Tea polyphenols epigallocatechin gallete and theaflavin restrict mouse liver carcinogenesis through modulation of self-renewal Wnt and hedgehog pathways

Natural polyphenols as novel interventions for aging and age-related diseases: Exploring efficacy, mechanisms of action and implications for future research

Natural polyphenols are a group of components widely found in traditional Chinese medicines and have been demonstrated to delay or prevent the development of aging and age-related diseases in recent years. As far as we know, the studies of natural polyphenols in aging and aging-related diseases have never been extensively reviewed. In the present paper, we reviewed recent advances of natural polyphenols in aging and common age-related diseases and the current technological methods to improve the bioavailability of natural polyphenols. The results showed that natural polyphenols have the potential to prevent or treat aging and common age-related diseases through multiple mechanisms. Nanotechnology, structural modifications, and matrix processing could provide strong technical support for the development of natural polyphenols to prevent or treat aging and age-related diseases. In conclusion, natural polyphenols have important potential in the prevention and treatment of aging and age-related diseases.

Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on the Liver

The liver, as the primary metabolic organ, is susceptible to an array of factors that can harm liver cells and give rise to different liver diseases. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural compound found in green tea, exerts numerous beneficial effects on the human body. Notably, EGCG displays antioxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. This review specifically highlights the pivotal role of EGCG in liver-related diseases, focusing on viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. EGCG not only inhibits the entry and replication of hepatitis B and C viruses within hepatocytes, but also mitigates hepatocytic damage caused by hepatitis-induced inflammation. Furthermore, EGCG exhibits significant therapeutic potential against hepatocellular carcinoma. Combinatorial use of EGCG and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma drugs enhances the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes. Thus, the combination of EGCG and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma drugs holds promise as an effective approach for treating drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, EGCG possesses hepatoprotective properties against various forms of liver damage and emerges as a potential drug candidate for liver diseases.

Research advancements on theaflavins: Isolation, purification, synthesis, gut microbiota interactions, and applications potentials

Theaflavins (TFs), specific polyphenolic compounds found in tea, including TF, TF-3-G, TF-3'-G, and TFDG, are renowned for their health-promoting effects. The growing interest in TFs among researchers necessitates a comprehensive review of their properties and impacts. This review systematically examines the chemical and physical properties of TFs, covering their isolation, purification, synthesis, safety, and bioavailability, as well as their implications for health. Special attention is paid to the dynamic interactions between TFs and gut microbiota (GM), exploring how GM metabolizes TFs and the consequent effects on the microbial community. An in-depth understanding of these interactions is crucial for realizing the full health benefits of TFs. Additionally, this review summarizes the well-documented health benefits of TFs, including their roles in ameliorating metabolic diseases, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, reducing viral infections, and potential applications in treating cancer and neurological diseases. It also explores the potential industrial applications of TFs, underscoring the need for further research to enhance their benefits for human health and well-being. The primary goal of this review is to support and inspire further detailed investigations into TFs.

The interplay of exercise and green tea: a new road in cancer therapy

Exercise is one of the most important activities for every individual due to its proven health beneficials. Several investigations have highlighted the advantageous impacts of aerobic exercise, largely attributed to its capacity to enhance the body's capability to defend against threats against oxidative stress. The information currently accessible suggests that adding regular aerobic exercise to a daily routine greatly decreases the chances of developing serious cancer and passing away. An unevenness in the levels of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defenses, made up of enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants, results in oxidative pressure. Generally, an imbalance in the levels of oxidative stress triggers the creation of harmful reactive oxygen or nitrogen compounds, causing the development or progression of numerous ailments, including cancer. The equilibrium between pro-oxidant and antioxidant substances is a direct indicator of this imbalance. Green tea and its derivatives are rich sources of bioactive substances such as flavonoids and polyphenols which possess antioxidant abilities. Moreover, modulation of epigenetic targets as well as inflammatory pathways including ERK1/2 and NF-κB are other proposed mechanisms for its antioxidant activity. Recent studies demonstrate the promise of green tea as an antioxidant, showing its ability to decrease the likelihood of developing cancer by impacting actions like cell growth, blood vessel formation, and spread of cancer cells. This summary will concentrate on the complex network of different pathways related to physical activity and consumption of green tea. In particular, the focus of this research will be on examining how oxidative stress contributes to health and investigating the potential antioxidant properties of green tea, and the interconnected relationship between exercise and green tea in the treatment of cancer. Elucidation of these different pathways would help scientists for development of better therapeutic targets and further increase of current anticancer agents efficiency.

