Dietary extra virgin olive oil attenuates kidney injury in pristane-induced SLE model via activation of HO-1/Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway and suppression of JAK/STAT, NF-κB and MAPK activation

Unlocking the Power of the Mediterranean Diet: Two in One-Dual Benefits for Rheumatic and Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases

In recent years, autoimmune diseases are becoming more and more prevalent worldwide, with this rapid rise being influenced by environmental factors linked to lifestyle changes in modern societies. In this context, the role of diet has been the topic of extensive research as evidence has mounted that particular dietary patterns may contribute to or modulate autoimmunity. The present review specifically focuses on the Mediterranean diet (MD) as a whole dietary pattern, and on its peculiar components, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols and fiber. We explored their potential benefits in a spectrum of both systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic diseases (like rheumatic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus), and thyroid diseases (like Hashimoto's thyroiditis), since they often occur in the same individuals. Here, we offer a comprehensive review about the influence of dietary factors on these autoimmune diseases and potential translation into therapeutic interventions, as an adjuvant therapeutic approach to improve autoimmunity-related outcomes.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Exacerbates Hip Arthritis by Promoting Chondrocyte Pyroptosis in the Femoral Head via Activating the NF-κB Pathway

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, significantly impacting multiple organ systems, including the joints. While SLE is known to contribute to musculoskeletal complications, its role in hip arthritis development and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the relationship between SLE and hip arthritis progression using MRL/lpr mice, which exhibit early-onset SLE, compared with MRL/MpJ control mice at 14 weeks of age. Through comprehensive histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses, we evaluated articular cartilage (AC) degeneration, extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, inflammatory responses, and chondrocyte pyroptosis. Our results demonstrated that MRL/lpr mice developed an accelerated hip arthritis-like phenotype, manifesting as enhanced AC degeneration, impaired chondrocyte proliferation, heightened apoptosis and promoted inflammatory cytokine production. Notably, SLE markedly stimulated chondrocyte pyroptosis by increasing pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, CASPASE-1 and GSDMD, via activating the NF-κB pathway. These findings establish a novel mechanistic link between SLE and hip arthritis progression, demonstrating that SLE promotes chondrocyte pyroptosis to exacerbate AC degeneration via NF-κB activation, highlighting chondrocyte pyroptosis as a key driver of SLE-associated hip arthritis and a potential therapeutic target for mitigating SLE-induced joint manifestations.

The role of hypoxic microenvironment in autoimmune diseases

The hypoxic microenvironment, characterized by significantly reduced oxygen levels within tissues, has emerged as a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Central to this process is the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which orchestrates a wide array of cellular responses under low oxygen conditions. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of the hypoxic microenvironment in modulating immune cell function, particularly highlighting its impact on immune activation, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Specific focus is given to the mechanisms by which hypoxia contributes to the development and exacerbation of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and dermatomyositis (DM). In these conditions, the hypoxic microenvironment not only disrupts immune tolerance but also enhances inflammatory responses and promotes tissue damage. The review also discusses emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the hypoxic pathways, including the application of HIF-1α inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and other modulators of the hypoxic response. By providing a comprehensive overview of the interplay between hypoxia and immune dysfunction in AIDs, this review offers new perspectives on the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and highlights potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.

The Role of Antioxidant Transcription Factor Nrf2 and Its Activating Compounds in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease in which kidney involvement, so-called lupus nephritis (LN), is common and one of the most severe manifestations. Oxidative stress (OS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of LN through the exacerbation of inflammation and immune cell dysfunction/dysregulation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene and is regarded as a central regulator of the antioxidative response. Nrf2-activating compounds have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress in cells and tissues of lupus-prone mice. Although the precise mechanisms of Nrf2 activation on the immune system in SLE remain to be elucidated, Nrf2-activating compounds are considered novel therapeutical options to suppress OS and thereby might alleviate disease activity in SLE, especially in LN. This review therefore summarizes the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of SLE with LN and describes compounds modulating this pathway as potential additional clinical interventions.

Targeting Nrf2 by bioactive peptides alleviate inflammation: expanding the role of gut microbiota and metabolites

Inflammation is a complex process that usually refers to the general response of the body to the harmful stimuli of various pathogens, tissue damage, or exogenous pollutants. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular defense against oxidative damage and toxicity by expressing genes related to oxidative stress response and drug detoxification. In addition to its antioxidant properties, Nrf2 is involved in many other important physiological processes, including inflammation and metabolism. Nrf2 can bind the promoters of antioxidant genes and upregulates their expressions, which alleviate oxidation-induced inflammation. Nrf2 has been shown to upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression, which promotes NF-κB activation and is closely related with inflammation. Nrf2, as a key factor in antioxidant response, is closely related to the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors, NF-κB pathway and cell metabolism. Bioactive peptides come from a wide range of sources and have many biological functions. Increasing evidence indicates that bioactive peptides have potential anti-inflammatory activities. This article summarized the sources, absorption and utilization of bioactive peptides and their role in alleviating inflammation via Nrf2 pathway. Bioactive peptides can also regulate gut microbiota and alter metabolites, which regulates the Nrf2 pathway through novel pathway and supplement the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bioactive peptides. This review provides a reference for further study on the anti-inflammatory effect of bioactive peptides and the development and utilization of functional foods.

Nutritional interventions as modulators of the disease activity for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a scoping review

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are chronic, autoimmune connective tissue diseases associated with significant morbidity and disability. Nutrients can activate the immune system and contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI). Chronic muscle inflammation leads to imbalanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, causing inadequate nutrition, weight loss and muscle weakness during a negative cycle. Owing to its potential to modulate LGI in various diseases, the Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has been extensively studied. This scoping review explores the nutritional implications and recommendations of the Med Diet as a treatment for immune-mediated diseases, focusing on the gaps in IIM nutritional interventions. A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE and EBSCO databases between September 2018 and December 2022 was performed. We identified that the Med Diet and its specific components, such as omega-3 (nω3) fatty acids, vitamin D and antioxidants, play a role in the dietary treatment of connective tissue-related autoimmune diseases. Nutritional interventions have demonstrated potential for modulating disease activity and warrant further exploration of IIMs through experimental studies. This review introduces a dietary therapeutic approach using the Med Diet and related compounds to regulate chronic inflammatory processes in IIMs. However, further clinical studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of the Med Diet in patients with IIMs. Emphasising a clinical-nutritional approach, this study encourages future research on the anti-inflammatory effects of the Med Diet on IIMs. This review highlights potential insights for managing and treating these conditions using a holistic approach.

