niraj Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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16
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Sun B, Ramberger M, O'Connor KC, Bashford-Rogers RJM, Irani SR. The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:481-492. [PMID: 32724223 PMCID: PMC9364389 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly expanding and clinically distinct group of CNS diseases are caused by pathogenic autoantibodies that target neuroglial surface proteins. Despite immunotherapy, patients with these neuroglial surface autoantibody (NSAb)-mediated diseases often experience clinical relapse, high rates of long-term morbidity and adverse effects from the available medications. Fundamentally, the autoantigen-specific B cell lineage leads to production of the pathogenic autoantibodies. These autoantigen-specific B cells have been consistently identified in the circulation of patients with NSAb-mediated diseases, accompanied by high serum levels of autoantigen-specific antibodies. Early evidence suggests that these cells evade well-characterized B cell tolerance checkpoints. Nearer to the site of pathology, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with NSAb-mediated diseases contains high levels of autoantigen-specific B cells that are likely to account for the intrathecal synthesis of these autoantibodies. The characteristics of their immunoglobulin genes offer insights into the underlying immunobiology. In this Review, we summarize the emerging knowledge of B cells across the NSAb-mediated diseases. We review the evidence for the relative contributions of germinal centres and long-lived plasma cells as sources of autoantibodies, discuss data that indicate migration of B cells into the CNS and summarize insights into the underlying B cell pathogenesis that are provided by therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Ramberger
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | | | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Koneczny I. Update on IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases: New insights and new family members. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102646. [PMID: 32801046 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of IgG4 subclass are exceptional players of the immune system, as they are considered to be immunologically inert and functionally monovalent, and as such may be part of classical tolerance mechanisms. IgG4 antibodies are found in a range of different diseases, including IgG4-related diseases, allergy, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, helminth infection and IgG4 autoimmune diseases, where they may be pathogenic or protective. IgG4 autoimmune diseases are an emerging new group of diseases that are characterized by pathogenic, antigen-specific autoantibodies of IgG4 subclass, such as MuSK myasthenia gravis, pemphigus vulgaris and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The list of IgG4 autoantigens is rapidly growing and to date contains 29 candidate antigens. Interestingly, IgG4 autoimmune diseases are restricted to four distinct organs: 1) the central and peripheral nervous system, 2) the kidney, 3) the skin and mucous membranes and 4) the vascular system and soluble antigens in the blood circulation. The pathogenicity of IgG4 can be validated using our classification system, and is usually excerted by functional blocking of protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Toribio-Díaz E, Quintas S, Peláez-Hidalgo A, Villacieros-Álvarez J, García Cobos E, García Di-Ruggiero E. Fatal familial insomnia: A new case description with early response to immunotherapy. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577321. [PMID: 32682141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is a rare prionopathy with autosomal dominant inheritance. Although it owes its name because insomnia is one of the most frequent and core symptoms, its clinical phenotype can be wide and heterogeneous. This usually makes it necessary to rule out other clinical processes, such as limbic encephalitis or Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, whose symptoms can sometimes overlap. We present the case of a 46-year-old male with a rapidly progressive multidomain cognitive impairment, associated with instability in gait, myoclonus and persistent and progressive insomnia. His mother had died from a genetically determined FFI (D178N mutation). Due to clinical course, an immunomediated encephalopathy was suspected, and immunosuppressive treatment with steroids and immunoglobulins was initiated. The patient showed initial improvement, but later rapidly progressive deterioration until his death 7 months after clinical onset. Cranial magnetic resonance, electroencephalogram and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not show any findings. The antiTPO and antineuronal antibodies were negative. The genetiic study demonstrated the missense mutation c.532G > A (p.Asp178Asn) compatible with FFI. Postmortem study showed synaptic deposits of PrPsc in the entorhinal cortex and in thalamus, which confirmed FFI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toribio-Díaz
- Neurology Department, Universitary Hospital del Henares Hospital, Madrid, University of Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Quintas
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Peláez-Hidalgo
- Neurology Department, Universitary Hospital del Henares Hospital, Madrid, University of Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elvira García Cobos