Harnessing the capacity of phytochemicals to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancers: A focus on brain malignancies

Brain cancers, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are challenging health issues with frequent unmet aspects. Today, discovering safe and effective therapeutic modalities for brain tumors is among the top research interests. Immunotherapy is an emerging area of investigation in cancer treatment. Since immune checkpoints play fundamental roles in repressing anti-cancer immunity, diverse immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed, and some monoclonal antibodies have been approved clinically for particular cancers; nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in brain tumors. Among the various tools to modify the immune checkpoints, phytochemicals show good effectiveness and excellent safety, making them suitable candidates for developing better ICIs. Phytochemicals regulate multiple immunological checkpoint-related signaling pathways in cancer biology; however, their efficacy for clinical cancer immunotherapy remains to be established. Here, we discussed the involvement of immune checkpoints in cancer pathology and summarized recent advancements in applying phytochemicals in modulating immune checkpoints in brain tumors to highlight the state-of-the-art and give constructive prospects for future research.

Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies

The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.

The potential of epigallocatechin gallate in the chemoprevention and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most notorious malignancies globally, has a high fatality and poor prognosis. Though remarkable breakthroughs have been made in the therapeutic strategies recently, the overall survival of HCC remains unsatisfactory. Consequently, the therapy of HCC remains a great challenge. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from the leaves of the tea bush, has been extensively investigated for its antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize the previous literature to elucidate the roles of EGCG in the chemoprophylaxis and therapy of HCC. Accumulating evidence has confirmed EGCG prevents and inhibits the hepatic tumorigenesis and progression through multiple biological mechanisms, mainly involving hepatitis virus infection, oxidative stress, proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and tumor metabolism. Furthermore, EGCG enhances the efficacy and sensitivity of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy in HCC. In conclusion, preclinical studies have confirmed the potential of EGCG for chemoprevention and therapy of HCC under multifarious experimental models and conditions. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to explore the safety and efficacy of EGCG in the clinical practice of HCC.

Isorhamnetin exerts anti-tumor activity in DEN + CCl4-induced HCC mice

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent type of liver cancer and the main cause of cancer death globally. The use of medicinal herbs as chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment is receiving attention as they possess no or minimum side effects. Isorhamnetin (IRN), a flavonoid, has been under attention for its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties in a number of cancers, including colorectal, skin, and lung cancers. However, the in vivo mechanism of isorhamnetin to suppress liver cancer has yet to be explored.

METHODS AND RESULT

HCC was induced by N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in Swiss albino mice. Isorhamnetin (100 mg/kg body weight) was given to examine its anti-tumor properties in HCC mice model. Histological analysis and liver function assays were performed to assess changes in liver anatomy. Probable molecular pathways were explored using immunoblot, qPCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry techniques. Isorhamnetin inhibited various pro-inflammatory cytokines to suppress cancer-inducing inflammation. Additionally, it regulated Akt and MAPKs to suppress Nrf2 signaling. Isorhamnetin activated PPAR-γ and autophagy while suppressing cell cycle progression in DEN + CCl4-administered mice. Additionally, isorhamnetin regulated various signaling pathways to suppress cell proliferation, metabolism, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC.

CONCLUSION

Regulating diverse cellular signaling pathways makes isorhamnetin a better anti-cancer chemotherapeutic candidate in HCC. Importantly, the anti-TNF-α properties of isorhamnetin could prove it a valuable therapeutic agent in sorafenib-resistant HCC patients. Additionally, anti-TGF-β properties of isorhamnetin could be utilized to reduce the EMT-inducing side effects of doxorubicin.

Anticancer Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Catechins (GTCs) When Integrated with Antioxidant Natural Components

After decades of research and development concerning cancer treatment, cancer is still at large and very much a threat to the global human population. Cancer remedies have been sought from all possible directions, including chemicals, irradiation, nanomaterials, natural compounds, and the like. In this current review, we surveyed the milestones achieved by green tea catechins and what has been accomplished in cancer therapy. Specifically, we have assessed the synergistic anticarcinogenic effects when green tea catechins (GTCs) are combined with other antioxidant-rich natural compounds. Living in an age of inadequacies, combinatorial approaches are gaining momentum, and GTCs have progressed much, yet there are insufficiencies that can be improvised when combined with natural antioxidant compounds. This review highlights that there are not many reports in this specific area and encourages and recommends research attention in this direction. The antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms of GTCs have also been highlighted. The current scenario and the future of such combinatorial approaches have been addressed, and the lacunae in this aspect have been discussed.

In Vitro and In Silico Study on the Impact of Chlorogenic Acid in Colorectal Cancer Cells: Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Interaction with β-Catenin and LRP6

Colorectal cancer mortality rate and highly altered proteins from the Wnt/β-catenin pathway increase the scientific community's interest in finding alternatives for prevention and treatment. This study aims to determine the biological effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on two colorectal cancer cell lines, HT-29 and SW480, and its interactions with β-catenin and LRP6 to elucidate a possible modulatory mechanism on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These effects were determined by propidium iodide and DiOC6 for mitochondrial membrane permeability, MitoTracker Red for mitochondrial ROS production, DNA content for cell distribution on cell cycle phases, and molecular docking for protein-ligand interactions and binding affinity. Here, it was found that CGA at 2000 µM significantly affects cell viability and causes DNA fragmentation in SW480 cells rather than in HT-29 cells, but in both cell lines, it induces ROS production. Additionally, CGA has similar affinity and interactions for LRP6 as niclosamide but has a higher affinity for both β-catenin sites than C2 and iCRT14. These results suggest a possible modulatory role of CGA over the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer.

