The role of photobiomodulation on gene expression of cell adhesion molecules in diabetic wounded fibroblasts in vitro

Macrophage polarization-mediated PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L signaling pathway activation in fibrosis associated with Cardiorenal syndrome

BACKGROUND

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex condition characterized by the interplay between cardiac and renal dysfunction, often culminating in renal fibrosis. The role of macrophage polarization and its downstream effects in CRS-induced renal fibrosis remains an area of active investigation.

METHODS

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and immune infiltration analyses were employed to identify key immune cells and genes involved in renal fibrosis in CRS. Meta-analysis and pseudo-time analysis were conducted to validate the functional relevance of these genes. Functional studies utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and lentiviral vectors assessed macrophage polarization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vivo, a CRS mouse model was established, and fibrosis progression was tracked using histological and imaging methods.

RESULTS

The PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L signaling axis was identified as a critical pathway driving renal fibrosis, mediated by HIF-1α-induced M1 macrophage polarization. Inhibition of HIF-1α significantly alleviated renal fibrosis by restricting M1 polarization and suppressing the PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L axis. Co-culture models further demonstrated the involvement of EMT and metabolic reprogramming in affected cells.

CONCLUSION

Targeting the HIF-1α signaling pathway offers a promising therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis by modulating macrophage polarization and the PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L axis.

Nanocrystalline cellulose-geniposide complex enhances gut-brain axis modulation for depression treatment

Depression, a major global health issue, is closely associated with imbalances in gut microbiota and altered intestinal functions. This study investigates the antidepressant potential of a composite of Geniposide (GP) and Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC), focusing on its effects on the gut-brain axis. Utilizing network pharmacology, GP was identified as a key compound targeting the BCL2 gene in depression management. Experimental approaches, including a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model in mice, cellular assays, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), were used to evaluate the composite's effectiveness. Results indicate that GP activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by upregulating BCL2, enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, and balancing gut flora. These mechanisms contribute to its positive effects on hippocampal function and depressive-like behaviors in mice, suggesting that the GP-NCC composite could be a promising avenue for developing depression therapies that target gut health.

Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Infusion of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and p38α Antagonistic Peptides in Myocardial Infarction Fibrosis Mitigation

BACKGROUND

Myocardial fibrosis is a pathological hallmark of heart failure post infarction, emphasizing the need for innovative treatment strategies. This research assesses the antifibrotic potential of a sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel loaded with extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and PAP (p38α antagonistic peptides), aiming to interfere with fibrosis-inducing pathways in myocardial tissue after infarction.

METHODS

We induced fibrosis in mouse cardiac fibroblasts through hypoxia and disrupted the Mapk14 gene to study its contribution to fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, loaded with PAP, were encapsulated in the SA hydrogel (EVs-PAP@SA). The formulation was tested in vitro for its effect on fibrotic marker expression and cell behavior, and in vivo in a murine model of myocardial infarction for its therapeutic efficacy.

RESULTS

Map k14 silencing showed a decrease in the fibrotic response of cardiac fibroblasts. Treatment with the EVs-PAP@SA hydrogel notably reduced profibrotic signaling, increased cell proliferation and migration, and lowered apoptosis rates. The in vivo treatment with the hydrogel post myocardial infarction significantly diminished myocardial fibrosis and improved cardiac performance.

CONCLUSIONS

The study endorses the SA hydrogel as an effective vehicle for delivering mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs and PAP to the heart post myocardial infarction, providing a novel approach for modulating myocardial fibrosis and promoting cardiac healing.

Dual regulation of Atf3 and Lonp1 as therapeutic targets in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) leads to cognitive dysfunction, neuronal death, and inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CIRI is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the roles of activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) and lon protease homolog 1 (Lonp1) in CIRI, particularly focusing on how Atf3 regulates Lonp1 expression and its effects on mitochondrial function.

METHODS

Single-cell transcriptomics and proteomic analyses were employed to explore Atf3's influence on Lonp1 and its subsequent impact on neuronal survival and apoptosis.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that Atf3 plays a crucial role in modulating Lonp1 expression, which in turn affects mitochondrial function, neuronal survival, and apoptotic pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of Atf3 and Lonp1 in CIRI, identifying potential therapeutic targets for managing ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

Novel molecular mechanisms of immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: NSUN2-mediated increase of SOAT2 RNA methylation

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly malignancy known for its ability to evade immune surveillance. NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase family member 2 (NSUN2), an RNA methyltransferase involved in carcinogenesis, has been associated with immune evasion and energy metabolism reprogramming. This study aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of NSUN2 in immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming of HCC.

METHODS

Single-cell transcriptomic sequencing was applied to examine cellular composition changes, particularly immune cell dynamics, in HCC and adjacent normal tissues. Bulk RNA-seq and proteomics identified key genes and proteins. Methylation sequencing and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) were carried out to characterize the role of NSUN2 in 5-methylcytosine (m5C) modification of sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2). Clinical samples from 30 HCC patients were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Gene expression was manipulated using CRISPR/Cas9 and lentiviral vectors. In vitro co-culture models and metabolomics were used to study HCC cell-T cell interactions, energy metabolism, and immune evasion. Tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model was monitored by bioluminescence imaging, with subsequent measurements of tumor weight, volume, and immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identified a marked increase in malignant cells in HCC tissues. Cell communication analysis indicated that tumor cells might promote cancer progression by evading immune clearance. Multi-omics analyses identified NSUN2 as a key regulator in HCC development. MeRIP confirmed that NSUN2 facilitated the m5C modification of SOAT2. Analysis of human HCC tissue samples demonstrated pronounced upregulation of NSUN2 and SOAT2, along with elevated m5C levels in HCC tissues. In vitro experiments uncovered that NSUN2 augmented the reprogramming of energy metabolism and repressed the activity and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells, contributing to immune evasion. In vivo studies further substantiated the role of NSUN2 in fostering immune evasion and tumor formation of HCC by modulating the m5C modification of SOAT2.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings highlight the critical role of NSUN2 in driving HCC progression through the regulation of m5C modification on SOAT2. These findings present potential molecular markers for HCC diagnosis and therapeutic targets for its treatment.

Role of METTL16 in PPARγ methylation and osteogenic differentiation

Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone disease, is characterized by the deterioration of bone tissue microstructure and imbalanced osteogenesis. The regulatory role of PPARγ m6A methylation mediated by METTL16 remains poorly elucidated. This study utilized advanced single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and Bulk RNA-seq techniques to explore how METTL16 influences the osteogenic differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) and its implication in osteoporosis. The research revealed that METTL16 enhances the suppression of osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs, while PPARγ is associated with BMSC ferroptosis. Mechanistically, METTL16 facilitates the m6A modification of PPARγ transcription, thereby promoting ferroptosis in BMSCs and impeding their osteogenic differentiation. The in vivo animal experiments confirmed the pivotal role of the METTL16-PPARγ axis in osteoporosis development in mice. These findings suggest that the regulation of PPARγ m6A methylation by METTL16, leading to ferroptosis, is a critical mechanism impacting BMSC osteogenic differentiation and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Vanillin Enhances Photobiomodulation Wound Healing by Modulating Glyco-Oxidative Stress and Glucose Dysmetabolism in Diabetic Wounded Fibroblast Cells

Delayed wound healing is among the major peripheral complications of diabetes. Synergistic treatment of diabetic wounds (DW) with phytochemicals and non-invasive techniques has shown promising results. The synergistic effect of vanillin and photobiomodulation (PBM) on DW healing, and their modulatory effect on oxidative stress and glucose metabolism was investigated in DW fibroblast cells (WS1). DW cells were treated with vanillin and vanillin + PBM. Control consisted of WS1 cells, untreated DW cells, and DW cells treated with PBM. Diabetes was induced by repeated growth in complete MEM containing high D-glucose (22.6 mM/L). Wounds were induced by central scratching. Cells were treated with vanillin at various concentrations for 2 h prior to PBM at 660 nm with a fluence of 5 J/cm2 for an irradiation time of 780 s, followed by 24 h incubation. Induction of DW led to a decreased glutathione level, and decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase, and Na/K-ATPase activities, while concomitantly increasing the activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase, E-NTPDase, and 5-lipoxygenase. These levels and activities were reversed following treatment with 12 μg/mL vanillin, and 6 μg/mL vanillin + PBM having the best effects. However, treatment with 24 μg/mL vanillin and vanillin + PBM showed no significant effects. Except for cells treated with 24 μg/mL vanillin and vanillin + PBM, morphological analysis indicated wound closures compared to the controls. These results indicate the synergistic therapeutic effect of vanillin + PBM on the management of diabetic wounds, with 6 μg/mL vanillin + PBM displaying the best effect.