- Neurology Department, Universitary Hospital del Henares Hospital, Madrid, University of Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Syrbe S, Stettner GM, Bally J, Borggraefe I, Bien CI, Ferfoglia RI, Huppke P, Kern J, Polster T, Probst-Müller E, Schmid S, Steinfeld R, Strozzi S, Weichselbaum A, Weitz M, Ziegler A, Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Bien CG. CASPR2 autoimmunity in children expanding to mild encephalopathy with hypertension. Neurology 2020; 94:e2290-e2301. [PMID: 32424051 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate autoimmune disease in association with contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) antibodies in childhood, we reviewed the clinical phenotype of children with CASPR2 antibodies. METHODS Retrospective assessment of patients recruited through laboratories specialized in autoimmune CNS disease. RESULTS Ten children with serum CASPR2 antibodies were identified (age at manifestation 18 months to 17 years). Eight children with CASPR2 antibody titers from ≥1:160 to 1:5,120 had complex autoimmune diseases with an age-dependent clinical phenotype. Two children with structural epilepsy due to CNS malformations harbored nonspecific low-titer CASPR2 antibodies (serum titers 1:80). The clinical symptoms of the 8 children with high-titer CASPR2 antibodies were general weakness (8/8), sleep dysregulation (8/8), dysautonomia (8/8) encephalopathy (7/8), neuropathic pain (7/8), neuromyotonia (3/8), and flaccid paresis (3/8). Adolescents (3/8) showed pain, neuromyotonia, and encephalopathy, whereas younger children (5/8) displayed severe hypertension, encephalopathy, and hormonal dysfunction mimicking a systemic disease. No tumors were identified. Motor symptoms remitted with immunotherapy. Mild behavioral changes persisted in 1 child, and autism spectrum disorder was diagnosed during follow-up in a young boy. CONCLUSION High-titer CASPR2 antibodies are associated with Morvan syndrome in children as young as 2 years. However, CASPR2 autoimmunity mimics systemic disease and hypertensive encephalopathy in children younger than 7 years. The outcome following immunotherapy was mostly favorable; long-term behavioral impairment may occur in younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Syrbe
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
| | - Georg M Stettner
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Julien Bally
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna I Bien
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruxandra Iancu Ferfoglia
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Huppke
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kern
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Tilman Polster
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Probst-Müller
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvia Schmid
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Steinfeld
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Susi Strozzi
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Weichselbaum
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Weitz
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian G Bien
- From the Division of Pediatric Epileptology (S. Syrbe), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.M.S., R.S.), University Children's Hospital Zurich; Department of Neurology (J.B., R.I.F.), University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Neurology (I.B.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Epilepsy Center for Children, Adolescents and Adults, University Hospital LMU Munich; Laboratory Krone (C.I.B., C.G.B.), Bad Salzuflen; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (P.H.), Faculty of Medicine, Georg August University, Goettingen; Department of Child Neurology (J.K., A.W.), University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen; Epilepsy Center Bethel (T.P., C.G.B.), Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Clinic of Immunology (E.P.-M.), University Hospital Zurich; Kantonsspital Graubünden (S. Schmid, S. Strozzi), Chur; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (M.W.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine (A.Z.), Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., F.L.), Neuroimmunology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University of Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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Nosadini M, Toldo I, Tascini B, Bien CG, Parmeggiani L, De Gaspari P, Zuliani L, Sartori S. LGI1 and CASPR2 autoimmunity in children: Systematic literature review and report of a young girl with Morvan syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 335:577008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Relevance of Surface Neuronal Protein Autoantibodies as Biomarkers in Seizure-Associated Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184529. [PMID: 31540204 PMCID: PMC6769659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of neuronal surface protein autoantibody-related disorders has contributed to several changes in our understanding of central nervous system autoimmunity. The clinical presentation of these disorders may be associated (or not) with tumors, and often patients develop an inexplicable onset of epilepsy, catatonic or autistic features, or memory and cognitive dysfunctions. The autoantigens in such cases have critical roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity, memory function, and process learning. For months, patients with such antibodies may be comatose or encephalopathic and yet completely recover with palliative care and immunotherapies. This paper reviews several targets of neuronal antibodies as biomarkers in seizure disorders, focusing mainly on autoantibodies, which target the extracellular domains of membrane proteins, namely leucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2), the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-B (GABABR), the glycine receptor (GlyR), and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). In order to restore health status, limit hospitalization, and optimize results, testing these antibodies should be done locally, using internationally certified procedures for a precise and rapid diagnosis, with the possibility of initiating therapy as soon as possible.
