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Liao JX, Huang QM, Pan ZC, Wu J, Zhang WJ. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation in spinal cord injury and concomitant pathological pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 982:176950. [PMID: 39214270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling injury that is often accompanied by neuropathic pain (NeP), which severely affects patients' motor and sensory functions and reduces their quality of life. Currently, there is no specific treatment for treating SCI and relieving the accompanying pain, and we can only rely on medication and physical rehabilitation, both of which are ineffective. Researchers have recently identified a novel class of glial cells, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which originate from the olfactory system. Transplantation of OECs into damaged spinal cords has demonstrated their capacity to repair damaged nerves, improve the microenvironment at the point of injury, and They can also restore neural connectivity and alleviate the patient's NeP to a certain extent. Although the effectiveness of OECs transplantation has been confirmed in experiments, the specific mechanisms by which it repairs the spinal cord and relieves pain have not been articulated. Through a review of the literature, it has been established that the ability of OECs to repair and relieve pain is inextricably linked to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this regard, it is imperative to gain a deeper understanding of how OECs exert their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which OECs exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We aim to manipulate the immune microenvironment at the transplantation site through the intervention of cytokines and immune cells, with the goal of enhancing OECs' function or creating a conducive microenvironment for OECs' survival. This approach is expected to improve the therapeutic efficacy of OECs in clinical settings. However, numerous fundamental and clinical challenges remain to be addressed if OEC transplantation therapy is to become a standardized treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Liao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Qi-Ming Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China.
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Garcia-Ovejero D, Beyerer E, Mach O, Leister I, Strowitzki M, Wutte C, Maier D, Kramer JL, Aigner L, Arevalo-Martin A, Grassner L. Untargeted blood serum proteomics identifies novel proteins related to neurological recovery after human spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2024; 22:666. [PMID: 39020346 PMCID: PMC11256486 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of new prognostic biomarkers following spinal cord injury (SCI) is a rapidly growing field that could help uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms of SCI and aid in the development of new therapies. To date, this search has largely focused on the initial days after the lesion. However, during the subacute stage of SCI (weeks to months after the injury), there remains potential for sensorimotor recovery, and numerous secondary events develop in various organs. Additionally, the confounding effects of early interventions after the injury are less likely to interfere with the results. METHODS In this study, we conducted an untargeted proteomics analysis to identify biomarkers of recovery in blood serum samples during the subacute phase of SCI patients, comparing those with strong recovery to those with no recovery between 30 and 120 days. We analyzed the fraction of serum that is depleted of the most abundant proteins to unmask proteins that would otherwise go undetected. Linear models were used to identify peptides and proteins related to neurological recovery and we validated changes in some of these proteins using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our findings reveal that differences in subacute recovery after SCI (from 30 to 120 days) are associated with an enrichment in proteins involved in inflammation, coagulation, and lipid metabolism. Technical validation using commercial ELISAs further confirms that high levels of SERPINE1 and ARHGAP35 are associated with strong neurological recovery, while high levels of CD300a and DEFA1 are associated with a lack of recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies new candidates for biomarkers of neurological recovery and for novel therapeutic targets after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Evelyn Beyerer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Orpheus Mach
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany
- ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Tauma Center Murnau, Germany and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Leister
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany
- ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Tauma Center Murnau, Germany and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Christof Wutte
- Department of Neurosurgery, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany
| | - Doris Maier
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany
- ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Tauma Center Murnau, Germany and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - John Lk Kramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, ICORD, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Tauma Center Murnau, Germany and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Lukas Grassner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center, Murnau, Germany.
- ParaMove, SCI Research Unit, BG Tauma Center Murnau, Germany and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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3
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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DSK. Construction of a Searchable Database for Gene Expression Changes in Spinal Cord Injury Experiments. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1030-1043. [PMID: 37917105 PMCID: PMC11302316 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with an estimated 18,000 new cases annually in the United States. The field has accepted and adopted standardized databases such as the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI) to aid in broader analyses, but these currently lack high-throughput data despite the availability of nearly 6000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. This limits the potential for large datasets to enhance our understanding of SCI-related mechanisms at the molecular and cellular level. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies, as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1196 publicly available RNA-Seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Randi B. House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Julia H. Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Training, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Greta M. Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David S. K. Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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4
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Yang P, Bian ZQ, Song ZB, Yang CY, Wang L, Yao ZX. Dominant mechanism in spinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS): sympathetic hyperreflexia. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:259-269. [PMID: 37889575 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are particularly susceptible to infectious diseases, resulting in a syndrome called SCI-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS), which is the leading cause of death after SCI. It is believed that SCI-IDS is associated with exaggerated activation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). After SCI, disruption of bulbospinal projections from the medulla oblongata C1 neurons to the SPNs results in the loss of sympathetic inhibitory modulation from the brain and brainstem and the occurrence of abnormally high levels of spinal sympathetic reflexes (SSR), named sympathetic hyperreflexia. As the post-injury survival time lengthens, mass recruitment and anomalous sprouting of excitatory interneurons within the spinal cord result in increased SSR excitability, resulting in an excess sympathetic output that disrupts the immune response. Therefore, we first analyze the structural underpinnings of the spinal cord-sympathetic nervous system-immune system after SCI, then demonstrate the progress in highlighting mechanisms of SCI-IDS focusing on norepinephrine (NE)/Beta 2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signal pathways, and summarize recent preclinical studies examining potential means such as regulating SSR and inhibiting β2-AR signal pathways to improve immune function after SCI. Finally, we present research perspectives such as to promote the effective regeneration of C1 neurons to rebuild the connection of C1 neurons with SPNs, to regulate excitable or inhibitory interneurons, and specifically to target β2-AR signal pathways to re-establish neuroimmune balance. These will help us design effective strategies to reverse post-SCI sympathetic hyperreflexia and improve the overall quality of life for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Bian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Song
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Yang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang M, Yang M, Liang J, Zuo X, Wang S, Jia X, Zhao H, Jiang H, Lin Q, Qin Q. Slc43a2 + T cell metastasis from spleen to brain in RGNNV infected teleost. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:733-744. [PMID: 38388846 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The origin of T cells in the teleost's brain is unclear. While viewing the central nervous system (CNS) as immune privileged has been widely accepted, previous studies suggest that T cells residing in the thymus but not in the spleen of the teleost play an essential role in communicating with the peripheral organs. Here, we identified nine T cell subpopulations in the thymus and spleen of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioices) through single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. After viral CNS infection with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), the number of slc43a2+ T cells synchronously increased in the spleen and brain. During the infection tests in asplenic zebrafish (tlx1▲ zebrafish model), no increase in the number of slc43a2+ T cells was observed in the brain. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis indicated that slc43a2+ T cells mature and functionally differentiate within the spleen and then migrate into the brain to trigger an immune response. This study suggests a novel route for T cell migration from the spleen to the brain during viral infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China
- Joint University Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Marco Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minlin Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiantao Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Zuo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianze Jia
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huihong Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China
| | - Han Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
- Joint University Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Marco Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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6
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Grau JW, Hudson KE, Johnston DT, Partipilo SR. Updating perspectives on spinal cord function: motor coordination, timing, relational processing, and memory below the brain. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1184597. [PMID: 38444825 PMCID: PMC10912355 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1184597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Those studying neural systems within the brain have historically assumed that lower-level processes in the spinal cord act in a mechanical manner, to relay afferent signals and execute motor commands. From this view, abstracting temporal and environmental relations is the province of the brain. Here we review work conducted over the last 50 years that challenges this perspective, demonstrating that mechanisms within the spinal cord can organize coordinated behavior (stepping), induce a lasting change in how pain (nociceptive) signals are processed, abstract stimulus-stimulus (Pavlovian) and response-outcome (instrumental) relations, and infer whether stimuli occur in a random or regular manner. The mechanisms that underlie these processes depend upon signal pathways (e.g., NMDA receptor mediated plasticity) analogous to those implicated in brain-dependent learning and memory. New data show that spinal cord injury (SCI) can enable plasticity within the spinal cord by reducing the inhibitory effect of GABA. It is suggested that the signals relayed to the brain may contain information about environmental relations and that spinal cord systems can coordinate action in response to descending signals from the brain. We further suggest that the study of stimulus processing, learning, memory, and cognitive-like processing in the spinal cord can inform our views of brain function, providing an attractive model system. Most importantly, the work has revealed new avenues of treatment for those that have suffered a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Grau