Molecular Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Cognitive Impairment: Suppression of Critical Hippocampal Pathways

Propofol, a commonly used anesthetic, is known to cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), particularly after prolonged or high-dose administration. Its effects on neural remodeling in the hippocampal region, which is vital for cognitive function, remain poorly understood. This study employs single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and high-throughput transcriptomic analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which propofol impairs hippocampal neural remodeling. Our findings indicate that propofol suppresses the (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1A/Glutamate Receptor 2/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1) HTR1A/GRIA2/PIK3R1 signaling pathway, contributing to cognitive dysfunction in mice. In vitro experiments reveal that propofol treatment reduces the expression of HTR1A/GRIA2/PIK3R1-related factors, decreases neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity, and increases apoptosis and inflammation. In vivo experiments demonstrate significant impairments in spatial memory and learning abilities in mice treated with propofol. These results provide new insights into the long-term effects of anesthetic drugs and offer a scientific basis for their judicious use in clinical practice. The study highlights potential strategies and targets for preventing and treating POCD, emphasizing the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced cognitive dysfunction.

NGR-Modified CAF-Derived exos Targeting Tumor Vasculature to Induce Ferroptosis and Overcome Chemoresistance in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) chemoresistance presents a significant clinical challenge. This study aims to investigate the potential of using tumor vascular-targeting peptide NGR-modified cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived exosomes (exos) to deliver circ_0004872-encoded small peptides promoting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis to reverse chemoresistance in OS. Through combined single-cell transcriptome analysis and high-throughput sequencing, it identified circ_0004872 associated with chemoresistance. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the small peptide encoded by this Circular RNA (circRNA) can effectively reverse chemoresistance by enhancing OS cell sensitivity to chemotherapy via the mechanism of promoting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo results confirmed the efficient delivery of NGR-modified CAFs-derived exo-packaged circ_0004872-109aa to tumor cells, thereby improving targeted therapy efficacy. This study not only offers a novel strategy to overcome chemoresistance in OS but also highlights the potential application value of utilizing exos for drug delivery.

Mechanism of the microRNA-373-3p/LATS2 Axis in the Prognosis and Metastasis of Thyroid Cancer Patients

This study focused on the role of the microRNA (miR)-373-3p/LATS2 axis in the prognosis and metastasis of thyroid cancer patients. miR-373-3p and LATS2 expression were assessed in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. The relationship between miR-373-3p and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with thyroid cancer and the impact of miR-373-3p and LATS2 expression levels on the survival and prognosis of thyroid cancer patients were analyzed. The targeting relationship between miR-373-3p and LATS2 was predicted and verified, and their impact on the malignant cell phenotype was assessed. Compared with adjacent normal tissues and normal human thyroid cells, miR-373-3p was highly expressed, while LATS2 was expressed at low levels in thyroid cancer tissues and cells (both p < 0.001). miR-373-3p expression was independent of age (p = 0.201) and gender (p = 0.516), and it was correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage of thyroid cancer (both p < 0.001). Moreover, high miR-373-3p expression was associated with poor patient prognosis (p = 0.034). Interference with miR-373-3p or overexpression of LATS2 repressed KMH-2 cell malignant phenotypes (all p < 0.05). miR-373-3p targeted and suppressed LATS2 expression. Interference with miR-373-3p blocked its inhibition on LATS2, thereby repressing thyroid cancer progression and metastasis.

Decellularized tissue matrices hydrogels functionalized with extracellular vesicles promote macrophage reprogramming and neural stem cell differentiation for spinal cord injury repair

This study investigates the application of decellularized tissue matrices (DSCM) hydrogels functionalized with extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. The primary focus is on how these composites influence macrophage reprogramming and neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation by modulating Slamf9 expression. MSC-derived EVs were successfully isolated, and DSCM hydrogels were prepared from porcine spinal cords. The composite material, EVs derived from MSCs (DSCM@EVs), was constructed and applied to a mouse SCI model, showing significant enhancement in NSC differentiation and axonal growth, thereby alleviating SCI. Bioinformatics and in vitro cell experiments revealed that DSCM@EVs promote the reprogramming of M1 macrophages to the M2 phenotype, reducing inflammatory responses and facilitating NSC differentiation. RNA-seq analysis identified Slamf9 as a key regulatory gene, with its suppression linked to the observed therapeutic effects. This novel approach demonstrates the potential of DSCM@EVs in SCI repair by modulating the inflammatory environment and promoting neural regeneration, offering a promising strategy for treating SCI and potentially other inflammatory neurological disorders.

The role of MUC16 in tumor biology and tumor immunology in ovarian cancer

In this study, the influence of glycoproteomic changes, specifically MUC16, on NK cell-mediated immunotherapy response in ovarian cancer is explored. Analysis of glycoprotein data from the CPTAC database identified significant upregulation of MUC16 in ovarian cancer tissues, associated with tumor invasiveness and immune evasion. Experimental findings showed that MUC16 knockdown increased NK cell cytotoxicity, decreased invasiveness, and boosted NK cell activation, while MUC16 overexpression resulted in the opposite effects. In vivo experiments demonstrated that MUC16 knockdown suppressed tumor growth, enhanced NK cell infiltration, and bolstered NK cell activation, underscoring the potential of MUC16 as a target for novel immunotherapy approaches in ovarian cancer treatment.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes deliver microRNA-142-3p to disturb glioma progression by down-regulating GFI1

OBJECTIVE

The mechanism of glioma development has been extensively explored and comprehension of the exosomal microRNA-142-3p/growth factor independent-1 (miR-142-3p/GFI1) axis in glioma is still at an initial stage. Therein, the conducted work goes toward ascertaining the role of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos)/miR-142-3p/GFI1 axis in glioma development.

METHODS

Cancer tissues from patients with glioma and normal brain tissues from those who underwent surgery for traumatic brain injury were collected. miR-142-3p and GFI1 expression in tissues and cells were measured. Exos derived from BMSCs carrying miR-142-3p were cocultured with glioma cells to observe the effects of exosomal miR-142-3p on glioma cell invasion, migration, and apoptosis. The targeting relationship of miR-142-3p and GFI1 was validated. A series of rescue assays were conducted to further investigate whether GFI1 is implicated in the exosomal miR-142-3p-mediated regulation of glioma cell invasion, migration, and apoptosis.

RESULTS

miR-142-3p was low-expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and the low expression had an association with unwanted prognosis. Exos-shuttled miR-142-3p suppressed the migration and invasion, while promoting apoptosis of glioma cells. Further investigation revealed that GFI1 was a direct target of miR-142-3p, and re-expression of GFI1 neutralized the inhibitory effects of exosomal miR-142-3p.

CONCLUSION

Exosomal miR-142-3p suppressed glioma cell migration and invasion and stimulated apoptosis by targeting GFI1.

MicroRNA-155 Inhibition Activates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling to Restore Th17/Treg Cell Balance and Protect against Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a severe neurological disease associated with Th17/Treg cell imbalance and dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study investigates whether miR-155 inhibition can activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, improve Th17/Treg balance, and provide neuroprotection against stroke. We conducted a multilevel experimental design, including high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, in vivo mouse models, and in vitro cell experiments. High-throughput sequencing revealed significant differential gene expression between the miR-155 antagomir-treated and control groups (BioProject: PRJNA1152758). Bioinformatics analysis identified key genes linked to Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Th17/Treg imbalance. In vitro experiments confirmed that miR-155 inhibition activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and improved Th17/Treg ratios. In vivo studies demonstrated that miR-155 antagomir treatment provided significant neuroprotection against AIS. These findings suggest that targeting miR-155 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for stroke by modulating immune balance and key signaling pathways.

