1
|
Vitku J, Hill M, Kolatorova L, Kubala Havrdova E, Kancheva R. Steroid Sulfation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:839887. [PMID: 35281259 PMCID: PMC8904904 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.839887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation participates in the regulation of steroid bioactivity, metabolism and transport. The authors focused on sulfation and desulfation balance in three neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Circulating steroid conjugates dominate their unconjugated counterparts, but unconjugated steroids outweigh their conjugated counterparts in the brain. Apart from the neurosteroid synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS), most brain steroids cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from the periphery and then may be further metabolized. Therefore, steroid levels in the periphery partly reflect the situation in the brain. The CNS steroids subsequently influence the neuronal excitability and have neuroprotective, neuroexcitatory, antidepressant and memory enhancing effects. They also exert anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective actions. Like the unconjugated steroids, the sulfated ones modulate various ligand-gated ion channels. Conjugation by sulfotransferases increases steroid water solubility and facilitates steroid transport. Steroid sulfates, having greater half-lives than their unconjugated counterparts, also serve as a steroid stock pool. Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes providing massive steroid sulfation in adrenal zona reticularis and zona fasciculata.. Steroid sulfatase hydrolyzing the steroid conjugates is exceedingly expressed in placenta but is ubiquitous in low amounts including brain capillaries of BBB which can rapidly hydrolyze the steroid sulfates coming across the BBB from the periphery. Lower dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) plasma levels and reduced sulfotransferase activity are considered as risk factors in AD patients. The shifted balance towards unconjugated steroids can participate in the pathophysiology of PD and anti-inflammatory effects of DHEAS may counteract the MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jana Vitku,
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kolatorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radmila Kancheva
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bernhardt R, Neunzig J. Underestimated reactions and regulation patterns of adrenal cytochromes P450. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111237. [PMID: 33722664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) systems including the adrenal ones are being investigated since many years, there are still reactions and regulation patterns that have been underestimated ever since. This review discusses neglected ones to bring them into the focus of investigators working in the field. Novel substrates and reactions described for adrenal CYPs recently point to the fact that different from what has been believed for many years, adrenal CYPs are less selective than previously thought. The conversion of steroid sulfates, intermediates of steroid biosynthesis as well as of exogenous compounds are being discussed here in more detail and consequences for further studies are drawn. Furthermore, it was shown that protein-protein interactions may have an important effect not only on the activity of adrenal CYPs, but also on the product pattern of the reactions. It was found that, as expected, the stoichiometry of CYP:redox partner plays an important role for tuning the activity. In addition, competition between different CYPs for the redox partner and for electrons and possible alterations by mutants in the efficiency of electron transfer play an important role for the activity and product pattern. Moreover, the influence of phosphorylation and small charged molecules like natural polyamines on the activity of adrenal systems has been demonstrated in-vitro indicating a possible regulation of adrenal CYP reactions by affecting redox partner recognition and binding affinity. Finally, an effect of the genetic background on the consequences of mutations in adrenal CYPs found in patients was suggested from corresponding in-vitro studies indicating that a different genetic background might be able to significantly affect the activity of a CYP mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Campus A2.4, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
König L, Brixius‐Anderko S, Milhim M, Tavouli‐Abbas D, Hutter MC, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. Identification and circumvention of bottlenecks in CYP21A2‐mediated premedrol production using recombinantEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:901-911. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa König
- Department of Biochemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | | | - Mohammed Milhim
- Department of Biochemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du Y, Hou L, Chu C, Jin Y, Sun W, Zhang R. Characterization of serum metabolites as biomarkers of carbon black nanoparticles-induced subchronic toxicity in rats by hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with non-targeted metabolomics strategy. Toxicology 2019; 426:152268. [PMID: 31437482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are one of atmospheric particles components and have been closely related with a series of lung diseases. It can reach the depths of the respiratory tract or even alveolar more easily than those micro-particles. Although some of its toxicities have been confirmed in animals or human bodies, the subchronic toxicity mechanism of CBNPs has been uncertain so far. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a novel method and clarify the mechanism of subchronic toxicity caused by concentration adjustments of small molecule metabolites in vivo. In animal experiments, CB exposure, recovery and control group were set up. The concentration of CBNPs in chamber was 30.06 ± 4.42 mg/m3. We developed a UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based non-targeted metabolomic analysis strategy to analyze serum samples of rats. Then, differential metabolites in serum were found by multivariate data analysis and 39 potential biomarkers were identified. It was showed that main metabolic pathways associated with CBNPs exposure were hormones metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism. It is worth noting that long-term exposure to CBNPs had the greatest impact on steroid hormones biosynthesis so that the risk of infertility could increase. The results provided a new mechanistic insight into the metabolic alterations owing to CBNPs induced subchronic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Ludan Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Yiran Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China; The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tissue steroid levels in response to reduced testicular estrogen synthesis in the male pig, Sus scrofa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215390. [PMID: 30986232 PMCID: PMC6464225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of steroid hormones is complex and dependent upon steroidogenic enzymes, cofactors, receptors, and transporters expressed within a tissue. Collectively, these factors create an environment for tissue-specific steroid hormone profiles and potentially tissue-specific responses to drug administration. Our objective was to assess steroid production, including sulfated steroid metabolites in the boar testis, prostate, and liver following inhibition of aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgen precursors to estrogens. Boars were treated with the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole from 11 to 16 weeks of age and littermate boars received the canola oil vehicle. Steroid profiles were evaluated in testes, prostate, and livers of 16, 20, and 40 week old boars using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Testis, prostate, and liver had unique steroid profiles in vehicle-treated animals. Only C18 steroid hormones were altered by treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole; no significant differences were detected in any of the C19 or C21 steroids evaluated. Testis was the only tissue with significantly decreased free estrogens following treatment with the aromatase inhibitor; estrone and estradiol concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) in testes from 16, 20, and 40 week letrozole-treated boars. However, concentrations of the sulfated conjugates, estrone-sulfate and estradiol-sulfate, were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in 16 and 20 week boar testes, prostates, and livers from letrozole-treated boars. Hence, the distribution of estrogens between the free and conjugated forms was altered in a tissue-specific manner following inhibition of aromatase. The results suggest sulfated testicular estrogens are important estrogen precursors for the prostate, potentially enabling peripheral target tissues to synthesize free estrogens in the male pig.