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22
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López-Chiriboga AS, Klein C, Zekeridou A, McKeon A, Dubey D, Flanagan EP, Lennon VA, Tillema JM, Wirrell EC, Patterson MC, Gadoth A, Aaen JG, Brenton JN, Bui JD, Moen A, Otten C, Piquet A, Pittock SJ. LGI1 and CASPR2 neurological autoimmunity in children. Ann Neurol 2019; 84:473-480. [PMID: 30076629 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The clinical phenotype of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated proteinlike 2 (CASPR2) autoimmunity is well defined in adults. Data for children are limited (<10 cases). Among 13,319 pediatric patients serologically tested for autoimmune neurological disorders (2010-2017), 264 were seropositive for voltage-gated potassium channel-complex-IgG (radioimmunoprecipitation). Only 13 (4.9%) were positive by transfected cell-binding assay for LGI1-IgG (n = 7), CASPR2-IgG (n = 3), or both (n = 3). This is significantly less than in adults. Encephalopathy, seizures, and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability were common, as was coexisting autoimmunity. No faciobrachial dystonic seizures or cancers were identified. Functional neurologic disorders were frequently the initial diagnosis, and immunotherapy appeared beneficial. Ann Neurol 2018;84:473-480.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew McKeon
- Departments of Neurology.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | - Vanda A Lennon
- Departments of Neurology.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathology.,Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - J Gregory Aaen
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - J Nicholas Brenton
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jonathan D Bui
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego and Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Amanda Moen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN
| | - Catherine Otten
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Amanda Piquet
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Departments of Neurology.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
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23
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Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in children diagnosed with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown cause. Brain Dev 2018; 40:909-917. [PMID: 29935963 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cryptogenic forms of epileptic encephalopathies (EE) with their well-known features of drug-resistance, mental deterioration and partial response to immunotherapies are ideal candidates for screening for neuronal autoantibodies (NAA). METHOD Fifty consecutive pediatric patients with a diagnosis of EE of unknown cause were included. Nine NAAs were tested by ELISA, RIA or cell-based assays. Clinical features of seronegative and seropositive patients were compared. RESULTS NAAs were found in 7/50 (14%) patients. They were N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in two (4%), glycine receptor in two (4%), contactin-associated protein-like 2 in one (2%), glutamic acid decarboxylase in one (2%) and type A gamma aminobutyric acid receptor in one patient (2%). Furthermore, serum IgGs of two patients negative for well-characterized NAAs, showed strong reactivity with the uncharacterized membrane antigens of live hippocampal neurons. There were no significant differences between seropositive and seronegative patients by means of epilepsy duration, anti-epileptic drug resistance, EE type, types of seizures, seizure frequencies, EEG features or coexisting autoimmune diseases. Some seropositive patients gave good-moderate response to immunotherapy. DISCUSSION Potential clues for the possible role of autoimmunity in seropositive patients with EE were atypical prognosis of the classical EE type, atypical progression and unusual neurological findings like dyskinesia.
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24
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Conant A, Curiel J, Pizzino A, Sabetrasekh P, Murphy J, Bloom M, Evans SH, Helman G, Taft RJ, Simons C, Whitehead MT, Moore SA, Vanderver A. Absence of Axoglial Paranodal Junctions in a Child With CNTNAP1 Mutations, Hypomyelination, and Arthrogryposis. J Child Neurol 2018; 33:642-650. [PMID: 29882456 PMCID: PMC6800098 DOI: 10.1177/0883073818776157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders that affect the glial-axonal unit. As more patients with unsolved leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies undergo next generation sequencing, causative mutations in genes leading to central hypomyelination are being identified. Two such individuals presented with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, and central hypomyelination with early respiratory failure. Whole exome sequencing identified biallelic mutations in the CNTNAP1 gene: homozygous c.1163G>C (p.Arg388Pro) and compound heterozygous c.967T>C (p.Cys323Arg) and c.319C>T (p.Arg107*). Sural nerve and quadriceps muscle biopsies demonstrated progressive, severe onion bulb and axonal pathology. By ultrastructural evaluation, septate axoglial paranodal junctions were absent from nodes of Ranvier. Serial brain magnetic resonance images revealed hypomyelination, progressive atrophy, and reduced diffusion in the globus pallidus in both patients. These 2 families illustrate severe progressive peripheral demyelinating neuropathy due to the absence of septate paranodal junctions and central hypomyelination with neurodegeneration in CNTNAP1-associated arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Conant
- 1 Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julian Curiel
- 2 Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Pizzino
- 1 Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Parisa Sabetrasekh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- 3 National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam Bloom
- 4 Department of Pediatric Hospitalist Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah H Evans
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Guy Helman
- 1 Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.,6 Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA.,7 Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ryan J Taft
- 8 Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA.,9 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- 7 Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,9 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- 10 Neuroradiology Department, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.,11 George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven A Moore
- 12 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- 1 Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,11 George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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25
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Abstract