Regulation of fibroblast phenotype in osteoarthritis using CDKN1A-loaded copper sulfide nanoparticles delivered by mesenchymal stem cells

This study aimed to investigate the regulation of fibroblast phenotypes by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivering copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with CDKN1A plasmids and their role in cartilage repair during osteoarthritis (OA). Single-cell RNA sequencing data from the GEO database were analyzed to identify subpopulations within the OA immune microenvironment. Quality control, filtering, principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction, and tSNE clustering were performed to obtain detailed cell subtypes. Pseudotime analysis was used to understand the developmental trajectory of fibroblasts, and GO/KEGG enrichment analyses highlighted biological processes related to fibroblast function. Transcriptomic data and WGCNA identified CDKN1A as a key regulatory gene. A biomimetic CuS@CDKN1A nanosystem was constructed and loaded into MSCs to create MSCs@CuS@CDKN1A. The characterization of this system confirmed its efficient cellular uptake by fibroblasts. In vitro experiments demonstrated that MSCs@CuS@CDKN1A significantly modulated fibroblast phenotypes and improved the structure, proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced migration of IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. In vivo, an OA mouse model was treated with intra-articular injections of MSCs@CuS@CDKN1A. Micro-CT scans revealed a significant reduction in osteophyte formation and improved joint space compared with control groups. Histological analysis, including H&E, Safranin O-Fast Green, and toluidine blue staining, confirmed improved cartilage integrity, whereas the International Osteoarthritis Research Society (OARSI) scoring indicated reduced disease severity. Immunofluorescence showed upregulated CDKN1A expression, decreased MMP13, and reduced α-SMA expression in fibroblast subtypes. Major organs exhibited no signs of toxicity, confirming the biocompatibility and safety of the treatment. These findings suggest that MSCs@CuS@CDKN1A can effectively regulate fibroblast activity and promote cartilage repair, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study introduces MSCs@CuS@CDKN1A, a nanoengineered MSC platform that targets fibroblast phenotypes in osteoarthritis (OA). By modulating CDKN1A expression, this innovative approach not only enhances cartilage repair but also effectively mitigates fibroblast-driven inflammation, marking a significant advancement in OA therapeutics with demonstrated efficacy and biocompatibility.

Exploring the impact of Apelin and Reactive Oxygen Species on autophagy and cell senescence in pre-eclampsia

This research investigates the interplay between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Apelin (APLN) in regulating autophagy, with implications for placental cell senescence and apoptosis in pre-eclampsia (PE). We manipulated APLN expression using sgRNA to study its effects on ROS levels and subsequent cellular responses. Our findings reveal that APLN overexpression elevates ROS production, accelerating cellular senescence and apoptosis. In contrast, silencing APLN enhances autophagy, thereby diminishing cellular aging and apoptosis. These outcomes were confirmed in vitro and in vivo experiments, establishing a causative relationship between ROS-mediated APLN modulation and altered placental cell dynamics in PE. The results suggest potential therapeutic targets within the ROS and APLN pathways to alleviate detrimental changes in the placenta, offering new strategies for the clinical management of PE. This study emphasizes the crucial role of autophagy in placental health and sets the stage for future investigations into therapeutic interventions for pregnancy-related complications.

The contribution of the novel CLTC-VMP1 fusion gene to autophagy regulation and energy metabolism in cisplatin-resistant osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant tumor, and chemotherapy resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of this disease. This study aims to explore the role of the CLTC-VMP1 gene fusion in the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in OS and investigate its molecular mechanisms in mediating energy metabolism reprogramming by regulating autophagy and apoptosis balance. Using single-cell transcriptome analysis, the heterogeneity of OS cells and their correlation with resistance to platinum drugs were revealed. Cisplatin-resistant cell lines were established in human OS cell lines for subsequent experiments. Based on transcriptomic analysis, the importance of VMP1 in chemotherapy resistance was confirmed. Lentiviral vectors overexpressing or interfering with VMP1 were used, and it was observed that inhibiting VMP1 could reverse cisplatin resistance, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit autophagy, and mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Furthermore, the presence of CLTC-VMP1 gene fusion was validated, and its ability to regulate autophagy and apoptosis balance, promote mitochondrial respiration, and glycolysis was demonstrated. Mouse model experiments further confirmed the promoting effect of CLTC-VMP1 on tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance. In summary, the CLTC-VMP1 gene fusion mediates energy metabolism reprogramming by regulating autophagy and apoptosis balance, which promotes chemotherapy resistance in OS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identifies the CLTC-VMP1 gene fusion as a key driver of chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma by regulating autophagy and reprogramming cellular energy metabolism. Through single-cell transcriptomics, the research reveals the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the role of VMP1 in promoting resistance to cisplatin. The findings suggest that targeting the CLTC-VMP1 fusion gene may offer new therapeutic strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma.

Targeting CDK1 and copper homeostasis in breast cancer via a nanopolymer drug delivery system

The prevalence of breast cancer (BRCA) is notable in the female population, being a commonly diagnosed malignancy, where the management of copper levels is crucial for treatment success. This research aims to explore the influence of copper homeostasis on BRCA therapy, with a specific focus on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) and its relationship to copper regulation. A novel thermosensitive hydrogel incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) was engineered to synergize with the chemotherapy drug vincristine (VCR) in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Through a comprehensive approach involving bioinformatics analyses, in vitro experiments, and in vivo models, the study identified CDK1 as a significant factor in BRCA progression under copper homeostasis. MBVP-Gel, a novel thermosensitive hydrogel incorporating NPs, was developed to enhance the delivery of chemotherapy drugs and regulate copper homeostasis in breast cancer treatment. The MBVP-Gel, formulated with copper chelation and VCR NPs, effectively suppressed CDK1 expression, thereby restraining BRCA cell growth and metastasis while enhancing the therapeutic impact of VCR. This investigation offers fresh insights and experimental validation on the interaction between copper homeostasis and BRCA, providing a valuable foundation for refining future treatment strategies. These findings underscore the potential advantages of targeting copper homeostasis and CDK1 in enhancing BRCA therapy, setting the stage for individualized interventions and improved patient consequences.

Xuanhong Dingchuan Tang suppresses bronchial asthma inflammation via the microRNA-107-3p/PTGS2/MAPK axis

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Xuanhong Dingchuan Tang (XHDCT) in delaying bronchial asthma inflammation via the microRNA (miR)-107-3p/prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) axis. Based on the network pharmacological analysis, XHDCT chemical constituents and targets of each chemical constituent were screened through the TCMSP database, and differential-expressed genes of bronchial asthma were obtained from the GEO database, which were intersected to get XHDCT potential anti-inflammatory targets. The key anti-inflammatory targets of XHDCT were acquired by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of the candidate targets. Bronchial asthma mouse models were established and the pathological changes of lung tissues were observed. Serum IgE levels were tested. Total cells and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted. The expression of Th2-associated cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and eotaxin) in BALF were measured. The targeting relationship between miR-107-3p and PTGS2 was tested. XHDCT delayed bronchial asthma inflammation in in-vivo asthma mouse models. A total of 155 active ingredients and their 341 targets were intersected with bronchial asthma-relevant genes, obtaining 20 potential targets of XHDCT for bronchial asthma treatment. Based on the PPI and "drug-component-target" network diagram, PTGS2 was found to be in a central position. PTGS2 was downregulated and miR-107-3p was upregulated in bronchial asthma mice after XHDCT treatment. PTGS2 overexpression activated the MAPK signaling pathway to promote inflammation in bronchial asthma mice, whereas inflammatory symptoms were reduced and the MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited after XHDCT treatment. miR-107-3p was an upstream regulatory miRNA for PTGS2. After miR-107-3p interference, the activation of the PTGS2/MAPK axis promoted inflammation in bronchial asthma mice, whereas the inflammatory symptoms were reduced after XHDCT treatment. XHDCT promotes anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial asthma via the miR-107-3p/PTGS2/MAPK axis.

CircMYH9/miR-133a-3p/CXCR4 axis: a novel regulatory network in sperm fertilization and embryo development

This study aimed to investigate the influence of sperm miRNAs on fertilization rates (FR) in in vitro fertilization (IVF) and to explore potential regulatory mechanisms in sperm-mediated fertilization and embryo development. Through high-throughput sequencing, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in sperm, with miR-133a-3p significantly upregulated in samples associated with low FR and available embryo rate (AER). Key regulatory circRNAs and mRNAs were further identified via the Starbase database, intersected with differentially expressed RNA, and analyzed through GO, KEGG, and PPI analyses. The circMYH9/miR-133a-3p/CXCR4 axis emerged as a critical regulatory network. In vitro assays using the GC-2 spd mouse spermatogenic cell line revealed that miR-133a-3p inhibited cell growth and proliferation while promoting apoptosis. circMYH9, acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-133a-3p, modulated CXCR4 expression, enhancing GC-2 spd cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis through the miR-133a-3p/CXCR4 axis. In vivo experiments using a mouse model confirmed that circMYH9 overexpression increased IVF success rates and promoted embryo development via this axis. Mechanistically, miR-133a-3p suppresses sperm fertilization and embryo development by targeting the circMYH9/miR-133a-3p/CXCR4 axis. These findings suggest that this regulatory network could serve as a novel biomarker for assessing fertilization potential and embryo quality in clinical settings and as a potential therapeutic target to improve IVF outcomes and address infertility. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms governing sperm function and early embryonic development.