Collapse
|
6
|
Greaves RF, Wudy SA, Badoer E, Zacharin M, Hirst JJ, Quinn T, Walker DW. A tale of two steroids: The importance of the androgens DHEA and DHEAS for early neurodevelopment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:77-85. [PMID: 30557606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DHEA and DHEAS are neuroactive neurosteroids that interact with several major receptor systems in the brain, including sigma (σ), glutamate, and GABA-A receptors. It has been recognized as early as 1952, that the loss of DHEA/DHEAS in adult life is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (eg schizophrenia, depression). However, the mechanistic role for DHEA/DHEAS in any of these domains remains speculative, not the least because the presence of these androgens in the adrenal gland and brain is largely confined to humans and only some non-human primates. DHEA and DHEAS are dynamically regulated from before birth and before the onset of puberty, and therefore an understanding of the synthesis, regulation, and functions of this important androgen pathway warrants attention. Here, we draw attention to the possible modulating influence of DHEA/DHEAS in early brain development from fetal life to the remarkable increase of these steroids in early childhood - the adrenarche. We propose that the pre-pubertal DHEA/DHEAS surge plays a key role in modulating early brain development, perhaps by prolonging brain plasticity during childhood to allow the pre-adolescent brain to adapt and re-wire in response to new, and ever-changing social challenges. Nonetheless, the aetiology of neurodevelopmental phenomena in relation to DHEA/DHEAS synthesis and action cannot be easily studied in humans due to the obvious ethical restrictions on mechanistic studies, the uncertainty of predicting the future mental characteristics of individuals, and the difficulty of conducting retrospective investigations based on pre-birth and/or neonatal complications. We discuss new opportunities for animal studies to resolve these important questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronda F Greaves
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Emilio Badoer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tracey Quinn
- Merck Serono Australia Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, NSW, 2086, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University - Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang R, Tiosano D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: A LC-MS/MS study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:47-56. [PMID: 30031148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development of an embryo or fetus during human pregnancy mainly depend on intact hormone biosynthesis and metabolism in maternal amniotic fluid (AF). We investigated the hormonal milieu in AF and developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 14 sulfated and 6 unconjugated steroids in AF. 65 A F samples (male: female = 35: 30) of mid-gestation ranging from 16th week of gestation to 25th week of gestation were analyzed. Reference data of 20 steroid levels in AF of healthy women were provided. 13 sulfated and 3 unconjugated steroids were for the first time quantified in AF by LC-MS/MS. Highest concentrations were found for pregnenolone sulfate (PregS: mean ± SD, 8.6 ± 3.7 ng/mL), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPregS: 4.9 ± 2.0 ng/mL), epitestosterone sulfate (eTS: 7.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL), 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16OH-DHEAS: 21.5 ± 10.7 ng/mL), androsterone sulfate (AnS: 9.2 ± 7.4 ng/mL), estrone sulfate (E1S: 3.0 ± 3.0 ng/mL), estriol 3-sulfate (E3S: 8.1 ± 4.0 ng/mL) and estriol (E3: 1.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL). Only testosterone (T) showed a significant sex difference (p < 0.0001). Correlations between AF steroids mirrored the steroid metabolism of the feto-placental unit, and not only confirmed the classical steroid pathway, but also pointed to a sulfated steroid pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 30196, Israel
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fujiki J, Maeda N, Sato M, Ieko T, Inoue H, Iwasaki T, Iwano H, Yokota H. Corticosterone biosynthesis in mouse clonal myoblastic C2C12 cells. Steroids 2018; 138:64-71. [PMID: 30018003 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT), the major glucocorticoid in rodents, is secreted from the adrenal gland, affects various organs in the body and regulates energy metabolism as a stress response. Although local steroidogenesis of androgens and estrogens in skeletal muscles has been previously reported, local CORT synthesis in skeletal muscle remains unconfirmed. In the present study, we investigated steroidogenic activities in a clonal myoblastic cell line, C2C12 cells. Three enzymes involved in CORT synthesis, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD), cytochrome P450c21 and cytochrome P45011ß, were identified in C2C12 cells by detecting the enzymatic reaction products with LC-MS/MS analysis. Only one enzyme that mediates cholesterol cleavage was not detected in the cells. After the addition of pregnenolone-sulfate conjugates to the cell culture medium, pregnenolone was detected and increased according to the incubation time. In conclusion, CORT synthesis occurs in C2C12 cells, and it is suggested that the initial steroidogenesis substrate is the pregnenolone-sulfate conjugate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maeda
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd., Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 004-0839, Japan; Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Michiko Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ieko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reinehr T, Sánchez-Guijo A, Lass N, Wudy SA. Higher steroid sulfation is linked to successful weight loss in obese children. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1020-1030. [PMID: 30352391 PMCID: PMC6198195 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Little information is available on the steroid sulfates profile in obese children. Therefore, we examined whether sulfated steroids are linked with weight status and associated comorbidities in obese children. Methods We analyzed 66 obese children (mean age 10.5 ± 2.5 years, 57.6% female, 53.9% prepubertal, mean BMI 27.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2, 50% with BMI-SDS reduction >0.5, 50% without BMI-SDS reduction) who participated in an outpatient 1-year intervention program based on exercise, behavior and nutrition therapy. We measured intact sulfated steroids (cholesterol sulfate (CS), pregnenolone sulfate (PregS), 17αOH pregnenolone sulfate (17OH-PregS), 16αOH dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16OH-DHEAS), DHEAS, androstenediol-3-sulfate, androsterone sulfate and epiandrosterone sulfate) by LC-MS/MS, and insulin resistance index HOMA, lipids, blood pressure at baseline and 1 year later. Results All sulfated steroids except 17OH-PregS, 16OH-DHEAS, androsterone sulfate and epiandrosterone sulfate were higher in boys compared to girls. Concentrations of CS before intervention were higher in children who lost weight. After 1 year of treatment, both groups showed increased levels of DHEAS, 16OH-DHEAS and androstenediol-3-sulfate, but PregS was only increased in children with weight loss. None of the steroid sulfates was significantly related to cardiovascular risk factors or HOMA except 17OH-PregS, which was associated with systolic blood pressure both in cross-sectional (β-coefficient: 0.09 ± 0.07, P = 0.020) and longitudinal analyses (β-coefficient: 0.06 ± 0.04, P = 0.013) in multiple linear regression analyses. Conclusions Since higher steroid sulfation capacity was associated with successful weight intervention in children disruption of sulfation may be associated with difficulties to lose weight. Future studies are necessary to prove this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry UnitDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Lass