Theaflavin-3,3 ′ -Digallate Plays a ROS-Mediated Dual Role in Ferroptosis and Apoptosis via the MAPK Pathway in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines and Xenografts

Globally, osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent form of primary bone cancer in children and adolescents. Traditional neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens have reached a bottleneck; thus, OS survivors have unsatisfactory outcomes. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3) exhibits potent anticancer properties against many human cancers. Nevertheless, the biological effects and the underlying molecular mechanism of TF3 in human OS remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of TF3 on human OS cell lines and mouse xenograft models. The results showed that TF3 reduced cell viability, suppressed cell proliferation, and caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in both MG63 and HOS cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. TF3 also altered the homeostatic mechanisms for iron storage in the examined cell lines, resulting in an excess of labile iron. Unsurprisingly, TF3 caused oxidative stress through reduced glutathione (GSH) exhaustion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the Fenton reaction, which triggered ferroptosis and apoptosis in the cells. TF3 also induced MAPK signalling pathways, including the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways. Furthermore, oxidative stress was shown to be the primary reason for TF3-induced proliferation inhibition, programmed cell death, and MAPK pathway activation in vitro. Moreover, TF3 exhibited markedly strong antitumour efficacy in vivo in mouse models. In summary, this study demonstrates that TF3 concomitantly plays dual roles in apoptotic and ferroptotic cell death by triggering the ROS and MAPK signalling pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Recent updates on anticancer mechanisms of polyphenols

In today's scenario, when cancer cases are increasing rapidly, anticancer herbal compounds become imperative. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of action of polyphenols published in specialized databases such as Web of Science, Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were used as sources of information for this review. Natural polyphenols provide established efficacy against chemically induced tumor growth with fewer side effects. They can sensitize cells to various therapies and increase the effectiveness of biotherapy. Further pharmacological translational research and clinical trials are needed to evaluate theirs in vivo efficacy, possible side effects and toxicity. Polyphenols can be used to design a potential treatment in conjunction with existing cancer drug regimens such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Epigallocatechin 3-gallate: From green tea to cancer therapeutics

Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) possesses various biological functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. EGCG is an abundant polyphenolic component originating from green tea extract that has exhibited versatile bioactivities in combating several cancers. This review highlights the pharmacological features of EGCG and its therapeutic implications in cancer and other metabolic diseases. It modulates numerous signaling pathways, regulating cells' undesired survival and proliferation, thus imparting strong tumor chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. EGCG initiates cell death through the intrinsic pathway and causes inhibition of EGFR, STAT3, and ERK pathways in several cancers. EGCG alters and inhibits ERK1/2, NF-κB, and Akt-mediated signaling, altering the Bcl-2 family proteins ratio and activating caspases in tumor cells. This review focuses on anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and apoptotic effects of EGCG. We further highlighted the potential of EGCG in different types of cancer, emphasizing clinical trials formulations that further improve our understanding of the therapeutic management of cancer and inflammatory diseases.

Molecular alterations that precede the establishment of the hallmarks of cancer: An approach on the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis

Chronic liver injury promotes the molecular alterations that precede the establishment of cancer. Usually, several decades of chronic insults are needed to develop the most common primary liver tumor known as hepatocellular carcinoma. As other cancer types, liver cancer cells are governed by a common set of rules collectively called the hallmarks of cancer. Although those rules have provided a conceptual framework for understanding the complex pathophysiology of established tumors, therapeutic options are still ineffective in advanced stages. Thus, the molecular alterations that precede the establishment of cancer remain an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Here, we first summarize the chemopreventive interventions targeting the early liver carcinogenesis stages. After an integrative analysis on the plethora of molecular alterations regulated by anticancer agents, we then underline and discuss that two critical processes namely oxidative stress and genetic alterations, play the role of 'dirty work laborer' in the initial cell damage and drive the transformation of preneoplastic into neoplastic cells, respectively; besides, the activation of cellular senescence works as a key mechanism in attempting to prevent the onset and establishment of liver cancer. Whereas the detrimental effects of the binomial made up of oxidative stress and genetic alterations are either eliminated or reduced, senescence activation is promoted by anticancer agents. We argue that collectively, oxidative stress, genetic alterations, and senescence are key events that influence the fate of initiated cells and the establishment of the hallmarks of cancer.

Molecular mechanisms underlying health benefits of tea compounds

Tea is one of the three most widely consumed beverages in the world, not only because of its unique flavor but also due to its various health benefits. The bioactive components in tea, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, polypeptides, pigments, and alkaloids, are the main contributors to its health functions. Based on epidemiological surveys, the consumption of tea and its compounds in daily life has positive effects on cardiovascular diseases, cancers, hepatopathy, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In experimental studies, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, cardiovascular protective, liver protective, and hypoglycemic activities of tea and the related mechanisms of action have been widely investigated. The regulation of several classical signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling, is involved. Clinical trials have also demonstrated the potential of tea products to be applied as dietary supplements and natural medicines. In this paper, we reviewed and discussed the recent literature on the health benefits of tea and its compounds, and specifically explored the molecular mechanisms involved.