Circ-0006332 stimulates cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via the miR-143/TLR2 axis to promote doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage

Doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated cardiotoxicity can impair the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy, leading to heart failure (HF). Given the importance of circRNAs and miRNAs in HF, this paper intended to delineate the mechanism of the circular RNA 0006332 (circ -0,006,332)/microRNA (miR)-143/Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) axis in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced HF. The binding of miR-143 to circ -0,006,332 and TLR2 was assessed with the dual-luciferase assay, and the binding between miR-143 and circ -0,006,332 was determined with FISH, RIP, and RNA pull-down assays. miR-143 and/or circ -0,006,332 were overexpressed in rats and cardiomyocytes, followed by DOX treatment. In cardiomyocytes, miR-143 and TLR2 expression, cell viability, LDH release, ATP contents, and levels of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, and pyroptosis-related molecules were examined. In rats, cardiac function, serum levels of cardiac enzymes, apoptosis, myocardial fibrosis, and levels of IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, TLR2, and pyroptosis-related molecules were detected. miR-143 diminished TLR2 expression by binding to TLR2, and circ -0,006,332 bound to miR-143 to downregulate miR-143 expression. miR-143 expression was reduced and TLR2 expression was augmented in DOX-induced cardiomyocytes. miR-143 inhibited DOX-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing pyroptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In DOX-induced rats, miR-143 reduced cardiac dysfunction, myocardial apoptosis, myocardial fibrosis, TLR2 levels, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of circ -0,006,332 blocked these effects of miR-143 on DOX-induced cardiomyocytes and rats. Circ -0,006,332 stimulates cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by downregulating miR-143 and upregulating TLR2, thus promoting DOX-induced cardiac injury.

Relationship Between Changes in the Expression Levels of miR-134 and E2F6 in Mediating Control of Apoptosis in NMDA-Induced Glaucomatous Mice

OBJECTIVE

This investigation was to determine the relationship between changes in the expression levels of miR-134 and the E2F transcription factor 6 (E2F6) in mediating control of apoptosis in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced glaucomatous mice.

METHODS

Morphological and structural changes were quantitatively analyzed along with apoptosis in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer, internal plexiform layer and RGCs. Glaucomatous RGCs were transfected, and cell viability and apoptosis were examined. The targeting relationship between miR-134 and E2F6 was analyzed, as well as their expression pattern.

RESULTS

Intravitreal injection of NMDA induced a significant reduction in the number of RGCs and thinning of IPL thickness. miR-134 was highly expressed and E2F6 was lowly expressed in glaucoma mice. Suppression of miR-134 or E2F6 overexpression inhibited apoptosis in the glaucomatous RGCs and instead their proliferative activity. MiR-134 targeted inhibition of E2F6 expression. Suppressing rises in E2F6 expression reduced the interfering effect of miR-134 on glaucomatous RGC development.

CONCLUSION

Depleting miR134 expression increases, in turn, E2F6 expression levels and in turn reduces glaucomatous RGC apoptosis expression.

ZNF197-AS1/miR-425/GABARAPL1 axis: a novel regulatory mechanism in uveal melanoma

This study investigates the role of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ZNF197-AS1 in uveal melanoma (UM), focusing on its function within a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Using the UM-related TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) dataset, we analyzed the expression levels of ZNF197-AS1 and its correlation with miR-425 and GABARAPL1, an essential autophagy-related gene. Our analysis revealed that ZNF197-AS1 acts as a ceRNA by competitively binding to miR-425, resulting in the upregulation of GABARAPL1. This interaction plays a crucial role in the growth and metastasis of UM. The expression of GABARAPL1 showed a strong correlation with the clinical outcomes of patients with UM. Furthermore, in vitro assays confirmed that ZNF197-AS1 impedes UM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by modulating the miR-425/GABARAPL1 axis. These findings suggest that ZNF197-AS1 can effectively inhibit UM progression through this ceRNA regulatory network. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying UM and highlights the potential of targeting the ZNF197-AS1/miR-425/GABARAPL1 axis as a therapeutic strategy for UM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identifies the ZNF197-AS1/miR-425/GABARAPL1 axis as a novel regulatory mechanism in uveal melanoma. ZNF197-AS1 upregulates GABARAPL1 by sponging miR-425, inhibiting UM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This discovery highlights a potential therapeutic target, providing new insights into UM progression and patient outcomes.

PTGR1-mediated immune evasion mechanisms in late-stage triple-negative breast cancer: mechanisms of M2 macrophage infiltration and CD8+ T cell suppression

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by metabolic dysregulation. Tumor cell immune escape plays an indispensable role in the development of TNBC tumors. Furthermore, in the abstract, we explicitly mention the techniques used and enhance the clarity and impact of our findings. "Based on bioinformatics analysis results, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout the target gene and established a mouse model of breast cancer. Through experiments such as CCK8, scratch assay, and Transwell assay, we further investigated the impact of target gene knockout on the malignant behavior of tumor cells. Subsequently, we conducted immunohistochemistry and Western Blot experiments to study the expression of macrophage polarization and infiltration-related markers and evaluate the effect of the target gene on macrophage polarization. Next, through co-culture experiments, we simulated the tumor microenvironment and used immunohistochemistry staining to observe and analyze the distribution and activation status of M2 macrophages and CD8+ T cells in the co-culture system. We validated in vivo experiments the molecular mechanism by which the target gene regulates immune cell impact on TNBC progression.

miR-630 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer stem cells: modulation of the PRKCI-Hedgehog signaling axis

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of cancer progression, prompting our investigation into the specific function of miR-630 in pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs). Analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression data in PCSCs revealed downregulation of miR-630 and upregulation of PRKCI, implying a potential role for miR-630 in PCSC function and tumorigenicity.

RESULTS

Functional assays confirmed that miR-630 directly targets PRKCI, leading to the suppression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway and consequent inhibition of PCSC self-renewal and tumorigenicity in murine models. This study unveiled the modulation of the PRKCI-Hedgehog signaling axis by miR-630, highlighting its promising therapeutic potential for pancreatic cancer (PC) treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-630 emerges as a pivotal regulator in PCSC biology, opening up new avenues for targeted interventions in PC. The inhibitory effect of miR-630 on PCSC behavior underscores its potential as a valuable therapeutic target, offering insights into innovative treatment strategies for this challenging disease.

Annexin A1: a key regulator of T cell function and bone marrow adiposity in aplastic anaemia

This study investigates the role of Annexin A1 (ANXA1) in regulating T cell function and its implications in bone marrow adiposity in aplastic anaemia (AA). Utilizing single-cell sequencing analysis, we compared bone marrow tissues from AA patients and healthy individuals, focusing on T cell subgroups and their impact on bone marrow pathology. Our findings reveal a significant activation of CD8+ T cells in AA, driven by reduced ANXA1 expression. This heightened T cell activity promotes adipogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via IFN-γ secretion. Overexpression of ANXA1 was found to suppress this process, suggesting its therapeutic potential in AA treatment. The study highlights ANXA1 as a crucial regulator in the AA-associated immune microenvironment and bone marrow adiposity. KEY POINTS: This study found that ANXA1 is significantly downregulated in AA and provides detailed insights into its critical role in the disease. The study demonstrates the excessive activation of CD8+ T cells in the progression of AA. The research shows that the overexpression of ANXA1 can effectively inhibit the activation of CD8+ T cells. The study confirms that overexpression of ANXA1 reduces the secretion of the cytokine IFN-γ, decreases adipogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and may improve AA symptoms. This research provides new molecular targets for the treatment of AA.