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyDiabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry UnitDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Khymenets O, Pranata A, Fitzgerald CC, McLeod MD, Shackleton C. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Alternate steroid sulfation pathways targeted by LC-MS/MS analysis of disulfates: application to prenatal diagnosis of steroid synthesis disorders. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:M1-M12. [PMID: 29459491 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The steroid disulfates (aka bis-sulfates) are a significant but minor fraction of the urinary steroid metabolome that have not been widely studied because major components are not hydrolyzed by the commercial sulfatases commonly used in steroid metabolomics. In early studies, conjugate fractionation followed by hydrolysis using acidified solvent (solvolysis) was used for the indirect detection of this fraction by GC-MS. This paper describes the application of a specific LC-MS/MS method for the direct identification of disulfates in urine, and their use as markers for the prenatal diagnosis of disorders causing reduced estriol production: STSD (steroid sulfatase deficiency), SLOS (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome) and PORD (P450 oxidoreductase deficiency). Disulfates were detected by monitoring a constant ion loss (CIL) from the molecular di-anion. While focused on disulfates, our methodology included an analysis of intact steroid glucuronides and monosulfates because steroidogenic disorder diagnosis usually requires an examination of the complete steroid profile. In the disorders studied, a few individual steroids (as disulfates) were found particularly informative: pregn-5-ene-3β,20S-diol, pregn-5-ene-3β,21-diol (STSD, neonatal PORD) and 5α-pregnane-3β,20S-diol (pregnancy PORD). Authentic steroid disulfates were synthesized for use in this study as aid to characterization. Tentative identification of 5ξ-pregn-7-ene-3ξ,20S-diol and 5ξ-pregn-7-ene-3ξ,17,20S-triol disulfates was also obtained in samples from SLOS affected pregnancies. Seven ratios between the detected metabolites were applied to distinguish the three selected disorders from control samples. Our results show the potential of the direct detection of steroid conjugates in the diagnosis of pathologies related with steroid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience GroupIMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health SciencesUniversitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Cerba InternacionalBarcelona, Spain
| | - Olha Khymenets
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience GroupIMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andy Pranata
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cedric Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research InstituteOakland, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Foster PA, Mueller JW. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Insights into steroid sulfation and desulfation pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T271-T283. [PMID: 29764919 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation and desulfation pathways represent highly dynamic ways of shuttling, repressing and re-activating steroid hormones, thus controlling their immense biological potency at the very heart of endocrinology. This theme currently experiences growing research interest from various sides, including, but not limited to, novel insights about phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthase and sulfotransferase function and regulation, novel analytics for steroid conjugate detection and quantification. Within this review, we will also define how sulfation pathways are ripe for drug development strategies, which have translational potential to treat a number of conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases and steroid-dependent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Laderoute H, Bone C, Squires EJ. The sulfoconjugation of androstenone and dehydroepiandrosterone by human and porcine sulfotransferase enzymes. Steroids 2018; 136:8-16. [PMID: 29792900 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine sulfotransferase 2A1 (pSULT2A1) is a key enzyme involved in the testicular and hepatic sulfoconjugation of steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and potentially androstenone. This latter steroid is a major cause of boar taint, which is an unpleasant off-odour and off-flavour in pork from male pigs. Sulfotransferase 2B1 (pSULT2B1) may also be important, although no direct evidence exists for its involvement in sulfoconjugation of steroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sulfoconjugation activity of human and porcine sulfotransferases towards DHEA and androstenone. pcDNA 3.1 vectors expressing porcine (p) SULT2A1, pSULT2B1, human (h) SULT2A1, hSULT2B1a, and hSULT2B1b enzymes were transfected into human embryonic kidney cells. Transfected cells were then incubated with either androstenone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in both time-course and enzyme kinetics studies. The production of sulfonates of androstenone metabolites and DHEA sulfonate increased over time for all enzymes with the exception of pSULT2B1. Enzyme kinetics analysis showed that androstenone and DHEA were poor substrates for the human orthologs, hSULT2B1a and hSULT2B1b. Human and porcine SULT2A1 showed substantially different substrate affinities for androstenone (Km 5.8 ± 0.6 µM and 74.1 ± 15.9 µM, respectively) and DHEA (Km 9.4 ± 2.5 µM and 3.3 ± 1.9 µM, respectively). However, these enzymes did show relatively similar sulfonation efficiencies for DHEA (Vmax/Km 50.5 and 72.9 for hSULT2A1 and pSULT2A1, respectively). These results highlight the species differences in sulfonation activity and provide direct evidence, for the first time, suggesting that pSULT2B1 is not involved in sulfonation of either androstenone metabolites or DHEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Laderoute
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Christine Bone
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - E James Squires