- Lab of Dr. James Grau, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Cellular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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7
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Chen X, Zhou YQ, Chen C, Cao Y. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at admission for early diagnosis, severity assessment, and prognosis of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2024; 62:59-64. [PMID: 38146000 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-023-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study. OBJECTIVE This study examined the value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at admission for early diagnosis, severity assessment, and prognosis of acute traumatic SCI. SETTING The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, China. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study of patients treated within 12 h of acute SCI between January 2018 and October 2022. Ninety-four SCI patients were selected as the Observation group, including 26 with complete injury (AIS grade A) and 68 with incomplete injury (AIS grade B-D), while 94 patients with simple spinal fracture were randomly selected as the Control group. Eighty-one observation group patients underwent surgical treatment, of which 33 had a higher AIS grade (Good prognosis subgroup) and 48 a lower or equal grade post-surgery (Poor prognosis subgroup). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess predictors of early diagnosis, severity, and 6-month outcome. RESULTS Initial white blood cell count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, and NLR were higher in the Observation group than the Control group, while lymphocyte count was lower in the Observation group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified NLR as an independent predictor of early diagnosis. Spinal canal encroachment ≥50%, neutrophil count, and NLR were higher in the complete injury subgroup, and spinal canal encroachment ≥50% was an independent predictor of complete injury, while NLR was not. The NLR was higher in the poor prognosis subgroup and was an independent risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral blood NLR is useful for early diagnosis of acute SCI and is predictive of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First people's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, China
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DiSabato DJ, Marion CM, Mifflin KA, Alfredo AN, Rodgers KA, Kigerl KA, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. System failure: Systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250274. [PMID: 37822141 PMCID: PMC10919103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects hundreds of thousands of people in the United States, and while some effects of the injury are broadly recognized (deficits to locomotion, fine motor control, and quality of life), the systemic consequences of SCI are less well-known. The spinal cord regulates systemic immunological and visceral functions; this control is often disrupted by the injury, resulting in viscera including the gut, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and kidneys experiencing local tissue inflammation and physiological dysfunction. The extent of pathology depends on the injury level, severity, and time post-injury. In this review, we describe immunological and metabolic consequences of SCI across several organs. Since infection and metabolic disorders are primary reasons for reduced lifespan after SCI, it is imperative that research continues to focus on these deleterious aspects of SCI to improve life span and quality of life for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J. DiSabato
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina M. Marion
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A. Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony N. Alfredo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyleigh A. Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristina A. Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G. Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana M. McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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9
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Michael FM, Patel SP, Bachstetter AD, Rabchevsky AG. Proinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Gene and Protein Expression Patterns in Spinal Cord and Spleen Following Acute and Chronic High Thoracic Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3341-3349. [PMID: 37576153 PMCID: PMC10423003 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s417435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In addition to paralysis and loss of sensation, high-level spinal cord injury (SCI) causes sympathetic dysfunction that can lead to autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and chronic immune suppression involving splenic leukopenia. Evidence has shown that treatment with either gabapentin or blockade of TNFα mitigates maladaptive plasticity and the underlying hemodynamic dysfunction, spleen atrophy, and immune dysfunction associated with AD. Because significant improvements long term was noted following treatments only during acute stages of recovery, we sought to systematically examine changes in proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines to ascertain the reason. Methods Adult female Wistar rats underwent complete T4 spinal transection before euthanasia at systematic intervals from 3 days to 8 weeks after injury. Using qRT-PCR and meso scale discovery (MSD) assays, the gene and protein expression of TNFα and IFNγ in the spleen, upper thoracic (T4-9) and lumbosacral (L5-S6) spinal cords were analyzed. Results We found that spleen atrophy occurs in a biphasic manner compared to naïve controls, with significant decreases in the spleen mass noted at 3 days and 8 weeks after injury. Splenic TNFα mRNA and protein levels did not change significantly over time, while IFNγ gene expression dipped acutely with trends for increased protein levels at more chronic time points. TNFα protein increased significantly only in thoracic spinal cord segments from 3 to 14 days post-injury. IFNγ mRNA and protein levels remained unelevated in injured spinal cords over time, with trends for increased protein levels at 2 and 8 weeks in the lumbosacral segments. Discussion Novel temporal-spatial cytokine expression profiles reveal that TNFα protein levels are increased solely in upper thoracic segments after high thoracic SCI, while IFNγ remains unaltered. Splenic leukopenia and latent systemic immunosuppression are not associated with altered TNFα or IFNγ expression in the spleen or spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia M Michael
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC); University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Samir P Patel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC); University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC); University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC); University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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10
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Borjigin G, Wei F, Jiang S, Li Q, Yang C. Extraction, purification, structural characterization and biological activity of polysaccharides from Fritillaria: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124817. [PMID: 37182621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fritillaria is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with a history of thousands of years. Fritillaria always contain saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavones, and polysaccharides. Among them, Fritillaria polysaccharide has a variety of biological activities. Its anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities are new study hotspots. The extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition, and biological activity of Fritillaria polysaccharides have been examined for several years in an attempt to identify the active components and understand the pharmacological process. In this review, ample original publications related to the distribution, extraction, purification, quantitative determination, monosaccharide composition and biological activities of Fritillaria until 2023 were searched and collected by using various literature databases. Databases included the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP database, Wan Fang database, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science database, as well as the classic Chinese medical books and PhD and MSc theses. The properties and outcomes of various extractions, purifications, quantitative determination methods, monosaccharide compositions, and biological activities of Fritillaria polysaccharides are discussed here. Additionally, we summarize the research potential of Fritillaria polysaccharide and identify promising research direction candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilwa Borjigin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, college of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanshu Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, college of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, college of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, college of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, college of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li C, Wu C, Ji C, Xu G, Chen J, Zhang J, Hong H, Liu Y, Cui Z. The pathogenesis of DLD-mediated cuproptosis induced spinal cord injury and its regulation on immune microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1132015. [PMID: 37228705 PMCID: PMC10203164 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system injury that leads to significant sensory and motor impairment. Copper, an essential trace element in the human body, plays a vital role in various biological functions and is strictly regulated by copper chaperones and transporters. Cuproptosis, a novel type of metal ion-induced cell death, is distinct from iron deprivation. Copper deprivation is closely associated with mitochondrial metabolism and mediated by protein fatty acid acylation. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) on disease progression and the immune microenvironment in acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) patients. We obtained the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes from ASCI patients using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We performed differential gene analysis, constructed protein-protein interaction networks, conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and built a risk model. Results Our analysis revealed that dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), a regulator of copper toxicity, was significantly associated with ASCI, and DLD expression was significantly upregulated after ASCI. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) showed abnormal activation of metabolism-related processes. Immune infiltration analysis indicated a significant decrease in T cell numbers in ASCI patients, while M2 macrophage numbers were significantly increased and positively correlated with DLD expression. Discussion In summary, our study demonstrated that DLD affects the ASCI immune microenvironment by promoting copper toxicity, leading to increased peripheral M2 macrophage polarization and systemic immunosuppression. Thus, DLD has potential as a promising biomarker for ASCI, providing a foundation for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Li
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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12
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Wulf MJ, Tom VJ. Consequences of spinal cord injury on the sympathetic nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:999253. [PMID: 36925966 PMCID: PMC10011113 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.999253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages multiple structures at the lesion site, including ascending, descending, and propriospinal axons; interrupting the conduction of information up and down the spinal cord. Additionally, axons associated with the autonomic nervous system that control involuntary physiological functions course through the spinal cord. Moreover, sympathetic, and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the spinal cord. Thus, depending on the level of an SCI, autonomic function can be greatly impacted by the trauma resulting in dysfunction of various organs. For example, SCI can lead to dysregulation of a variety of organs, such as the pineal gland, the heart and vasculature, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Indeed, it is becoming more apparent that many disorders that negatively affect quality-of-life for SCI individuals have a basis in dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we will review how SCI impacts the sympathetic nervous system and how that negatively impacts target organs that receive sympathetic innervation. A deeper understanding of this may offer potential therapeutic insight into how to improve health and quality-of-life for those living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica J. Tom