Therapeutic potential of tLyp-1-EV-shCTCF in inhibiting liver cancer stem cell self-renewal and immune escape via SALL3 modulation in hepatocellular carcinoma

The progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is influenced by disrupted metabolic processes, presenting challenges in prognostic outcomes. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, is closely associated with metabolic reprogramming and stem cell-like properties in liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs). This study explored the potential molecular mechanisms by which tLyP-1-modified extracellular vesicles (EVs) delivering CTCF shRNA (tLyp-1-EV-shCTCF) regulate mitochondrial DNA methylation-induced glycolytic metabolic reprogramming and LCSC self-renewal. Through a series of methods, including Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated the successful delivery and internalization of tLyp-1-EV in HCC cells. Our results identified SALL3 as a critical factor underexpressed in HCC and LCSCs, while CTCF was overexpressed. Overexpression of SALL3 inhibited LCSC self-renewal and immune evasion by blocking the CTCF-DNMT3A interaction, thus repressing DNMT3A methyltransferase activity and subsequent mitochondrial DNA methylation-mediated glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. In vivo experiments further supported these findings, showing that tLyp-1-EV-shCTCF treatment significantly reduced tumor growth by upregulating SALL3 expression, thereby inhibiting glycolytic metabolic reprogramming and enhancing the immune response against HCC cells. This study provides novel insights into the role of SALL3 and mitochondrial DNA methylation in HCC progression, offering potential therapeutic targets for combating HCC and its stem cell-like properties.

Modulatory Effects of 830 nm on Diabetic Wounded Fibroblast Cells: An In Vitro Study on Inflammatory Cytokines

Background:After skin damage, a complicated set of processes occur for epidermal and dermal wound healing. This process is hindered under diabetic conditions, resulting in nonhealing diabetic ulcers. In diabetes there is an increase in inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines. Modulating cells using photobiomodulation (PBM) may have an effect on inflammation and cell viability, which are crucial for the healing of wounds. Objective: This study explored the impact of PBM in the near-infrared spectrum (830 nm; 5 J/cm2) on inflammation in diabetic wound healing. Materials and Methods: Five cell models, namely normal, wounded, diabetic, diabetic wounded, and wounded with d-galactose were used. Cell morphology and migration rate were assessed, while cellular response measures included viability (Trypan blue and adenosine triphosphate), apoptosis (annexin-V/PI), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and gene expression of advanced glycation end product receptor (AGER). Results: PBM resulted in increased levels of TNF-α, supported by activation of NF-κB. PBM stimulated translocation of NF-κB and upregulation of AGER. Conclusions: PBM modulates diabetic wound healing in vitro at 830 nm through stimulated NF-κB signaling activated by TNF-α.

Impact of SDF-1 and AMD3100 on Hair Follicle Dynamics in a Chronic Stress Model

Chronic stress is a common cause of hair loss, involving inflammatory responses and changes in cellular signaling pathways. This study explores the mechanism of action of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis in chronic stress-induced hair loss. The research indicates that SDF-1 promotes hair follicle growth through the PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes in the skin of normal and stressed mice, with key genes SDF-1/CXCR4 selected through machine learning and a protein-protein interaction network established. A chronic stress mouse model was created, with injections of SDF-1 and AMD3100 administered to observe hair growth, weight changes, and behavioral alterations and validate hair follicle activity. Skin SDF-1 concentrations were measured, differentially expressed genes were screened, and pathways were enriched. Activation of the PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT signaling pathways was assessed, and siRNA technology was used in vitro to inhibit the expression of SDF-1 or CXCR4. SDF-1 promoted hair follicle activity, with the combined injection of SDF-1 and AMD3100 weakening this effect. The activation of the PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT signaling pathways was observed in the SDF-1 injection group, confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Silencing SDF-1 through siRNA-mediated inhibition reduced cell proliferation and migration abilities. SDF-1 promotes hair growth in chronic stress mice by activating the PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT pathways, an effect reversible by AMD3100. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for stress-induced hair loss.

SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FOXO3 enhances mitophagy and drives hormone resistance in endometrial cancer

BACKGROUND

The complex interplay between Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and FOXO3 in endometrial cancer (EC) remains understudied. This research aims to unravel the interactions of deacetylase SIRT1 and transcription factor FOXO3 in EC, focusing on their impact on mitophagy and hormone resistance.

METHODS

High-throughput sequencing, cell experiments, and bioinformatics tools were employed to investigate the roles and interactions of SIRT1 and FOXO3 in EC. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was used to assess the interaction between SIRT1 and FOXO3 in RL95-2 cells. Functional assays were used to assess cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and the expression of related genes and proteins. A mouse model of EC was established to evaluate tumor growth and hormone resistance under different interventions. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays were used to assess protein expression and apoptosis in tumor tissues.

RESULTS

High-throughput transcriptome sequencing revealed a close association between SIRT1, FOXO3, and EC development. Co-IP showed a protein-protein interaction between SIRT1 and FOXO3. Overexpression of SIRT1 enhanced FOXO3 deacetylation and activity, promoting BNIP3 transcription and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which in turn promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in vitro, as well as increased tumor growth and hormone resistance in vivo. These findings highlighted SIRT1 as an upstream regulator and potential therapeutic target in EC.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism underlying the functional relevance of SIRT1 in regulating mitophagy and hormone resistance through the deacetylation of FOXO3 in EC, thereby providing valuable insights for new therapeutic strategies.

Transcriptional activation of PINK1 by MyoD1 mediates mitochondrial homeostasis to induce renal calcification in pediatric nephrolithiasis

This study aims to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying pediatric kidney stone formation induced by renal calcium deposition by utilizing high-throughput sequencing data to reveal the regulation of PINK1 by MyoD1. We performed transcriptome sequencing on peripheral blood samples from healthy children and children with kidney stones to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Genes related to mitochondrial oxidative stress were obtained from the Genecards website and intersected with DEGs to obtain candidate target genes. Additionally, we conducted protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis using the STRING database to identify core genes involved in pediatric kidney stone disease (KSD) and predicted their transcription factors using the hTFtarget database. We assessed the impact of MyoD1 on the activity of the PINK1 promoter using dual-luciferase reporter assays and investigated the enrichment of MyoD1 on the PINK1 promoter through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments. To validate our hypothesis, we selected HK-2 cells and established an in vitro kidney stone model induced by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). We evaluated the expression levels of various genes, cell viability, volume of adherent crystals in each group, as well as mitochondrial oxidative stress in cells by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Mitochondrial autophagy was assessed using mtDNA fluorescence staining and Western blot analysis of PINK1-related proteins. Apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated using Western blot analysis, and cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Furthermore, we developed a rat model of KSD and assessed the expression levels of various genes, as well as the pathologic changes in rat renal tissues using H&E and von Kossa staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the expression of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) to evaluate the mitochondrial oxidative stress in vivo (through measurement of Δψm, SOD activity, ROS, and MDA content). Mitochondrial autophagy was evaluated by Western blot analysis of PINK1-associated proteins. Apoptosis-related proteins were detected using Western blot analysis, and cellular apoptosis was examined using cell flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the PINK1 gene is upregulated and vital in pediatric kidney stone patients. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that silencing PINK1 could inhibit kidney stone formation by suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. We identified MyoD1 as an upstream transcription factor of PINK1 that contributes to the occurrence of pediatric kidney stones through the activation of PINK1. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments collectively confirmed that silencing MyoD1 could inhibit mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial autophagy, and cellular apoptosis in a rat model of kidney stones by downregulating PINK1 expression, consequently suppressing the formation of kidney stones. In this study, we discovered that MyoD1 may promote kidney stone formation and development in pediatric patients by transcriptionally activating PINK1 to induce mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Enhanced osteogenic differentiation in 3D hydrogel scaffold via macrophage mitochondrial transfer

To assess the efficacy of a novel 3D biomimetic hydrogel scaffold with immunomodulatory properties in promoting fracture healing. Immunomodulatory scaffolds were used in cell experiments, osteotomy mice treatment, and single-cell transcriptomic sequencing. In vitro, fluorescence tracing examined macrophage mitochondrial transfer and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Scaffold efficacy was assessed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and in vivo experiments. The scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant-immune regulation. Single-cell sequencing revealed a shift in macrophage distribution towards the M2 phenotype. In vitro experiments showed that macrophage mitochondria promoted BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments confirmed accelerated fracture healing. The GAD/Ag-pIO scaffold enhances osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing through immunomodulation and promotion of macrophage mitochondrial transfer.

BMSC derived EVs inhibit colorectal Cancer progression by transporting MAGI2-AS3 or something similar

In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) development. The focus was on the role of MAGI2-AS3, delivered by BMSC-EVs, in regulating USP6NL DNA methylation-mediated MYC protein translation modification to promote CDK2 downregulation. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we identified significant enrichment of MAGI2-AS3 related to copper-induced cell death in CRC. In vitro experiments demonstrated the downregulation of MAGI2-AS3 in CRC cells, and BMSC-EVs were found to deliver MAGI2-AS3 to inhibit CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Further exploration revealed that MAGI2-AS3 suppressed MYC protein translation modification by regulating USP6NL DNA methylation, leading to CDK2 downregulation and prevention of colorectal cancer. Overexpression of MYC reversed the functional effects of BMSC-EVs-MAGI2-AS3. In vivo experiments validated the inhibitory impact of BMSC-EVs-MAGI2-AS3 on CRC tumorigenicity by promoting CDK2 downregulation through USP6NL DNA methylation-mediated MYC protein translation modification. Overall, BMSC-EVs-MAGI2-AS3 may serve as a potential intervention to prevent CRC occurrence by modulating key molecular pathways.