Hydroxytyrosol, a Promising Supplement in the Management of Human Stroke: An Exploratory Study

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a bioactive olive oil phenol with beneficial effects in a number of pathological situations. We have previously demonstrated that an HT-enriched diet could serve as a beneficial therapeutic approach to attenuate ischemic-stroke-associated damage in mice. Our exploratory pilot study examined this effect in humans. Particularly, a nutritional supplement containing 15 mg of HT/day was administered to patients 24 h after the onset of stroke, for 45 days. Biochemical and oxidative-stress-related parameters, blood pressure levels, serum proteome, and neurological and functional outcomes were evaluated at 45 and 90 days and compared to a control group. The main findings were that the daily administration of HT after stroke could: (i) favor the decrease in the percentage of glycated hemoglobin and diastolic blood pressure, (ii) control the increase in nitric oxide and exert a plausible protective effect in oxidative stress, (iii) modulate the evolution of the serum proteome and, particularly, the expression of apolipoproteins, and (iv) be beneficial for certain neurological and functional outcomes. Although a larger trial is necessary, this study suggests that HT could be a beneficial nutritional complement in the management of human stroke.

Reviewing the cardiovascular and other health effects of olive oil: Limitations and future directions of current supplement formulations

AIMS

We reviewed the literature to date for high-level evidence on the cardiovascular and other health effects of olive oil with a focus on the amount, frequency of use and type of olive oil consumed in prior studies. A total of twelve prospective cohort studies with sample sizes of at least 4000 individuals and one meta-analysis were identified.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The majority of cohorts followed individuals aged ≥55 years old, free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline but at high risk, over periods of 4-10 years and with daily consumption amounts of 10-35 g/day. With the exception of the PREDIMED cohort that employed extra virgin olive oil, most remaining studies did not differentiate between different types of olive oil. Taken together, the data suggests an association between greater olive oil consumption and a lower CVD incidence/mortality and stroke risk. We use this information to evaluate the use of commercially available, capsule-based olive oil dietary supplements and suggest future directions. Notably, achieving minimum total daily doses described in the aforementioned studies would be challenging with current market formulations of olive oil supplements dosed at 1-1.25 g/capsule.

CONCLUSIONS

Outside of mechanistic studies, little progress has been made in determining the olive oil component(s) underlying the observed health effects given the lack of compositional reporting and consistency across large scale human studies. We propose the use of supplements of varying composition, such as varying total phenolic content, in pragmatic trial designs focused on low-cost methodologies to address this question.

Natural medicinal compounds target signal transduction pathways to overcome ABC drug efflux transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 are the major players in drug efflux-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), which severely affects the efficacy of chemotherapy. Several synthetic compounds block the drug transport by ABC transporters; however, they exhibit a narrow therapeutic window, and produce side effects in non-target normal tissues. Conversely, the downregulation of the expression of ABC drug transporters seems to be a promising strategy to reverse MDR in cancer cells. Several signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, STAT3, Gli, NICD, YAP/TAZ, and Nrf2 upregulate the expression of ABC drug transporters in drug-resistant cancers. Recently, natural medicinal compounds have gained importance to overcome the ABC drug-efflux pump-mediated MDR in cancer. These compounds target transcription factors and the associated signal transduction pathways, thereby downregulating the expression of ABC transporters in drug-resistant cancer cells. Several potent natural compounds have been identified as lead candidates to synergistically enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy, and a few of them are already in clinical trials. Therefore, modulation of signal transduction pathways using natural medicinal compounds for the reversal of ABC drug transporter-mediated MDR in cancer is a novel approach for improving the efficiency of the existing chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the modulatory role of natural medicinal compounds on cellular signaling pathways that regulate the expression of ABC transporters in drug-resistant cancer cells.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 1,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3-methoxyxanthone Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata via NF-κB, MAPK, and HO-1 Signaling Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and BV2 Cells

Neuroinflammation activated by microglia affects inflammatory pain development. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of 1,6,7-trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3-methoxyxanthone (THMX) from Cudrania tricuspidata in microglia activation-mediated inflammatory pain. In RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells, THMX has been shown to reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG) E2, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). THMX also decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the activation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Interestingly, THMX also activated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. These findings suggest that THMX is a promising biologically active compound against inflammation through preventing MAPKs and NF-ĸB and activating HO-1 signaling pathways.

Potential regulatory role of the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in lupus nephritis

OBJECTIVES

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that involves multiple organ systems. One of its major complications, lupus nephritis (LN), is associated with a high mortality rate, and children-onset LN have a more severe course and worse prognosis than adults. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are involved in LN development and pathogenesis. Thus, this study aimed to explore the role of signaling regulation of the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR/NF-κB pathway in LN pathogenesis and unravel the expression of TLR4+CXCR4+ plasma cells subset (PCs) in LN.

METHODS

C57BL/6 and MRL/lpr mice were divided into four groups: control, model, vector control, and Nrf2 overexpression groups. The vector control and Nrf2 overexpression groups were injected with adenoviral vectors into the kidney in situ. Pathological changes in kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of Nrf2, HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and downstream inflammatory factors in kidney samples was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ratios of TLR4+CXCR4+ PC subsets in the blood and kidneys of mice were determined by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

In MRL/lpr mice, Nrf2 was downregulated while HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway proteins were upregulated. Nrf2 overexpression decreased the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and its downstream inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα). These cytokines were negatively correlated with an increase in Nrf2 content. PC and TLR4 + CXCR4 + PCs in the blood and kidney samples were significantly increased in MRL/lpr mice; however, they were decreased upon Nrf2 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

This study showed severe kidney injury in an LN mouse model and an increased ratio of TLR4 + CXCR4 + PCs. Furthermore, we observed that Nrf2 regulates LN immune response through the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which can be considered an important target for LN treatment. The clinical value of the findings of our study requires further investigation.

Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: The Mediterranean Diet as a Protective Choice

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in "modern" societies. In this context, diet seems to play a crucial role. An unhealthy high-energy diet, rich in animal fat and proteins, salt and refined sugars (the so-called "Western diet") negatively influences the risk of autoimmunity by altering the immune balance and the gut microbiota composition, enhancing oxidative stress and promoting inflammation. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet represents a unique model of healthy eating, characterized by a high intake of food from vegetable sources, a low consumption of saturated fats in favor of unsaturated fats (mainly, olive oil), a moderate consumption of fish (typically, the small oily fishes) and dairy products, as well as a moderate consumption of wine at meals, and a low intake of meat. Thanks to its nutritional components, the Mediterranean Diet positively influences immune system function, gut microbiota composition, and redox homeostasis, exerting anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The present review was aimed at exploring the existing knowledge on the correlations between dietary habits and thyroid autoimmunity, to evaluate the role of the Mediterranean diet as a protective model.

Effects of Dietary Oleacein Treatment on Endothelial Dysfunction and Lupus Nephritis in Balb/C Pristane-Induced Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease characterized by multiorgan affectation and lowered self-tolerance. Additionally, epigenetic changes have been described as playing a pivotal role in SLE. This work aims to assess the effects of oleacein (OLA), one of the main extra virgin olive oil secoiridoids, when used to supplement the diet of a murine pristane-induced SLE model. In the study, 12-week-old female BALB/c mice were injected with pristane and fed with an OLA-enriched diet (0.01 % (w/w)) for 24 weeks. The presence of immune complexes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Endothelial dysfunction was studied in thoracic aortas. Signaling pathways and oxidative-inflammatory-related mediators were evaluated by Western blotting. Moreover, we studied epigenetic changes such as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT-1) and micro(mi)RNAs expression in renal tissue. Nutritional treatment with OLA reduced the deposition of immune complexes, ameliorating kidney damage. These protective effects could be related to the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator of transcription, nuclear factor kappa, nuclear-factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2, inflammasome signaling pathways, and the regulation of miRNAs (miRNA-126, miRNA-146a, miRNA-24-3p, and miRNA-123) and DNMT-1 expression. Moreover, the OLA-enriched diet normalized endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-1 overexpression. These preliminary results suggest that an OLA-supplemented diet could constitute a new alternative nutraceutical therapy in the management of SLE, supporting this compound as a novel epigenetic modulator of the immunoinflammatory response.

The critical role of the phytosterols in modulating tumor microenvironment via multiple signaling: A comprehensive molecular approach

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and its cases are rapidly increasing every year. Several factors contribute to the development of tumorigenesis. including radiation, dietary lifestyle, smoking, environmental, and genetic factors. The cell cycle is regulated by a variety of molecular signaling proteins. However, when the proteins involved in the cell cycle regulation are altered, cellular growth and proliferation are significantly affected. Natural products provide an important source of new drug development for a variety of ailments. including cancer. Phytosterols (PSs) are an important class of natural compounds reported for numerous pharmacological activities, including cancer. Various PSs, such as ergosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, withaferin A, etc., have been reported for their anti-cancer activities against a variety of cancer by modulating the tumor microenvironment via molecular signaling pathways discussed within the article. These signaling pathways are associated with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, growth factors, chemokines, and pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. These mediators and their upstream signaling are very active within the variety of tumors and by modulating these signalings, thus PS exhibits promising anti-cancer activities. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy as well the safety of the phytosterols.

Oleocanthal supplemented diet improves renal damage and endothelial dysfunction in pristane-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan disorder with a deregulated immune-inflammatory response. Nutritional therapy has been considered a promising approach to SLE management. Oleocanthal (OLE), the main extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)-derived secoiridoid, has shown to regulate the immune-inflammatory response in various disease contexts; however, its possible beneficial effects on SLE remain unclear. This study sought to evaluate the effects of OLE enriched diet on renal damage and aortic endothelial dysfunction in murine pristane-induced SLE, focusing on the action mechanisms and signaling pathways involved. BALB/c mice were injected with pristane and fed with OLE supplemented diet (0.01 % (w/w)) for six months. Levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes. Presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM immune complexes were examined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Thoracic aortas were used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction. Western blotting was employed to detect signaling pathways and oxidative-inflammatory-related mediators. Dietary OLE supplementation reduced Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines production and alleviated renal damage by decreasing immunoglobulin complexes deposition, and inflammation-mediating enzymes expression. The mechanisms underlying these protective effects could be related to the regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Haem oxygenase 1 (Nrf-2/HO-1), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), signal transducer and transcription activator of transcription (STAT-3), inflammasome and, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Also, dietary OLE improved aortic endothelial dysfunction and vascular reactivity, normalizing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, and NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) overexpression. This study shows the immunomodulatory effects of OLE in an in vivo model of SLE by improving renal damage and regulating aortic endothelial dysfunction. These preliminary results provide OLE as a new therapeutic strategy in SLE management.

The Role of Probiotics in Skin Photoaging and Related Mechanisms: A Review

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the primary pathogenetic factor in skin photoaging. It can disrupt cellular homeostasis by damaging DNA, inducing an inflammatory cascade, immunosuppression, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, resulting in a variety of dermatologic conditions. The skin microbiome plays an important role in the homeostasis and maintenance of healthy skin. Emerging evidence has indicated that highly diverse gut microbiome may also have an impact on the skin health, referred to as the gut-skin axis (GSA). Oral and topical probiotics through modulating the skin microbiome and gut-skin microbial interactions could serve as potential management to prevent and treat the skin photoaging by multiple pathways including reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting ECM remodeling, inhibiting the inflammatory cascade reaction, and maintaining immune homeostasis. In this review, the effects of oral and topical probiotics in skin photoaging and related mechanisms are both described systematically and comprehensively.