IgG4 autoimmune diseases are characterized by the presence of antigen-specific autoantibodies of the IgG4 subclass and contain well-characterized diseases such as muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis, pemphigus, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In recent years, several new diseases were identified, and by now 14 antigens targeted by IgG4 autoantibodies have been described. The IgG4 subclass is considered immunologically inert and functionally monovalent due to structural differences compared to other IgG subclasses. IgG4 usually arises after chronic exposure to antigen and competes with other antibody species, thus "blocking" their pathogenic effector mechanisms. Accordingly, in the context of IgG4 autoimmunity, the pathogenicity of IgG4 is associated with blocking of enzymatic activity or protein-protein interactions of the target antigen. Pathogenicity of IgG4 autoantibodies has not yet been systematically analyzed in IgG4 autoimmune diseases. Here, we establish a modified classification system based on Witebsky's postulates to determine IgG4 pathogenicity in IgG4 autoimmune diseases, review characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of IgG4 in these disorders, and also investigate the contribution of other antibody entities to pathophysiology by additional mechanisms. As a result, three classes of IgG4 autoimmune diseases emerge: class I where IgG4 pathogenicity is validated by the use of subclass-specific autoantibodies in animal models and/or in vitro models of pathogenicity; class II where IgG4 pathogenicity is highly suspected but lack validation by the use of subclass specific antibodies in in vitro models of pathogenicity or animal models; and class III with insufficient data or a pathogenic mechanism associated with multivalent antigen binding. Five out of the 14 IgG4 antigens were validated as class I, five as class II, and four as class III. Antibodies of other IgG subclasses or immunoglobulin classes were present in several diseases and could contribute additional pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Koneczny
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Autoimmune encephalitis with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 or anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibodies (formerly called voltage-gated potassium channel-complex antibodies). Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 30:302-309. [PMID: 28248701 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Twenty years since the discovery of voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-related autoimmunity; it is currently known that the antibodies are not directed at the VGKC itself but to two closely associated proteins, anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2). Antibodies to LGI1 and Caspr2 give well-described clinical phenotypes. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients mostly have limbic symptoms, and anti-Caspr2 patients have variable syndromes with both central and peripheral symptoms. A large group of patients with heterogeneous symptoms are VGKC positive but do not have antibodies against LGI1 or Caspr2. The clinical relevance of VGKC positivity in these 'double-negative' patients is questionable. This review focusses on these three essentially different subgroups. RECENT FINDINGS The clinical phenotypes of anti-LGI1 encephalitis and anti-Caspr2 encephalitis have been described in more detail including data on treatment and long-term follow-up. A specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association was found in nontumor anti-LGI1 encephalitis, but not clearly in those with tumors. There has been increasing interest in the VGKC patients without LGI1/Caspr2 antibodies questioning its relevance in clinical practice. SUMMARY Anti-LGI1 encephalitis and anti-Caspr2 encephalitis are separate clinical entities. Early recognition and treatment is necessary and rewarding. The term VGKC-complex antibodies, lumping patients with anti-LGI1, anti-Caspr2 antibodies or lacking both, should be considered obsolete.
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27
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Sunwoo JS. Corticosteroid Treatment in Autoimmune Encephalitis. JOURNAL OF NEUROCRITICAL CARE 2017. [DOI: 10.18700/jnc.170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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28
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Kannoth S, Nambiar V, Gopinath S, Anandakuttan A, Mathai A, Rajan PK. Expanding spectrum of contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) autoimmunity-syndrome of parkinsonism and ataxia. Neurol Sci 2017; 39:455-460. [PMID: 29264691 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) antibodies are originally associated with Morvan's syndrome and peripheral nerve hyper excitability. Our objective was to study retrospectively the clinical spectrum of CASPR2 antibody-positive patients in our hospital. This is a retrospective observational study. Patients treated at the Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences from May 2013 to April 2016, who were tested positive for CASPR2 antibodies, were included. A total of 1584 samples were tested in the neuroimmunology laboratory during the study period for voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex antibodies-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) and CASPR2 antibodies. Thirty-four were positive for LGI1, 13 were positive for CASPR2, and 7 were for both (total 54-3.4% positivity). Of these 54 cases, 11 were treated in our hospital. Seven were positive for LGI1, three for CASPR2, and one for both. The patient who had both CASPR2 and LGI1 antibody positive had Morvan's syndrome. One patient with CASPR2 had neuromyotonia. The other patient was admitted with status epilepticus with a syndrome of parkinsonism and ataxia. The third patient had encephalopathy and myoclonus with a syndrome of parkinsonism and ataxia. Two of them underwent siddha treatment for other ailments prior to the onset of the disease for other ailments. Our short series shows the expanding spectrum of CASPR2 autoimmunity. Syndrome of parkinsonism and ataxia is an important manifestation of CASPR2 autoimmunity where we can offer a definitive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheeran Kannoth
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
| | - Vivek Nambiar
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Siby Gopinath
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Anandkumar Anandakuttan
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Annamma Mathai
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Parvathy Kanjiramana Rajan
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Visvavidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
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Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Antibody Autoimmune Encephalopathy Presenting With Isolated Psychosis in an Adolescent. J Psychiatr Pract 2017; 23:441-445. [PMID: 29303952 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated encephalopathies associated with serum or cerebrospinal fluid antibodies directed against neuronal structures may present with a multitude of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Although some of the antibody-driven conditions are now well recognized in adults (eg, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis), the spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations in the pediatric population is less clear. Psychosis, confusion, catatonia, and additional behavioral changes, along with seizures, encephalopathy, and movement disorders, may be initial manifestations or concurrent features in all age groups. Psychosis, when present, is often part of a broader spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms for which the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is considered. The authors present the case of an adolescent with an acute and isolated psychotic presentation of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody encephalitis, further expanding the phenotypic spectrum of this specific antibody-mediated disease and raising the possibility that specific immune-mediated processes may define a biological subgroup of psychoses.