LncRNA NEAT1 Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Induces Neuronal Viability of Depressed Rats Via microRNA-320-3p/CRHR1 Axis

Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to be involved in depression. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of NEAT1/microRNA (miR)-320-3p/Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) axis in depressed rats. Rats with depression-like behaviors were prepared by exposing the rats to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Behavioral functions, pathological damage, neuronal apoptosis and monoamine neurotransmitter were examined in depressed rats . Primary hippocampal neurons were injured through simulation with corticosterone(CORT). Cell viability and apoptosis were measured in CORT-Induced hippocampal neurons. The binding relationship between NEAT1 and miR-320-3p and the targeting relationship between miR-320-3p and CRHR1 were detected. Elevated NEAT1, CRHR1 and reduced miR-320-3p exhibited in depressed rats and CORT-treated hippocampal neurons, NEAT1 bound to miR-320-3p to target CRHR1. Silencing NEAT1 or elevating miR-320-3p improved behavioral functions, attenuated pathological damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus, and increased monoamine neurotransmitter in depressed rats. Repression of NEAT1 or promotion of miR-320-3p enhanced viability and suppressed apoptosis of CORT-treated hippocampal neurons. The study highlights that NEAT1 competitively binds to miR-320-3p to up-regulate CRHR1 expression, thereby promoting hippocampal damage of depressed rats.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of hUCMSC-Derived EVs in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through MALAT1/miR-138-5p/SLC7A11 Coexpression Regulation

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent chronic condition causing spinal pain and functional impairment. This study investigates the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in regulating IVDD. Using RNA-seq, we analyzed differential expressions of lncRNA and miRNA in nucleus pulposus tissues from various mouse groups. We identified key regulatory molecules, MALAT1 and miRNA-138-5p, which contribute to IVDD. Further experiments demonstrated that MALAT1 can up-regulate SLC7A11 expression by competitively binding to miR-138-5p, forming a MALAT1/miR-138-5p/SLC7A11 coexpression regulatory network. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which hUCMSC-derived EVs regulate IVDD and could help develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating this condition. Our findings demonstrate that hUCMSCs-EVs inhibit ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells, thereby improving IVDD. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of hUCMSCs-EVs in ameliorating the development of IVDD, offering significant scientific and clinical implications for new treatments.

Single-cell sequencing combined with spatial transcriptomics reveals that the IRF7 gene in M1 macrophages inhibits the occurrence of pancreatic cancer by regulating lipid metabolism-related mechanisms

AIM

The main focus of this study is to explore the molecular mechanism of IRF7 regulation on RPS18 transcription in M1-type macrophages in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) tissue, as well as the transfer of RPS18 by IRF7 via exosomes to PAAD cells and the regulation of ILF3 expression.

METHODS

By utilising single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and spatial transcriptomics (ST) data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we identified distinct cell types with significant expression differences in PAAD tissue. Among these cell types, we identified those closely associated with lipid metabolism. The differentially expressed genes within these cell types were analysed, and target genes relevant to prognosis were identified. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the expression levels of target genes in M1 and M2 macrophages. Cell lines with target gene knockout were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 editing technology, and cell lines with target gene knockdown and overexpression were established using lentiviral vectors. Additionally, a co-culture model of exosomes derived from M1 macrophages with PAAD cells was developed. The impact of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on the lipid metabolism of PAAD cells in the model was evaluated through metabolomics analysis. The effects of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on the viability, proliferation, division, migration and apoptosis of PAAD cells were assessed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, EdU assay, wound healing assay, Transwell assay and TUNEL staining. Furthermore, a mouse PAAD orthotopic implantation model was established, and bioluminescence imaging was utilised to assess the influence of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on the intratumoural formation capacity of PAAD cells, as well as measuring tumour weight and volume. The expression of proliferation-associated proteins in tumour tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Through combined analysis of scRNA-seq and ST technologies, we discovered a close association between M1 macrophages in PAAD samples and lipid metabolism signals, as well as a negative correlation between M1 macrophages and cancer cells. The construction of a prognostic risk score model identified RPS18 and IRF7 as two prognostically relevant genes in M1 macrophages, exhibiting negative and positive correlations, respectively. Mechanistically, it was found that IRF7 in M1 macrophages can inhibit the transcription of RPS18, reducing the transfer of RPS18 to PAAD cells via exosomes, consequently affecting the expression of ILF3 in PAAD cells. IRF7/RPS18 in M1 macrophages can also suppress lipid metabolism, cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion and intratumoural formation capacity of PAAD cells, while promoting cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Overexpression of IRF7 in M1 macrophages may inhibit RPS18 transcription, reduce the transfer of RPS18 from M1 macrophage-derived exosomes to PAAD cells, thereby suppressing ILF3 expression in PAAD cells, inhibiting the lipid metabolism pathway, and curtailing the viability, proliferation, migration, invasion of PAAD cells, as well as enhancing cell apoptosis, ultimately inhibiting tumour formation in PAAD cells in vivo. Targeting IRF7/RPS18 in M1 macrophages could represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for PAAD in the future.

Targeting JUNB to modulate M2 macrophage polarization in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex disorder affecting pregnant women, leading to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Understanding the cellular dynamics and molecular mechanisms underlying PE is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. This study utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to delineate the cellular landscape of the placenta in PE, identifying 11 distinct cell subpopulations, with macrophages playing a pivotal role in mediating cell-cell communication. Specifically, the transcription factor JUNB was found to be a key gene in macrophages from PE samples, influencing the interaction between macrophages and both epithelial and endothelial cells. Functional experiments indicated that interference with JUNB expression promoted macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype, which facilitated trophoblast invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, JUNB regulated the MIIP/PI3K/AKT pathway, as evidenced by gene expression analysis following JUNB knockdown. The study further demonstrated that targeting JUNB could activate the PI3K/AKT pathway by transcriptionally activating MIIP, thus promoting M2 polarization and potentially delaying the onset of PE. These findings present new insights into the pathogenesis of PE and suggest a novel therapeutic approach by modulating macrophage polarization.

Novel hypoxia-induced HIF-1αactivation in asthma pathogenesis

BACKGROUND

Asthma's complexity, marked by airway inflammation and remodeling, is influenced by hypoxic conditions. This study focuses on the role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) and P53 ubiquitination in asthma exacerbation.

METHODS

High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics were used to identify genes associated with asthma progression, with an emphasis on GO and KEGG pathway analyses. An asthma mouse model was developed, and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were isolated to create an in vitro hypoxia model. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were assessed, along with ELISA and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining.

RESULTS

A notable increase in HIF-1α was observed in both in vivo and in vitro asthma models. HIF-1α upregulation enhanced ASMCs' viability, proliferation, and migration, while reducing apoptosis, primarily via the promotion of P53 ubiquitination through MDM2. In vivo studies showed increased inflammatory cell infiltration and airway structural changes, which were mitigated by the inhibitor IDF-11,774.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the critical role of the HIF-1α-MDM2-P53 axis in asthma, suggesting its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions. The findings indicate that modulating this pathway could offer new avenues for treating the complex respiratory disorder of asthma.

Diagnostic accuracy and cellular origin of pleural fluid CXCR3 ligands for tuberculous pleural effusion

BACKGROUND

Pleural biomarkers represent potential diagnostic tools for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) due to their advantages of low cost, short turnaround time, and less invasiveness. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of two CXCR3 ligands, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL11, for TPE. In addition, we investigated the cellular origins and biological roles of CXCL9 and CXCL11 in the development of TPE.

METHODS

This double-blind study prospectively enrolled patients with undiagnosed pleural effusion from two centers (Hohhot and Changshu) in China. Pleural fluid on admission was obtained and levels of CXCL9 and CXCL11 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate their diagnostic accuracy and net benefit, respectively. THP-1 cell-derived macrophages were treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of CXCL9 and CXCL11. The chemoattractant activities of CXCL9 and CXCL11 for T helper (Th) cells were analyzed by a transwell assay.

