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Ani JI, Batisai K, Ntoimo LFC, Isiugo-Abanihe UC. How Do Older Adults in a Sub-Saharan African Community Perceive and Cope With Their Disability? An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606273. [PMID: 38074218 PMCID: PMC10704459 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study explored the perceptions and coping strategies employed by older adults in a Sub-Saharan African community in relation to their disabilities. Methods: The research utilized an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis methodology and conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of households. The study recruited a total of 36 older adults aged 65 years and above, aiming to capture a diverse range of insights and perspectives within the Sub-Saharan African community. Results: Three interrelated themes pertaining to the perception of disability emerged: the impact of old age, disabilities caused by diseases, and disabilities attributed to external factors such as witchcraft. In coping with disability, two interrelated themes emerged: pragmatic coping strategies and unpragmatic coping strategies. Conclusion: This study offers valuable insights into the nuanced perception of disability and coping mechanisms utilized by older adults within the Sub-Saharan African community. By exploring their lived experiences, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the challenges they face. These insights have important implications for policy development and public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ifunanya Ani
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kezia Batisai
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Loretta F. C. Ntoimo
- Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria
| | - Uche C. Isiugo-Abanihe
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Ucheagwu V, Giordani B. Prevalence and Patterns of Cognitive Impairment in a Sample of Community Dwelling Older People in Nigeria. JAR LIFE 2023; 12:85-92. [PMID: 38033398 PMCID: PMC10682501 DOI: 10.14283/jarlife.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Prevalence and patterns of cognitive impairment were studied in older people from Nigeria. Method Four hundred and forty one participants (263 females; age: 60-87) were recruited from community dwelling adults in Anambra state Nigeria. Five domains of cognition were tested using the Uniform Data Set Version 3 (UDS-3). Result Prevalence: 49.7% were classified as normal cognition, 34% as borderline, 12.9% as MCI (2.72% with amnesic MCI) and 3.4% as dementia. We showed in descending order in that 13% of the participants were impaired on visual-spatial index; 6.8% on memory index; 5.2% on attention/concentration index; 2.7% were impaired on executive function index and 34.80% (based on mean) of the participants were impaired on processing speed index. There were significant interaction effects for gender and education on visual spatial and attention domains respectively. Significant effects of education were seen on executive function and processing speed while interaction effect was found on executive function alone. 8% scored 1.5 SD below the mean on MoCA. There was a significant effect of education on MoCA with the pairwise comparison showing a significant difference between tertiary education and other two levels of education. The groups did differ significantly for hypertension on MoCA. Conclusion This study showed a high prevalence of cognitive impairment among older adult population from Nigeria. A significant proportion of the sample were impaired on the visual spatial domain and at least half of the participants were impaired on one cognitive domain. Hypertensive participants performed significantly poor on MoCA compared to non-hypertensive group.
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Ikanga J, Reyes A, Kaba D, Akilimali P, Mampunza S, Epenge E, Gikelekele G, Kavugho I, Tshengele N, Hammers DB, Alonso A. Prevalence of suspected dementia in a sample of adults living in Kinshasa-Democratic Republic of the Congo. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3783-3793. [PMID: 36880714 PMCID: PMC10483015 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in French-speaking countries, has received limited attention. This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of suspected dementia in elderly adults in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). METHODS A community-based sample of 355 individuals over 65 years old was selected using multistage probability sampling in Kinshasa. Participants were screened using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia, Alzheimer's Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Individual Fragility Questionnaire, followed by clinical interview and neurological examination. Suspected dementia diagnoses were made based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria including significant cognitive and functional impairments. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using, respectively, regression and logistic regression. RESULTS Among 355 participants (mean age 74, SD = 7; 51% male), the crude prevalence of suspected dementia was 6.2% (9.0% in women and 3.8% in men). Female sex was a significant factor associated with suspected dementia [OR = 2.81, 95% CI (1.08-7.41)]. The prevalence of dementia increased with age (14.0% after 75 years and 23.1% after 85 years), with age being significantly associated with suspected dementia [OR = 5.42, 95% CI (2.86-10.28)]. Greater education was associated with a lower prevalence of suspected dementia [OR = 2.36, 95% CI (2.14-2.94), comparing those with ≥7.3 years of education to those with <7.3 years of education]. Other factors associated with the prevalence of suspected dementia included being widowed (OR = 1.66, 95% CI (1.05-2.61), being retired or semi-retired (OR = 3.25, 95% CI (1.50-7.03)], a diagnosis of anxiety [OR = 2.56, 95% CI (1.05-6.13)], and death of a spouse or a relative after age 65 [OR = 1.73, 95% CI (1.58-1.92)]. In contrast, depression [OR = 1.92, 95% CI (0.81-4.57)], hypertension [OR = 1.16, 95% CI (0.79-1.71)], body mass index (BMI) [OR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.40-2.79)], and alcohol consumption [OR = 0.83, 95% CI (0.19-3.58)] were not significantly associated with suspected dementia. CONCLUSIONS This study found a prevalence of suspected dementia in Kinshasa/DRC similar to other developing countries and Central African countries. Reported risk factors provide information to identify high-risk individuals and develop preventive strategies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ikanga
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- University of Kinshasa and Catholic University of Congo, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Anny Reyes
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Didine Kaba
- University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pierre Akilimali
- University of Kinshasa, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Samuel Mampunza
- University of Kinshasa and Catholic University of Congo, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Epenge
- University of Kinshasa, Department of neurology, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Guy Gikelekele
- University of Kinshasa and Catholic University of Congo, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Immaculee Kavugho
- Memory clinic of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nathan Tshengele
- University of Kinshasa and Catholic University of Congo, School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Department of Psychiatry, B.P. 7463 Kinshasa I, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dustin B. Hammers
- Indiana university, Department of neurology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Emory University, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
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Roe C, Safic S, Mwaipopo L, Dotchin CL, Klaptocz J, Gray W, Joseph M, Spector A, Urasa S, Walker RW. Dementia Prevalence and Risk Factors: Data From Rural Tanzania. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2023; 37:229-236. [PMID: 37561952 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The burden of dementia is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but there are limited epidemiological data on dementia in SSA. This study investigated the prevalence and associations of dementia in older adults (less than 60 y) attending the outpatient department of Mount Meru Hospital in Tanzania. METHODS This one-phase cross-sectional study screened a sample using the Identification of Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) cognitive screening tool. Those that screened as having possible and probable dementia were further assessed, and diagnosis of dementia was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Demographic and risk factor data were collected. RESULTS Within those screened, 57/1141 (5.0%) (95% CI: 3.7-6.3) had dementia. Female sex [odds ratio (OR)=2.778, 95% CI: 1.074-7.189], having never attended school (OR=6.088, 95% CI: 1.360-27.256), alcohol (U/wk) (OR=1.080, 95% CI: 1.016-1.149), uncorrected visual impairment (OR=4.260, 95% CI: 1.623-11.180), body mass index <18.5 kg/m 2 (OR=6.588, 95% CI: 2.089-20.775), and stroke (OR=15.790, 95% CI: 3.48-74.475) were found to be significantly, independently associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dementia in this population is similar to a recent community-based rate in Tanzania and lower than a hospital-based rate in Senegal. This is the first time the association between visual impairment and dementia has been reported in SSA. Other associations are in keeping with previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine L Dotchin
- Newcastle Medical School
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Joanna Klaptocz
- Newcastle Medical School
- University College London, London, UK
| | - William Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Marcyella Joseph
- Botswana Medical School, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Sarah Urasa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Akinyemi RO, Yaria J, Ojagbemi A, Guerchet M, Okubadejo N, Njamnshi AK, Sarfo FS, Akpalu A, Ogbole G, Ayantayo T, Adokonou T, Paddick SM, Ndetei D, Bosche J, Ayele B, Damas A, Coker M, Mbakile-Mahlanza L, Ranchod K, Bobrow K, Anazodo U, Damasceno A, Seshadri S, Pericak-Vance M, Lawlor B, Miller BL, Owolabi M, Baiyewu O, Walker R, Gureje O, Kalaria RN, Ogunniyi A. Dementia in Africa: Current evidence, knowledge gaps, and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:790-809. [PMID: 34569714 PMCID: PMC8957626 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In tandem with the ever-increasing aging population in low and middle-income countries, the burden of dementia is rising on the African continent. Dementia prevalence varies from 2.3% to 20.0% and incidence rates are 13.3 per 1000 person-years with increasing mortality in parts of rapidly transforming Africa. Differences in nutrition, cardiovascular factors, comorbidities, infections, mortality, and detection likely contribute to lower incidence. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated neurocognitive disorders are the most common dementia subtypes. Comprehensive longitudinal studies with robust methodology and regional coverage would provide more reliable information. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is most studied but has shown differential effects within African ancestry compared to Caucasian. More candidate gene and genome-wide association studies are needed to relate to dementia phenotypes. Validated culture-sensitive cognitive tools not influenced by education and language differences are critically needed for implementation across multidisciplinary groupings such as the proposed African Dementia Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus O Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Yaria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akin Ojagbemi
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Maëlenn Guerchet