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30
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Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Antibody Autoimmune Encephalopathy Presenting With Isolated Psychosis in an Adolescent. J Psychiatr Pract 2017; 23:441-445. [PMID: 29303953 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated encephalopathies associated with serum or cerebrospinal fluid antibodies directed against neuronal structures may present with a multitude of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Although some of the antibody-driven conditions are now well recognized in adults (eg, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis), the spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations in the pediatric population is less clear. Psychosis, confusion, catatonia, and additional behavioral changes, along with seizures, encephalopathy, and movement disorders, may be initial manifestations or concurrent features in all age groups. Psychosis, when present, is often part of a broader spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms for which the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is considered. The authors present the case of an adolescent with an acute and isolated psychotic presentation of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody encephalitis, further expanding the phenotypic spectrum of this specific antibody-mediated disease and raising the possibility that specific immune-mediated processes may define a biological subgroup of psychoses.
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31
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van Sonderen A, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:290-301. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Afterdischarges following M waves in patients with voltage-gated potassium channels antibodies. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2017; 2:72-75. [PMID: 30214975 PMCID: PMC6123875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Afterdischarges in patients with VGKC encephalitis. Afterdischarges disappeared in accordance with the clinical improvement. Afterdischarges might be a sensitive indicator of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability.
Objective To explore the correlation between afterdischarges in motor nerve conduction studies and clinical motor hyperexcitability in patients with voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC) antibodies. Methods Six patients with positive serum antibodies to contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) or/and leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) were recruited, including 5 with autoimmune encephalitis, and 1 with cramp-fasciculation syndrome. Electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies (NCS) and F waves were performed, and afterdischarges were assessed. One patient was followed up. Results Five patients had clinical evidence of peripheral motor nerve hyperexcitability (myokymia or cramp), and four of them had abnormal spontaneous firing in concentric needle electromyography (EMG). Prolonged afterdischarges following normal M waves were present in all six patients, including the two patients who had no EMG evidence of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH). Afterdischarges disappeared after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Conclusion The afterdischarges in motor nerve conduction study might be a sensitive indicator of peripheral motor nerve hyperexcitability in patients with VGKC antibodies. Significance Afterdischarges in motor nerve conduction study might be more sensitive than needle electromyography for detecting peripheral motor nerve hyperexcitability, and could disappear gradually in accordance with clinical improvement and reduction of antibodies.
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33
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Lee SK, Lee ST. The Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis. J Epilepsy Res 2016; 6:45-50. [PMID: 28101474 PMCID: PMC5206099 DOI: 10.14581/jer.16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of encephalitis syndromes that cause altered mentality, memory decline, or seizures in association with the presence of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies (auto-Abs). An early diagnosis enables early treatments. The detection of auto-Abs is a confirmatory diagnosis. Tissue-based assay, cell-based immunoassay, and immunoblotting are used to detect various autoantibodies. The CSF test for the presence of antibodies is important because it is more sensitive and reflects disease activity in many autoimmune encephalitis, although antibody tests can be negative even in the presence of autoimmune encephalitis. EEG is often abnormal, but nonspecific. A unilateral or bilateral medial temporal T2 high signal is a common finding in MRI. Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography is sometimes useful for diagnosis in patients with normal MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Bien CG, Mirzadjanova Z, Baumgartner C, Onugoren MD, Grunwald T, Holtkamp M, Isenmann S, Kermer P, Melzer N, Naumann M, Riepe M, Schäbitz WR, von Oertzen TJ, von Podewils F, Rauschka H, May TW. Anti-contactin-associated protein-2 encephalitis: relevance of antibody titres, presentation and outcome. Eur J Neurol 2016; 24:175-186. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Bien
- Epilepsy Center Bethel; Krankenhaus Mara; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - C. Baumgartner
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Epilepsy Research and Cognitive Neurology; 2nd Neurological Department; General Hospital Hietzing with Neurological Center Rosenhügel; Sigmund Freud University; Vienna Austria
| | - M. D. Onugoren
- Epilepsy Center Bethel; Krankenhaus Mara; Bielefeld Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - T. Grunwald
- Swiss Epilepsy Center; Clinic Lengg and Department of Neurology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - S. Isenmann
- Department of Neurology; Center for Research in Clinical Medicine (CCM); HELIOS-Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal; University of Witten/Herdecke; Wuppertal
| | - P. Kermer
- Department of Neurology; Nordwest-Krankenhaus Sanderbusch; Sande
| | - N. Melzer
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
| | - M. Naumann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology; Klinikum Augsburg; Augsburg
| | - M. Riepe
- Department of Psychiatry II Ulm University at Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg; Mental Health & Old Age Psychiatry; Günzburg
| | - W. R. Schäbitz
- Department of Neurology; Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - T. J. von Oertzen
- Department of Neurology 1; Neuromed Campus; Kepler Universitätsklinikum; Linz Austria
| | - F. von Podewils
- Department of Neurology; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - H. Rauschka
- Karl Landsteiner-Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders; Danube Hospital/Donauspital; Vienna Austria