RESULTS

One hundred and fifty-three (20 TPEs and 133 non-TPEs) patients were enrolled in the Hohhot Center, and 58 (13 TPEs and 45 non-TPEs) were enrolled in the Changshu Center. In both centers, we observed increased CXCL9 and CXCL11 in TPE patients. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of pleural CXCL9 and CXCL11 in the Hohhot Center were 0.70 (95 % CI: 0.55-0.85) and 0.68 (95 % CI: 0.52-0.84), respectively. In the Changshu Center, the AUCs of CXCL9 and CXCL11 were 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.92-1.00) and 0.97 (95 % CI: 0.94-1.00), respectively. The AUCs of CXCL9 and CXCL11 decreased with the advancement of age. The decision curves of CXCL9 and CXCL11 showed net benefits in both centers. CXCL9 and CXCL11 were upregulated in BCG-treated macrophages. Pleural fluid from TPE and conditioned medium from BCG-treated macrophages were chemotactic for Th cells. Anti-CXCL9 or CXCL11 neutralizing antibodies could partly block the chemotactic activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Pleural CXCL9 and CXCL11 are potential diagnostic markers for TPE, but their diagnostic accuracy is compromised in elderly patients. CXCL9 and CXCL11 can promote the migration of peripheral Th cells, thus representing a therapeutic target for the treatment of TPE.

IGFBP1 stabilizes Umod expression through m6A modification to inhibit the occurrence and development of cystitis by blocking NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways

Cystitis is a common disease closely associated with urinary tract infections, and the specific mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that IGFBP1 suppresses the occurrence and development of cystitis by stabilizing the expression of Umod through m6A modification, inhibiting the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. Initially, we obtained a bladder cystitis-related transcriptome dataset from the GEO database and identified the characteristic genes Umod and IGFBP1. Further exploration revealed that IGFBP1 in primary cells of cystitis can stabilize the expression of Umod through m6A modification. Overexpression of both IGFBP1 and Umod significantly inhibited cell apoptosis and the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways, ultimately suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Finally, using a rat model of cystitis, we demonstrated that overexpression of IGFBP1 stabilizes the expression of Umod, inhibits the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways, reduces the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and thus prevents the occurrence and development of cystitis. Our study elucidates the crucial role of IGFBP1 and Umod in cystitis and reveals the molecular mechanisms that inhibit the occurrence and development of cystitis. This research holds promise for offering new insights into the treatment of cystitis in the future.

PDCD4-induced oxidative stress through FGR/NF-κB axis in rectal cancer radiotherapy-induced AKI

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the effect of PDCD4 on radiotherapy-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rectal cancer through the regulation of FGR/NF-κB signaling. Differentially expressed genes were identified using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE90627 for rectal cancer and GSE145085 for AKI) and R software. The human renal tubular epithelial cell line, HK-2, was used to establish an in vitro model of radiotherapy-induced AKI. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect gene and protein expression levels, respectively. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in the cell culture supernatants were determined. Additionally, an in vivo AKI model was established using BALB/c mice, and kidney tissue morphology, expression of the renal injury molecule KIM-1, apoptosis of renal tubular cells, and TAS and TOS in serum were evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the upregulated expression of PDCD4 in AKI. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PDCD4 induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells by promoting FGR expression, which activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and triggered an oxidative stress response. In vivo animal experiments confirmed that PDCD4 promoted oxidative stress response and radiotherapy-induced AKI through the activation of the FGR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Silencing PDCD4 attenuated radiotherapy-induced AKI. Our findings suggest that PDCD4 may induce radiotherapy-induced AKI in rectal cancer by promoting FGR expression, activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and triggering an oxidative stress response.

microRNA-9a-5p disrupts the ELAVL1/VEGF axis to alleviate traumatic brain injury

Plasma microRNA (miR)-9 has been identified as a promising diagnostic biomarker for traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aims to investigate the possible role and mechanisms of miR-9a-5p affecting TBI. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of TBI was used for screening differentially expressed miRNAs and genes. TBI rat models were established. miR-9a-5p, ELAVL1 and VEGF expression in the brain tissue of TBI rats was detected. The relationship among miR-9a-5p, ELAVL1 and VEGF was tested. TBI modeled rats were injected with miR-9a-5p-, ELAVL1 or VEGF-related sequences to identify their effects on TBI. miR-9a-5p was poorly expressed in the brain tissue of rats with TBI. ELAVL1 was a downstream target gene of miR-9a-5p, which could negatively regulate its expression. Enforced miR-9a-5p expression prevented brain tissue damage in TBI rats by targeting ELAVL1. Meanwhile, ELAVL1 could increase the expression of VEGF, which was highly expressed in the brain tissue of rats with TBI. In addition, ectopically expressed miR-9a-5p alleviated brain tissue damage in TBI rats by downregulating the ELAVL1/VEGF axis. Overall, miR-9a-5p can potentially reduce brain tissue damage in TBI rats by targeting ELAVL1 and down-regulating VEGF expression.

Photobiomodulation in the treatment of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: a randomised controlled clinical study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Hand-foot syndrome, also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE), is a complication caused by chemotherapy. Clinically, it manifests as erythema and oedema on the palms of the hands and feet, dry and scaly skin, accompanied by a sensation of tightness and pain. Extreme cases have blisters and ulcerations that may require hospitalisation and/or pause in cancer treatment. It can also be accompanied by paraesthesia. Considering the characteristics, photobiomodulation (PBM) may reduce the PPE effects. The objective of this protocol will be to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in reducing PPE induced by capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This will be a randomised controlled, double-blind, double-centre clinical trial (Centro Asistencial del Sindicato Médico del Uruguay and Instituto Nacional del Cáncer from Uruguay). The sample population (40 individuals) will be divided into two groups: group 1 will receive moisturising cream plus PBM treatment and group 2 moisturising cream plus PBM sham treatment, at the ratio of 1:1. PBM will be performed at 630 nm two times per week in palmoplantar areas of the hands and feet (4 J/cm2), for 4 weeks. The PPE degree and the data referring to the chemotherapy treatment plan will be measured, prior to the start of treatment in the middle and at the end of it. Quality of life questionnaires will be applied at the beginning of the trial and at the end of treatment. The data will be analysed based on the intention-to-treat analysis and α<0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidad Católica del Uruguay (220316b), of Centro Asistencial del Sindicato Médico del Uruguay (221989) and of Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (2023-04). The recruitment has already started (March 2023).

PROTOCOL VERSION

V.2, 27 October 2023.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT05337423).

circRNA-PTPN4 mediated regulation of FOXO3 and ZO-1 expression: implications for blood-brain barrier integrity and cognitive function in uremic encephalopathy

Uremic encephalopathy (UE) poses a significant challenge in neurology, leading to the need to investigate the involvement of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in its development. This study employed ncRNA-seq and RNA-seq approaches to identify fundamental ncRNAs, specifically circRNA and miRNA, in the pathogenesis of UE using a mouse model. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to explore the circRNA-PTPN4/miR-301a-3p/FOXO3 axis and its effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and cognitive abilities. The research revealed that circRNA-PTPN4 binds to and inhibits miR-301a-3p, leading to an increase in FOXO3 expression. This upregulation results in alterations in the transcriptional regulation of ZO-1, affecting the permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). The axis also influences the growth, proliferation, and migration of HBMECs. Mice with UE exhibited cognitive deficits, which were reversed by overexpression of circRNA-PTPN4, whereas silencing FOXO3 exacerbated these deficits. Furthermore, the uremic mice showed neuronal loss, inflammation, and dysfunction in the BBB, with the expression of circRNA-PTPN4 demonstrating therapeutic effects. In conclusion, circRNA-PTPN4 plays a role in promoting FOXO3 expression by sequestering miR-301a-3p, ultimately leading to the upregulation of ZO-1 expression and restoration of BBB function in mice with UE. This process contributes to the restoration of cognitive abilities.