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Klymiuk MC, Neunzig J, Bernhardt R, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA, Schuler G. Efficiency of the sulfate pathway in comparison to the Δ4- and Δ5-pathway of steroidogenesis in the porcine testis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:64-72. [PMID: 29107177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated steroids are increasingly recognized as a circulating reservoir of precursors for the local production of active steroids in certain target tissues. As an alternative to sulfonation of unconjugated steroids by cytosolic sulfotransferases, their direct formation from sulfonated precursors has been described. However, productivity and physiological relevance of this sulfate pathway of steroidogenesis are still widely unclear. Applying the porcine testis as a model, conversion of pregnenolone sulfate (P5S, sulfate pathway) by CYP17A1 was assessed in comparison to the parallel conversions of pregnenolone (P5, Δ5-pathway) and progesterone (P4, Δ4-pathway). To characterize conversions in the virtual absence of competing enzyme activities, in a first series of experiments porcine recombinant CYP17A1 was incubated with the respective substrate in the presence of bovine recombinant cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) and cytochrome b5 (b5). Moreover, porcine testicular microsomal fractions were used as a source of homologous CYP17A1, CPR and b5. Invariably 17α-hydroxylation of P5S was, if at all, only minimal and no formation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate from P5S was detectable. Consistent with earlier studies porcine CYP17A1 efficiently metabolized P4 and P5 in both assay systems. Metabolism of P4 and P5 by testicular microsomal protein varied substantially between the five animals tested. In conclusion, a physiologically relevant sulfate pathway for the production of C19-steroids from P5S via CYP17A1 is very unlikely in the porcine testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Klymiuk
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Neunzig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neunzig J, Bernhardt R. Effect of sulfonated steroids on steroidogenic cytochrome P450-dependent steroid hydroxylases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:3-7. [PMID: 28694196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, sulfonated steroids evolved from inactive metabolites intended for excretion to highly relevant compounds involved in many physiological processes. Investigations of the impact of sulfonated steroids on the steroid hormone biosynthesis revealed that, on the one hand, these can serve as substrate for steroidogenic cytochromes P450 and, on the other hand, these are able to influence the catalytic properties of these enzymes. In this review the relevance of sulfonated steroids for the steroid hormone biosynthesis will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Neunzig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blaschka C, Schuler G, Sánchez-Guijo A, Zimmer B, Feller S, Kotarski F, Wudy SA, Wrenzycki C. Occurrence of sulfonated steroids and ovarian expression of steroid sulfatase and SULT1E1 in cyclic cows. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:79-87. [PMID: 29262378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Historically sulfonated steroids were primarily considered as inactive metabolites destined for elimination. However, more recently they have been increasingly recognized as precursors for the production of bioactive steroids in target tissues and as functional molecules without preceding hydrolysis. In order to comprehensively characterize their occurrence in cyclic cows and their formation and hydrolysis in bovine ovarian steroidogenesis, ovaries from cyclic cows were screened for the expression of oestrogen sulfotransferase (SULTE1) and steroid sulfatase (STS) by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, a broad spectrum of 13 sulfonated steroids was measured applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in blood samples collected from three cycling heifers during defined stages of the ovarian cycle and in fluid obtained from ovarian follicles of different size. SULT1E1 was undetectable in ovarian tissues. For STS only a weak immunostaining was found predominantly in granulosa cells of larger follicles. However, no specific band occurred in Western blot. In blood, concentrations of all sulfonated steroids investigated were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). In follicular fluid, only cholesterol sulfate was measured in considerable concentrations (328.3 ± 63.8 ng/ml). However, the role of cholesterol sulfate in bovine follicular steroidogenesis remains unclear as concentrations were obviously unrelated to follicular size. The remaining sulfonated steroids investigated were undetectable or only slightly exceeded LOQ in a minor proportion of samples. The results are clearly contrary to a role of sulfonated steroids as important precursors, intermediates or products of bovine ovarian steroidogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Blaschka
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bettina Zimmer
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Feller
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kotarski
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department of Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schiffer L, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:4-26. [PMID: 28865807 PMCID: PMC6565845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens play an important role in metabolic homeostasis and reproductive health in both men and women. Androgen signalling is dependent on androgen receptor activation, mostly by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, the intracellular or intracrine activation of C19 androgen precursors to active androgens in peripheral target tissues of androgen action is of equal importance. Intracrine androgen synthesis is often not reflected by circulating androgens but rather by androgen metabolites and conjugates. In this review we provide an overview of human C19 steroid biosynthesis including the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, their transport in circulation and uptake into peripheral tissues. We conceptualise the mechanisms of intracrinology and review the intracrine pathways of activation and inactivation in selected human tissues. The contribution of liver and kidney as organs driving androgen inactivation and renal excretion are also highlighted. Finally, the importance of quantifying androgen metabolites and conjugates to assess intracrine androgen production is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rege J, Nanba AT, Auchus RJ, Ren J, Peng HM, Rainey WE, Turcu AF. Adrenocorticotropin Acutely Regulates Pregnenolone Sulfate Production by the Human Adrenal In Vivo and In Vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:320-327. [PMID: 29126147 PMCID: PMC5761485 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is the most abundant steroid in human circulation, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is considered the major regulator of its synthesis. Pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) and 5-androstenediol-3-sulfate (AdiolS) have recently emerged as biomarkers of adrenal disorders. OBJECTIVE To define the relative human adrenal production of Δ5-steroid sulfates under basal and cosyntropin-stimulated conditions. METHODS Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify three unconjugated and four sulfated Δ5-steroids in (1) paired