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DS. Construction of a searchable database for gene expression changes in spinal cord injury experiments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526630. [PMID: 36778366 PMCID: PMC9915599 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease resulting in an estimated 18,000 new cases in the United States on an annual basis. Significant behavioral research on animal models has led to a large amount of data, some of which has been catalogued in the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI). More recently, high throughput sequencing experiments have been utilized to understand molecular mechanisms associated with SCI, with nearly 6,000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. However, to date, no resource is available for efficiently mining high throughput sequencing data from SCI experiments. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1,196 publicly available RNA-seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Randi B. House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jonah C. Daneshmand
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Julia H. Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Department of Neuroscience Training, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Greta M. Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey C. Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David S.K. Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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14
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Impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the gut-microbiota-spleen-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 27:100573. [PMID: 36583066 PMCID: PMC9793168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a key immune-related organ that plays a role in communication between the brain and the immune system through the brain-spleen axis and brain-gut-microbiota axis. However, how the gut microbiota affects spleen and brain function remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether microbiome depletion induced by administration of an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) affects spleen and brain function. Treatment with ABX for 14 days resulted in a significant decrease in spleen weight and significant alterations in splenic functions, including the percentage of neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, ABX treatment resulted in the depletion of a large portion of the gut microbiota. Untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that ABX treatment caused alterations in the levels of certain compounds in the plasma, spleen, and brain. Moreover, ABX treatment decreased the expression of microglia marker Iba1 in the cerebral cortex. Interestingly, correlations were found between the abundance of different microbiome components and metabolites in various tissues, as well as splenic cell populations and spleen weight. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbiome depletion and altered metabolite levels may affect spleen and brain function through the gut-microbiota-spleen-brain axis.
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15
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PSpice modeling of cervical and site-focused vagus nerve ultrasonic stimulation for reduced tumor necrosis factor-α production. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21470. [PMID: 36509814 PMCID: PMC9744857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical ultrasound is widely used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Recently, it has been used to perform neuromodulation to treat diverse effects, including inflammation reduction through the vagus nerve. Although the mechanism by which ultrasound propagates through tissue for diagnostic purposes has been established, there is not a complete understanding of how it interacts with neurons to elicit excitation and inhibit inflammation. This work presents a novel technique based on a well-established electrical engineering tool, PSpice, to model cervical and site-focused vagus nerve ultrasonic stimulation to understand its capability in reducing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in the spleen. Transmission line theory is utilized as the basis for the different tissue layers. The models supported the hypothesis that site-focused stimulation has the advantage to decrease undesired efferent effects that would otherwise occur with cervical stimulation. Two different acoustic pressures, 0.25 and 0.83 MPa, were simulated for theoretical efficacy and safety based on previous experimental work conducted by others. The 0.25 MPa simulation was ideal for neurostimulation and reduction of TNF-α, while 0.83 MPa resulted in much higher intensity levels that will most likely induce additional inflammation.
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16
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Zhen-Gang L, Fan Y, Jingwei S, Pengyu C, Shengman Y, Bo-Yin Z. Revisiting the immune landscape post spinal cord injury: More than black and white. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:963539. [PMID: 36570540 PMCID: PMC9768195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.963539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced catastrophic neurological disability is currently incurable, especially in elderly patients. Due to the limited axon regeneration capacity and hostile microenvironment in the lesion site, essential neural network reconstruction remains challenging. Owing to the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) created immune cells and cytokines isolation, the immune elements were incorrectly recognized as innocent bystanders during the SCI pathological process traditionally. Emerging evidence demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) is an "immunological quiescent" rather than "immune privileged" area, and the CNS-associated immune response played mixed roles which dedicate beneficial and detrimental contributions throughout the SCI process. Consequently, coordinating double-edged immunomodulation is vital to promote tissue repair and neurological recovery post-SCI. The comprehensive exploration and understanding of the immune landscape post-SCI are essential in establishing new avenues for further basic and clinical studies. In this context, this review summarizes the recent significant breakthroughs in key aspects of SCI-related immunomodulation, including innate and adaptive immune response, immune organ changes, and holistic immune status modification. Moreover, the currently existing immune-oriented therapies for SCI will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhen-Gang
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi Jingwei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Pengyu
- Radiotherapy Department, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Shengman
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhang Bo-Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Zhang Bo-Yin
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17
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Li C, Wu C, Xu G, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Hong H, Ji C, Cui Z. CCR7-mediated T follicular helper cell differentiation is associated with the pathogenesis and immune microenvironment of spinal cord injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1019406. [PMCID: PMC9615471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1019406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS) is a disorder characterized by systemic immunosuppression secondary to SCI that dramatically increases the likelihood of infection and is difficult to treat. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells regulated by chemokine receptor CCR7 are associated with SCI-IDS after acute SCI. The present study explored the roles of CCR7 in SCI-IDS occurrence and immune microenvironment composition. Gene expression profile data of peripheral blood leukocytes from SCI and non-SCI subjects were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. According to differential gene expression analysis, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and risk model construction, the CCR7 expression level was prominently related to acute SCI and CCR7 expression was significantly downregulated after acute SCI. Next, we constructed a clinical prediction model and used it to identify patients with acute SCI. Using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we discovered that immune-related biological processes, such as T cell receptor signaling pathway, were suppressed, whereas chemokine-related signaling pathways were activated after acute SCI. Immune infiltration analysis performed using single sample GSEA and CIBERSORT suggested that Tfh cell function was significantly correlated with the CCR7 expression levels and was considerably reduced after acute SCI. Acute SCI was divided into two subtypes, and we integrated multiple classifiers to analyze and elucidate the immunomodulatory relationships in both subtypes jointly. The results suggested that CCR7 suppresses the immunodeficiency phenotype by activating the chemokine signaling pathway in Tfh cells. In conclusion, CCR7 exhibits potential as a diagnostic marker for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Li
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Restoration Mechanism and Clinical Translation of Spinal Cord Injury, Nantong, China
- Research Institute for Spine and Spinal Cord Disease of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Cui,
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Mota CMD, Madden CJ. Neural control of the spleen as an effector of immune responses to inflammation: mechanisms and treatments. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R375-R384. [PMID: 35993560 PMCID: PMC9485006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune system responses are a vital defense mechanism against pathogens. Inflammatory mediators finely regulate complex inflammatory responses from initiation to resolution. However, in certain conditions, the inflammation is initiated and amplified, but not resolved. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the regulation of the immune response is critical for developing therapeutic alternatives, including pharmaceuticals and bioelectronic tools. The spleen is an important immune effector organ since it orchestrates innate and adaptive immune responses such as pathogen clearance, cytokine production, and differentiation of cells, therefore playing a modulatory role that balances pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. However, modulation of splenic immune activity is a largely unexplored potential therapeutic tool that could be used for the treatment of inflammatory and life-threatening conditions. This review discusses some of the mechanisms controlling neuroimmune communication and the brain-spleen axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M D Mota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Segura-Uribe JJ, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Barrios CE, Coyoy-Salgado A. Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:2692. [PMID: 36078099 PMCID: PMC9454769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be treatable if intervention is initiated promptly. Therefore, several treatment proposals are currently being evaluated. Inflammation is part of a complex physiological response to injury or harmful stimuli induced by mechanical, chemical, or immunological agents. Neuroinflammation is one of the principal secondary changes following SCI and plays a crucial role in modulating the pathological progression of acute and chronic SCI. This review describes the main inflammatory events occurring after SCI and discusses recently proposed potential treatments and therapeutic agents that regulate inflammation after insult in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
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Effect of Curcumin as Feed Supplement on Immune Response and Pathological Changes of Broilers Exposed to Aflatoxin B1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091188. [PMID: 36139027 PMCID: PMC9496629 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the protective effects of curcumin against the AFB1-induced immune response of and pathological changes in broilers. Histopathology examinations showed that at day 28, AFB1 (5 mg/kg) exposure leads to severe histological changes in the spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius with a decrease in the number and karyoplasmic area ratio of plasma cells. Curcumin alleviated the AFB1-induced immune organs’ damage as well as the changes in plasma cells in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR data showed that AFB1 significantly downregulated the IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA expression levels in the thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius. However, curcumin supplementation improved the AFB1-induced immune organs’ damage via upregulated cytokines’ expression. Intriguingly, similar trends were noticed in abnormal morphological changes and the immune response at day 35 after the withdrawal of AFB1 and curcumin from the diet, suggesting the protective effects and immunomodulatory function against AFB1 in broilers. The current study provides a scientific experimental basis for the application of curcumin as a therapeutic drug or additive in animal husbandry productive practice.