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Njideka Okubadejo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Geneva, Switzerland/Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fred S Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Albert Akpalu
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School/Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godwin Ogbole
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Ayantayo
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Thierry Adokonou
- Department of Neurology, University Teaching Hospital, Parakou, Benin
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK/Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
| | - David Ndetei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi and African Meatal Health and Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judith Bosche
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Biniyam Ayele
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrea Damas
- Mirembe Mental Health Hospital, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Motunrayo Coker
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lingani Mbakile-Mahlanza
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kirti Ranchod
- Lufuno Neuropsychiatry Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Bobrow
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Udunna Anazodo
- Lawson Health Research Institute / Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- John T. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mayowa Owolabi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Baiyewu
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard Walker
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry University College Hospital/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rajesh N Kalaria
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Ezeala-Adikaibe B, Oti BB, Ohaegbulam S, Ndubuisi C, Okwudili O. Pattern of structural magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the patients with progressive cognitive decline: A single-center study in Southeast Nigeria. WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wajr.wajr_23_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gray WK, Paddick SM, Ogunniyi A, Olakehinde O, Dotchin C, Kissima J, Urasa S, Kisoli A, Rogathi J, Mushi D, Adebiyi A, Haule I, Robinson L, Walker R. Population normative data for three cognitive screening tools for older adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:339-349. [PMID: 34630921 PMCID: PMC8485647 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-030005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),cognitive screening is complicated by both cultural and educational factors, and the existing normative values may not be applicable. The Identification of Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) cognitive screen is a low-literacy measure with good diagnostic accuracy for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Keith Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Medicine, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Newcastle University Institute of Population Health Sciences and Clinical and Translational Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- University of Ibadan, Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaide Olakehinde
- University of Ibadan, Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Catherine Dotchin
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Medicine, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute of Population Health Sciences and Clinical and Translational Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Kissima
- Hai District Hospital, District Medical Office, Boman'gombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Urasa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Medicine, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kisoli
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Medicine, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jane Rogathi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Medicine, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Declare Mushi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Department of Medicine, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Akindele Adebiyi
- University of Ibadan, Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Haule
- Hai District Hospital, District Medical Office, Boman'gombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Louise Robinson
- Newcastle University Institute of Population Health Sciences and Clinical and Translational Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Medicine, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Institute of Population Health Sciences and Clinical and Translational Medicine, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Adoukonou T, Yoro-Zohoun I, Gnonlonfoun DD, Amoussou P, Takpara C, Agbetou M, Guerchet M, Preux PM, Houinato D, Ouendo EM. Prevalence of Dementia among Well-Educated Old-Age Pensioners in Parakou (Benin) in 2014. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 49:210-218. [PMID: 32799211 DOI: 10.1159/000508623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of people living with dementia is growing worldwide and most rapidly in low- and middle-income countries. Little is known about dementia in Benin. We estimated the prevalence of dementia among retired people in Parakou, a northern city in Benin, and then assessed associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in Parakou from July to August 2014. Participants were recruited at 2 centers, the National Center of Social Security and the Public Treasury of Benin. Participants with cognitive impairment were defined as having a low cognitive score (<7) for the brief version of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia and were invited to neurological examination. DSM-IV-TR criteria were used to diagnose dementia and the HACHINSKI score was used to differentiate dementia subtypes. A logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with dementia. RESULTS Overall, 440 retired people were included in the study. They were mainly male (92.3%) and their mean age was 64.9 ± 6.0 years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 7.7% (95% CI 5.2-10.2). Fourteen participants were diagnosed with dementia, representing a prevalence of 3.2% (95% CI 1.5-4.8). Alzheimer disease was the most frequent subtype (64.3%), followed by vascular dementia (21.4%). Retired people diagnosed with dementia were all men and were aged between 61 and 71 years. Most of them were living alone. The main factors associated with dementia were older age, low fruit and vegetables consumption, and living alone. DISCUSSION This study showed a low prevalence of dementia among retired older people in Benin. Despite this, greater attention must be given to the potential burden dementia places on families for better care, before the expected aging of the population becomes more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Adoukonou
- Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche de Neurologie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin, .,Laboratory of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin, .,Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, INSERM, Limoges, France,
| | - Inès Yoro-Zohoun
- Laboratory of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, INSERM, Limoges, France
| | - Dieu Donné Gnonlonfoun
- Laboratory of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, INSERM, Limoges, France
| | - Paulin Amoussou
- Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche de Neurologie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Claire Takpara
- Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche de Neurologie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Mendinatou Agbetou
- Unité d'Enseignement et de Recherche de Neurologie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Maëlenn Guerchet
- King's College London, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, INSERM, Limoges, France.,Clinical Research and Biostatistic Unit, Department of Medical Information and Evaluation, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Dismand Houinato
- Laboratory of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, INSERM, Limoges, France
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Yoseph M, Paddick SM, Gray WK, Andrea D, Barber R, Colgan A, Dotchin C, Urasa S, Kisoli A, Kissima J, Haule I, Rogathi J, Safic S, Mushi D, Robinson L, Walker RW. Prevalence estimates of dementia in older adults in rural Kilimanjaro 2009-2010 and 2018-2019: is there evidence of changing prevalence? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:950-959. [PMID: 33480089 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although limited, existing epidemiological data on dementia in sub-Saharan Africa indicate that prevalence may be increasing; contrasting with recent decreases observed in high-income countries. We have previously reported the age-adjusted prevalence of dementia in rural Tanzania in 2009-2010 as 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-7.9) in individuals aged ≥70 years. We aimed to repeat a community-based dementia prevalence study in the same setting to assess whether prevalence has changed. METHODS This was a two-phase door-to-door community-based cross-sectional survey in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. In Phase I, trained primary health workers screened all consenting individuals aged ≥60 years from 12 villages using previously validated, locally developed, tools (IDEA cognitive screen and IDEA-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaire). Screening was conducted using a mobile digital application (app) on a hand-held tablet. In Phase II, a stratified sample of those identified in Phase I were clinically assessed using the DSM-5 criteria and diagnoses subsequently confirmed by consensus panel. RESULTS Of 3011 people who consented, 424 screened positive for probable dementia and 227 for possible dementia. During clinical assessment in Phase II, 105 individuals met DSM-5 dementia criteria. The age-adjusted prevalence of dementia was 4.6% (95% CI 2.9-6.4) in those aged ≥60 years and 8.9% (95% CI 6.1-11.8) in those aged ≥70 years. Prevalence rates increased significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dementia in this rural Tanzanian population appears to have increased since 2010, although not significantly. Dementia is likely to become a significant health burden in this population as demographic transition continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Yoseph
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William K Gray
- Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | | | - Robyn Barber
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aoife Colgan
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Dotchin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Sarah Urasa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aloyce Kisoli
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John Kissima
- Hai District Hospital, Boman'gombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Irene Haule
- Hai District Hospital, Boman'gombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Jane Rogathi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Declare Mushi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Louise Robinson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard W Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Medicine, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