adrenal vein (AV) and mixed venous serum samples (21 patients) and (2) cultured human adrenal cells both before and after cosyntropin stimulation, (3) microdissected zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) from five human adrenal glands, and (4) a reconstituted in vitro human 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase/(P450 17A1) system. RESULTS Of the steroid sulfates, PregS had the greatest increase after cosyntropin stimulation in the AV (32-fold), whereas DHEAS responded modestly (1.8-fold). PregS attained concentrations comparable to those of DHEAS in the AV after cosyntropin stimulation (AV DHEAS/PregS, 24 and 1.3 before and after cosyntropin, respectively). In cultured adrenal cells, PregS demonstrated the sharpest response to cosyntropin, whereas DHEAS responded only modestly (21-fold vs 1.8-fold higher compared with unstimulated cells at 3 hours, respectively). Steroid analyses in isolated ZF and ZR showed similar amounts of PregS and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone in both zones, whereas DHEAS and AdiolS were higher in ZR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrated that unlike DHEAS, PregS displayed a prominent acute response to cosyntropin. PregS could be used to interrogate the acute adrenal response to ACTH stimulation and as a biomarker in various adrenal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Aya T. Nanba
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Richard J. Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Hwei-Ming Peng
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adina F. Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Geyer J, Bakhaus K, Bernhardt R, Blaschka C, Dezhkam Y, Fietz D, Grosser G, Hartmann K, Hartmann MF, Neunzig J, Papadopoulos D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Schuler G, Shihan M, Wrenzycki C, Wudy SA, Bergmann M. The role of sulfated steroid hormones in reproductive processes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:207-221. [PMID: 27392637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or estrone-3-sulfate, have long been regarded as inactive metabolites as they cannot activate classical steroid receptors. Some of them are present in the blood circulation at quite high concentrations, but generally sulfated steroids exhibit low membrane permeation due to their hydrophilic properties. However, sulfated steroid hormones can actively be imported into specific target cells via uptake carriers, such as the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT, and, after hydrolysis by the steroid sulfatase (so-called sulfatase pathway), contribute to the overall regulation of steroid responsive organs. To investigate the biological significance of sulfated steroid hormones for reproductive processes in humans and animals, the research group "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" was established by the German Research Foundation DFG (FOR1369). Projects of this group deal with transport of sulfated steroids, sulfation of free steroids, desulfation by the steroid sulfatase, effects of sulfated steroids on steroid biosynthesis and membrane receptors as well as MS-based profiling of sulfated steroids in biological samples. This review and concept paper presents key findings from all these projects and provides a broad overview over the current research on sulfated steroid hormones in the field of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Blaschka
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yaser Dezhkam
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Neunzig J, Milhim M, Schiffer L, Khatri Y, Zapp J, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA, Bernhardt R. The steroid metabolite 16(β)-OH-androstenedione generated by CYP21A2 serves as a substrate for CYP19A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:182-191. [PMID: 28065637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) is a steroidogenic enzyme crucial for the synthesis of mineralo- and glucocorticoids. It is described to convert progesterone as well as 17-OH-progesterone, through a hydroxylation at position C21, into 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol (RSS), respectively. In this study we unraveled CYP21A2 to have a broader steroid substrate spectrum than assumed. Utilizing a reconstituted in vitro system, consisting of purified human CYP21A2 and human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) we demonstrated that CYP21A2 is capable to metabolize DOC, RSS, androstenedione (A4) and testosterone (T). In addition, the conversion of A4 rendered a product whose structure was elucidated through NMR spectroscopy, showing a hydroxylation at position C16-beta. The androgenic properties of this steroid metabolite, 16(β)-OH-androstenedione (16bOHA4), were investigated and compared with A4. Both steroid metabolites were shown to be weak agonists for the human androgen receptor. Moreover, the interaction of 16bOHA4 with the aromatase (CYP19A1) was compared to that of A4, indicating that the C16 hydroxyl group does not influence the binding with CYP19A1. In contrast, the elucidation of the kinetic parameters showed an increased Km and decreased kcat value resulting in a 2-fold decreased catalytic efficiency compared to A4. These findings were in accordance with our docking studies, revealing a similar binding conformation and distance to the heme iron of both steroids. Furthermore, the product of 16bOHA4, presumably 16-hydroxy-estrone (16bOHE1), was investigated with regard to its estrogenic activity, which was negligible compared to estradiol and estrone. Finally, 16bOHA4 was found to be present in a patient with 11-hydroxylase deficiency and in a patient with an endocrine tumor. Taken together, this study provides novel information on the steroid hormone biosynthesis and presents a new method to detect further potential relevant novel steroid metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Neunzig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Milhim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - L Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Y Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sánchez-Guijo A, Neunzig J, Gerber A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Schuppe HC, Traupe H, Bernhardt R, Wudy SA. Role of steroid sulfatase in steroid homeostasis and characterization of the sulfated steroid pathway: Evidence from steroid sulfatase deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:142-153. [PMID: 27531568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of steroid sulfatase (STS) activity in the circulating levels of both sulfated and unconjugated steroids is only partially known. In addition, the sulfated steroid pathway, a parallel pathway to the one for unconjugated steroids, which uses the same enzymes, has never been characterized in detail before. Patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD) are unable to enzymatically convert sulfated steroids into their unconjugated forms, and are a good model to elucidate how STS affects steroid biosynthesis and to study the metabolism of sulfated steroids. We quantified unconjugated and sulfated steroids in STSD serum, and compared these results with data obtained from serum of healthy controls. Most sulfated steroids were increased in