The Role of Natural Products as Inhibitors of JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma Treatment

The permeability of glioblastoma, as well as its escaping the immune system, makes them one of the most deadly human malignancies. By avoiding programmed cell death (apoptosis), unlimited cell growth and metastatic ability could dramatically affect the immune system. Genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and overexpression of oncogenes can cause this process. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and intratumor heterogeneity are important factors causing resistance to therapy. Several signaling pathways have been identified in this field, including the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) converter and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activator pathways, which are closely related. In addition, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway contributes to a wide array of tumorigenesis functions, including replication, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune suppression. Introducing this pathway as the main tumorigenesis and treatment resistance center can give a better understanding of how it operates. In light of this, it is an important goal in treating many disorders, particularly cancer. The inhibition of this signaling pathway is being considered an approach to the treatment of glioblastoma. The use of natural products alternatively to conventional therapies is another area of research interest among researchers. Some natural products that originate from plants or natural sources can interfere with JAK/STAT signaling in human malignant cells, also by stopping the progression and phosphorylation of JAK/STAT, inducing apoptosis, and stopping the cell cycle. Natural products are a viable alternative to conventional chemotherapy because of their cost-effectiveness, wide availability, and almost no side effects.

Life factors acting on systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disease that primarily affects women. Currently, in the search for the mechanisms of SLE pathogenesis, the association of lifestyle factors such as diet, cigarette smoking, ultraviolet radiation exposure, alcohol and caffeine-rich beverage consumption with SLE susceptibility has been systematically investigated. The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating lifestyle effects on SLE occurrence, including interactions between genetic risk loci and environment, epigenetic changes, immune dysfunction, hyper-inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity, have been proposed. In the present review of the reports published in reputable peer-reviewed journals and government websites, we consider the current knowledge about the relationships between lifestyle factors and SLE incidence and outline directions of future research in this area. Formulation of practical measures with regard to the lifestyle in the future will benefit SLE patients and may provide potential therapy strategies.

The clinical impact of an extra virgin olive oil enriched mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome: Lights and shadows of a nutraceutical approach

For years it has been established that the only truly effective treatment of metabolic syndrome (MS) is lifestyle modification to prevent its cardiovascular (e.g., coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis), metabolic (e.g., diabetes mellitus), and hepatic (e.g., steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) complications. The focal points of this approach are to increase physical activity and intake of a diet characterized by high quantities of fruits, vegetables, grains, fish, and low-fat dairy products, the so called mediterranean diet (MD); however, the added value of MD is the presence of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a healthy food with a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, and variable concentrations (range 50-800 mg/kg) of phenols (oleuropein, ligstroside, and oleocanthal, and their derivatives, phenolic alcohols, such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol). Phenolic compounds not only determine EVOO's main organoleptic qualities (oxidative stability, specific flavor, and taste features) but, theoretically, make it a source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, cardioprotective, antiatherogenic, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activity. Although many studies have been carried out on EVOO's clinical effects and attention toward this dietary approach (healthy and palatable food with strong nutraceutical activity) has become increasingly pressing, there are still many dark sides to be clarified, both in terms of actual clinical efficacy and biochemical and molecular activity. Thus, we reviewed the international literature, trying to show the state of the art about EVOO's clinical properties to treat MS (along with correlated complications) and the future prospective of its nutraceutical use.

The Potential of Nrf2 Activation as a Therapeutic Target in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Inflammation and oxidative stress are well established in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are critical to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a central regulator of cellular anti-oxidative responses, inflammation, and restoration of redox balance. Accumulating reports support an emerging role for the regulation of Nrf2 in SLE. These include findings on the development of lupus-like autoimmune nephritis and altered immune cell populations in mice lacking Nrf2, as well as decreased Nrf2 abundance in the dendritic cells of patients with SLE. Nrf2-inducing agents have been shown to alleviate oxidative and inflammatory stress and reduce tissue injury in SLE mouse models. Since Nrf2 expression can be increased in activated T cells, the precise role of Nrf2 activation in different immune cell types and their function remains to be defined. However, targeting Nrf2 for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, such as SLE, is promising. As investigation of Nrf2-inducing agents in clinical trials grows, defining the signaling and molecular mechanisms of action and downstream effects in response to different Nrf2-inducing agents in specific cells, tissues, and diseases, will be critical for effective clinical use.

Nephroprotective Effect of the Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenol Hydroxytyrosol in Type 1-like Experimental Diabetes Mellitus: Relationships with Its Antioxidant Effect

The aim of this study was to determine whether hydroxytyrosol administration prevented kidney damage in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Hydroxytyrosol was administered to streptozotocin-diabetic rats: 1 and 5 mg/kg/day p.o. for two months. After hydroxytyrosol administration, proteinuria was significantly reduced (67-73%), calculated creatinine clearance was significantly increased (26-38%), and the glomerular volume and glomerulosclerosis index were decreased (20-30%). Hydroxytyrosol reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress variables and thromboxane metabolite production. Statistical correlations were found between biochemical and kidney function variables. Oral administration of 1 and 5 mg/kg/day of hydroxytyrosol produced an antioxidant and nephroprotective effect in an experimental model of type 1-like diabetes mellitus. The nephroprotective effect was significantly associated with the systemic and renal antioxidant action of hydroxytyrosol, which also influenced eicosanoid production.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Kidney Disease

Kidney disease is a general term for heterogeneous damage that affects the function and the structure of the kidneys. The rising incidence of kidney diseases represents a considerable burden on the healthcare system, so the development of new drugs and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The pathophysiology of kidney diseases is complex and involves multiple processes, including inflammation, autophagy, cell-cycle progression, and oxidative stress. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme involved in the process of heme degradation, has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its cytoprotective properties. As an enzyme with known anti-oxidative functions, HO-1 plays an indispensable role in the regulation of oxidative stress and is involved in the pathogenesis of several kidney diseases. Moreover, current studies have revealed that HO-1 can affect cell proliferation, cell maturation, and other metabolic processes, thereby altering the function of immune cells. Many strategies, such as the administration of HO-1-overexpressing macrophages, use of phytochemicals, and carbon monoxide-based therapies, have been developed to target HO-1 in a variety of nephropathological animal models, indicating that HO-1 is a promising protein for the treatment of kidney diseases. Here, we briefly review the effects of HO-1 induction on specific immune cell populations with the aim of exploring the potential therapeutic roles of HO-1 and designing HO-1-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of kidney diseases.

