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Monasterio X, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Cumming SP, Malina RM, Williams S, Lekue JA, Santisteban JM, Diaz-Beitia G, Larruskain J. Estimating Maturity Status in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Evaluation of Methods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1124-1133. [PMID: 38377009 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to evaluate the concordance of predicted maturity status classifications (pre-, circa-, or post-peak height velocity (PHV)) relative to observed age at PHV in youth soccer players. METHODS Longitudinal height records for 124 male soccer players were extracted from academy records spanning the 2000 to 2022 seasons. Age at PHV for each player was estimated with the Superimposition by Translation and Rotation model. Players were classified as pre-, circa-, or post-PHV using both ±1- and ±0.5-yr criteria to define the circa-PHV interval. Maturity status was estimated with several prediction protocols: maturity offset (Mirwald, Moore-1, Moore-2), maturity ratio (Fransen), and percentage of predicted adult height (PAH%) using the Khamis-Roche and Tanner-Whitehouse 2 equations using several bands: 85% to 96%, 88% to 96%, 88% to 93%, and 90% to 93% for the circa-PHV interval, and visual evaluation of individual growth curves alone or with PAH% based on Khamis-Roche and Tanner-Whitehouse 2. Concordance of maturity status classifications based on complete growth curves and predicted estimates of maturity status was addressed with percentage agreement and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS Visual evaluation of the growth curves had the highest concordance (≈80%) with maturity status classifications (pre-, circa-, post-PHV) based on longitudinal data for individual players. Predicted maturity offset with the Mirwald, Moore-1, and Fransen equations misclassified about one-third to one-half of the players, whereas concordance based on PAH% varied with the band used, but not with the method of height prediction. CONCLUSIONS Visual assessment of the individual growth curves by an experienced assessor provides an accurate estimate of maturity status relative to PHV. Maturity offset prediction equations misclassify the majority of players, whereas PAH% provides a reasonably valid alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, SPAIN
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, SPAIN
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
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Niklasson E, Lindholm O, Rietz M, Lind J, Johnson D, Lundberg TR. Who Reaches the NHL? A 20-Year Retrospective Analysis of Junior and Adult Ice Hockey Success in Relation to Biological Maturation in Male Swedish Players. Sports Med 2024; 54:1317-1326. [PMID: 38194055 PMCID: PMC11127826 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relationship between biological maturation and success in adolescence and adulthood in male Swedish ice hockey players. METHODS Anthropometric records of players in certified ice hockey high schools between 1998 and 2017 were retrieved (n = 4787). The database was complemented with records of Swedish junior national teams (U16, U18, U20) and National Hockey League (NHL) appearances. Biological maturation was recorded as a percentage of adult height (%AH), and selection probabilities were estimated using a generalised linear mixed effects model. Biological age was determined by comparing players with age-matched growth reference values. Categories of %AH, standard deviation z-scores and biological age offset describing early, on-time and late maturation were created. RESULTS A total of 217 players had played on the U16 national team (junior success), and 96 reached the NHL (adult success). The difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] in baseline %AH between players with junior versus adult success was - 0.75 (- 0.39, - 1.11). Looking at age-offset categories in junior success, 30% of players were early maturing and 19% of players were late maturing, showing a bias towards early maturation (p < 0.01). In contrast, more late-maturing players (40%) achieved adult success than early-maturing players (25%), and NHL players had significantly later maturation [%AH: - 0.48 (- 0.80, - 0.16)] than non-NHL players. CONCLUSION This unique 20-year analysis shows that junior success in male ice hockey is positively related to early maturation, while adult success is inversely related to advanced maturation. Ice hockey organisations should implement maturation assessments to optimise the development of both late- and early-matured players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Niklasson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Lindholm
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlene Rietz
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Center for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - John Lind
- Swedish Ice Hockey Association, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, England, UK