STSD. However, androstenediol-3-sulfate and epiandrosterone sulfate showed similar levels in both groups, and the concentrations of androsterone sulfate were notably lower. Hydroxylated forms of DHEAS and of pregnenolone sulfate were found to be increased in STSD, suggesting a mechanism to improve the excretion of sulfated steroids. STSD testosterone concentrations were normal, but cholesterol and DHEA were significantly decreased. Additionally, serum bile acids were three-fold higher in STSD. Correlations between concentrations of steroids in each group indicate that 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone-3-sulfate in men is mainly biosynthesized from the precursor pregnenolone sulfate and androstenediol-3-sulfate from DHEAS. These findings confirm the coexistence of two steroidogenic pathways: one for unconjugated steroids and another one for sulfated steroids. Each pathway is responsible for the synthesis of specific steroids. The equal levels of testosterone, and the reduced level of unconjugated precursors in STSD, support that testosterone is primarily synthesized from sulfated steroids. In consequence, testosterone synthesis in STSD relies on an enzyme with sulfatase activity other than STS. This study reveals that STS is a key player of steroid biosynthesis regulating the availability of circulating cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Adrian Gerber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Technical and Natural Sciences III, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rege J, Karashima S, Lerario AM, Smith JM, Auchus RJ, Kasa-Vubu JZ, Sasano H, Nakamura Y, White PC, Rainey WE. Age-dependent Increases in Adrenal Cytochrome b5 and Serum 5-Androstenediol-3-sulfate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4585-4593. [PMID: 27623070 PMCID: PMC5155691 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) increases throughout childhood owing to expansion of the zona reticularis (ZR). ZR features cells with a steroidogenic phenotype distinct from that of the adjacent zona fasciculata, with higher expression of cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) and steroid sulfotransferase type 2A1 but decreased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2). In addition to DHEA-S, three adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates could provide additional tools to define adrenal maturation. OBJECTIVE This study sought to simultaneously measure serum levels of four adrenal Δ5-steroid sulfates, pregnenolone sulfate (Preg-S), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPreg-S), DHEA-S, and 5-androstenediol-3-sulfate (Adiol-S) as a function of age and relate their production to the age-dependent adrenal localization of CYB5A. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Δ5-steroid sulfates were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in sera from 247 normal children (129 males,118 females) age 1.5-18 y and 42 adults (20 males, 22 females). Immunofluorescence localized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal adrenal glands from subjects age 2-35 y. Finally, HAC15 adrenocortical cells were transduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNA to suppress CYB5A expression. RESULTS Of the Δ5-steroid sulfates quantified, DHEA-S was most abundant. Adiol-S increased in parallel with DHEA-S. Steroid ratios (17OHPreg-S/DHEA-S) suggested increases in 17,20-lyase activity during childhood. Immunofluorescence analysis showed age-related increases in ZR CYB5A immunoreactivity. Furthermore, silencing CYB5A in HAC15 adrenocortical cells significantly reduced DHEA-S and Adiol-S production. CONCLUSION Adiol-S shows a similar age-related increase to that of DHEA-S. This likely results from the childhood expansion of CYB5A-expressing ZR, which enhances 17,20-lyase activity and the production of DHEA-S and Adiol-S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joshua M Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Josephine Z Kasa-Vubu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Perrin C White
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (J.R., S.K., W.E.R.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine (A.M.L., R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (J.M.S.), Specially for Children, Austin, Texas 78723; Department of Pediatrics (J.Z.K.-V.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan; Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Y.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; and Department of Pediatrics (P.C.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gu F, Derkach A, Freedman ND, Landi MT, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Mondul AM, Matthews CE, Guertin KA, Xiao Q, Zheng W, Shu XO, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Caporaso NE. Cigarette smoking behaviour and blood metabolomics. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1421-1432. [PMID: 26721601 PMCID: PMC5100605 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying circulating metabolites related to cigarette smoking may provide insight into the biological mechanisms of smoking-related diseases and the nature of addiction. However, previous studies are limited, generally small, and have largely targeted a priori metabolites. METHODS We examined associations between cigarette smoking and metabolites using an untargeted metabolomics approach in 892 men and women from four studies including participants from Italy, USA, China and Finland. We examined associations between individual log-transformed metabolites and two key smoking phenotypes (current smoking status and cigarettes per day [cig/day]) using linear regression. Fixed-effect meta-analysis was used to combine results across studies. Strict Bonferroni thresholds were used as our significance criteria. We further examined associated metabolites with other metrics of smoking behaviuor (current versus former, former versus never, smoking duration and years since quitting) in the US study. RESULTS We identified a total of 25 metabolites associated with smoking behaviours; 24 were associated with current smoking status and eight with cig/day. In addition to three well-established nicotine metabolites (cotinine, hydroxycotinine, cotinine N-oxide), we found an additional 12 xenobiotic metabolites involved in benzoatic (e.g. 3-ethylphenylsulphate) or xanthine metabolism (e.g. 1-methylurate), three amino acids (o-cresol sulphate, serotonin, indolepropionate), two lipids (scyllo-inositol, pregnenolone sulphate), four vitamins or cofactors [e.g. bilirubin (Z,Z)], and one carbohydrate (oxalate). CONCLUSIONS We identified associations between cigarette smoking and a diverse range of metabolites. Our findings, with further validation in future studies, have implications regarding aetiology and study design of smoking-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Andriy Derkach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison M Mondul
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA and