LncRNA HOTTIP regulates TLR4 promoter methylation by recruiting H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1 to affect apoptosis and inflammatory response of fibroblast-like synoviocyte in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, and the role of HOXA transcript at the distal tip (HOTTIP) in its pathogenesis remains underexplored. This study investigates the mechanism by which HOTTIP influences apoptosis and the inflammatory response of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). An RA mouse model was established, and clinical scores were analyzed. Pathological changes in synovial tissues, bone mineral density (BMD) of the paws, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and TNF-α and IL-1β levels were assessed. FLS were transfected, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined. The RNA-pull-down assay determined HOTTIP's interaction with mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), while RNA immunoprecipitation assay measured HOTTIP expression pulled down by MLL1. The levels of MLL1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) after MLL1 overexpression based on HOTTIP silencing were determined. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed with H3K4me3 as an antibody, followed by the evaluation of TLR4 expression. HOTTIP expression was elevated in RA mouse synovial tissues. Inhibition of HOTTIP led to reduced clinical scores, inflammatory infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, TRAP activity, and TNF-α and IL-1β levels, along with increased BMD. In vitro Interference with HOTTIP suppressed RA-FLS apoptosis and inflammation. HOTTIP upregulated TLR4 expression by recruiting MLL1 to facilitate TLR4 promoter methylation. MLL1 overexpression reversed HOTTIP silencing-mediated repression of RA-FLS apoptosis. Activation of H3K4 methylation counteracted HOTTIP knockout, ameliorating the inflammatory response. HOTTIP regulates TLR4 expression by recruiting MLL1, leading to TLR4 promoter methylation, thereby suppressing RA-FLS proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis and inflammatory response in RA.

TIE2 expression in hypertensive ICH and its therapeutic modulation with AKB-9778: Implications for brain vascular health

Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition, the molecular underpinnings of which remain not fully understood. By leveraging high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and network pharmacology analysis, this study unveils the significant role of the tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 (TIE2) in ICH pathogenesis. Compared to controls, a conspicuous downregulation of TIE2 was observed in the cerebral blood vessels of hypertensive ICH mice. In vitro assays with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), HBEC-5i revealed that modulation of TIE2 expression significantly influences cellular proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, mediated via the Rap1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Notably, the small molecule AKB-9778 was identified to target and activate TIE2, affecting the functional attributes of HBEC-5i. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that combining AKB-9778 with antihypertensive drugs could mitigate the incidence and volume of bleeding in hypertensive ICH mouse models, suggesting potential therapeutic implications.

NKX2-1-AS1 promotes the lymphangiogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma through regulation of ERG-mediated FABP4

Lymphatic metastasis is a common metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The current study illustrated the action of lncRNA NKX2-1-AS1 in lymphangiogenesis in LUAD and the underlying mechanisms. Clinical tissue samples were collected for determining NKX2-1-AS1 expression. Then, H441 and H661 cells were selected to perform gain- and loss-of-function assays for dissecting the roles of NKX2-1-AS1 in LUAD cell proliferation and migration. Besides, H441 and H661 cell supernatant was harvested to stimulate HLECs for assessing tube formation ability. Interaction among NKX2-1-AS1, ERG, and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) was validated through luciferase and RIP assays. NKX2-1-AS1 was highly-expressed in LUAD tissues. Silencing NKX2-1-AS1 suppressed H441 and H661 cell proliferation and migration, reduced expression levels of lymphangiogenesis-related factors (LYVE-1, VEGF-C, VEGFR3, VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and CCR7), and inhibited HLEC tube formation. Interaction validation demonstrated that NKX2-1-AS1 regulated FABP4 transcription by binding to ERG. Overexpression of FABP4 could effectively block the inhibition role of NKX2-1-AS1 silencing in lymphangiogenesis in H441 and H661 cells. This study provided evidence that NKX2-1-AS1 regulated FABP4 transcription by binding to ERG to facilitate the proliferation and migration of LUAD cells and tube formation of HLECs, thus participating in lymphangiogenesis.

Therapeutic potential of ADSC-EV-derived lncRNA DLEU2: A novel molecular pathway in alleviating sepsis-induced lung injury via the miR-106a-5p/LXN axis

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) promote M2 polarization of macrophages and thus reduce lung injury caused by sepsis. High-throughput sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes related to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in ADSC-derived EVs (ADSC-EVs) in sepsis lung tissue. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to predict the downstream target genes of the lncRNA DLEU2. The RNAInter database predicted miRNAs that interact with DLEU2 and LXN. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using GO and KEGG analysis. A mouse model of sepsis was established, and treatment with a placebo or ADSC-EVs was administered, followed by RT-qPCR analysis. ADSC-EVs were isolated and identified. In vitro cell experiments were conducted using the mouse lung epithelial cell line MLE-12, mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7, and mouse lung epithelial cell line (LEPC). ADSC-EVs were co-cultured with RAW264.7 and MLE-12/LEPC cells to study the regulatory mechanism of the lncRNA DLEU2. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of lung injury cells were assessed using CCK-8, EdU, and flow cytometry. ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the sepsis mouse model, flow cytometry was performed to determine the number of M1 and M2 macrophages, lung tissue pathology was evaluated by H&E staining, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine the expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment of the lncRNA DLEU2 in ADSC-EVs in sepsis lung tissue. Animal and in vitro cell experiments showed increased expression of the lncRNA DLEU2 in sepsis lung tissue after treatment with ADSC-EVs. Furthermore, ADSC-EVs were found to transfer the lncRNA DLEU2 to macrophages, promoting M2 polarization, reducing inflammation response in lung injury cells, and enhancing their viability, proliferation, and apoptosis inhibition. Further functional experiments indicated that lncRNA DLEU2 promotes M2 polarization of macrophages by regulating miR-106a-5p/LXN, thereby enhancing the viability and proliferation of lung injury cells and inhibiting apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-106a-5p could reverse the biological effects of ADSC-EVs-DLEU2 on MLE-12 and LEPC in vitro cell models. Lastly, in vivo animal experiments confirmed that ADSC-EVs-DLEU2 promotes high expression of LXN by inhibiting the expression of miR-106a-5p, further facilitating M2 macrophage polarization and reducing lung edema, thus alleviating sepsis-induced lung injury. lncRNA DLEU2 in ADSC-EVs may promote M2 polarization of macrophages and enhance the viability and proliferation of lung injury cells while inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis reactions, thus ameliorating sepsis-induced lung injury in a mechanism involving the regulation of the miR-106a-5p/LXN axis.

Effect of photobiomodulation at 830 nm on gene expression correlated with JAK/STAT signalling in wounded and diabetic wounded fibroblasts in vitro

Treatment of chronic diabetic wounds is an ongoing socio-economic challenge. Dysregulated signalling pathways characterise cells from chronic diabetic wounds. Photobiomodulation (PBM) stimulates healing by eliciting photochemical effects that affect gene regulation. JAK/STAT signalling is a primary signal transduction pathway involved in wound healing. This in vitro study aimed to determine if PBM at 830 nm and a fluence of 5 J/cm2 regulates genes related to JAK/STAT signalling in wounded and diabetic wounded fibroblast cells. A continuous wave diode laser (12.53 mW/cm2 ) was used to irradiate cells. Forty-eight hours post-PBM, RT-qPCR was used to analyse 84 genes related to JAK/STAT signalling. Five genes were upregulated and four downregulated in wounded cell models, while six genes were downregulated in diabetic wounded models. The results show drastic gene expression differences between wounded and diabetic wounded cell models in response to PBM using 830 nm.

METTL14 Regulates the m6A Modification of TRAF6 to Suppress Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ferroptosis in Dopaminergic Neurons via the cGAS-STING Pathway

OBJECTIVES

The degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons has emerged as a crucial pathological characteristic in Parkinson's disease (PD). To enrich the related knowledge, we aimed to explore the impact of the METTL14-TRAF6-cGASSTING axis in mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis underlying DA neuron degeneration.

METHODS

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) was used to treat DA neuron MN9D to develop the PD cell models. Afterward, a cell counting kit, flow cytometer, DCFH-DA fluorescent probe, and Dipyrromethene Boron Difluoride staining were utilized to measure the cell viability, iron concentration, ROS level, and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial ultrastructure, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione were monitored. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were adopted to measure the expression of related genes. cGAS ubiquitylation and TRAF6 messenger RNA (mRNA) N6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels, the linkages among METTL14, TRAF6, and the cGAS-STING pathway were also evaluated.

RESULTS

METTL14 expression was low, and TRAF6 expression was high after MPP+ treatment. In MPP+-treated MN9D cells, METTL14 overexpression reduced ferroptosis, ROS generation, mitochondrial injury, and oxidative stress (OS) and enhanced mitochondrial membrane potentials. TRAF6 overexpression had promoting impacts on mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in MPP+-treated MN9D cells, which was reversed by further overexpression of METTL14. Mechanistically, METTL14 facilitated the m6A methylation of TRAF6 mRNA to down-regulate TRAF6 expression, thus inactivating the cGAS-STING pathway.

CONCLUSION

METTL14 down-regulated TRAF6 expression through TRAF6 m6A methylation to inactivate the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in DA neurons.