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nobari H, Eken Ö, Singh U, Gorouhi A, Bordón JCP, Prieto-González P, Kurtoğlu A, Calvo TG. Which training load indicators are greater correlated with maturation and wellness variables in elite U14 soccer players? BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:289. [PMID: 38689258 PMCID: PMC11059657 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of training load is done to improve physical performance and minimize the incidence of injuries. The study examined the correlation between accumulated training load parameters based on periods with maturity (i.e., maturity offset and peak height velocity -PHV- and wellness variables -e.g., stress and sleep quality-). The second aim was to analyze the multi-linear regression between the above indicators. METHODS Twenty elite young U14 soccer players (M = 13.26 ± 0.52 years, 95% CI [13.02, 13.51]) were evaluated over 26 weeks (early, mid, and end-season) to obtain stress, sleep quality, and measures of workload in the season (accumulated acute workload [AW], accumulated chronic workload [CW], accumulated acute: chronic workload ratio [ACWLR], accumulated training monotony [TM], accumulated training strain [TS]). RESULTS The analysis revealed a moderate, statistically significant negative correlation between sleep quality and training monotony (r = -0.461, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were observed between other variables (p > 0.05). In the multi-linear regression analysis, maturity, PHV, sleep, and stress collectively accounted for variances of 17% in AW, 17.1% in CW, 11% in ACWLR, 21.3% in TM, and 22.6% in TS. However, individual regression coefficients for these predictors were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating limited predictive power. CONCLUSION The study highlights the impact of sleep quality on training monotony, underscoring the importance of managing training load to mitigate the risks of overtraining. The non-significant regression coefficients suggest the complexity of predicting training outcomes based on the assessed variables. These insights emphasize the need for a holistic approach in training load management and athlete wellness monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
| | - Özgür Eken
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Science, Inonu University, Battalgazi, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Sports Dynamix Private Limited, Chennai, India
| | - Armin Gorouhi
- University of A Coruña, A Coruña, 15001, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Department of Biomedicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, 10200, Türkiye
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
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Krommes K, Thorborg K, Clausen MB, Rathleff MS, Olesen JL, Kallemose T, Hölmich P. Self-management including exercise, education and activity modification compared to usual care for adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter (the SOGOOD trial): protocol of a randomized controlled superiority trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38643184 PMCID: PMC11032598 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osgood-Schlatter is the most frequent growth-related injury affecting about 10% of physically active adolescents. It can cause long-term pain and limitations in sports and physical activity, with potential sequela well into adulthood. The management of Osgood-Schlatter is very heterogeneous. Recent systematic reviews have found low level evidence for surgical intervention and injection therapies, and an absence of studies on conservative management. Recently, a novel self-management approach with exercise, education, and activity modification, demonstrated favorable outcomes for adolescents with patellofemoral pain and Osgood-Schlatter in prospective cohort studies. AIM The aim of this trial is to assess the effectiveness of the novel self-management approach compared to usual care in improving self-reported knee-related function in sport (measured using the KOOS-child 'Sport/play' subscale) after a 5-month period. METHODS This trial is a pragmatic, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a two-group parallel arm design, including participants aged 10-16 years diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter. Participants will receive 3 months of treatment, consisting of either usual care or the self-management approach including exercise, education, and activity modification, followed by 2 months of self-management. Primary endpoint is the KOOS-child 'Sport/play' score at 5 months. This protocol details the planned methods and procedures. DISCUSSION The novel approach has already shown promise in previous cohort studies. This trial will potentially provide much-needed level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of the self-management approach, representing a crucial step towards addressing the long-term pain and limitations associated with Osgood-Schlatter. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05174182. Prospectively registered December 30th 2021. Date of first recruitment: January 3rd 2022. Target sample size: 130 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Krommes
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bek Clausen
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg. Fyrkildevej 7, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkegaard Olesen
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg. Fyrkildevej 7, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kallemose