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin A Guertin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qian Xiao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pařízek A, Hill M, Dušková M, Vítek L, Velíková M, Kancheva R, Šimják P, Koucký M, Kokrdová Z, Adamcová K, Černý A, Hájek Z, Stárka L. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Steroid Metabolism in Women with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159203. [PMID: 27494119 PMCID: PMC4975406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a common liver disorder, mostly occurring in the third trimester. ICP is defined as an elevation of serum bile acids, typically accompanied by pruritus and elevated activities of liver aminotransferases. ICP is caused by impaired biliary lipid secretion, in which endogenous steroids may play a key role. Although ICP is benign for the pregnant woman, it may be harmful for the fetus. We evaluated the differences between maternal circulating steroids measured by RIA (17-hydroxypregnenolone and its sulfate, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol) and GC-MS (additional steroids), hepatic aminotransferases and bilirubin in women with ICP (n = 15, total bile acids (TBA) >8 μM) and corresponding controls (n = 17). An age-adjusted linear model, receiver-operating characteristics (ROC), and multivariate regression (a method of orthogonal projections to latent structure, OPLS) were used for data evaluation. While aminotransferases, conjugates of pregnanediols, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were higher in ICP patients, 20α-dihydropregnenolone, 16α-hydroxy-steroids, sulfated 17-oxo-C19-steroids, and 5β-reduced steroids were lower. The OPLS model including steroids measured by GC-MS and RIA showed 93.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while the model including steroids measured by GC-MS in a single sample aliquot showed 93.3% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity. A composite index including ratios of sulfated 3α/β-hydroxy-5α/β-androstane-17-ones to conjugated 5α/β-pregnane-3α/β, 20α-diols discriminated with 93.3% specificity and 81.3% sensitivity (ROC analysis). These new data demonstrating altered steroidogenesis in ICP patients offer more detailed pathophysiological insights into the role of steroids in the development of ICP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Pařízek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Patrik Šimják
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Koucký
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kokrdová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Adamcová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Černý
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hájek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Milhim M, Gerber A, Neunzig J, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. A Novel NADPH-dependent flavoprotein reductase from Bacillus megaterium acts as an efficient cytochrome P450 reductase. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
26
|
Vaňková M, Hill M, Velíková M, Včelák J, Vacínová G, Dvořáková K, Lukášová P, Vejražková D, Rusina R, Holmerová I, Jarolímová E, Vaňková H, Kancheva R, Bendlová B, Stárka L. Preliminary evidence of altered steroidogenesis in women with Alzheimer's disease: Have the patients "OLDER" adrenal zona reticularis? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:157-177. [PMID: 26704533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents more than half of total dementias. Various factors including altered steroid biosynthesis may participate in its pathophysiology. We investigated how the circulating steroids (measured by GC-MS and RIA) may be altered in the presence of AD. Sixteen women with AD and 22 age- and BMI-corresponding controls aged over 65 years were enrolled in the study. The steroid levels (47 steroids and steroid polar conjugates) and their ratios in AD female patients indicated increased CYP11A1 activity, weakened activity of the CYP17A1C17,20 lyase metabolic step and attenuated sulfotransferase SULT2A1 activity at higher activity of the CYP17A1 17-hydroxylase step. The patients showed diminished HSD3B2 activity for C21 steroids, abated conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to cortisol, and significantly elevated cortisol. The women with AD had also attenuated steroid 7α-hydroxylation forming immunoprotective Δ(5)-C19 steroids, attenuated aromatase activity forming estradiol that induces autoimmunity and a shift from the 3β-hydroxy-5α/β-reduced C19 steroids to their neuroinhibitory and antiinflammatory GABAergic 3α-hydroxy- counterparts and showed higher levels of the 3α-hydroxy-5α/β-reduced C21 steroids and pregnenolone sulfate (improves cognitive abilities but may be both protective and excitotoxic). Our preliminary data indicated functioning of alternative "backdoor" pathway in women with AD showing higher levels of both 5α/β-reduced C21 steroids but reduced levels of both 5α/β-reduced C21 steroids, which implied that the alternative "backdoor" pathway might include both 5α- and 5β-reduced steroids. Our study suggested relationships between AD status in women based on the age of subjects and levels of 10 steroids measured by GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Vaňková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Velíková
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Včelák
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Vacínová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Petra Lukášová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Robert Rusina
- Department of Neurology, Thomayer's Hospital, Vídeňská 800, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Holmerová
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 5, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Jarolímová
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 5, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Vaňková
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 5, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 5, Prague 110 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Radmila Kancheva
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Běla Bendlová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| | - Luboslav Stárka
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, Prague 116 94, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schiffer L, Brixius-Anderko S, Hannemann F, Zapp J, Neunzig J, Thevis M, Bernhardt R. Metabolism of Oral Turinabol by Human Steroid Hormone-Synthesizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:227-37. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
28
|