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Mifflin KA, Brennan FH, Guan Z, Kigerl KA, Filous AR, Mo X, Schwab JM, Popovich PG. Spinal Cord Injury Impairs Lung Immunity in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:157-170. [PMID: 35697382 PMCID: PMC9246940 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although SCI causes atrophy and dysfunction in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues with a corresponding decrease in the number and function of circulating leukocytes, it is unknown whether this SCI-dependent systemic immune suppression also affects the unique tissue-specific antimicrobial defense mechanisms that protect the lung. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that SCI directly impairs pulmonary immunity and subsequently increases the risk for developing pneumonia. Using mouse models of severe high-level SCI, we find that recruitment of circulating leukocytes and transcriptional control of immune signaling in the lung is impaired after SCI, creating an environment that is permissive for infection. Specifically, we saw a sustained loss of pulmonary leukocytes, a loss of alveolar macrophages at chronic time points postinjury, and a decrease in immune modulatory genes, especially cytokines, needed to eliminate pulmonary infections. Importantly, this injury-dependent impairment of pulmonary antimicrobial defense is only partially overcome by boosting the recruitment of immune cells to the lung with the drug AMD3100, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that mobilizes leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow. Collectively, these data indicate that the immune-suppressive effects of SCI extend to the lung, a unique site of mucosal immunity. Furthermore, preventing lung infection after SCI will likely require novel strategies, beyond the use of orthodox antibiotics, to reverse or block tissue-specific cellular and molecular determinants of pulmonary immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Angela R Filous
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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22
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Rodgers KA, Kigerl KA, Schwab JM, Popovich PG. Immune dysfunction after spinal cord injury - A review of autonomic and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102230. [PMID: 35489214 PMCID: PMC9372819 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infections impair neurological outcome and increase mortality after spinal cord injury (SCI). Emerging data show that pathogens more easily infect individuals with SCI because SCI disrupts neural and humoral control of immune cells, culminating with the development of "SCI-induced immune deficiency syndrome" (SCI-IDS). Here, we review data that implicate autonomic dysfunction and impaired neuroendocrine signaling as key determinants of SCI-IDS. Although it is widely appreciated that mature leukocyte dysfunction is a canonical feature of SCI-IDS, new data indicate that SCI impairs the development and mobilization of immune cell precursors in bone marrow. Thus, this review will also explore how the post-injury acquisition of a "bone marrow failure syndrome" may be the earliest manifestation of SCI-IDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyleigh A Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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23
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Noble BT, Brennan FH, Wang Y, Guan Z, Mo X, Schwab JM, Popovich PG. Thoracic VGluT2 + Spinal Interneurons Regulate Structural and Functional Plasticity of Sympathetic Networks after High-Level Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3659-3675. [PMID: 35304427 PMCID: PMC9053847 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2134-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) above the major spinal sympathetic outflow (T6 level) disinhibits sympathetic neurons from supraspinal control, causing systems-wide "dysautonomia." We recently showed that remarkable structural remodeling and plasticity occurs within spinal sympathetic circuitry, creating abnormal sympathetic reflexes that exacerbate dysautonomia over time. As an example, thoracic VGluT2+ spinal interneurons (SpINs) become structurally and functionally integrated with neurons that comprise the spinal-splenic sympathetic network and immunological dysfunction becomes progressively worse after SCI. To test whether the onset and progression of SCI-induced sympathetic plasticity is neuron activity dependent, we selectively inhibited (or excited) thoracic VGluT2+ interneurons using chemogenetics. New data show that silencing VGluT2+ interneurons in female and male mice with a T3 SCI, using hM4Di designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (Gi DREADDs), blocks structural plasticity and the development of dysautonomia. Specifically, silencing VGluT2+ interneurons prevents the structural remodeling of spinal sympathetic networks that project to lymphoid and endocrine organs, reduces the frequency of spontaneous autonomic dysreflexia (AD), and reduces the severity of experimentally induced AD. Features of SCI-induced structural plasticity can be recapitulated in the intact spinal cord by activating excitatory hM3Dq-DREADDs in VGluT2+ interneurons. Collectively, these data implicate VGluT2+ excitatory SpINs in the onset and propagation of SCI-induced structural plasticity and dysautonomia, and reveal the potential for neuromodulation to block or reduce dysautonomia after severe high-level SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In response to stress or dangerous stimuli, autonomic spinal neurons coordinate a "fight or flight" response marked by increased cardiac output and release of stress hormones. After a spinal cord injury (SCI), normally harmless stimuli like bladder filling can result in a "false" fight or flight response, causing pathological changes throughout the body. We show that progressive hypertension and immune suppression develop after SCI because thoracic excitatory VGluT2+ spinal interneurons (SpINs) provoke structural remodeling in autonomic networks within below-lesion spinal levels. These pathological changes can be prevented in SCI mice or phenocopied in uninjured mice using chemogenetics to selectively manipulate activity in VGluT2+ SpINs. Targeted neuromodulation of SpINs could prevent structural plasticity and subsequent autonomic dysfunction in people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Noble
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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24
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Tang Z, Yang C, He Z, Deng Z, Li X. Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:741-755. [PMID: 35509687 PMCID: PMC9008318 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating incident that induces neuronal loss and dysfunction. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) has been reported to exhibit a neuroprotective role after SCI. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanisms of NGR1 in models of SCI were further investigated. Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC-12) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish a cell model of SCI-like condition. The changes of proinflammatory cytokines and associated proteins were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. A rat model of SCI was established. Nissl staining were used to observe the morphological characteristics of spinal cord tissues. reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of miR-301a andKrüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7). Our results showed that NGR1 alleviated LPS-triggered apoptosis and inflammation in PC-12 cells. MiR-301a was upregulated in LPS-stimulated PC-12 cells and was downregulated by NGR1 treatment. MiR-301a overexpression reversed the effect of NGR1 in LPS-treated PC-12 cells. KLF7 was verified to be targeted by miR-301a. NGR1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in LPS-treated PC-12 cells by inhibiting miR-301a and upregulating KLF7. Moreover, blocking wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling eliminated the protective effect of NGR1 against SCI in vitro and in vivo. Overall, NGR1 could reduce inflammation and apoptosis and promote functional recovery of SCI rats by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Changsha , Kaifu District , Changsha 410005 , Hunan , China
| | - Zhengwen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Changsha , No. 311, Yingpan Road, Kaifu District , Changsha 410005 , Hunan , China
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25