Epigenetic linkage of systemic lupus erythematosus and nutrition

The term "epigenetics" refers to a series of meiotically/mitotically inheritable alterations in gene expression, related to environmental factors, without disruption on DNA sequences of bases. Recently, the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases (ADs) has been closely linked to epigenetic modifications. Actually, epigenetic mechanisms can modulate gene expression or repression of targeted cells and tissues involved in autoimmune/inflammatory conditions acting as keys effectors in regulation of adaptive and innate responses. ADs, as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a rare disease that still lacks effective treatment, is characterized by epigenetic marks in affected cells.Taking into account that epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as a winning strategy in the search of new more specific and personalized therapeutics agents. Thus, pharmacology and pharmacoepigenetic studies about epigenetic regulations of ADs may provide novel individualized therapies. Focussing in possible implicated factors on development and predisposition of SLE, diet is feasibly one of the most important factors since it is linked directly to epigenetic alterations and these epigenetic changes may augment or diminish the risk of SLE. Nevertheless, several studies have guaranteed that dietary therapy could be a promise to SLE patients via prophylactic actions deprived of side effects of pharmacology, decreasing co-morbidities and improving lifestyle of SLE sufferers.Herein, we review and discuss the cross-link between epigenetic mechanisms on SLE predisposition and development, as well as the influence of dietary factors on regulation epigenetic modifications that would eventually make a positive impact on SLE patients.

Olive Polyphenols: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by increased oxidative stress are the cause of many chronic diseases. The lack of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects has stimulated the search for new active substances. Plant-derived compounds provide new potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules. Natural products are structurally optimized by evolution to serve particular biological functions, including the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and interaction with other organisms. This property explains their relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, among the various natural substances, polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have aroused growing interest. Extensive studies have shown the potent therapeutic effects of these bioactive molecules against a series of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This review begins from the chemical structure, abundance and bioavailability of the main EVOO polyphenols to highlight the effects and the possible molecular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds against inflammation and oxidation, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the mechanisms of inhibition of molecular signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress by EVOO polyphenols are discussed, together with their possible roles in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders, also taking into account meta-analysis of population studies and clinical trials.

Canonical Secretomes, Innate Immune Caspase-1-, 4/11-Gasdermin D Non-Canonical Secretomes and Exosomes May Contribute to Maintain Treg-Ness for Treg Immunosuppression, Tissue Repair and Modulate Anti-Tumor Immunity via ROS Pathways

We performed a transcriptomic analyses using the strategies we pioneered and made the following findings: 1) Normal lymphoid Tregs, diseased kidney Tregs, splenic Tregs from mice with injured muscle have 3, 17 and 3 specific (S-) pathways, respectively; 2) Tumor splenic Tregs share 12 pathways with tumor Tregs; tumor splenic Tregs and tumor Tregs have 11 and 8 S-pathways, respectively; 3) Normal and non-tumor disease Tregs upregulate some of novel 2641 canonical secretomic genes (SGs) with 24 pathways, and tumor Tregs upregulate canonical secretomes with 17 pathways; 4) Normal and non-tumor disease tissue Tregs upregulate some of novel 6560 exosome SGs with 56 exosome SG pathways (ESP), tumor Treg ESP are more focused than other Tregs; 5) Normal, non-tumor diseased Treg and tumor Tregs upregulate some of novel 961 innate immune caspase-1 SGs and 1223 innate immune caspase-4 SGs to fulfill their tissue/SG-specific and shared functions; 6) Most tissue Treg transcriptomes are controlled by Foxp3; and Tumor Tregs had increased Foxp3 non-collaboration genes with ROS and 17 other pathways; 7) Immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 does, but CTLA-4 does not, play significant roles in promoting Treg upregulated genes in normal and non-tumor disease tissue Tregs; and tumor splenic and tumor Tregs have certain CTLA-4-, and PD-1-, non-collaboration transcriptomic changes with innate immune dominant pathways; 8) Tumor Tregs downregulate more immunometabolic and innate immune memory (trained immunity) genes than Tregs from other groups; and 11) ROS significantly regulate Treg transcriptomes; and ROS-suppressed genes are downregulated more in tumor Tregs than Tregs from other groups. Our results have provided novel insights on the roles of Tregs in normal, injuries, regeneration, tumor conditions and some of canonical and innate immune non-canonical secretomes via ROS-regulatory mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for immunosuppression, tissue repair, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and cancers.

Dietary oleuropein and its acyl derivative ameliorate inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages from pristane-induced SLE mice via canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasomes pathway

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease without an effective and safe treatment. Besides, macrophages are the major components of the innate immune system and play a critical role in the inflammation process in SLE. Secoiridoids from olive tree are phenolic compounds which have shown important pharmacological effects. Particularly, oleuropein (OL) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties suggesting a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases. In addition, different studies have shown the importance of acyl derivatives of natural phenols due to their better hydrophilic/lipophilic balance.