Natural Products as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Target Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer is still a deadly disease, and its treatment desperately needs to be managed in a very sophisticated way through fast-developing novel strategies. Most of the cancer cases eventually develop into recurrencies, for which cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible. They are considered as a subpopulation of all cancer cells of tumor tissue with aberrant regulation of self-renewal, unbalanced proliferation, and cell death properties. Moreover, CSCs show a serious degree of resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy and immune surveillance as well. Therefore, new classes of drugs are rushing into the market each year, which makes the cost of therapy increase dramatically. Natural products are also becoming a new research area as a diverse chemical library to suppress CSCs. Some of the products even show promise in this regard. So, the near future could witness the introduction of natural products as a source of new chemotherapy modalities, which may result in the development of novel anticancer drugs. They could also be a reasonably-priced alternative to highly expensive current treatments. Nowadays, considering the effects of natural compounds on targeting surface markers, signaling pathways, apoptosis, and escape from immunosurveillance have been a highly intriguing area in preclinical and clinical research. In this review, we present scientific advances regarding their potential use in the inhibition of CSCs and the mechanisms by which they kill the CSCs.

Eugenol emerges as an elixir by targeting β-catenin, the central cancer stem cell regulator in lung carcinogenesis: an in vivo and in vitro rationale

According to population-based studies, lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of death globally in males and is also rising in females at an alarming rate. The aim of this study was to exploit the inherent properties of eugenol to restrict the growth of cancer cells in a tobacco-related human carcinogen NDEA-induced lung carcinogenesis model in vivo as a chemopreventive agent. More precisely, by utilizing its abundance in nature, eugenol (a component of clove) was utilized to establish the molecular mechanism of chemoprevention in the NDEA-induced mouse lung carcinogenesis model in a substantial cost-effective manner and was validated in the A549 human lung cancer cell line. Our study especially targeted the tiny, drug-resistant, and most virulent subpopulation of cancer cells called CSCs by targeting their regulator molecule β-catenin. The non-toxic dosage of eugenol was shown to enhance apoptosis, simultaneously suppressing cell proliferation in the lung tissue of carcinogen-treated mice without affecting the normal mice. Combining cellular apoptosis and proliferation, eugenol showed an exceptional chemopreventive potential in this lung carcinogenesis model. Importantly, eugenol strongly restricted the lung carcinoma in the mild dysplastic stage as a chemopreventive agent. The molecular analysis remarkably depicted the restriction of β-catenin nuclear transportation. The minimized total β-catenin pool and induced N-terminal Ser37 phosphorylation form after eugenol treatment resulted in its cytoplasmic degradation. Consequently, CSC markers such as CD44, Oct4, EpCAM, and Notcht1, whose expression is dependent on β-catenin decreased significantly, as proven by IHC, ICC, and WB analysis both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro secondary sphere formation assay also proved the remarkably repressed CSC population, and hence the virulence. In another way, eugenol was proven to significantly enhance the degradation of β-catenin when treated with the CK1α inhibitor D4476 in vitro by Western blot. CK1α in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a crucial role for tagging with the N-terminal Ser45 phosphorylation of β-catenin, which ultimately opens a position for the decisive phosphorylation by GSK3β at the Ser37 residue to take place. Thus, the conclusive extermination of CSCs achieved that was associated with recurrence due to treatment failure. That can help to achieve a longer and better quality of life in a natural, economical way.

Targeting the crosstalk between canonical Wnt/β-catenin and inflammatory signaling cascades: A novel strategy for cancer prevention and therapy

Emerging scientific evidence indicates that inflammation is a critical component of tumor promotion and progression. Most cancers originate from sites of chronic irritation, infections and inflammation, underscoring that the tumor microenvironment is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory molecules. These inflammatory components are intimately involved in neoplastic processes which foster proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration, making inflammation the primary target for cancer prevention and treatment. The influence of inflammation and the immune system on the progression and development of cancer has recently gained immense interest. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, an evolutionarily conserved signaling strategy, has a critical role in regulating tissue development. It has been implicated as a major player in cancer development and progression with its regulatory role on inflammatory cascades. Many naturally-occurring and small synthetic molecules endowed with inherent anti-inflammatory properties inhibit this aberrant signaling pathway, making them a promising class of compounds in the fight against inflammatory cancers. This article analyzes available scientific evidence and suggests a crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inflammatory pathways in inflammatory cancers, especially breast, gastrointestinal, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. We also highlight emerging experimental findings that numerous anti-inflammatory synthetic and natural compounds target the crosslink between Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cascades to achieve cancer prevention and intervention. Current challenges, limitations, and future directions of research are also discussed.