| | - T. W. May
- Society for Epilepsy Research; Epilepsy Centre Bethel; Bielefeld Germany
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35
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Bost C, Pascual O, Honnorat J. Autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric institutions: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2775-2787. [PMID: 27822050 PMCID: PMC5089825 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare and newly described group of diseases involving autoantibodies directed against synaptic and neuronal cell surface antigens. It comprises a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tests such as cell-based assay are primordial for the detection of neuronal cell surface antibodies in patients' cerebrospinal fluid or serum and determine the treatment and follow-up of the patients. As neurological symptoms are fairly well described in the literature, this review focuses on the nature of psychiatric symptoms occurring at the onset or during the course of the diseases. In order to help the diagnosis, the main neurological symptoms of the most representative synaptic and neuronal cell surface autoantibodies were detailed. Finally, the exploration of these autoantibodies for almost a decade allowed us to present an overview of autoimmune encephalitis incidence in psychiatric disease and the general guidelines for the management of psychiatric manifestations. For the majority of autoimmune encephalitis, the prognosis depends on the rapidity of the detection, identification, and the management of the disease. Because the presence of pronounced psychiatric symptoms drives patients to psychiatric institutions and can hinder the diagnosis, the aim of this work is to provide clues to help earlier detection by physicians and thus provide better medical care to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Bost
- French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
- Synatac Team, NeuroMyoGene Institut, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR5310, Lyon, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Lee WJ, Lee ST, Moon J, Sunwoo JS, Byun JI, Lim JA, Kim TJ, Shin YW, Lee KJ, Jun JS, Lee HS, Kim S, Park KI, Jung KH, Jung KY, Kim M, Lee SK, Chu K. Tocilizumab in Autoimmune Encephalitis Refractory to Rituximab: An Institutional Cohort Study. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:824-832. [PMID: 27215218 PMCID: PMC5081109 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable portion of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) does not respond to conventional immunotherapies and subsequently has poor outcomes. We aimed to determine the efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 antibody, in rituximab-refractory AE compared with other treatment options. From an institutional cohort of AE, 91 patients with inadequate clinical response to first-line immunotherapy and following rituximab were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped according to their further immunotherapy strategies. Thirty (33.0 %) patients were included in the tocilizumab group, 31 (34.0 %) in the additional rituximab group, and 30 (33.0 %) in the observation group. Outcomes were defined as the favorable modified Rankin Scale scores (≤2) at 1 and 2 months from the initiation of each treatment strategy and at the last follow-up. Favorable clinical response (improvement of the modified Rankin Scale scores by ≥ 2 points or achievement of the mRS scores ≤ 2) at the last follow-up was also analyzed. The tocilizumab group showed more frequent favorable mRS scores at 2 months from treatment initiation and at the last follow-up compared with those at the relevant time points of the remaining groups. The majority (89.5 %) of the patients with clinical improvement at 1 month from tocilizumab treatment maintained a long-term favorable clinical response. No serious adverse effects of rituximab or tocilizumab were reported. Therefore, we suggest that tocilizumab might be a good treatment strategy for treating AE refractory to conventional immunotherapies and rituximab. The tocilizumab-mediated clinical improvement manifests as early at 1 month after treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ick Byun
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Jun
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- Program in Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lascano AM, Korff CM, Picard F. Seizures and Epilepsies due to Channelopathies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Dysfunction: A Parallel between Genetic and Immune Aspects. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:197-209. [PMID: 27781030 DOI: 10.1159/000447707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research activity leading to many important discoveries, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying seizures and epilepsy remain poorly understood. An important number of specific gene defects have been related to various forms of epilepsies, and autoimmunity and epilepsy have been associated for a long time. Certain central nervous system proteins have been involved in epilepsy or acute neurological diseases with seizures either due to underlying gene defects or immune dysfunction. Here, we focus on 2 of them that have been the object of particular attention and in-depth research over the past years: the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and the leucin-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1). We also describe illustrative examples of situations in which genetics and immunology meet in the complex pathways that underlie seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina M Lascano
- EEG and Epilepsy Exploration Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Korff
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- EEG and Epilepsy Exploration Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vanli-Yavuz EN, Erdag E, Tuzun E, Ekizoglu E, Baysal-Kirac L, Ulusoy C, Peach S, Gundogdu G, Sencer S, Sencer A, Kucukali CI, Bebek N, Gurses C, Gokyigit A, Baykan B. Neuronal autoantibodies in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:684-92. [PMID: 27151964 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of neuronal autoantibodies (NAbs) in a large consecutive series with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) and to elucidate the clinical and laboratory clues for detection of NAbs in this prototype of frequent, drug-resistant epilepsy syndrome. METHODS Consecutive patients diagnosed with MTLE fulfilling the MRI criteria for HS were enrolled. The sera of patients and various control groups (80 subjects) were tested for eight NAbs after ethical approval and signed consents. Brain tissues obtained from surgical specimens were also investigated by immunohistochemical analysis for the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. The features of seropositive versus seronegative groups were compared and binary logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the