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Ojagbemi A, Okekunle AP, Babatunde O. Dominant and Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:627761. [PMID: 33841302 PMCID: PMC8027065 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.627761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is projected to have a rapid increase in the number of people living with dementia by 2050. Yet, there is currently no robust evidence on the risk factors for dementia in the sub-region that could inform context specific interventions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to determine the dominant and modifiable risk factors for dementia in SSA. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and African Journals Online using keywords for dementia and Alzheimer's disease as well as the.mp operator for all 47 SSA countries or regions. We included peer-reviewed original studies with epidemiological designs, conducted random effect meta-analysis and determined the dominant and modifiable risk factors for dementia using the inverse of variance method. Results: A total of 44 studies out of 2,848 met criteria for syntheses. The pooled annual incidence of dementia from 5,200 cohort risk years was 2.0% [(95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.0-4.0%)]. The pooled prevalence was 5.0% (95% CI = 2.0-7.0%). Older age was the dominant risk factor for both prevalent [(Standard error (S.E = 0.3, weight = 25.2%)] and incident dementia (S.E = 0.02, weight = 95.8%), while low educational attainment (S.E = 0.19, weight = 32.6%) and poor predementia cognitive functioning at baseline (S.E = 0.2, weight = 20.5%) were the best ranked modifiable risk factor for incident dementia. Conclusion: Low formal educational attainment which, in SSA, may represent a stable index of low socioeconomic position and health disadvantage over the life course, was the most prominent modifiable risk factor for incident dementia. Findings have implications for deliberate policies targeted at access to education across the life course as a primary prevention strategy against dementia in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Ojagbemi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Opeyemi Babatunde
- School of Medicine Primary Care Center Versus Arthritis Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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11
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Amoo G, Ogundele AT, Olajide AO, Ighoroje MG, Oluwaranti AO, Onunka GC, Ladeinde AA, Folaji OG. Prevalence and Pattern of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Populations in Abeokuta, Nigeria. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2020; 33:353-362. [PMID: 31916885 DOI: 10.1177/0891988719892327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many elderly persons in Nigeria are having mental health challenges and there is a lack of commensurate increase in services to attend to such. AIM To assess the prevalence, pattern and correlates of psychiatric morbidity among community dwelling elderly persons (≥ 60 years) in Abeokuta, Nigeria. METHODS 532 respondents were selected using a multistage, stratified cluster sampling method from the elderly population in Abeokuta. First, participants were administered the socio-demographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Those with a score of ≥ 3 in GHQ-12 were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI PLUS), while those with ≤ 16 in MMSE were assessed with the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) IV criteria for Dementia and the Petersen's criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). RESULTS 36.3% of the respondents had a probable psychological disorder, while 25.4% had a probable cognitive impairment. 9.8% had a current definitive psychiatric disorder. The commonest disorders were major depressive disorder and dementia. The female gender, the oldest old (≥ 80 years), having a chronic medical illness and bereavement in the last 1 year were most significantly associated with having mental health problems. CONCLUSION A significant number of the elderly population in the studied community suffers from a psychiatric illness. It is hoped that studies as these will inform stakeholders on the need to pay closer attention to the mental health needs of the elderly, as their overall wellbeing plays a role in determining the overall health of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbolagade Amoo
- Psychogeriatric Unit, 151983Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Maroh Great Ighoroje
- Psychogeriatric Unit, 151983Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Agnes Abosede Ladeinde
- Psychogeriatric Unit, 151983Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Grace Folaji
- Psychogeriatric Unit, 151983Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria
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12
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Gbiri CAO, Amusa BF. Progressive task-oriented circuit training for cognition, physical functioning and societal participation in individuals with dementia. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 25:e1866. [PMID: 32776698 DOI: 10.1002/pri.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dementia is commonly associated with cognitive deficit, functional decline and societal participation restriction across multiple domains of functioning. The decline impacts not only on the individual, but also on their informal caregivers, healthcare and the social system. This clinical random controlled study investigated the efficacy of 12-week Progressive Task-oriented circuit training on cognition, physical functioning and societal participation of individuals with dementia. METHODS This study involved 31 individuals living with dementia recruited from a tertiary health institution in Lagos Nigeria. They were randomized into two groups: Progressive Task-oriented circuit training (involved in 12-week circuit training, two times a week for 70 min per session consisting of six workstations) and Control group (training with conventional treatment and home programmes). They were assessed at baseline, mid-intervention and post-intervention using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog), Bristol ADLs, Community integration Questionnaire, 6-min walk test. Data analysed using the independent-samples t tests, paired t tests, Friedman two-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test (p ≤ .05). RESULTS Participants were aged 69.61 ± 3.44 years. There was significant improvement from baseline to post-intervention in cognition (30.77 ± 1.02 vs. 28.77 ± 3.30), physical functioning (28.19 ± 3.90 vs. 25.84 ± 6.26) and societal participation (3.64 ± 0.73 vs. 5.59 ± 2.76). However, the progressive Task-oriented circuit training had more significant improvement than the control group within the group in cognition (p = .000), physical functioning (p = .000), and societal participation (p = .000). There was no statistical difference within the Control group with cognition (p = .097), Physical functioning (p = 1.000). Meanwhile there was statistically significant effect between both groups on cognition, physical functioning and societal participation post-intervention (p < .005). CONCLUSION Although both Task-oriented Circuit Training and conventional treatment with home exercise programmes are efficacious, Progressive Task-oriented Circuit Training is more efficacious in enhancing and developing therapeutic strategies to train cognition, improve functional performance and societal participation in the rehabilitation of individuals with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Ademola Omuwa Gbiri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Stroke and Nervous System Disorders Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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13
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Nixon SJ, Lewis B. Clarifying the neurobehavioral sequelae of moderate drinking lifestyles and acute alcohol effects with aging. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 148:39-78. [PMID: 31733667 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological estimates indicate not only an increase in the proportion of older adults, but also an increase in those who continue moderate alcohol consumption. Substantial literatures have attempted to characterize health benefits/risks of moderate drinking lifestyles. Not uncommonly, reports address outcomes in a single outcome, such as cardiovascular function or cognitive decline, rather than providing a broader overview of systems. In this narrative review, retaining focus on neurobiological considerations, we summarize key findings regarding moderate drinking and three health domains, cardiovascular health, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cognition. Interestingly, few investigators have studied bouts of low/moderate doses of alcohol consumption, a pattern consistent with moderate drinking lifestyles. Here, we address both moderate drinking as a lifestyle and as an acute event. Review of health-related correlates illustrates continuing inconsistencies. Although substantive reductions in risk for cardiovascular and T2D events are reported, robust conclusions remain elusive. Similarly, whereas moderate drinking is often associated with enhanced cognition and lower dementia risk, few benefits are noted in rates of decline or alterations in brain structure. The effect of sex/gender varies across health domains and by consumption levels. For example, women appear to differentially benefit from alcohol use in terms of T2D, but experience greater risk when considering aspects of cardiovascular function. Finally, we observe that socially relevant alcohol doses do not consistently impair performance in older adults. Rather, older drinkers demonstrate divergent, but not necessarily detrimental, patterns in neural activation and some behavioral measures relative to younger drinkers. Taken together, the epidemiological and laboratory studies reinforce the need for greater attention to key individual differences and for the conduct of systematic studies sensitive to age-related shifts in neurobiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jo Nixon
- University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, FL, United States; University of Florida Center for Addiction Research & Education, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Ben Lewis
- University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, FL, United States; University of Florida Center for Addiction Research & Education, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Agbangla NF, Fraser SA, Albinet CT. An Overview of the Cardiorespiratory Hypothesis and Its Potential Contribution to the Care of Neurodegenerative Disease in Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090601. [PMID: 31533346 PMCID: PMC6780802 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One hypothesis that could explain the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function is the cardiorespiratory hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that improved cognitive functioning may be in part a result of the physiological processes that occur after physical exercise such as: Increased cerebral perfusion and regional cerebral blood flow. These processes ensure increased oxygenation and glucose transportation to the brain, which together can improve cognitive function. The objective of this narrative review is to examine the contribution of this hypothesis in the care of African older adults with neurodegenerative conditions (i.e., dementia (Alzheimer’s disease)) or with mild cognitive impairments. Although studies in developed countries have examined people of African descent (i.e., with African Americans), only the limited findings presented in this review reflect how these conditions are also important for the African continent. This review revealed that no studies have examined the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on neurodegenerative disease in Africa. African nations, like many other developing countries, have an aging population that is growing and will face an increased risk of neurodegenerative declines. It is therefore imperative that new research projects be developed to explore the role of the cardiorespiratory fitness in neurodegenerative disease prevention in African nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société (URePSSS-EA 7369), Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sarah A Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5S9, Canada.
| | - Cédric T Albinet
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Cognition, Technologie, Ergonomie (SCoTE-EA7420), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, 81012 Albi, France.