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Re-directing nanomedicines to the spleen: A potential technology for peripheral immunomodulation. J Control Release 2022; 350:60-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Brain Research Bulletin Special Issue: Brain–body communication in health and diseases Brain–spleen axis in health and diseases: a review and future perspective. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:130-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Madroñero-Mariscal R, Arévalo-Martín Á, Gutiérrez-Henares F, Rodríguez-Cola M, Alvarez de Mon M, López-Dolado E. Infections and spinal cord injury: Covid-19 and beyond. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9194494 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822498-4.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries cause not only a loss of mobility and sensibility, but also numerous chronic disorders such as: immunosuppression, higher rates of hypertension, neurogenic bladder, blood circulation impairments, and at T8 or above levels of injury, respiratory muscle weakness that can lead to breathing failure. All these conditions make chronic patients susceptible to infections due to a lowered immune system. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the clinical presentation of Covid-19 in patients with spinal cord injury. The authors pretend to make pause to understand if this emergent disease, which is deadly hitting our general population, behaves in the same way in these special patients, to understand if the spinal cord injury condition is acting as a risk factor for morbidity or not, and why. For this purpose, we want to explore the role that the immune system plays in causing infection in patients with spinal cord injury. Some spinal cord-injured patients develop a dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which negatively affects all immune processes. Therefore, the combination of this situation with other locally impaired conditions provide the suitable environment for developing an infection, as it occurs in urinary tract infections, the most frequent infection in these patients, because of the presence of a neurogenic bladder and the use of catheters to facilitate its voiding; or in pulmonary infections, the severest ones, because of the respiratory muscle weakness, dysphagia disorders, pulmonary edema, and the use of ventilators to assist with breathing. The physiopathology of these infections helps us to understand its appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and methods of prevention. Most of the published studies show a tendency of milder initial symptoms and a less severe evolution of the Covid-19 disease in spinal cord-injured patients, but currently further validation is needed to support or reject it. The altered immune response could play a critical role in the clinical presentation of these patients. Close observation of neurofunctional outcomes, especially with the help of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of the Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) Worksheet, is needed to conclude if this infection produces sensory and motor deficits in these patients. Telemedicine has demonstrated to be a useful and effective tool to provide access to medical healthcare to these chronically affected patients, especially under pandemic restriction.
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28
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Sydney-Smith JD, Spejo AB, Warren PM, Moon LDF. Peripherally delivered Adeno-associated viral vectors for spinal cord injury repair. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113945. [PMID: 34896114 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Via the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, the spinal cord directly or indirectly connects reciprocally with many body systems (muscular, intengumentary, respiratory, immune, digestive, excretory, reproductive, cardiovascular, etc). Accordingly, spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in catastrophe for multiple body systems including muscle paralysis affecting movement and loss of normal sensation, as well as neuropathic pain, spasticity, reduced fertility and autonomic dysreflexia. Treatments and cure for an injured spinal cord will likely require access of therapeutic agents across the blood-CNS (central nervous system) barrier. However, some types of repair within the CNS may be possible by targeting treatment to peripherally located cells or by delivering Adeno-Associated Viral vectors (AAVs) by peripheral routes (e.g., intrathecal, intravenous). This review will consider some future possibilities for SCI repair generated by therapeutic peripheral gene delivery. There are now six gene therapies approved worldwide as safe and effective medicines of which three were created by modification of the apparently nonpathogenic Adeno-Associated Virus. One of these AAVs, Zolgensma, is injected intrathecally for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in children. One day, delivery of AAVs into peripheral tissues might improve recovery after spinal cord injury in humans; we discuss experiments by us and others delivering transgenes into nerves or muscles for sensorimotor recovery in animal models of SCI or of stroke including human Neurotrophin-3. We also describe ongoing efforts to develop AAVs that are delivered to particular targets within and without the CNS after peripheral administration using capsids with improved tropisms, promoters that are selective for particular cell types, and methods for controlling the dose and duration of expression of a transgene. In conclusion, in the future, minimally invasive administration of AAVs may improve recovery after SCI with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Sydney-Smith
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Aline B Spejo
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Warren
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, University of London, 16-20 Newcomen Street, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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29
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Khan N, Kaur S, Knuth CM, Jeschke MG. CNS-Spleen Axis - a Close Interplay in Mediating Inflammatory Responses in Burn Patients and a Key to Novel Burn Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720221. [PMID: 34539655 PMCID: PMC8448279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burn-induced inflammation and subsequent hypermetabolic response can lead to profound infection and sepsis, resulting in multiple organ failure and high mortality risk in patients. This represents an extremely challenging issue for clinicians as sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in burn patients. Since hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction are a result of an immune imbalance, restoring these conditions seem to have promising benefits for burn patients. A key network that modulates the immune balance is the central nervous system (CNS)-spleen axis, which coordinates multiple signaling pathways, including sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Modulating inflammation is a key strategy that researchers use to understand neuroimmunomodulation in other hyperinflammatory disease models and modulating the CNS-spleen axis has led to improved clinical outcomes in patients. As the immune balance is paramount for recovery in burn-induced sepsis and patients with hyperinflammatory conditions, it appears that severe burn injuries substantially alter this CNS-spleen axis. Therefore, it is essential to address and discuss the potential therapeutic techniques that target the CNS-spleen axis that aim to restore homeostasis in burn patients. To understand this in detail, we have conducted a systematic review to explore the role of the CNS-spleen axis and its impact on immunomodulation concerning the burn-induced hypermetabolic response and associated sepsis complications. Furthermore, this thorough review explores the role of the spleen, CNS-spleen axis in the ebb and flow phases following a severe burn, how this axis induces metabolic factors and immune dysfunction, and therapeutic techniques and chemical interventions that restore the immune balance via neuroimmunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorisah Khan
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Peripheral Immune Dysfunction: A Problem of Central Importance after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090928. [PMID: 34571804 PMCID: PMC8470244 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Spinal cord injury can result in an increased vulnerability to infections, but until recently the biological mechanisms behind this observation were not well defined. Immunosuppression and concurrent sustained peripheral inflammation after spinal cord injury have been observed in preclinical and clinical studies, now termed spinal cord injury-induced immune depression syndrome. Recent research indicates a key instigator of this immune dysfunction is altered sympathetic input to lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, resulting in a wide array of secondary effects that can, in turn, exacerbate immune pathology. In this review, we discuss what we know about immune dysfunction after spinal cord injury, why it occurs, and how we might treat it. Abstract Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) exhibit increased susceptibility to infection, with pneumonia consistently ranking as a leading cause of death. Despite this statistic, chronic inflammation and concurrent immune suppression have only recently begun to be explored mechanistically. Investigators have now identified numerous changes that occur in the peripheral immune system post-SCI, including splenic atrophy, reduced circulating lymphocytes, and impaired lymphocyte function. These effects stem from maladaptive changes in the spinal cord after injury, including plasticity within the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit that results in exaggerated sympathetic output in response to peripheral stimulation below injury level. Such pathological activity is particularly evident after a severe high-level injury above thoracic spinal cord segment 6, greatly increasing the risk of the development of sympathetic hyperreflexia and subsequent disrupted regulation of lymphoid organs. Encouragingly, studies have presented evidence for promising therapies, such as modulation of neuroimmune activity, to improve regulation of peripheral immune function. In this review, we summarize recent publications examining (1) how various immune functions and populations are affected, (2) mechanisms behind SCI-induced immune dysfunction, and (3) potential interventions to improve SCI individuals’ immunological function to strengthen resistance to potentially deadly infections.