Modulation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway by Dietary Polyphenols, an Opportunity for Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention and Treatment

In the last few decades there has been a rise in the worldwide incidence of colorectal cancer which can be traced back to the influence of well-known modifiable risk factors such as lifestyle, diet and obesity. Conversely, the consumption of fruits, vegetables and fiber decreases the risk of CRC, which is why dietary polyphenols have aroused interest in recent years as potentially anti-carcinogenic compounds. One of the driving forces of colorectal carcinogenesis, in both sporadic and hereditary CRC, is the aberrant activation/regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This review discusses reports of modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway by dietary polyphenols (resveratrol, avenanthramides, epigallocatechinin, curcumin, quercetin, silibinin, genistein and mangiferin) specifically focusing on CRC, and proposes a model as to how this modulation occurs. There is potential for implementing these dietary polyphenols into preventative and therapeutic therapies for CRC as evidenced by some clinical trials that have been carried out with promising results.

Anti-Cancer Properties of Theaflavins

Cancer is a disease characterized by aberrant proliferative and apoptotic signaling pathways, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells combined with enhanced survival and evasion of cell death. Current treatment strategies are sometimes ineffective in eradicating more aggressive, metastatic forms of cancer, indicating the need to develop novel therapeutics targeting signaling pathways which are essential for cancer progression. Historically, plant-derived compounds have been utilized in the production of pharmaceuticals and chemotherapeutic compounds for the treatment of cancer, including paclitaxel and docetaxel. Theaflavins, phenolic components present in black tea, have demonstrated anti-cancer potential in cell cultures in vitro and in animal studies in vivo. Theaflavins have been shown to inhibit proliferation, survival, and migration of many cancer cellswhile promoting apoptosis. Treatment with theaflavins has been associated with increased levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspases-3, -7, -8, and -9, all markers of apoptosis, and increased expression of the proapoptotic marker Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and concomitant reduction in the antiapoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Additionally, theaflavin treatment reduced phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and c-Myc levels with increased expression of the tumour suppressor p53. This review summarizes the current in vitro and in vivo evidence available investigating the anti-cancer effects of theaflavins across various cancer cell lines and animal models.

Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders.

Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of lignin-derivative BP-C2 in the comet assay in vivo

The genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of BP-C2, a novel lignin-derived polyphenolic composition with ammonium molybdate, was investigated as a radioprotector/radiomitigator for civil applications and as a medical countermeasure for radiation emergencies. Using the alkaline comet assay and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 40 mg/kg) as the DNA-damaging agent, these effects of BP-C2 on liver, bone marrow cells and blood leukocytes in rats were studied. The DNA damage was estimated by the DNA content in the comet tail (TDNA, %) 1, 6 and 18 h post exposure to MMS. BP-C2 at doses of 20, 200 and 2000 mg/kg did not exert genotoxic activity in the tested tissues in rats. BP-C2 administered at doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg 1 h before MMS significantly (p < 0.01) mitigated MMS-induced DNA damage, showing a strong genoprotective effect in the liver. In blood leukocytes and bone marrow samples of animals treated with BP-C2, the TDNA % was slightly higher than in the negative control (vehicle) but significantly lower than in the positive control (MMS). Thus, BP-C2 exerted a genoprotective effect against MMS-induced DNA damage to a greater extent towards liver cells, requiring further evaluation of this substance as a genoprotective agent.

Gut/Oral Bacteria Variability May Explain the High Efficacy of Green Tea in Rodent Tumor Inhibition and Its Absence in Humans

Consumption of green tea (GT) and GT polyphenols has prevented a range of cancers in rodents but has had mixed results in humans. Human subjects who drank GT for weeks showed changes in oral microbiome. However, GT-induced changes in RNA in oral epithelium were subject-specific, suggesting GT-induced changes of the oral epithelium occurred but differed across individuals. In contrast, studies in rodents consuming GT polyphenols revealed obvious changes in epithelial gene expression. GT polyphenols are poorly absorbed by digestive tract epithelium. Their metabolism by gut/oral microbial enzymes occurs and can alter absorption and function of these molecules and thus their bioactivity. This might explain the overall lack of consistency in oral epithelium RNA expression changes seen in human subjects who consumed GT. Each human has different gut/oral microbiomes, so they may have different levels of polyphenol-metabolizing bacteria. We speculate the similar gut/oral microbiomes in, for example, mice housed together are responsible for the minimal variance observed in tissue GT responses within a study. The consistency of the tissue response to GT within a rodent study eases the selection of a dose level that affects tumor rates. This leads to the theory that determination of optimal GT doses in a human requires knowledge about the gut/oral microbiome in that human.