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15
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Adeloye D, Auta A, Ezejimofor M, Oyedokun A, Harhay MO, Rudan I, Chan KY. Prevalence of dementia in Nigeria: a systematic review of the evidence. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019; 3. [PMID: 31528708 DOI: 10.29392/joghr.3.e2019014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of dementia is poorly understood in Nigeria. We sought to gather available epidemiologic evidence on dementia in Nigeria to provide country-wide estimates of its prevalence and associated risks. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Africa Journals Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar for epidemiologic studies on dementia in Nigeria from 1990 to 2018. We pooled crude estimates using random effects meta-analysis. A meta-regression epidemiologic model, using the United Nations demographics for Nigeria, was used to estimate the absolute number of people living with dementia in Nigeria in 1995 and 2015. Results Our searches returned 835 studies, of which nine were selected. These included 10 820 individuals with a median age of 74.4 years. Heterogeneity (I 2 =98.8%, P<0.001) was high across studies. Five studies were conducted in the South-west, and four studies were rated as high quality. The pooled crude prevalence of dementia in Nigeria was 4.9% (95% CI: 3.0-6.9) with prevalence significantly higher in women (6.7%, 3.6-9.9) compared to men (3.1%, 1.2-5.0). Age 80+ (odds ratio (OR) 1.6, 1.3-1.9), female sex (OR 2.2, 1.4-3.4) and BMI ≤18.5 (OR 3.5, 1.2-10.1) were significant risks for dementia in Nigeria. Using our epidemiologic model, we estimated that the number of dementia cases increased by over 400% over a 20-year period, increasing from 63 512 in 1995 to 318 011 in 2015 among persons aged ≥60 years. Conclusion Our findings suggest the prevalence and cases of dementia have increased in Nigeria over the last two decades. Population-wide response to dementia is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davies Adeloye
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.,RcDavies Evidence-based Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Asa Auta
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, UK
| | | | - Ayo Oyedokun
- Department of Elderly Medicine, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, UK
| | - Michael O Harhay
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kit Yee Chan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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de Jager CA, Msemburi W, Pepper K, Combrinck MI. Dementia Prevalence in a Rural Region of South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Community Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1087-1096. [PMID: 28984589 PMCID: PMC5676974 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a growing concern for low- and middle-income countries where longevity is increasing and service provision is poor. Global prevalence estimates vary from 2% to 8.5% for those aged 60 years and older. There have been few dementia studies in sub-Saharan Africa, and prevalence data are lacking for South Africa. OBJECTIVE To conduct a large dementia prevalence study in a low income rural population in South Africa. METHODS 1,394 Xhosa-speaking community dwellers, aged ≥60 y (mean age±sd 71.3±8.3 y), in three clinic catchment areas, were screened at home. Trained community health workers administered the brief Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID) to participants and informants to assess cognitive and functional capacity. Depressive symptoms were assessed with three questions from the EURO-D. RESULTS The prevalence estimate using published CSID sensitivity/specificity values was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.06-0.09). Using CSID cut-off scores the estimated prevalence was 0.12 (95% CI: 0.10-0.13), with 161 screen-positives. Both methods gave a rate of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.09-0.13) for those over 65 years (n = 1051). 68.6% of participants were female and 69.8% had less than 7 years of education. Dementia risk was associated with older age and symptoms of depression, but not with sex. The association with education was not significant when controlled for by age. CONCLUSIONS Dementia prevalence estimates were higher than expected for this low-income rural community. There is a need for increased dementia awareness and feasible support interventions. We also need further studies of regional prevalences, dementia subtypes, and modifiable risk factors in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A de Jager
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William Msemburi
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katy Pepper
- Donald Woods Foundation, Hobeni, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Marc I Combrinck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Nawagi F, Söderberg M, Berggren V, Midlöv P, Ajambo A, Nakasujja N. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Profile of the Elderly Seeking Health Care in Kampala, Uganda. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2018; 2018:4147509. [PMID: 29861722 PMCID: PMC5976942 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4147509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging entails health challenges globally, but pertinent data from low-income countries like Uganda remains scarce. A cross-sectional study was carried out at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, among 134 patients (38% men and 62% women) aged ≥60 years. Data was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, medical disorders, cognitive function, hearing handicap, and functional status, that is, Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). The participants had high independency in BADL (89%) and IADL (75%). The most common medical conditions were bone/joint pain (35%), hypertension (24%), and visual problems (20%). More women (54%) than men (37%) reported bone and joint pain. The majority (80%) of the participants did not report any hearing handicap, and half (54%) did not have any cognitive impairment. Dependency in IADL was associated with advanced age, being female, and being financially dependent, and the risk of having a hearing handicap was higher among those above the median age (68 years). In adjusted models, the effects remained similar although statistical significance was only achieved for advanced age versus dependency in IADL (RR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.12-5.08) and hearing handicap (RR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.17-6.12). Thus, socioeconomic status and gender are relevant aspects when attempting to understand the health profile of the elderly in Kampala, Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Nawagi
- Euclid University Global Health Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martin Söderberg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Child Rights Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanja Berggren
- Research Group Clinical Health Promotion, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Midlöv
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aidah Ajambo
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, PMTCT Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Adaptation and validation of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) in a low-literacy setting in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:244-251. [PMID: 28345494 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a low-literacy adaptation of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) for use in rural sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for interventional studies in dementia. No such adaptations currently exist. METHODS Tanzanian and Nigerian health professionals adapted the ADAS-Cog by consensus. Validation took place in a cross-sectional sample of 34 rural-dwelling older adults with mild/moderate dementia alongside 32 non-demented controls in Tanzania. Participants were oversampled for lower educational level. Inter-rater reliability was conducted by two trained raters in 22 older adults (13 with dementia) from the same population. Assessors were blind to diagnostic group. RESULTS Median ADAS-Cog scores were 28.75 (interquartile range (IQR), 22.96-35.54) in mild/moderate dementia and 12.75 (IQR 9.08-16.16) in controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.973 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.936-1.00) for dementia. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α 0.884) and inter-rater reliability was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.905, 95% CI 0.804-0.964). CONCLUSION The low-literacy adaptation of the ADAS-Cog had good psychometric properties in this setting. Further evaluation in similar settings is required.