differentiating variables. RESULTS We found antibodies against antigens, contactin-associated protein-like 2 in 11 patients, uncharacterised voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex antigens in four patients, glycine receptor (GLY-R) in 5 patients, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in 4 patients and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor A in 1 patient of 111 patients with MTLE-HS and none of the control subjects. The history of status epilepticus, diagnosis of psychosis and positron emission tomography or single-photon emission CT findings in temporal plus extratemporal regions were found significantly more frequently in the seropositive group. Binary logistic regression analysis disclosed that status epilepticus, psychosis and cognitive dysfunction were statistically significant variables to differentiate between the VGKC-complex subgroup versus seronegative group. CONCLUSIONS This first systematic screening study of various NAbs showed 22.5% seropositivity belonging mostly to VGKC-complex antibodies in a large consecutive series of patients with MTLE-HS. Our results indicated a VGKC-complex autoimmunity-related subgroup in the syndrome of MTLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Nur Vanli-Yavuz
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Neurology, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Erdag
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esme Ekizoglu
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Baysal-Kirac
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sian Peach
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gokcen Gundogdu
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serra Sencer
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroradiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Altay Sencer
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Ismail Kucukali
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Institute of Experimental Medical Research, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nerses Bebek
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Candan Gurses
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Gokyigit
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Baykan
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hoffmann C, Zong S, Mané-Damas M, Molenaar P, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5020009. [PMID: 31557990 PMCID: PMC6698850 DOI: 10.3390/antib5020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. The identification of autoantibodies targeting the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), which causes neurological and psychiatric symptoms, has reinvigorated the hypothesis that other patient subgroups may also suffer from an underlying autoimmune condition. In recent years, a wide range of neuropsychiatric diseases and autoantibodies targeting ion-channels or neuronal receptors including NMDA-R, voltage gated potassium channel complex (VGKC complex), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA-R), γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA-R) and dopamine receptor (DR) were studied and conflicting reports have been published regarding the seroprevalence of these autoantibodies. A clear causative role of autoantibodies on psychiatric symptoms has as yet only been shown for the NMDA-R. Several other autoantibodies have been related to the presence of certain symptoms and antibody effector mechanisms have been proposed. However, extensive clinical studies with large multicenter efforts to standardize diagnostic procedures for autoimmune etiology and animal studies are needed to confirm the pathogenicity of these autoantibodies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of neuronal autoantibodies in the major neuropsychiatric disorders: psychotic, major depression, autism spectrum, obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hoffmann
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Shenghua Zong
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mario Losen
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division Neurosciences, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Lee WJ, Lee ST, Byun JI, Sunwoo JS, Kim TJ, Lim JA, Moon J, Lee HS, Shin YW, Lee KJ, Kim S, Jung KH, Jung KY, Chu K, Lee SK. Rituximab treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis in an institutional cohort. Neurology 2016; 86:1683-91. [PMID: 27037228 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine efficacy and safety of rituximab treatment as a second-line immunotherapy treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) and to determine factors associated with functional improvement and favorable outcome following rituximab treatment. METHODS We recruited 80 patients with ALE who were treated with rituximab as a second-line immunotherapy from the Korea Autoimmune Synaptic and Paraneoplastic Encephalitis Registry and reviewed 81 patients without rituximab as a control. We grouped patients according to the detection or type of antibodies; in addition, we evaluated clinical, laboratory, first-line immunotherapy, and rituximab treatment profiles and defined main outcomes as improvements on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and a favorable mRS score (0-2) at the last follow-up. RESULTS Functional improvement occurred more frequently in the rituximab group compared to the control group. In the rituximab group, 30 (37.5%) patients had synaptic autoantibodies, 15 (18.8%) in the paraneoplastic autoantibodies, and 35 (43.8%) were antibody-negative. The effect of rituximab was the same regardless of autoantibody status. Additional monthly rituximab therapy and partial response to first-line immunotherapies were associated with mRS score improvements, as well as favorable mRS scores. mRS scores of 4-6 as the worst neurologic status predicted an unfavorable mRS score. There were no reported serious infusion-related or infectious adverse effects of rituximab. CONCLUSIONS Rituximab is effective and safe as a second-line immunotherapy for ALE, regardless of autoantibody status. Additional monthly rituximab therapy might potentiate the efficacy of rituximab. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that rituximab improves mRS scores for patients with autoimmune limbic encephalitis who fail first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ick Byun
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Shin
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (W.-J.L., S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., S.K., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital; and Program in Neuroscience (S.-T.L., J.-I.B., J.-S.S., T.-J.K., J.-A.L., J.M., H.S.L., Y.-W.S., K.-J.L., K.-H.J., K.-Y.J., K.C., S.K.L.), Neuroscience Research Institute of SNUMRC, College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Department of Neurology (J.-I.B.), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong; Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine (J.-S.S.), Seoul, South Korea.