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31
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Buchmann Godinho D, da Silva Fiorin F, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF, Rechia Fighera M, Freire Royes LF. The immunological influence of physical exercise on TBI-induced pathophysiology: Crosstalk between the spleen, gut, and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:15-30. [PMID: 34400178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative and non-congenital insult to the brain and is recognized as a global public health problem, with a high incidence of neurological disorders. Despite the causal relationship not being entirely known, it has been suggested that multiorgan inflammatory response involving the autonomic nervous system and the spleen-gut brain axis dysfunction exacerbate the TBI pathogenesis in the brain. Thus, applying new therapeutic tools, such as physical exercise, have been described in the literature to act on the immune modulation induced by brain injuries. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this neurological injury. Given the above, this review will highlight the main findings of the literature involving peripheral immune responses in TBI-induced neurological damage and how changes in the cellular metabolism of the spleen-gut brain axis elicited by different protocols of physical exercise alter the pathophysiology induced by this neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Buchmann Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuroengenharia, Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra, Instituto Santos Dumont, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica e Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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32
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Pohanka M. Pharmacological Influencing of The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Pathologies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:660-669. [PMID: 33208075 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201117111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and it can also be entitled as an anti-inflammatory reflex. It consists of terminations of the vagal nerve into blood, acetylcholine released from the terminations, macrophages and other cells having α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), calcium ions crossing through the receptor and interacting with nuclear factors, and erythrocytes with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminating the neurotransmission. Stopping of inflammatory cytokines production is the major task for the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be stimulated or suppressed by agonizing or antagonizing α7 nAChR or by inhibition of AChE. This review is focused on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulation by drugs. Compounds that inhibit cholinesterases (for instance, huperzine, rivastigmine, galantamine), and their impact on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway are discussed here and a survey of actual literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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33
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Lactobacillus casei protects intestinal mucosa from damage in chicks caused by Salmonella pullorum via regulating immunity and the Wnt signaling pathway and maintaining the abundance of gut microbiota. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101283. [PMID: 34229217 PMCID: PMC8261010 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier of chicks caused by Salmonella pullorum is of great harm to the poultry industry. Probiotics are recognized for their beneficial health-promoting properties, promoting maintenance of bowel epithelial integrity and host immune system homeostasis. Our previous research showed that Lactobacillus casei protects jejunal mucosa from injury in chicks infected with S. pullorum. However, the specific mechanisms underlying its protective properties are still not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of L. casei on the intestinal mucosal barrier of chicks infected with S. pullorum through histological, immunological, and molecular biology methods. The results indicated that L. casei significantly reduced the diarrhea rate, increased the daily weight gain, and maintained normal levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of chicks infected with S. pullorum. Furthermore, we found that L. casei markedly improved the immunity of gut mucosa by regulating cytokine and chemokine receptor balance, elevating the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and hence effectively restraining bowel inflammation. Strikingly, feeding of infected chicks with L. casei notably boosted interleukin-22 expression to activate the Wingless-Int pathway, moderated diamine oxidase and D-lactic acid levels, diminished the generation of myosin light chain kinase, and expanded tight junction protein levels (Zonulin-1 and Claudin-1), strengthening the function of the gut mucosal epithelium. In addition, experiments using 16S rDNA sequencing also demonstrated that L. casei immensely weakened the adhesion of S. pullorum, mainly manifesting as improved diversity of the intestinal microbiota in the V4 area of infected chicks. Taken together, these results show that the application of L. casei may be a good strategy to regulate the intestinal inflammatory response of chicks infected with S. pullorum, providing new perspectives in producing antibiotic substitutes in poultry farms.
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Ueno M. Restoring neuro-immune circuitry after brain and spinal cord injuries. Int Immunol 2021; 33:311-325. [PMID: 33851981 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune interactions are essential for our body's defense and homeostasis. Anatomical and physiological analyses have shown that the nervous system comprises multiple pathways that regulate the dynamics and functions of immune cells, which are mainly mediated by the autonomic nervous system and adrenal signals. These are disturbed when the neurons and circuits are damaged by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Injuries caused by stroke or trauma often cause immune dysfunction by abrogation of the immune-regulating neural pathways, which leads to an increased risk of infections. Here, I review the structures and functions of the neural pathways connecting the brain and the immune system, and the neurogenic mechanisms of immune dysfunction that emerge after CNS injuries. Recent technological advances in manipulating specific neural circuits have added mechanistic aspects of neuro-immune interactions and their dysfunctions. Understanding the neural bases of immune control and their pathological processes will deepen our knowledge of homeostasis and lead to the development of strategies to cure immune deficiencies observed in various CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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35
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Chio JCT, Xu KJ, Popovich P, David S, Fehlings MG. Neuroimmunological therapies for treating spinal cord injury: Evidence and future perspectives. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113704. [PMID: 33745920 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a complex pathophysiology. Following the initial physical trauma to the spinal cord, which may cause vascular disruption, hemorrhage, mechanical injury to neural structures and necrosis, a series of biomolecular cascades is triggered to evoke secondary injury. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the secondary injury after traumatic SCI. To date, the administration of systemic immunosuppressive medications, in particular methylprednisolone sodium succinate, has been the primary pharmacological treatment. This medication is given as a complement to surgical decompression of the spinal cord and maintenance of spinal cord perfusion through hemodynamic augmentation. However, the impact of neuroinflammation is complex with harmful and beneficial effects. The use of systemic immunosuppressants is further complicated by the natural onset of post-injury immunosuppression, which many patients with SCI develop. It has been hypothesized that immunomodulation to attenuate detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation after SCI, while avoiding systemic immunosuppression, may be a superior approach. To accomplish this, a detailed understanding of neuroinflammation and the systemic immune responses after SCI is required. Our review will strive to achieve this goal by first giving an overview of SCI from a clinical and basic science context. The role that neuroinflammation plays in the pathophysiology of SCI will be discussed. Next, the positive and negative attributes of the innate and adaptive immune systems in neuroinflammation after SCI will be described. With this background established, the currently existing immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for treating SCI will be explored. We will conclude with a summary of topics that can be explored by neuroimmunology research. These concepts will be complemented by points to be considered by neuroscientists developing therapies for SCI and other injuries to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katherine Jiaxi Xu
- Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Wetmore Hall, 300 Huron St., Room 105, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3J6, Canada.