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19
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Building capacity for dementia screening and intervention in low income, rural communities: A collaborative initiative. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICA NURSING SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijans.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ogunniyi A, Adebiyi AO, Adediran AB, Olakehinde OO, Siwoku AA. Prevalence estimates of major neurocognitive disorders in a rural Nigerian community. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00481. [PMID: 27458545 PMCID: PMC4951621 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is paucity of information on major neurocognitive disorders in sub-Saharan Africa where the number of individuals with neurocognitive disorders is expected to increase due to demographic transition. This study aims to report on the prevalence estimates of dementia and MCI (mild cognitive impairment) in a rural community in southwest Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a two-stage cross-sectional study of persons aged 65 years and above resident in Lalupon community, Oyo State. The Identification and IDEA (Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans) Study Questionnaire was used for initial screening by trained community health care workers, utilized followed by cognitive assessment using the validated IDEA cognitive screen. Functional and cognitive assessment of selected individuals was carried out during the second stage. Information obtained was used for consensus diagnosis and participants were categorized into normal, MCI and dementia using standard criteria. RESULTS Six hundred and thirteen participants completed the study with 111 (18.1%) diagnosed as MCI while 17 (2.8%) had dementia. The age-adjusted prevalence estimates were 18.4% (95% CI: 14.9-21.9%) and 2.9% (95% CI 1.6-4.4%) for MCI and dementia, respectively. Probable Alzheimer's disease and amnestic MCI predominated. Individuals with dementia were older than both MCI and normal cases while those with MCI had significantly fewer years of schooling than the other diagnostic categories. CONCLUSION Almost one out of five older persons in Lalupon community had major neurocognitive impairment with MCI being six-times more common than dementia. Alzheimer's disease was the most common dementia sub-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Akindele O Adebiyi
- Department of Community Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Ade B Adediran
- Department of Community Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Olaide O Olakehinde
- Department of Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Akeem A Siwoku
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
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The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 43 Suppl 1:S3-S50. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionDementia is a common neurological condition affecting many older individuals that leads to a loss of independence, diminished quality of life, premature mortality, caregiver burden and high levels of healthcare utilization and cost. This is an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence and incidence of dementia.MethodsThe MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant studies published between 2000 (1985 for Canadian papers) and July of 2012. Papers selected for full-text review were included in the systematic review if they provided an original population-based estimate for the incidence and/or prevalence of dementia. The reference lists of included articles were also searched for additional studies. Two individuals independently performed abstract and full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment of the papers. Random-effects models and/or meta-regression were used to generate pooled estimates by age, sex, setting (i.e., community, institution, both), diagnostic criteria utilized, location (i.e., continent) and year of data collection.ResultsOf 16,066 abstracts screened, 707 articles were selected for full-text review. A total of 160 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among individuals 60 and over residing in the community, the pooled point and annual period prevalence estimates of dementia were 48.62 (CI95%: 41.98-56.32) and 69.07 (CI95%: 52.36-91.11) per 1000 persons, respectively. The respective pooled incidence rate (same age and setting) was 17.18 (CI95%: 13.90-21.23) per 1000 person-years, while the annual incidence proportion was 52.85 (CI95%: 33.08-84.42) per 1,000 persons. Increasing participant age was associated with a higher dementia prevalence and incidence. Annual period prevalence was higher in North America than in South America, Europe and Asia (in order of decreasing period prevalence) and higher in institutional compared to community and combined settings. Sex, diagnostic criteria (except for incidence proportion) and year of data collection were not associated with statistically significant different estimates of prevalence or incidence, though estimates were consistently higher for females than males.ConclusionsDementia is a common neurological condition in older individuals. Significant gaps in knowledge about its epidemiology were identified, particularly with regard to the incidence of dementia in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate estimates of prevalence and incidence of dementia are needed to plan for the health and social services that will be required to deal with an aging population.
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Paddick SM, Longdon A, Kisoli A, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, Jusabani A, Iqbal A, Hughes J, Teodorczuk A, Chaote P, Walker RW. The prevalence of dementia subtypes in rural Tanzania. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22:1613-22. [PMID: 25134968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of dementia is predicted to increase rapidly in developing countries. Vascular risk factors may contribute to this rise. Our aim was to estimate the proportions of Alzheimer's disease (ADD) and vascular dementia (VAD) in a prevalent cohort of dementia cases in rural Tanzania. DESIGN A two-stage door-to-door dementia prevalence study. SETTING Hai district, Tanzania PARTICIPANTS In Phase I, the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D) was used to screen 1198 community-dwelling people for dementia. In Phase II, 168/184 (91.3%) of those with poor performance, 56/104 (53.8%) of those with intermediate performance and 72/910 (7.9%) of those with good performance on CSI-D were interviewed and diagnoses were made using the DSM-IV criteria. MEASUREMENTS For subtype diagnosis, DSM-IV dementia criteria plus NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were used for ADD and NINDS-AIREN criteria for VAD. Other dementias were diagnosed by international consensus criteria. Diagnoses were confirmed or excluded by computerised tomography where clinically appropriate. RESULTS Of 78 dementia cases, 38 (48.7%) were ADD and 32 (41.0%) were VAD. The crude prevalence of ADD was 3.7% (95% CI 2.5 to 4.9) and of VAD was 2.9% (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9). The age-adjusted prevalence was 3.0% (95% CI 1.8 to 4.2) for ADD and 2.6% (95% CI 1.6 to 3.6) for VAD. A previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was independently associated with greater odds of having VAD than ADD. CONCLUSIONS VAD accounted for a greater proportion of dementia cases than expected. Further investigation and treatment of risk factors is required in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella-Maria Paddick
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Longdon
- South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, United Kingdom
| | - Aloyce Kisoli
- District Medical Office, Hai District Hospital, Boma'ngombe, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania
| | - William K Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L Dotchin
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Ahmed Iqbal
- Institute of Neurosciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Hughes
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Teodorczuk
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Chaote
- District Medical Office, Hai District Hospital, Boma'ngombe, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania
| | - Richard W Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom; Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Epidemiology of Dementia among the Elderly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:195750. [PMID: 25177512 PMCID: PMC4142168 DOI: 10.1155/2014/195750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To review epidemiologic studies on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of dementia in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods. A MEDLINE search (from January 1992 to December 31, 2013) of epidemiologic studies, with no language restriction, was conducted using the keywords “dementia” or “Alzheimer's” and “Africa.” We selected for review population and hospital-based studies that reported the prevalence, incidence, or risk factors of dementia in SSA in people aged 60 years and above. References of selected articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles that met our selection criteria. Results. Of a total of 522 articles, 41 were selected and reviewed. The reported prevalence of dementia in SSA varied widely (range: 2.29%–21.60%); Alzheimer's disease was the most prevalent type of dementia. Only two studies conducted in Nigeria reported incidence data. Major risk factors identified include older age, female gender, cardiovascular disease, and illiteracy. Conclusion. Data on the epidemiology of dementia in SSA is limited. While earlier studies reported a lower prevalence of dementia in older persons, recent studies have put these findings into question suggesting that dementia prevalence rates in SSA in fact parallel data from Western countries.
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Guerchet M, Mbelesso P, Ndamba-Bandzouzi B, Pilleron S, Desormais I, Lacroix P, Aboyans V, Jésus P, Desport JC, Tchalla AE, Marin B, Lambert JC, Clément JP, Dartigues JF, Preux PM. Epidemiology of dementia in Central Africa (EPIDEMCA): protocol for a multicentre population-based study in rural and urban areas of the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:338. [PMID: 25045613 PMCID: PMC4096859 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The worldwide population is ageing and the proportion of elderly aged 60 and over is expected to dramatically rise in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). The epidemic of dementia will not spare those countries, where the largest increases in numbers of people affected are estimated. Besides, dementia is still understudied in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) compared to other regions. This paper describes the protocol for the ‘Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa’ population-based study, which aims at estimating the prevalence of dementia in two countries of Central Africa and investigating possible risk factors. Methods/Design A multicenter population-based study was carried out in Central African Republic and Republic of Congo between 2011 and 2012 including both urban and rural sites in each country. Around 2000 participants aged ≥65 years old were interviewed in total using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D), the GMS-AGECAT and the CERAD’s 10-word list. Elderly with low performance to the cognitive part of the CSI-D (COGSCORE ≤ 24.5) were then clinically assessed by neurologists and underwent further psychometrical tests. DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were required for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnoses respectively. The algorithmic 10/66 dementia diagnosis was also determined. Petersen’s criteria were required for the diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Sociodemographic, and environmental factors including vascular, nutritional, biological, psychosocial and lifestyle factors were collected in each setting in order to investigate factors associated with dementia. Blood sampling was realized to investigate genetic variations that could modify the risk of dementia. Discussion For now, no large epidemiological study has been undertaken to compare the prevalence of dementia in both rural and urban areas within SSA countries. This programme will provide further evidence regarding the prevalence of dementia in SSA, and also the possible rural/urban disparities existing with associated factors. Furthermore, the genetics of AD in those populations will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlenn Guerchet
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; King's College London, Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Health Service and Population Research Department, London, UK