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Byun JI, Lee ST, Jung KH, Sunwoo JS, Moon J, Kim TJ, Lim JA, Kim S, Kim DY, Han SH, Jang H, Suh HI, Cho AH, Kim DW, Shin JW, Koo YS, Choi WC, Lee WW, Choi N, Kim S, Nam H, Koo DL, Kim M, Lim BC, Chae JH, Kim KJ, Jeon D, Park KI, Jung KY, Kim M, Chu K, Lee SK. Prevalence of antineuronal antibodies in patients with encephalopathy of unknown etiology: Data from a nationwide registry in Korea. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:34-38. [PMID: 27049559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antineuronal antibodies in a nationwide cohort of patients with encephalopathy of unknown etiology. We screened 1699 patients with idiopathic encephalopathy who were referred from 70 hospitals across Korea for autoimmune synaptic and classic paraneoplastic antibodies. Those with cerebellar degeneration, sensory polyneuropathy or other paraneoplastic syndromes without encephalopathy were not included in this study. One-hundred and four patients (6.12%) had antibody-associated autoimmune encephalopathy. Autoimmune synaptic antibodies were identified in 89 patients (5.24%) and classic paraneoplastic antibodies were identified in 16 patients (0.94%). The patients with antibody-associated autoimmune encephalopathy comprised a small but significant portion of the total number of patients with encephalopathy of unknown cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ick Byun
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Departments of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Han
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Il Suh
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - A-Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Catholic University of Korea Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yong Seo Koo
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Chan Choi
- Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Woong-Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nari Choi
- Department of Neurology, Soonchun Hyang University Hospital Cheonan, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seongheon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Lim Koo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daejong Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Protein Metabolism Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Byun JI, Lee ST, Jung KH, Sunwoo JS, Moon J, Lim JA, Lee DY, Shin YW, Kim TJ, Lee KJ, Lee WJ, Lee HS, Jun J, Kim DY, Kim MY, Kim H, Kim HJ, Suh HI, Lee Y, Kim DW, Jeong JH, Choi WC, Bae DW, Shin JW, Jeon D, Park KI, Jung KY, Chu K, Lee SK. Effect of Immunotherapy on Seizure Outcome in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Prospective Observational Registry Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146455. [PMID: 26771547 PMCID: PMC4714908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the seizure characteristics and outcome after immunotherapy in adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and new-onset seizure. Methods Adult (age ≥18 years) patients with AE and new-onset seizure who underwent immunotherapy and were followed-up for at least 6 months were included. Seizure frequency was evaluated at 2–4 weeks and 6 months after the onset of the initial immunotherapy and was categorized as “seizure remission”, “> 50% seizure reduction”, or “no change” based on the degree of its decrease. Results Forty-one AE patients who presented with new-onset seizure were analysed. At 2–4 weeks after the initial immunotherapy, 51.2% of the patients were seizure free, and 24.4% had significant seizure reduction. At 6 months, seizure remission was observed in 73.2% of the patients, although four patients died during hospitalization. Rituximab was used as a second-line immunotherapy in 12 patients who continued to have seizures despite the initial immunotherapy, and additional seizure remission was achieved in 66.6% of them. In particular, those who exhibited partial response to the initial immunotherapy had a better seizure outcome after rituximab, with low adverse events. Conclusion AE frequently presented as seizure, but only 18.9% of the living patients suffered from seizure at 6 months after immunotherapy. Aggressive immunotherapy can improve seizure outcome in patients with AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ick Byun
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lim
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Young Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Shin
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sang Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsun Jun
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Yub Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Man-Young Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Asan medical center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Ewha Woman’s University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Il Suh
- Departments of Neurology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Asan medical center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jeong
- Departments of Neurology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Woo Chan Choi
- Departments of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dae Woong Bae
- Departments of Neurology, St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Departments of Neurology, Cha university, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Daejong Jeon
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KC); (SKL)
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KC); (SKL)
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43
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Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Ramanathan S, Brilot F, Dale RC. Immune therapy in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:1391-419. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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