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds: Implications for Lipid Metabolism, Immune System, and Obesity

There is extensive information of the beneficial effects of virgin olive oil (VOO), especially on cardiovascular diseases. Some VOO healthy properties have been attributed to their phenolic-compounds (PCs). The aim of this review is to present updated data on the effects of olive oil (OO) PCs on the gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, immune system, and obesity, as well as on the crosstalk among them. We summarize experiments and clinical trials which assessed the specific effects of the olive oil phenolic-compounds (OOPCs) without the synergy with OO-fats. Several studies have demonstrated that OOPC consumption increases Bacteroidetes and/or reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which have both been related to atheroprotection. OOPCs also increase certain beneficial bacteria and gut-bacteria diversity which can be therapeutic for lipid-immune disorders and obesity. Furthermore, some of the mechanisms implicated in the crosstalk between OOPCs and these disorders include antimicrobial-activity, cholesterol microbial metabolism, and metabolites produced by bacteria. Specifically, OOPCs modulate short-chain fatty-acids produced by gut-microbiota, which can affect cholesterol metabolism and the immune system, and may play a role in weight gain through promoting satiety. Since data in humans are scarce, there is a necessity for more clinical trials designed to assess the specific role of the OOPCs in this crosstalk.

Naturally Derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 Inducers and Their Therapeutic Application to Immune-Mediated Diseases

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the primary antioxidant enzyme involved in heme group degradation. A variety of stimuli triggers the expression of the inducible HO-1 isoform, which is modulated by its substrate and cellular stressors. A major anti-inflammatory role has been assigned to the HO-1 activity. Therefore, in recent years HO-1 induction has been employed as an approach to treating several disorders displaying some immune alterations components, such as exacerbated inflammation or self-reactivity. Many natural compounds have shown to be effective inductors of HO-1 without cytotoxic effects; among them, most are chemicals present in plants used as food, flavoring, and medicine. Here we discuss some naturally derived compounds involved in HO-1 induction, their impact in the immune response modulation, and the beneficial effect in diverse autoimmune disorders. We conclude that the use of some compounds from natural sources able to induce HO-1 is an attractive lifestyle toward promoting human health. This review opens a new outlook on the investigation of naturally derived HO-1 inducers, mainly concerning autoimmunity.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Diet and Nutrients in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Systematic Review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple organ involvement, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and the haematopoietic system, with a large number of complications. Despite years of study, the etiology of SLE remains unclear; thus, safe and specifically targeted therapies are lacking. In the last 20 years, researchers have explored the potential of nutritional factors on SLE and have suggested complementary treatment options through diet. This study systematically reviews and evaluates the clinical and preclinical scientific evidence of diet and dietary supplementation that either alleviate or exacerbate the symptoms of SLE. For this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases only for articles written in the English language. Based on the currently published literature, it was observed that a low-calorie and low-protein diet with high contents of fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols contain sufficient potential macronutrients and micronutrients to regulate the activity of the overall disease by modulating the inflammation and immune functions of SLE.

Edaravone alleviates cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury in ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury via the JAK/STAT pathway

Background

Kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological phenomenon in the clinic. A large number of studies have found that the tyrosine protein kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is involved in the development of a variety of kidney diseases and renal protection associated with multiple drugs. Edaravone (EDA) is an effective free radical scavenger that has been used clinically for the treatment of postischemic neuronal injury. This study aimed to identify whether EDA improved kidney function in rats with ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating the JAK/STAT pathway and clarify the underlying mechanism.

Methods

Histomorphological analysis was used to assess pathological kidney injury, and mitochondrial damage was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to detect tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. The expression of JAK2, P-JAK2, STAT3, P-STAT3, STAT1, P-STAT1, BAX and Bcl-2 was assessed by western blotting. Mitochondrial function in the kidney was assessed by mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) measurement.

Results

The results showed that EDA inhibited the expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and p-STAT1, accompanied by downregulation of the expression of Bax and caspase-3, and significantly ameliorated kidney damage caused by ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). Furthermore, the JC-1 dye assay showed that edaravone attenuated ischemia–reperfusion-induced loss of kidney ΔΨm.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that EDA protects against kidney damage caused by ischemia–reperfusion through JAK/STAT signaling, inhibiting apoptosis and improving mitochondrial injury.

TJ-M2010-5, a novel MyD88 inhibitor, corrects R848-induced lupus-like immune disorders of B cells in vitro

B cell hyperactivities are involved in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the B cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Previous studies have focused on the intrinsic role of B cells in TLR7/MyD88 signaling and consequently on immune activation, autoantibody production, and systemic inflammation. However, a feasible treatment for this immune disorder remains to be discovered. The in vitro cellular response that have been studied likely plays a central role in the production of some important autoantibodies in SLE. We successfully used R848 to build a lupus-like B cell model in vitro; these B cells were overactivated, differentiated into plasma cells, escaped apoptosis, massively proliferated, and produced large amounts of autoantibodies and cytokines. In the present study, we found that TJ-M2010-5, a novel MyD88 inhibitor previously synthesized in our lab, seemed to inhibit the lupus-like condition of B cells, including overactivation, massive proliferation, differentiation into plasma cells, and overproduction of autoantibodies and cytokines. TJ-M2010-5 also induce B cells apoptosis. Furthermore, TJ-M2010-5 was found to remarkably inhibit NF-κB and MAPK signaling. In summary, TJ-M2010-5 might correct R848-induced lupus-like immune disorders of B cells by blocking the TLR7/MyD88/NF-κB and TLR7/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathways.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols: Modulation of Cellular Pathways Related to Oxidant Species and Inflammation in Aging

The olive-oil-centered Mediterranean diet has been associated with extended life expectancy and a reduction in the risk of age-related degenerative diseases. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) itself has been proposed to promote a "successful aging", being able to virtually modulate all the features of the aging process, because of its great monounsaturated fatty acids content and its minor bioactive compounds, the polyphenols above all. Polyphenols are mostly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, able to modulate abnormal cellular signaling induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress, as that related to NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which have been identified as important modulators of age-related disorders and aging itself. This review summarizes existing literature about the interaction between EVOO polyphenols and NF-κB and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Reported studies show the ability of EVOO phenolics, mainly hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, to activate Nrf-2 signaling, inducing a cellular defense response and to prevent NF-κB activation, thus suppressing the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Literature data, although not exhaustive, indicate as a whole that EVOO polyphenols may significantly help to modulate the aging process, so tightly connected to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.