| | - Pascal Mbelesso
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of Neurology, Brazzaville University Hospital, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Sophie Pilleron
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Ileana Desormais
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of CardioVascular Surgery, CHU, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Lacroix
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of CardioVascular Surgery, CHU, Limoges, France
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Jésus
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of Nutrition, CHU, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Claude Desport
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Department of Nutrition, CHU, Limoges, France
| | - Achille E Tchalla
- EA 6310, Disability, Activity, Aging, Autonomy and the Environment (HAVAE), Limoges, France
| | - Benoît Marin
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; CHU, Department of Medical Information & Evaluation, Clinical Research and Biostatistic Unit, Limoges, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Clément
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; Hospital and University Federation of Adult and Geriatric Psychiatry, Limoges, France
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM UMR 1094, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France ; Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University Limoges, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France ; CHU, Department of Medical Information & Evaluation, Clinical Research and Biostatistic Unit, Limoges, France
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Lekoubou A, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Epidemiology of neurodegenerative diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:653. [PMID: 24969686 PMCID: PMC4094534 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are experiencing rapid transitions with increased life expectancy. As a result the burden of age-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases might be increasing. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on common neurodegenerative diseases, and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment in SSA, in order to identify research gaps and inform prevention and control solutions. METHODS We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, 'Banque de Données de Santé Publique' and the database of the 'Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale' from inception to February 2013 for published original studies from SSA on neurodegenerative diseases and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment. Screening and data extraction were conducted by two investigators. Bibliographies and citations of eligible studies were investigated. RESULTS In all 144 publications reporting on dementia (n = 49 publications, mainly Alzheimer disease), Parkinsonism (PD, n = 20), HIV-related neurocognitive impairment (n = 47), Huntington disease (HD, n = 19), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, n = 15), cerebellar degeneration (n = 4) and Lewy body dementia (n = 1). Of these studies, largely based on prevalent cases from retrospective data on urban populations, half originated from Nigeria and South Africa. The prevalence of dementia (Alzheimer disease) varied between <1% and 10.1% (0.7% and 5.6%) in population-based studies and from <1% to 47.8% in hospital-based studies. Incidence of dementia (Alzheimer disease) ranged from 8.7 to 21.8/1000/year (9.5 to 11.1), and major risk factors were advanced age and female sex. HIV-related neurocognitive impairment's prevalence (all from hospital-based studies) ranged from <1% to 80%. Population-based prevalence of PD and ALS varied from 10 to 235/100,000, and from 5 to 15/100,000 respectively while that for Huntington disease was 3.5/100,000. Equivalent figures for hospital based studies were the following: PD (0.41 to 7.2%), ALS (0.2 to 8.0/1000), and HD (0.2/100,000 to 46.0/100,000). CONCLUSIONS The body of literature on neurodegenerative disorders in SSA is large with regard to dementia and HIV-related neurocognitive disorders but limited for other neurodegenerative disorders. Shortcomings include few population-based studies, heterogeneous diagnostic criteria and uneven representation of countries on the continent. There are important knowledge gaps that need urgent action, in order to prepare the sub-continent for the anticipated local surge in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre P Kengne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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26
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Gray WK, Paddick SM, Kisoli A, Dotchin CL, Longdon AR, Chaote P, Samuel M, Jusabani AM, Walker RW. Development and Validation of the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans (IDEA) Study Dementia Screening Instrument. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2014; 27:110-8. [PMID: 24578459 DOI: 10.1177/0891988714522695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this project was to develop a dementia screening instrument for use in the hospital or community in populations with low levels of formal education. METHODS A screening instrument was developed from retrospective data collected in a rural area of Tanzania in 2010. The community screening instrument for dementia was administered to over 95% of the population aged 70 years and older of 6 villages (n = 1198) in Hai district, Tanzania. Factor analysis, regression modeling, and Mokken scale analysis (MSA) were used to develop screening instruments from these data, which were then tested and refined during prospective fieldwork. RESULTS A 5-item screening instrument with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.871, sensitivity of 91.7%, and specificity of 61.7% was developed using a combination of factor analysis and logistic regression modeling and had a higher AUROC (0.786) than a 7-item screening instrument developed using MSA. During prospective testing and refinement (n = 60), the 5-item instrument performed well (AUROC 0.867) and took an average of less than 10 minutes to administer. Its performance was improved by including a matchstick design item added to measure praxis, AUROC 0.888. CONCLUSIONS The 6-item brief dementia screening instrument has acceptable properties and will be further tested and validated during future fieldwork. Although developed for use in sub-Saharan Africa, it may be of use in other world regions where the use of other cognitive screening instruments may result in bias due to low levels of formal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Stella-Maria Paddick
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Aloyce Kisoli
- Hai District Medical Centre, Boman'gombe, Hai, Tanzania
| | - Catherine L Dotchin
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R Longdon
- South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Chaote
- District Medical Office, Hai District Hospital, Boman'gombe, Hai, Tanzania
| | - Maria Samuel
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M Jusabani
- Department of Radiology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania
| | - Richard W Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, United Kingdom Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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27
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Paddick SM, Longdon A, Gray WK, Dotchin C, Kisoli A, Chaote P, Walker R. The association between educational level and dementia in rural Tanzania. Dement Neuropsychol 2014; 8:117-125. [PMID: 29213892 PMCID: PMC5619118 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642014dn82000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of people with dementia worldwide live in developing countries. Studies from the developed world have reported an association between lower educational attainment and dementia, but there are few data from the developing world where literacy and educational levels are frequently much lower. In this study we assessed the association between education and dementia prevalence in a rural Tanzanian setting. Methods In phase I, 1198 individuals aged 70 and over were assessed using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI-D). In phase Ii a stratified sample of those seen in phase I were fully assessed and a clinical diagnosis based on DSM-IV criteria was made where appropriate. Information regarding literacy, highest attained educational level and occupation were also collected. Results The median subject cognitive score on the CSI-D was 25.7 (IQR 22.7 to 28.0) for females and 27.7 (IQR 25.7 to 29.4) for males. This difference was significant (U=117770.0, z= -9.880, p<0.001). In both males and females a lower CSI-D subject cognitive score was significantly associated with having had no formal education (U=34866.5, z= -6.688, p<0.001, for females; U=20757.0, z= -6.278, p<0.001, for males). After adjusting for the effect of age, having no formal education was significantly associated with greater odds of having 'probable dementia' by CSI-D, as was illiteracy. Amongst those interviewed in phase II, there was no significant difference in literacy or education between those with diagnosed DSM-IV dementia and those without. Conclusion In this rural Tanzanian population, we found a significant association between low levels of education and dementia by CSI-D. This relationship was not significant in cases meeting DSM-IV criteria for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella-Maria Paddick
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | | | - William K Gray
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Catherine Dotchin
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK
| | - Aloyce Kisoli
- Hai District Hospital, Boma'ngombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Paul Chaote
- Hai District Hospital, Boma'ngombe, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Richard Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields, UK.,Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mushi D, Rongai A, Paddick SM, Dotchin C, Mtuya C, Walker R. Social representation and practices related to dementia in Hai District of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:260. [PMID: 24642112 PMCID: PMC3994576 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing number of people surviving into old age in Africa, dementia is becoming an important public health problem. Understanding the social dynamics of dementia in resource-poor settings is critical for developing effective interventions. We explored the socio-cultural beliefs surrounding dementia and the life experience of people with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers in the Hai District of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. METHODS Cross-sectional qualitative design. Forty one PWD were purposively sampled from the Hai District of Kilimanjaro. Twenty five paired interviews with PWD and with caregivers, and 16 with caregivers alone, were conducted. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis approach. RESULTS Forty one PWD (26 females), aged 70 years and older, were recruited but due to speech difficulties only 25 participated in the interviews. Married were 13, widow in 22 and widower 6. The majority, 33/41 were illiterate. PWD and carers perceived memory problems as a normal part of ageing. Dementia was commonly referred as "ugonjwa wa uzeeni" (disease of old people) or memory loss disease. The majority of PWD 13/12 and carers 7/16 did not know what dementia is or what causes it. Dementia was felt to be associated with stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, old age, curse/witchcraft and life stress. Half of the participants had used modern care and alternative care such as herbs, prayers or traditional healers. Caregivers complained about the burden of caring for PWD and suggested that community organizations should be involved in addressing the problem. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge about dementia is low and the symptoms are accepted as a problem of old age. PWD and carers demonstrate pluralistic behaviour in seeking help from modern care, prayers and traditional healers. The disease adds significant burden to family members. Family and caregivers need more education on early recognition of symptoms and cost effective management of dementia at family level. Faith-based organizations could play an important role in dementia interventions. At a national level effective policy and improvement of the health care system to address the needs of PWD and their families are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declare Mushi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania.