Nature-derived compounds modulating Wnt/ -catenin pathway: a preventive and therapeutic opportunity in neoplastic diseases

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a conserved pathway that has a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been associated with diseases including cancer, and components of the signaling have been proposed as innovative therapeutic targets, mainly for cancer therapy. The attention of the worldwide researchers paid to this issue is increasing, also in view of the therapeutic potential of these agents in diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), for which no cure is existing today. Much evidence indicates that abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in tumor immunology and the targeting of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been also proposed as an attractive strategy to potentiate cancer immunotherapy. During the last decade, several products, including naturally occurring dietary agents as well as a wide variety of products from plant sources, including curcumin, quercetin, berberin, and ginsenosides, have been identified as potent modulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and have gained interest as promising candidates for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic drugs for cancer. In this review we make an overview of the nature-derived compounds reported to have antitumor activity by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, also focusing on extraction methods, chemical features, and bio-activity assays used for the screening of these compounds.

Increased expression of secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1) predicts ampullary adenocarcinoma recurrence

Ampullary adenocarcinoma is a rare gastrointestinal cancer in which WNT signalling dysregulation has been previously reported. Secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1) is one of the extracellular ligands of WNT signalling. We performed bioinformatics analyses of SFRP1 expression in human cancer. Microarray analysis of SFRP1 in periampullary adenocarcinoma was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE39409 dataset. SFRP1 expression in ampullary adenocarcinoma was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and correlated with patients’ clinical outcomes. Our results showed that SFRP1 expression had different clinical applications in all types of human cancer. No detected alteration of SFPR1 gene and SFRP1 expression in ampullary adenocarcinoma was lower than that in other periampullary adenocarcinomas. However, high expression levels of SFRP1 protein were correlated with cancer recurrence, peritoneal carcinomatosis and poor patient prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis showed downregulation of multiple WNT-related genes in primary culture cells from ampullary adenocarcinoma, but SFRP1 expression was increased. We found an interaction between WNT, bone morphogenetic protein and hedgehog signalling with SFRP1. Furthermore, a high expression of SFRP1 predicted poor prognosis for ampullary adenocarcinoma patients. Because it is a multifunctional protein, SFRP1 targeting serves as a potential therapy for ampullary adenocarcinoma patients.

Potential Therapeutic Targets of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), the Most Abundant Catechin in Green Tea, and Its Role in the Therapy of Various Types of Cancer

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active compound of green tea and its role in diseases cure and prevention has been proven. Its role in diseases management can be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-cancer role of this green tea compound has been confirmed in various types of cancer and is still being under explored. EGCG has been proven to possess a chemopreventive effect through inhibition of carcinogenesis process such as initiation, promotion, and progression. In addition, this catechin has proven its role in cancer management through modulating various cell signaling pathways such as regulating proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and killing of various types of cancer cells. The additive or synergistic effect of epigallocatechin with chemopreventive agents has been verified as it reduces the toxicities and enhances the anti-cancerous effects. Despite its effectiveness and safety, the implications of EGCG in cancer prevention is certainly still discussed due to a poor bioavailability. Several studies have shown the ability to overcome poor bioavailability through nanotechnology-based strategies such as encapsulation, liposome, micelles, nanoparticles and various other formulation. In this review, we encapsulate therapeutic implication of EGCG in cancer management and the mechanisms of action are discussed with an emphasis on human clinical trials.

Recombinant polyphenol oxidases for production of theaflavins from tea polyphenols

Theaflavins (TFs) have attracted much attention due to their various bioactivities in black tea. This paper describes the first trial for enzymatic production of TFs by recombinant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). PPO genes were cloned from nine species and expressed in E. coli. Crude enzyme assays by LC-MS revealed that eight recombinant PPOs were active for TFs production from tea polyphenols as substrates. Much higher activities were observed for crude enzymes of Md2 from Malus domestica (apple), Pp4 from Pyrus pashia (pear), and Ej2 from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). When immobilized on mesoporous silica, crude Md2 was most active. The purified Md2 was immobilized and showed almost twice activity as high as its free enzyme. While the maximum activity of free enzyme was found at pH 5 and 10-30 °C, the immobilized enzyme had broader range of pH 4-6 and 10-40 °C. The activity of immobilized enzyme was relatively constant during the pH and thermal stability test. When used at 0.2 mg/ml in the beginning, the immobilized enzyme retained approximately 40% of its initial activity after 8 cycles of operation.

Effects and mechanisms of tea for the prevention and management of cancers: An updated review

Tea is a traditional and popular beverage worldwide, and the consumption of tea has been demonstrated to possess many health benefits, such as cardiovascular protection, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and anticancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that the consumption of tea is inversely associated with the risk of several cancers. In addition, experimental studies have revealed that the anticancer actions of tea are mainly attributed to tea polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavins. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the possible anticancer mechanisms are the inhibition on proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis, suppression on metastasis, inhibition on cancer stem cells, and modulation on gut microbiota. Its synergetic anticancer effects with drugs or other compounds could promote anticancer therapies. Furthermore, clinical trials have elucidated that intervention of tea phytochemicals is effective in the prevention of several cancers. This paper is an updated review for the prevention and management of cancers by tea based on the findings from epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies, and special attention is paid on the mechanisms of action.