The protection of NF-κB inhibition on kidney injury of systemic lupus erythematosus mice may be correlated with lncRNA TUG1

We aimed to know the effect of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition on the kidney injury of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mice. Pristane-induced SLE mice were treated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 50 or 100 mg/kg), a NF-κB inhibitor. Histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin & eosin, Masson and periodic schiff-methenamine stainings. Long noncoding RNA Taurine upregulated gene 1 (LncRNA TUG1) was measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR, NF-κB p65 expression by western blotting, levels of inflammatory cytokines, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and antidouble stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the deposition of IgG and C3 by immunofluorescence. The kidney of SLE mice exhibited interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial fibrous proliferation, glomerular mesangial proliferation, and crescent formation, which was mitigated after PDTC administration. The levels of BUN, Cr, ANA, and anti-dsDNA and the pro-inflammatory factors in SLE mice were increased with obvious deposition of IgG and C3, but they were also reversed by PDTC. Furthermore, the NF-κB p65 expression in the nucleus in the SLE mice was decreased with the up-regulation of TUG1 expression and NF-κB p65 expression in the cytoplasm after PDTC treatment. Correlation analysis revealed the negative correlation between the TUG1 expression and NF-κB p65 in the nucleus in the kidney tissues. NF-κB inhibition with PDTC protected against the kidney injury of pristine-induced SLE mice possibly via up-regulating lncRNA TUG1, and further clinical studies are needed to clarify whether NF-κB inhibition may be a therapeutic modality for the kidney injury of SLE.

Polyphenolic Extract (PE) from Olive Oil Exerts a Potent Immunomodulatory Effect and Prevents Graft-versus-Host Disease in a Mouse Model

Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, with immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties that might be useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Polyphenolic extract (PE) obtained from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) decreased the activation and proliferation of activated T cells. In addition, a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines was observed upon exposure to PE. Western blot assays showed a marked inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in activated T cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, we observed that mice that received a diet supplemented in PE (600 ppm) presented a higher survival rate and lower risk of developing GVHD when compared with the group that received a control diet. Histopathologic examination showed a significantly lower gut involvement in mice receiving PE, with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, and TNF-α) in serum and the reestablishment of butyrate concentration in the gut. In conclusion, PE obtained from EVOO exerted a potent immunomodulatory effect, reducing the activation and proliferation of activated T cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In a murine model of acute GVHD, a PE-supplemented diet reduced the incidence and severity of the disease and increased survival after transplantation.

Dietary oleuropein and its new acyl-derivate attenuate murine lupus nephritis through HO-1/Nrf2 activation and suppressing JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways

Systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease which can affect multiple organ systems, without an effective and safe treatment. Olive leaf extracts are of special interest for their therapeutic effects. Oleuropein (OL) is the most abundant constituents of olive leaf extract and possesses many beneficial properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary OL and its new derivate, peracetylated oleuropein (Per-OL), in a pristane-induced SLE model. Mice received an injection of pristane or saline solution and were fed with experimental diets: enriched with OL and Per-OL. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1, heme oxygenase (HO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammasome nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) pathways activation were determined in kidneys by Western blot. OL and Per-OL significantly reduced renal damage and decreased serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 and prostaglandine E₂ kidneys levels. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant protein expressions were up-regulated in mice fed with OL and Per-OL diets, whereas the activation of JAK/STAT, MAPK, NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways was significantly ameliorated. These results suggest that OL and Per-OL supplementation might provide a new alternative approach as a preventive/palliative treatment of nephritis in SLE management.

Virgin Olive Oil and Health: Summary of the III International Conference on Virgin Olive Oil and Health Consensus Report, JAEN (Spain) 2018

The Mediterranean diet is considered as the foremost dietary regimen and its adoption is associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases and an extended longevity. The preeminent features of the Mediterranean diet have been agreed upon and the consumption of olive oil stands out as the most peculiar one. Indeed, the use of olive oil as the nearly exclusive dietary fat is what mostly characterizes the Mediterranean area. Plenty of epidemiological studies have correlated that the consumption of olive oil was associated with better overall health. Indeed, extra virgin olive oil contains (poly)phenolic compounds that are being actively investigated for their purported biological and pharma-nutritional properties. On 18 and 19 May 2018, several experts convened in Jaen (Spain) to discuss the most recent research on the benefits of olive oil and its components. We reported a summary of that meeting (reviewing several topics related to olive oil, not limited to health) and concluded that substantial evidence is accruing to support the widespread opinion that extra virgin olive oil should, indeed, be the fat of choice when it comes to human health and sustainable agronomy.

gga-miR-146c Activates TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway through Targeting MMP16 to Prevent Mycoplasma Gallisepticum (HS Strain) Infection in Chickens

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a pathogen that infects chickens and some other birds, triggers chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens, which is characterized by inflammation. The investigation of microbial pathogenesis would contribute to the deep understanding of infection control. Since microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) play a key role in this process, gga-mir-146c, an upregulated miRNA upon MG infection, was selected according to our previous RNA-sequencing data. In this paper, we predicted and validated that MMP16 is one of gga-miR-146c target genes. Results show that MMP16 is the target of gga-miR-146c and gga-miR-146c can downregulate MMP16 expression within limits. gga-miR-146c upregulation significantly increased the expression of TLR6, NF-κB p65, MyD88, and TNF-α, whereas the gga-miR-146c inhibitor led to an opposite result. gga-miR-146c upregulation effectively decreased apoptosis and stimulated DF-1 cells proliferation upon MG infection. On the contrary, gga-miR-146c inhibitor promoted apoptosis and repressed the proliferation. Collectively, our results suggest that gga-miR-146c upregulation upon MG infection represses MMP16 expression, activating TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, promoting cell proliferation by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and, finally, enhancing cell cycle progression to defend against host MG infection.