| | - Phillip Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10(th) Ave., Columbus 43210, USA.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience and BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Translational and Experimental Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Zou Y. Targeting axon guidance cues for neural circuit repair after spinal cord injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:197-205. [PMID: 33167744 PMCID: PMC7812507 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20961852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At least two-thirds of spinal cord injury cases are anatomically incomplete, without complete spinal cord transection, although the initial injuries cause complete loss of sensory and motor functions. The malleability of neural circuits and networks allows varied extend of functional restoration in some individuals after successful rehabilitative training. However, in most cases, the efficiency and extent are both limited and uncertain, largely due to the many obstacles of repair. The restoration of function after anatomically incomplete injury is in part made possible by the growth of new axons or new axon branches through the spared spinal cord tissue and the new synaptic connections they make, either along the areas they grow through or in the areas they terminate. This review will discuss new progress on the understanding of the role of axon guidance molecules, particularly the Wnt family proteins, in spinal cord injury and how the knowledge and tools of axon guidance can be applied to increase the potential of recovery. These strategies, combined with others, such as neuroprotection and rehabilitation, may bring new promises. The recovery strategies for anatomically incomplete spinal cord injuries are relevant and may be applicable to traumatic brain injury and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences
Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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37
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Ulndreaj A, Tzekou A, Siddiqui AM, Fehlings MG. Effects of experimental cervical spinal cord injury on peripheral adaptive immunity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241285. [PMID: 33125407 PMCID: PMC7598511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is critical for controlling infections, which are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In rats and mice, compromised peripheral adaptive immune responses, as shown by splenic atrophy and lowered frequencies of peripheral lymphocytes, were shown to result from high-level thoracic SCI. However, whether cervical SCI, which is the most common level of SCI in humans, impairs adaptive immunity remains largely unknown. In the present study, we induced cervical SCI in rats at the C7/T1 level by clip compression and looked at changes in peripheral adaptive immunity at 2-, 10- and 20-weeks post-injury. Specifically, we quantified changes in the frequencies of T- and B- lymphocytes in the blood and the mandibular and deep cervical lymph nodes, which drain the cervical spinal cord. We also assessed changes in serum IgG and IgM immunoglobulin levels, as well as spleen size. We found a significant decline in circulating T- and B- cell frequencies at 10 weeks post-SCI, which returned to normal at 20 weeks after injury. We found no effect of cervical SCI on T- and B- cell frequencies in the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, cervical SCI had no effect on net spleen size, although injured rats had a higher spleen/body weight ratio than sham controls at all time points of the study. Lastly, IgG and IgM immunoglobulin declined at 2 weeks, followed by a significant increase in IgM levels at 10 weeks of injury. These data indicate that cervical SCI causes a significant imbalance in circulating lymphocytes and immunoglobulin levels at 2 and 10 weeks. As we discuss in this article, these findings are largely in line with clinical observations, and we anticipate that this study will fuel more research on the effect of adaptive immunity on SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigona Ulndreaj
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Apostolia Tzekou
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahad M. Siddiqui
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Spine Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Monteiro S, Pinho AG, Macieira M, Serre-Miranda C, Cibrão JR, Lima R, Soares-Cunha C, Vasconcelos NL, Lentilhas-Graça J, Duarte-Silva S, Miranda A, Correia-Neves M, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Splenic sympathetic signaling contributes to acute neutrophil infiltration of the injured spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:282. [PMID: 32967684 PMCID: PMC7513542 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in the immune system are a complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) and have been linked to an excessive sympathetic outflow to lymphoid organs. Still unknown is whether these peripheral immune changes also contribute for the deleterious inflammatory response mounted at the injured spinal cord. Methods We analyzed different molecular outputs of the splenic sympathetic signaling for the first 24 h after a thoracic compression SCI. We also analyzed the effect of ablating the splenic sympathetic signaling to the innate immune and inflammatory response at the spleen and spinal cord 24 h after injury. Results We found that norepinephrine (NE) levels were already raised at this time-point. Low doses of NE stimulation of splenocytes in vitro mainly affected the neutrophils’ population promoting an increase in both frequency and numbers. Interestingly, the interruption of the sympathetic communication to the spleen, by ablating the splenic nerve, resulted in reduced frequencies and numbers of neutrophils both at the spleen and spinal cord 1 day post-injury. Conclusion Collectively, our data demonstrates that the splenic sympathetic signaling is involved in the infiltration of neutrophils after spinal cord injury. Our findings give new mechanistic insights into the dysfunctional regulation of the inflammatory response mounted at the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia G Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mara Macieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Serre-Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge R Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Natália L Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Lentilhas-Graça
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alice Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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39
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Chambel SS, Tavares I, Cruz CD. Chronic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Is There a Role for Neuron-Immune Dysregulation? Front Physiol 2020; 11:748. [PMID: 32733271 PMCID: PMC7359877 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with a tremendous impact in the life of the affected individual and family. Traumatic injuries related to motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports, and violence are the most common causes. The majority of spinal lesions is incomplete and occurs at cervical levels of the cord, causing a disruption of several ascending and descending neuronal pathways. Additionally, many patients develop chronic pain and describe it as burning, stabbing, shooting, or shocking and often arising with no stimulus. Less frequently, people with SCI also experience pain out of context with the stimulus (e.g., light touch). While abolishment of the endogenous descending inhibitory circuits is a recognized cause for chronic pain, an increasing number of studies suggest that uncontrolled release of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators by neurons, glial, and immune cells is also important in the emergence and maintenance of SCI-induced chronic pain. This constitutes the topic of the present mini-review, which will focus on the importance of neuro-immune dysregulation for pain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia S Chambel
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Translational NeuroUrology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia D Cruz
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Translational NeuroUrology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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40
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Distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell association in mouse spleen revealed by immunofluorescent staining. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9850. [PMID: 32555231 PMCID: PMC7300136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates the immune system through the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates with the immune system through local nerve-immune cell interactions, including sympathetic/parasympathetic (efferent) and sensory (afferent) innervation to lymphoid tissue/organs. However, the precise mechanisms of this bi-directional crosstalk of the PNS and immune system remain mysterious. To study this kind of bi-directional crosstalk, we performed immunofluorescent staining of neurofilament and confocal microscopy to reveal the distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell associations inside mouse spleen. Our study demonstrates (i) extensive nerve fibers in all splenic compartments including the splenic nodules, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, marginal zones, trabeculae, and red pulp; (ii) close associations of nerve fibers with blood vessels (including central arteries, marginal sinuses, penicillar arterioles, and splenic sinuses); (iii) close associations of nerve fibers with various subsets of dendritic cells, macrophages (Mac1+ and F4/80+), and lymphocytes (B cells, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T cells). Our data concerning the extensive splenic innervation and nerve-immune cell communication will enrich our knowledge of the mechanisms through which the PNS affects the cellular- and humoral-mediated immune responses in healthy and infectious/non-infectious states.
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41
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Correlation between elevated inflammatory cytokines of spleen and spleen index in acute spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577264. [PMID: 32447026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disorder. After SCI, it initiates a robust immune response. Considering the spleen is one of the most important immune organs, the present study further characterizes the inflammatory cytokine profile of spleen in acute SCI. METHODS Adult rats were divided into sham and SCI groups (n = 36). SCI was produced at the T3 vertebral level. The whole blood and spleen was collected at 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h after SCI. The levels of the inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β) in spleen and serum were measured with an ELISA kit. RESULTS The results showed significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in spleen compared with control group levels. Inflammatory cytokine levels of spleen correlated negatively with spleen index. CONCLUSION It was found that inflammatory cytokines in spleen showed dynamic responses to SCI, which suggest their specificity change of spleen caused by SCI. These results suggest that a possible involvement of spleen in the initiation of the inflammatory response after SCI.