Inhibitory effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) theaflavins and thearubigins against HCT 116 colon cancer cells and HT 460 lung cancer cells

Recently, phytochemical-based dietary intervention has gained attention as a preventive and curative strategy against cancers owing to their safety, better tolerance, and economics. Against this background, black tea extract which contains the flavanol-3-ol, theaflavins (TF), and thearubigins (TR) with promising anti-oncogenic activity were assessed to determine its in vitro inhibitory impact on colon cancer (HCT 116) and lung cancer cell lines (HT 460). In a dose-dependent manner, results revealed that TF, TR, and their combinations cause inhibition in cell viability. However, TF imparted a maximum reduction in cell viability of HCT 116 and HT 460. Flow cytometry data revealed that TF, TR, and their combinations exhibited substantial cell arrest at the G2/M phase. The influence was more prominent in lung cancer cells (HT 460) when compared with colon cells (HCT 116). All treatments resulted in apoptosis, however, the combination of TF and TR exhibited the highest apoptotic ability in comparison to individual treatments. TF and TR exhibited a synergistic impact and significantly inhibited cell proliferation of HCT 116 and HT 460 in dose- and time-dependent manners by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, wherein TF showed a more pronounced impact. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Results from the present study revealed that black tea-isolated polyphenols (TF and TR) exhibited a significant inhibition of lung and colon cancer cell growth. A promising synergistic effect of TF and TR as inhibitors of cancer cells was observed. More clinical work, perhaps on a human subject, is needed before these two isolated compounds can be prescribed as anticancer drugs.

Anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and/or metformin on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: in vitro study

The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and metformin single treatment have been tested against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess the combination effects of EGCG and metformin on proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2cells and identified new potential molecular targets. The effect of EGCG and metformin against cell proliferation in HepG2 was determined using MTT assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine the gene expression of cyclin D1, lncRNA-AF085935, caspase-3, survivin and VEGF. The level of protein expression of glypican-3 was assessed by western blot. In HepG2 cells, EGCG and metformin combination treatment exhibited high significant effect against tumor proliferation. It significantly reduced cyclin D1, lncRNA-AF085935, glypican-3 and promoted apoptosis through increasing caspase3 and decreasing survivin compared to control cells. Moreover, EGCG and metformin treated cells showed decreased expression levels of VEGF. Our study provided new insights of the anticarcinogenic effects of EGCG and metformin on HCC through their effects on glypican-3 and lncRNA-AF085935.

Improving Anti-Cancer Potentiality and Bioavailability of Gallic Acid by Designing Polymeric Nanocomposite Formulation

Objective:

In this study, we investigated the in vivo antitumor activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of encapsulated GA-NC (gallic acid nanocomposite) in normal and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats.

Methods:

Rats were distributed into 4 groups; negative control, HCC, gallic acid (GA), and GA-NC. Serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), endoglin (ENG), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), pro-caspase 3, lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) and β-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were assayed by ELISA. The pharmacokinetic parameters for GA or GA-NC were determined by means of non-compartmental approach based on the serum– concentration profiles of free GA and GA-NC after oral administration. Also, histological procedures were used for examination of liver tissue sections.

Results:

Anaplastic changes in liver tissues were observed in untreated HCC group, as well as a significant increase in the serum AFP level. In addition, significant elevation in the serum ENG level as an angiogenic marker and the serum levels of the apoptotic mediators; HSP-70, Bcl-2 and pro-caspase 3 beside significant amplification in the serum inflammatory modulator, LCN-2 were recorded. Treatment with free GA or GA-NC markedly recovered the anaplastic changes in the rat liver tissues. In addition, they restored serum levels of AFP, ENG, HSP-70, Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3, and LCN-2. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that GA–NC displayed a characteristic sustained release profile with 4-fold increase in bioavailability in normal and HCC-induced rats.

Conclusions:

The results of this study suggest that encapsulation of GA into PLGA-CS-PEG enhances its oral bioavailability and anti-cancer activity. GA-NC may be a new therapeutic candidate for the mitigation of hepatocarcinogenesis.

The Potential and Action Mechanism of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Liver Diseases

Liver disease, involving a wide range of liver pathologies from fatty liver, hepatitis, and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a serious health problem worldwide. In recent years, many natural foods and herbs with abundant phytochemicals have been proposed as health supplementation for patients with hepatic disorders. As an important category of phytochemicals, natural polyphenols have attracted increasing attention as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. The striking capacities in remitting oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation put polyphenols in the spotlight for the therapies of liver diseases. It has been reported that many polyphenols from a wide range of foods and herbs exert therapeutic effects on liver injuries via complicated mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematical review to sort out current researches to help better understand the potentials of polyphenols in liver diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and update the existing evidence of natural polyphenols in the treatment of various liver diseases by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, while special attention is paid to the action mechanisms.

Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer by Natural and Dietary Compounds

The aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induced by mutations or overexpression of the signaling mediators has been implicated in cancer, associated with processes including inflammation, tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cancer stemness. Small molecules targeting the regulatory components of the Hh signaling pathway, especially Smoothened (Smo), have been developed for the treatment of cancer. However, acquired resistance to a Smo inhibitor vismodegib observed in clinical trials suggests that other Hh signaling components need to be explored as potential anticancer targets. Natural and dietary compounds provide a resource for the development of potent agents affecting intracellular signaling cascades, and numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in targeting the Hh signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the role of Hh signaling in tumorigenesis, discuss results from recent studies investigating the effect of natural products and dietary components on Hh signaling in cancer, and provide insight on novel small molecules as potential Hh signaling inhibitors.

WNT Inhibitory Activity of Malus Pumila miller cv Annurca and Malus domestica cv Limoncella Apple Extracts on Human Colon-Rectal Cells Carrying Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Mutations

Inhibitors of the Wingless-related Integration site (WNT)/β-catenin pathway have recently been under consideration as potential chemopreventive agents against Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). This autosomal-dominant syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for the protein APC and leads to hyperactivation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, uncontrolled intestinal cell proliferation and formation of adenocarcinomas. The aim of the present work was to: (i) test, on in vitro cultures of cells carrying FAP mutations and on ex vivo biopsies of FAP patients, the WNT inhibitory activity of extracts from two common southern Italian apples, Malus pumila Miller cv. 'Annurca' and Malus domestica cv 'Limoncella'; (ii) identify the mechanisms underpinning their activities and; (iii) evaluate their potency upon gastrointestinal digestion. We here show that both Annurca and Limoncella apple extracts act as WNT inhibitors, mostly thanks to their polyphenolic contents. They inhibit the pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations with active dilutions falling in ranges close to consumer-relevant concentrations. Food-grade manufacturing of apple extracts increases their WNT inhibitory activity as result of the conversion of quercetin glycosides into the aglycone quercetin, a potent WNT inhibitor absent in the fresh fruit extract. However, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion severely affected WNT inhibitory activity of apple extracts, as result of a loss of polyphenols. In conclusion, our results show that apple extracts inhibit the WNT pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations and represent a potential nutraceutical alternative for the treatment of this pathology. Enteric coating is advisable to preserve the activity of the extracts in the colon-rectal section of the digestive tract.

Metabolic and microbial signatures in rat hepatocellular carcinoma treated with caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment remains lack of effective chemopreventive agents, therefore it is very attractive and urgent to discover novel anti-HCC drugs. In the present study, the effects of chlorogenic acid (ChA) and caffeic acid (CaA) on HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were evaluated. ChA or CaA could reduce the histopathological changes and liver injury markers, such as alanine transarninase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bile acid, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The underlying mechanisms were investigated by a data integration strategy based on correlation analyses of metabonomics data and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing data. ChA or CaA could inhibit the increase of Rumincoccaceae UCG-004 and reduction of Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, and Prevotella 9 in HCC rats. The principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to reveal the metabolic differences among these groups. 28 different metabolites showed a trend to return to normal in both CaA and ChA treatment. Among them, Bilirubin, L-Tyrosine, L-Methionine and Ethanolamine were correlated increased Rumincoccaceae UCG-004 and decreased of Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis and Prevotella 9. These correlations could be identified as metabolic and microbial signatures of HCC onset and potential therapeutic targets.

How to Face Chronic Liver Disease: The Sinusoidal Perspective

Liver microcirculation plays an essential role in the progression and aggravation of chronic liver disease. Hepatic sinusoid environment, mainly composed by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, intimately cooperate to maintain global liver function and specific phenotype of each cell type. However, continuous liver injury significantly deregulates liver cells protective phenotype, leading to parenchymal and non-parenchymal dysfunction. Recent data have enlightened the molecular processes that mediate hepatic microcirculatory injury, and consequently, opened the possibility to develop new therapeutic strategies to ameliorate liver circulation and viability. The present review summarizes the main cellular components of the hepatic sinusoid, to afterward focus on non-parenchymal cells phenotype deregulation due to chronic injury, in the specific clinical context of liver cirrhosis and derived portal hypertension. Finally, we herein detail new therapies developed at the bench-side with high potential to be translated to the bedside.

Frequent alterations of homologous recombination repair pathway in primary and chemotolerant breast carcinomas: clinical importance

Aim: To understand the importance of homologous recombination repair pathway in development of breast carcinoma (BC), alterations of some key regulatory genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, FANCC and FANCD2 were analyzed in pretherapeutic/neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)-treated BC samples. Materials & methods: Alterations (deletion/methylation/expression) of the genes were analyzed in 118 pretherapeutic and 41 NACT-treated BC samples. Results: High deletion/methylation (29–68%) and 64–78% overall alterations of the genes were found in the samples. Concordance was evident between alteration and protein expression of the genes. Estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative tumors showed significantly high alterations even in NACT-treated samples having low CD44 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Pretherapeutic patients with alterations showed poor prognosis. Conclusion: Alterations of homologous recombination repair pathway genes are needed for the development of BC.