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Telles JL, Borges APA. [Aging and health in Sub-Saharan Africa: an urgent agenda for international cooperation]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2013; 18:3553-62. [PMID: 24263872 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232013001200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sub-Saharan part of the African continent is the area that has the highest disease burden in the world and is the only region of the planet where it is expected that the number of poor people will increase in the coming decades. The countries of this region, to different degrees, experience slow process of population aging but at the same time, it is the are where the elderly population grows fastest in absolute numbers. Based on a review of the literature, an attempt was made to highlight the social and demographic situation in which the elderly live in the Sub-Saharan region and the main challenges faced by local governments to overcome the complex problems affecting society as a whole. It was found that public policies geared to this segment of the population in the region do not represent a priority and, consequently, are unlikely to be included in the current agenda of international cooperation.
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Mavrodaris A, Powell J, Thorogood M. Prevalences of dementia and cognitive impairment among older people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91:773-83. [PMID: 24115801 PMCID: PMC3791658 DOI: 10.2471/blt.13.118422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched for relevant abstracts and to identify papers eligible for full-text review. A study was included if two authors agreed that it had a cohort, case-control or cross-sectional design and reported population-level data; was limited to black African adults older than 50 years or described as "elderly" or "old"; reported data for individuals residing in sub-Saharan Africa; and reported at least one measure of cognitive impairment or clinical outcomes relevant to cognitive decline. References of papers included in our study were searched to identify additional candidate publications. Disagreements about inclusion were adjudicated during discussions involving all authors. Data were extracted independently by two authors, using a form developed by the authors and tested on a sample of papers. FINDINGS A total of 2320 unique papers was found; the full text of 87 was reviewed. Nineteen papers featuring 11 cross-sectional studies were included; all were published during 1995-2011. Studies occurred in Benin, Botswana, the Central African Republic, the Congo and Nigeria and enrolled approximately 10,500 participants. The prevalence of dementia ranged from 0%, in Nigeria, to 10.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 8.6-11.8), also in Nigeria. The prevalence of cognitive impairment ranged from 6.3%, in Nigeria, to 25% (95% CI: 21.2-29.0), in the Central African Republic. CONCLUSION Prevalences of dementia and cognitive impairment in sub-Saharan Africa varied widely, with few published studies revealed by the literature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Mavrodaris
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7A, England
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Longdon AR, Paddick SM, Kisoli A, Dotchin C, Gray WK, Dewhurst F, Chaote P, Teodorczuk A, Dewhurst M, Jusabani AM, Walker R. The prevalence of dementia in rural Tanzania: a cross-sectional community-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:728-37. [PMID: 22996739 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the growing burden of dementia in low-income countries, there are few previous data on the prevalence of dementia in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia in those who are 70 years and older in the rural Hai District of Tanzania. METHODS This was a two-phase cross-sectional survey. Using census data, we screened individuals aged 70 years and older from six rural villages using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia in Phase I. In Phase II, a stratified sample of those identified in Phase I were clinically assessed using the DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS Of 1198 people who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 184 screened positive for probable dementia, and 104 screened positive for possible dementia using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia. During clinical assessment in Phase II, 78 cases of dementia were identified according to the DSM-IV criteria. The age-standardised prevalence of dementia was 6.4% (95% confidence interval: 4.9 to 7.9). Prevalence rates increased significantly with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dementia in this rural Tanzanian population is similar to that reported in high-income countries. Dementia is likely to become a significant health burden in this population as demographic transition continues. Further research on risk factors for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to inform policy makers and plan local health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Longdon
- South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Torquay, UK
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Paddick SM, Longdon AR, Kisoli A, Dotchin C, Gray WK, Dewhurst F, Chaote P, Kalaria R, Jusabani AM, Walker R. Dementia prevalence estimates in sub-Saharan Africa: comparison of two diagnostic criteria. Glob Health Action 2013; 6:19646. [PMID: 23561025 PMCID: PMC3617645 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.19646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported the prevalence of dementia in older adults living in the rural Hai district of Tanzania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria. The aim of this study was to compare prevalence rates using the DSM-IV criteria with those obtained using the 10/66 diagnostic criteria, which is specifically designed for use in low- and middle-income countries. Methods In phase I, 1,198 people aged 70 and older were screened for dementia. A stratified sample of 296 was then clinically assessed for dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. In addition, data were collected according to the protocol of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group, which allowed a separate diagnosis of dementia according to these criteria to be established. Results The age-standardised prevalence of clinical DSM-IV dementia was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9–7.9%) and of ‘10/66 dementia’ was 21.6% (95% CI 17.5–25.7%). Education was a significant predictor of ‘10/66 dementia’, but not of DSM-IV dementia. Conclusions There are large discrepancies in dementia prevalence rates depending on which diagnostic system is used. In rural sub-Saharan Africa, it is not clear whether the association between education and dementia using the 10/66 criteria is a genuine effect or the result of an educational bias within the diagnostic instrument. Despite its possible flaws, the DSM-IV criteria represent an international standard for dementia diagnosis. The 10/66 diagnostic criteria may be more appropriate when identification of early and mild cognitive impairment is required.
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George-Carey R, Adeloye D, Chan KY, Paul A, Kolčić I, Campbell H, Rudan I. An estimate of the prevalence of dementia in Africa: A systematic analysis. J Glob Health 2013; 2:020401. [PMID: 23289076 PMCID: PMC3529309 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.02.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of non–communicable diseases is growing, particularly in developing countries. The greatest economic burden is due to dementia, the prevalence of which is rising with increasing longevity. In Africa, where the rate of increase of elderly persons is the fastest in the world, dementia is normally dismissed as a part of normal ageing. The lack of awareness means that many patients are suffering undiagnosed. This review aims to assess the information on the prevalence of dementia in Africa in order to estimate the current burden. Methods A parallel search of Medline, EMBASE and Global Health limited to post–1980 found only 10 relevant studies. Data on prevalence and risk factors were extracted and analysed. We modelled the available information and used the UN population figures for Africa to determine the age–specific and overall burden of dementia. Results The overall prevalence of dementia in adults older than 50 years in Africa was estimated to be about 2.4%, which translates to 2.76 million people living with a disease in 2010. About 2.10 millions of them live in Sub–Saharan Africa. Prevalence was the highest among females aged 80 and over (19.7%) and there was little variation between regions. Alzheimer disease was the most prevalent cause of dementia (57.1%) followed by vascular dementia (26.9%). The main risk factors were increasing age, female sex and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Information on dementia prevalence in Africa is very limited. Further research will not only provide a more reliable estimate of prevalence, and consequently the burden of disease, but will also raise awareness of the problem. This is critical in promoting help–seeking behaviour and generating the political commitment to make dementia a public health priority in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon George-Carey
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Akinyemi O, Owoaje E, Popoola O, Ilesanmi O. Quality of life and associated factors among adults in a community in South west Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2012; 10:34-9. [PMID: 25161411 PMCID: PMC4111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is an important measure in the assessment of population well being and health status. However despite locally validated measuring tools, little is known about the quality of life and associated factors in Nigerian adults. OBJECTIVE This study therefore aimed to assess QoL and contributory factors among adults residing in a sub urban Nigerian community. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study of 527 adults, in Oru community was conducted. An interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from the WHO quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was used to obtain information from respondents. Associations were explored with the chi square test; multivariate analysis was done with logistic regression at 5% level of significance. RESULTS Respondents mean age was 33.3 ±8.1 years. In all, 46.5 % were currently married or cohabiting. Christianity was the dominant religion, 72.7%. In all, 81.6% had good QoL. Predictors of good QoL were respondents less than 25 years [OR: 3.5 (1.264-9.508)], having educational level that is secondary and above [OR: 4.2 (1.810-9.762)]. Being Unemployed [OR: 1.9 (1.099- 3.351)], living in flats and other bigger apartments [OR: 1.8 (1.121- 3.04)], currently ill [OR: 3.7 (2.096- 6.509)], and lack of involvement in religious activities [OR: 3.1 (1.166- 8.045)] were also shown to be predictors of good QoL. CONCLUSION The majority of those evaluated had good QoL. Further surveys involving larger samples sizes are required to explore the QoL in distinct sub-populations and in currently ill patients to strengthen the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.O. Akinyemi