Brixius-Anderko S, Schiffer L, Hannemann F, Janocha B, Bernhardt R. A CYP21A2 based whole-cell system in Escherichia coli for the biotechnological production of premedrol. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:135. [PMID: 26374204 PMCID: PMC4572648 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic glucocorticoids like methylprednisolone (medrol) are of high pharmaceutical interest and represent powerful drugs due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Since the chemical hydroxylation of carbon atom 21, a crucial step in the synthesis of the medrol precursor premedrol, exhibits a low overall yield because of a poor stereo- and regioselectivity, there is high interest in a more sustainable and efficient biocatalytic process. One promising candidate is the mammalian cytochrome P450 CYP21A2 which is involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and performs a selective oxyfunctionalization of C21 to provide the precursors of aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid, and cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid. In this work, we demonstrate the high potential of CYP21A2 for a biotechnological production of premedrol, an important precursor of medrol. RESULTS We successfully developed a CYP21A2-based whole-cell system in Escherichia coli by coexpressing the cDNAs of bovine CYP21A2 and its redox partner, the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), via a bicistronic vector. The synthetic substrate medrane was selectively 21-hydroxylated to premedrol with a max. yield of 90 mg L(-1) d(-1). To further improve the biocatalytic activity of the system by a more effective electron supply, we exchanged the CPR with constructs containing five alternative redox systems. A comparison of the constructs revealed that the redox system with the highest endpoint yield converted 70 % of the substrate within the first 2 h showing a doubled initial reaction rate compared with the other constructs. Using the best system we could increase the overall yield of premedrol to a maximum of 320 mg L(-1) d(-1) in shaking flasks. Optimization of the biotransformation in a bioreactor could further improve the premedrol gain to a maximum of 0.65 g L(-1) d(-1). CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a CYP21-based whole-cell system for the biotechnological production of premedrol, a pharmaceutically relevant glucocorticoid, in E. coli and could improve the system by optimizing the redox system concerning reaction velocity and endpoint yield. This is the first step for a sustainable replacement of a complicated chemical low-yield hydroxylation by a biocatalytic cytochrome P450-based whole-cell system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Bernd Janocha
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, C&BD Frankfurt Biotechnology, 65926, Frankfurt-Höchst, Germany.
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sánchez-Guijo A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Traupe H, Wudy SA. Simultaneous quantification of cholesterol sulfate, androgen sulfates, and progestagen sulfates in human serum by LC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1843-51. [PMID: 26239050 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids are primarily present in human fluids in their sulfated forms. Profiling of these compounds is important from both diagnostic and physiological points of view. Here, we present a novel method for the quantification of 11 intact steroid sulfates in human serum by LC-MS/MS. The compounds analyzed in our method, some of which are quantified for the first time in blood, include cholesterol sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone sulfate, 16-α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenediol sulfate, androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone sulfate, epitestosterone sulfate, and dihydrotestosterone sulfate. The assay was conceived to quantify sulfated steroids in a broad range of concentrations, requiring only 300 μl of serum. The method has been validated and its performance was studied at three quality controls, selected for each compound according to its physiological concentration. The assay showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.99) and recovery for all the compounds, with limits of quantification ranging between 1 and 80 ng/ml. Averaged intra-day and between-day precisions (coefficient of variation) and accuracies (relative errors) were below 10%. The method has been successfully applied to study the sulfated steroidome in diseases such as steroid sulfatase deficiency, proving its diagnostic value. This is, to our best knowledge, the most comprehensive method available for the quantification of sulfated steroids in human blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mosa A, Neunzig J, Gerber A, Zapp J, Hannemann F, Pilak P, Bernhardt R. 2β- and 16β-hydroxylase activity of CYP11A1 and direct stimulatory effect of estrogens on pregnenolone formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:1-10. [PMID: 25746800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of steroid hormones in vertebrates is initiated by the cytochrome P450 CYP11A1, which performs the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol thereby producing pregnenolone. In this study, we report a direct stimulatory effect of the estrogens estradiol and estrone onto the pregnenolone formation in a reconstituted in vitro system consisting of purified CYP11A1 and its natural redox partners. We demonstrated the formation of new products from 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during the in vitro reaction catalyzed by CYP11A1. In addition, we also established an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalytic system consisting of CYP11A1 and its redox partners to obtain sufficient yields of products for NMR-characterization. Our results indicate that CYP11A1, in addition to the previously described 6β-hydroxylase activity, possesses a 2β-hydroxylase activity towards DOC and androstenedione as well as a 16β-hydroxylase activity towards DHEA. We also showed that CYP11A1 is able to perform the 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone, a reaction that has been predominantly attributed to CYP3A4. Our results are the first evidence that sex hormones positively regulate the overall production of steroid hormones suggesting the need to reassess the role of CYP11A1 in steroid hormone biosynthesis and its substrate-dependent mechanistic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mosa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - A Gerber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P Pilak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sánchez-Guijo A, Oji V, Hartmann MF, Schuppe HC, Traupe H, Wudy SA. High levels of oxysterol sulfates in serum of patients with steroid sulfatase deficiency. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:403-12. [PMID: 25502769 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency is the underlying cause of the skin condition known as recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI). RXLI patients show scales on their skin caused by high concentrations of cholesterol sulfate (CS), as they are not capable of releasing the sulfate group from its structure to obtain free cholesterol. CS has been reported, so far, as the sole sulfated steroid with increased concentrations in the blood of RXLI patients. A non-targeted LC-MS approach in negative mode detection (LC-MS precursor ion scan mode) was applied to serum samples of 12 RXLI patients and 19 healthy males. We found that CS was not the only sulfated compound consistently elevated in RXLI patients, because a group of compounds with a m/z of 481 was found in high concentrations too. Further LC-MS/MS demonstrated that the main contributor to the m/z 481 signal in RXLI serum is 27-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (27OHC3S). Accordingly, a new method for 27OHC3S quantification in the context of RXLI has been developed and validated. Other hydroxycholesterol sulfate compounds were elevated as well in RXLI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Schuppe
- Clinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|