Innate Immune Cells' Contribution to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, immune complex deposition, and tissue damage in the kidneys, skin, heart and lung. Because of the pathogenic role of antinuclear antibodies and autoreactive T cells in SLE, extensive efforts have been made to demonstrate how B cells act as antibody-producing or as antigen-presenting cells that can prime autoreactive T cell activation. With the discovery of new innate immune cells and inflammatory mediators, innate immunity is emerging as a key player in disease pathologies. Recent work over the last decade has highlighted the importance of innate immune cells and molecules in promoting and potentiating SLE. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the involvement of different innate immune cells and pathways in the pathogenesis of SLE. We also discuss new therapeutics targets directed against innate immune components as potential novel therapies in SLE.

Aloin suppresses lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammation by inhibiting JAK1‑STAT1/3 activation and ROS production in RAW264.7 cells

The anti-inflammatory effects of aloin, a bioactive ingredient extracted from Aloe vera, have been described previously. The present study aimed to assess these effects and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with different doses of aloin (100, 150 and 200 µg/ml) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 ng/ml) for the indicated times. Then, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the cell culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. Total nitric oxide (NO) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) kits were used to detect NO and ROS levels, respectively. Mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor κB and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway activation were verified by western blot analysis. Confocal and nucleocytoplasmic separation experiments were used to detect STAT nuclear translocation. It was identified that aloin decreased the level of LPS-induced iNOS expression, inhibiting the release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and NO dose-dependently. Mechanistically, aloin suppressed LPS-induced JAK1-STAT1/3 activation and STAT1/3 nuclear translocation. Additionally, LPS-induced ROS production was inhibited by aloin. Collectively, these data suggest that aloin attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting ROS-mediated activation of the JAK1-STAT1/3 signalling pathway, thereby inhibiting the nuclear translocation of STAT1/3 in RAW264.7 cells. The present study provides an experimental basis for the clinical application of aloin in inflammatory-associated diseases.

Virgin olive oil and its phenol fraction modulate monocyte/macrophage functionality: a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus

Monocytes and macrophages are critical effectors and regulators of inflammation and innate immune response, which appear altered in different autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies suggested that virgin olive oil (VOO) and particularly its phenol compounds might possess preventive effects on different immune-inflammatory diseases, including SLE. Here, we evaluated the effects of VOO (and sunflower oil) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated peritoneal macrophages from a model of pristane-induced SLE in BALB/c mice, as well as those of the phenol fraction (PF) from VOO on the immune-inflammatory activity and plasticity in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy volunteers. The release of nitrite and inflammatory cytokines was lower in LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages from pristane-SLE mice fed the VOO diet when compared with the sunflower oil diet. PF from VOO similarly decreased the secretion of nitrite and inflammatory cytokines and expression of inducible nitric oxide, PPARγ and Toll-like receptor 4 in LPS-treated human monocytes. PF from VOO also prevented the deregulation of human monocyte subset distribution by LPS and blocked the genetic signature of M1 macrophages while favouring the phenotype of M2 macrophages upon canonical polarisation of naïve human macrophages. For the first time, our study provides several lines of in vivo and in vitro evidence that VOO and PF from VOO target and counteract inflammatory pathways in the monocyte–macrophage lineage of mice with pristane-induced SLE and of healthy subjects, which is a meaningful foundation for further development and application in preclinical and clinical use of PF from VOO in patients with SLE.

Pharma-Nutritional Properties of Olive Oil Phenols. Transfer of New Findings to Human Nutrition

The Mediterranean diet has been long associated with improved cardiovascular prognosis, chemoprevention, and lower incidence of neurodegeneration. Of the multiple components of this diet, olive oil stands out because its use has historically been limited to the Mediterranean basin. The health benefits of olive oil and some of its components are being rapidly decoded. In this paper we review the most recent pharma-nutritional investigations on olive oil biophenols and their health effects, chiefly focusing on recent findings that elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action.

Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols in arthritis

Polyphenols have been extensively investigated with regard to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulant properties in many inflammatory chronic conditions. The aim of this review is to summarise how these compounds can modulate the inflammatory pathways which characterise the most prevalent arthropathies including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and crystal-induced arthritis. Among polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, carnosol, hydroxytyrosol, curcumin, resveratrol, kaempferol and genistein have been the most widely investigated in arthritis. The most important results of the studies outlined in this article show how polyphenolic compounds are able to inhibit the expression and the release of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes, the activity of different transcriptional factors and the production of reactive oxygen species in vitro. Studies on animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout show interesting results in terms of reduced tissue damage, restored cartilage homeostasis, and decreased levels of uric acid, respectively. Despite the multiple protective effects of polyphenols, there are no dietary recommendations for patients affected by rheumatic diseases. Future studies, including intervention trials, should be conducted to determine the relevance of polyphenols consumption or supplementation in arthritis. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Extra virgin olive oil: a key functional food for prevention of immune-inflammatory diseases

Nowadays, it is clear that an unhealthy diet is one of the prime factors that contributes to the rise of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity in the populations of both developed and developing countries. The Mediterranean diet has been associated with a reduced incidence of certain pathologies related to chronic inflammation and the immune system. Olive oil, the principal source of dietary lipids of the Mediterranean diet, possesses a high nutritional quality and a particular composition, which is especially relevant in the case of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO). EVOO is obtained from olives solely by mechanical or other physical preparation methods, under conditions that do not alter the natural composition. EVOO is described as a key bioactive food with multiple beneficial properties and it may be effective in the management of some immune-inflammatory diseases. In this review, the key research is summarised which provides evidence of the beneficial effects of EVOO and its minor components focusing on their mechanisms on immune-inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease and sclerosis.