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42
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Wei Y, Liang Y, Lin H, Dai Y, Yao S. Autonomic nervous system and inflammation interaction in endometriosis-associated pain. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:80. [PMID: 32145751 PMCID: PMC7060607 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Pain is the most common symptom in endometriosis. Endometriosis-associated pain is caused by inflammation, and is related to aberrant innervation. Although the specific mechanism between endometriosis-associated pain and the interaction of aberrant innervation and inflammation remains unclear, many studies have confirmed certain correlations between them. In addition, we found that some chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases (AIDs) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) share similar characteristics: the changes in dysregulation of inflammatory factors as well as the function and innervation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The mechanisms underlying the interaction between the ANS and inflammation have provided new advances among these disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the changes in inflammation and ANS in endometriosis, IBD, and RA; and to explore the role and possible mechanism of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in endometriosis-associated inflammation by referring to IBD and RA studies to provide some reference for further endometriosis research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Haishan Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, China
| | - Yujing Dai
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Carpenter RS, Jiang RR, Brennan FH, Hall JCE, Gottipati MK, Niewiesk S, Popovich PG. Human immune cells infiltrate the spinal cord and impair recovery after spinal cord injury in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19105. [PMID: 31836828 PMCID: PMC6911055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice can be used to better understand how the human immune system responds to central nervous system (CNS) injury and inflammation. The optimal parameters for using humanized mice in preclinical CNS injury models need to be established for appropriate use and interpretation. Here, we show that the developmental age of the human immune system significantly affects anatomical and functional outcome measures in a preclinical model of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Specifically, it takes approximately 3-4 months for a stable and functionally competent human immune system to develop in neonatal immune compromised mice after they are engrafted with human umbilical cord blood stem cells. Humanized mice receiving a SCI before or after stable engraftment exhibit significantly different neuroinflammatory profiles. Importantly, the development of a mature human immune system was associated with worse lesion pathology and neurological recovery after SCI. In these mice, human T cells infiltrate the spinal cord lesion and directly contact human macrophages. Together, data in this report establish an optimal experimental framework for using humanized mice to help translate promising preclinical therapies for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Carpenter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Faith H Brennan
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jodie C E Hall
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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44
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Géa LP, Colombo R, Rosa EDD, Antqueviezc B, Aguiar ÉZD, Hizo GH, Schmidt GB, Oliveira LFD, Stein DJ, Rosa AR. Anhedonic-like behavior correlates with IFNγ serum levels in a two-hit model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2019; 373:112076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Zheng H, Hu S, Cao J, Yao L, Zhang N. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 alleviates LPS-induced injury of PC-12 cells by down-regulating microRNA-127. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Seicol BJ, Bejarano S, Behnke N, Guo L. Neuromodulation of metabolic functions: from pharmaceuticals to bioelectronics to biocircuits. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:67. [PMID: 31388355 PMCID: PMC6676523 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation of central and peripheral neural circuitry brings together neurobiologists and neural engineers to develop advanced neural interfaces to decode and recapitulate the information encoded in the nervous system. Dysfunctional neuronal networks contribute not only to the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, but also to numerous metabolic disorders. Many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), especially within the hypothalamus, regulate metabolism. Recent evidence has linked obesity and diabetes to hyperactive or dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Neural regulation of metabolic functions provides access to control pathology through neuromodulation. Metabolism is defined as cellular events that involve catabolic and/or anabolic processes, including control of systemic metabolic functions, as well as cellular signaling pathways, such as cytokine release by immune cells. Therefore, neuromodulation to control metabolic functions can be used to target metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and chronic inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of neurometabolic circuitry will allow for targeted stimulation to modulate metabolic functions. Within the broad category of metabolic functions, cellular signaling, including the production and release of cytokines and other immunological processes, is regulated by both the CNS and ANS. Neural innervations of metabolic (e.g. pancreas) and immunologic (e.g. spleen) organs have been understood for over a century, however, it is only now becoming possible to decode the neuronal information to enable exogenous controls of these systems. Future interventions taking advantage of this progress will enable scientists, engineering and medical doctors to more effectively treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Seicol
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Nicholas Behnke
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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Hong J, Chang A, Liu Y, Wang J, Fehlings MG. Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Reverses the Level-Dependence of Spinal Cord Injury Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153762. [PMID: 31374824 PMCID: PMC6695842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections, such as pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. This phenomenon is referred to as SCI immune deficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS), and has been shown to be more prevalent after high-level transection in preclinical SCI models. Despite the high prevalence of contusion SCIs, the effects of this etiology have not been studied in the context of SCI-IDS. Compared to transection SCIs, which involve a complete loss of supraspinal input and lead to the disinhibition of spinally-generated activity, contusion SCIs may cause significant local deafferentation, but only a partial disruption of sympathetic tone below the level of injury. In this work, we investigate the effects of thoracic (T6-7) and cervical (C6-7) moderate–severe contusion SCIs on the spleen by characterizing splenic norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (CORT), caspase-3, and multiple inflammation markers at 3- and 7-days post-SCI. In contrary to the literature, we observe an increase in splenic NE and CORT that correspond to an increase in caspase-3 after thoracic SCI relative to cervical SCI. Further, we found differences in expression of leptin, eotaxin, IP-10, and IL-18 that implicate alterations in splenocyte recruitment and function. These results suggest that incomplete SCI drastically alters the level-dependence of SCI-IDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hong
- Institute for Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Alex Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Park J, Zhang Y, Saito E, Gurczynski SJ, Moore BB, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Intravascular innate immune cells reprogrammed via intravenous nanoparticles to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14947-14954. [PMID: 31285339 PMCID: PMC6660718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820276116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic primary spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis below the level of injury and is associated with infiltration of hematogenous innate immune cells into the injured cord. Methylprednisolone has been applied to reduce inflammation following SCI, yet was discontinued due to an unfavorable risk-benefit ratio associated with off-target effects. In this study, i.v. administered poly(lactide-coglycolide) nanoparticles were internalized by circulating monocytes and neutrophils, reprogramming these cells based on their physicochemical properties and not by an active pharmaceutical ingredient, to exhibit altered biodistribution, gene expression, and function. Approximately 80% of nanoparticle-positive immune cells were observed within the injury, and, additionally, the overall accumulation of innate immune cells at the injury was reduced 4-fold, coinciding with down-regulated expression of proinflammatory factors and increased expression of antiinflammatory and proregenerative genes. Furthermore, nanoparticle administration induced macrophage polarization toward proregenerative phenotypes at the injury and markedly reduced both fibrotic and gliotic scarring 3-fold. Moreover, nanoparticle administration with the implanted multichannel bridge led to increased numbers of regenerating axons, increased myelination with about 40% of axons myelinated, and an enhanced locomotor function (score of 6 versus 3 for control group). These data demonstrate that nanoparticles provide a platform that limits acute inflammation and tissue destruction, at a favorable risk-benefit ratio, leading to a proregenerative microenvironment that supports regeneration and functional recovery. These particles may have applications to trauma and potentially other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Yining Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Steve J Gurczynski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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Schwab JM, Kleinschnitz C. Overcoming trivialization: The neuroimmune response after acute central nervous system injury. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:28-30. [PMID: 30772755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schwab
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Spinal Cord Injury Division (Paraplegiology), Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Discovery Theme Initiative of the Ohio State University (Chronic Brain Injury), United States.
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50
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Saito E, Kuo R, Pearson RM, Gohel N, Cheung B, King NJC, Miller SD, Shea LD. Designing drug-free biodegradable nanoparticles to modulate inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils for ameliorating inflammation. J Control Release 2019; 300:185-196. [PMID: 30822435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases and chronic injury is an initiating event that leads to tissue degeneration and dysfunction. Inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils systemically circulate and enter inflamed tissue, and pharmaceutical based targeting of these cells has not substantially improved outcomes and has had side effects. Herein, we investigated the design of drug-free biodegradable nanoparticles, notably without any active pharmaceutical ingredient or targeting ligand, that target circulating inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the vasculature to inhibit them from migrating into inflamed tissue. Nanoparticles were formed from 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) with two molecular weights (Low, High) and poly(DL-lactide) (PLA) (termed PLG-L, PLG-H, and PDLA, respectively) and were analyzed for their association with monocytes and neutrophils and their impact on disease course along with immune cell trafficking. For particles injected intravenously for 6 consecutive days to mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), PLG-H particles had significantly lower EAE clinical scores than PBS control, while PLG-L and PDLA particles had modest or negligible effect on EAE onset. In vivo and in vitro data suggests that PLG-H particles had high association with immune cells, with preferential association with blood neutrophils relative to other particles. PLG-H particles restrained immune cells from the central nervous system (CNS), with increased accumulation in the spleen, which was not observed for mice receiving PDLA or control treatments. These results demonstrate that the particle composition influences the association with inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in the vasculature, with the potential to redirect trafficking and ameliorate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nishant Gohel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brandon Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Science, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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