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - E.T. Owoaje
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| | - O.A. Popoola
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - O.S. Ilesanmi
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
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Mbelesso P, Tabo A, Guerchet M, Mouanga AM, Bandzouzi B, Houinato D, Paraiso MN, Cowppli-Bony P, Aboyans V, Nubukpo P, Preux PM, Dartigues JF, Clément JP. [Epidemiology of dementia in elderly living in the 3rd borough of Bangui (Central African Republic)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 105:388-95. [PMID: 22763956 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-012-0247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Given the gradual improvement of living conditions and aging, dementia and related syndromes are becoming serious problems in the developing countries. A cross-sectional door to door type study in neighbourhood, was conducted from October 2008 to January 2009, in the general population in Bangui, order to help get a better understanding of the prevalence and risk factors of dementia among people over 65 living in the Central African capital. Of the 496 elderly respondents, 188 had cognitive disorders. After a neuropsychological examination, 40 of these subjects were diagnosed with dementia. The prevalence of dementia was 8.1% (IC 95% = [5.7-10.5]). The average age of subjects with dementia, ranging from 65 to 90 years, was 76.0 ± 7.1 years. There was a significant risk of developing dementia for an increase of ten years old (OR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.5 to 4.5]). The sex-ratio was 6/34. 82.5% of the demented had never attended school. 70.0% showed a state of malnutrition (BMI ≤ 18,5 kg/m(2)), significantly associated with dementia (OR = 3.3; IC 95% = [1.5-7.3]). The blood pressure was high in 67.5% of demented which is significantly associated with dementia (OR = 2.4; IC 95% = [1.1-5.4]). A recent change in financial status was a factor significantly associated with dementia (OR = 6.4; IC 95% = [1.8-22.5]). These results support the existence of dementia in urban Africa. The observed prevalence is close to those found in high-income countries. Further studies should be conducted which includes both the rural and urban Africa, to better understand the problem and solutions consider to comprehensive care and prevention axes adapted to our context.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mbelesso
- Service de neurologie, hôpital de l'Amitié, Bangui, République Centrafricaine.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the incidence and risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) among community-dwelling elderly Nigerians. METHOD A cohort study of persons aged ≥ 65 years residing in eight contiguous Yoruba-speaking states in south-west and north-central Nigeria was conducted between November 2003 and December 2007. Of the 2149 baseline sample, 1408 (66%) were successfully followed up after approximately 39 months. Face-to-face in-home assessments were conducted with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3 (CIDI.3) and diagnosis was based on the DSM-IV. Incident MDD was determined in the group with no prior lifetime history of MDD at baseline and who were free of dementia at follow-up (n=892). RESULTS During the follow-up period, 308 persons had developed incident MDD, representing a rate of 104.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 93.3-116.6] per 1000 person-years. Compared to males, the age-adjusted hazard for females was 1.63 (95% CI 1.30-2.06). Lifetime or current subsyndromal symptoms of depression at baseline did not increase the risk of incident MDD. Among females, but not males, rural residence and poor social network were risk factors for incident MDD. Physical health status at baseline did not predict new onset of MDD. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a high incidence of MDD among elderly Nigerians complements earlier reports of a high prevalence of the disorder in this understudied population. Social factors, in particular those relating to social isolation, constitute a risk for incident MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Gureje O, Ogunniyi A, Kola L, Abiona T. Incidence of and risk factors for dementia in the Ibadan study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:869-74. [PMID: 21568957 PMCID: PMC3173843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence of dementia in a representative sample of elderly Yoruba Nigerians and provide information about the risk factors. DESIGN In-home face-to-face assessments conducted on a community cohort selected using multistage clustered sampling of households, with baseline between November 2003 and August 2004 (n = 2,149) and follow-up approximately 39 months later (n = 1,408). SETTING Eight contiguous, predominantly Yoruba-speaking states in Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS Persons aged 65 and older free of dementia at baseline (n = 1,225). MEASUREMENTS Dementia was ascertained using two instruments: the 10-Word Delayed Recall Test and the Clinician Home-based Interview to assess Function, both with demonstrated validity and cultural applicability. RESULTS At 3-year follow-up, 85 participants had developed dementia. With a total 3,888 risk years for the sample, the estimated incidence of dementia was 21.85 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 17.67–27.03). Compared with men, the age-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for women was 2.12 (P = .002). Incidence increased linearly with age such that, compared with participant aged 65 to 74, the HR, adjusted for sex, for participants aged 75 to 84 was 2.84 (P<.001) and for those aged 85 and older was 4.13 (P<.001). Greater incidence of dementia was found with more-rural residence and poorer economic status. Participants with poor social engagement at baseline were at significantly greater risk of incident dementia. CONCLUSION Incident dementia in Yoruba Nigerians is higher than previously reported. Indices of social isolation are risk factors for incident dementia in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Understanding and Advancing the Health of Older Populations in sub-Saharan Africa: Policy Perspectives and Evidence Needs. Public Health Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03391607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gureje O, Kola L, Afolabi E, Olley BO. Determinants of quality of life of elderly Nigerians: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008; 37:239-247. [PMID: 18982816 PMCID: PMC2820711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about factors that determine the QoL of elderly persons living in developing societies undergoing rapid social changes. A representative sample of elderly Nigerians, aged 65 years and over (n = 2152), was assessed for QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQoL-Bref). Other than sociodemographic factors, respondents were also evaluated for major depressive disorder, physical conditions as well as for social network, support and engagement. Using linear regression modeling, these factors were explored for their ability to predict the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of QoL. Economic status was the most consistent predictor of the four domains of QoL, with the coefficients ranging between 1.0 and 1.68 (p < 0.001 in every instance). Among health variables, functional disability (range: 7.07-19.86) and self-rated overall health (range: 7.89-18. 42) were the most salient. Participation in community activities (range 7.74-17.48) was the most consistent social predictor. Even though health factors are important, social factors, in particular those relating to the quality of social support and participation, are the most important predictors of QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Gureje O, Kola L, Afolabi E. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder in elderly Nigerians in the Ibadan Study of Ageing: a community-based survey. Lancet 2007; 370:957-64. [PMID: 17869636 PMCID: PMC2880490 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing populations of elderly people in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to social changes with potential adverse effects on mental health. Our aim was to estimate the occurrence and effect of major depressive disorder in a large and representative community sample of elderly Africans. METHODS Face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of people aged 65 years and older (n=2152) were obtained by a multistage stratified sampling of households in the Yoruba-speaking areas of Nigeria (about 22% of the national population). Major depressive disorder was assessed with the WHO composite international diagnostic interview and diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. FINDINGS Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder were 26.2% (95% CI 24.3-28.2) and 7.1% (5.9-8.3) respectively. Female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.9) and increasing levels of urbanisation of residence (OR 1.4) were associated with this disorder. People with major depressive disorder had impaired quality of life and functioning in home, work, and social roles. Independent ratings of symptom severity confirmed the presence of clinically significant depression in 96.9% of those with diagnosis, and increasing symptom severity was associated with greater disability and poorer quality of life. Only about 37% of lifetime cases had received any treatment, and there was a mean delay of 5 years from onset of depression to receipt of first treatment. Low economic status (0.3) and rural residence (1.0) predicted no treatment. INTERPRETATION Major depressive disorder is common in elderly Nigerians and its occurrence is related to urbanisation. This disorder is a seriously disabling illness in this group but only a few sufferers have ever received treatment. Health-care services need to invest in effective treatment programmes for major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oye Gureje
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Abstract
Britain's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recently issued guidance that restricts the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the National Health Service. This stance contains lessons for designers of trials, drug regulators, health economists and those developing clinical guidelines for dementia care. The debates that took place around and within NICE were about identifying the benefits of these medicines and the beneficiaries, clarifying the costs of the medication and whom bears them, the methods of weighing benefit against cost, and the consequences of using different approaches to cost-benefit analysis. This article discusses each of these themes and outlines the changes in research and clinical practice and policy making that might flow from NICE's decisions on medication use. Outcome measures that capture changes in dementia syndromes need further development. Cost-benefit analysis needs refinement with better tools than quality-adjusted life-years, and the policy implications of restricting treatments in a progressive neurodegenerative disorder need more careful consideration.
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