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, Hvidovre, DK-2610, Danmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Robinson J, Cumming S, Salter J, Toner J, Towlson C. A new method to identify key match-play behaviours of young soccer players: Development of the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295953. [PMID: 38457396 PMCID: PMC10923421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the validity and reliability of a newly developed scoring tool, designed for monitoring youth soccer players during match-play performance to support coaches/scouts with the talent identification process. The method used to design the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool comprised of a five-stage process of (i) conducting an initial literature review to establish content validity (ii) gaining content validity through a cross sectional online survey (iii) establishing face validity via expert coach feedback (iv) conducting inter-rater reliability tests and (v) intra-rater reliability tests. In stage two, twenty-two soccer academy practitioners completed an online survey, which revealed that player behaviours such as resilience, competitiveness, and decision making were all valued as the most important behavioural characteristics by practitioners (90.9%), whilst X-factor was valued as least important by a significant amount (27.2%). Stages three to five of the testing procedure included a sample of four academy coaches not involved in the preceding stage. Twenty male collegiate soccer players (under-16 to under-18) involved in the study took part in four versus four small-sided games (SSG) in a 'round-robin' tournament across three weeks which accumulated 14 SSG's, 100-140 minutes of playing time and 70-98 individual player grades. Two of the four academy coaches watched the SSG's and used the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool to assess live evidence of desirable player behaviours, which was subsequently followed by retrospective video analysis for intra-rater reliability testing. The remaining two academy coaches watched the same SSG retrospective video footage to test for inter-rater reliability. Reliability results revealed an acceptable level of agreement with scores between 81.25%-89.9% for inter-rater whilst intra-rater provided scores between 80.35%-99.4%. Preliminary evidence here suggests that the Hull Soccer Behavioural Scoring Tool is both a valid and reliable method to assess desirable player behaviours during talent identification processes. Thus, youth soccer practitioners and researchers should seek to test and further validate the tool in order to confirm its utility as a means of measuring behavioural characteristics of youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Robinson
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Salter
- York St John University, School of Science, Technology and Health, York, United Kingdom
| | - John Toner
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Towlson
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
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Davidson TK, Barrett S, Toner J, Towlson C. Professional soccer practitioners' perceptions of using performance analysis technology to monitor technical and tactical player characteristics within an academy environment: A category 1 club case study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298346. [PMID: 38452138 PMCID: PMC10919864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify professional soccer practitioners' perceptions of the application of performance analysis technology within a single academy club. Secondary aims were to understand the importance that practitioners place on monitoring technical and tactical player characteristics, current practices, and barriers to implementing wearable technology. Utilising a mixed method design, forty-four professional soccer academy practitioners (Age = 32 ± 5.8; Years of experience = 8.5 ± 6.2) completed an online survey intended to examine present trends, professional practices, and perceptions regarding the monitoring of technical and tactical metrics. Frequency and percentages of responses for individual items were calculated. Subsequently, eleven participants who were directly involved with the monitoring of players were recruited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Interview data was transcribed and analysed using a combination of deductive and inductive approaches to identify key themes. The main findings across both phases of the study were that (1) technical and tactical metrics are monitored more frequently in matches (Technical: 89%; tactical: 91%) than training (Technical: 80%; Tactical 64%), predominantly due to time constraints and staffing numbers. Accordingly, practitioners believe that it would be beneficial to have an automated way of tracking technical (79%) and tactical (71%) metrics and would consider using a foot-mounted IMU to do so (technical (68%) and tactical (57%)). (2) Monitoring technical and tactical metrics is beneficial to assist with player development and to enrich feedback provision (3) Key stake holders, coaches and players should be informed of the relevance and rationale for monitoring. (4) For successful implementation and continued uptake, the information delivered needs to be both meaningful and easy to understand. Findings suggest that although participants appreciate the need to collect technical and tactical metrics, they are keen to ensure that wearable-derived data does not replace experiential and contextual knowledge. Accordingly, practitioners need to work closely with coaches to determine the contexts in which metrics may or may not prove useful. However, as the sample comprised of participants from a single academy, further studies including more practitioners are warranted. Likewise, future research could also extend to include academy soccer players perceptions too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia-Kate Davidson
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Barrett
- Sport Science, Performance Analysis, Research and Coaching (SPARC), Playermaker, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Toner
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Towlson
- University of Hull, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Hull, United Kingdom
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7
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Martinho DV, Rebelo A, Field A, Ribeiro AS, Pereira F, Bizarro B, Ribeiro J, Len SM, Gouveia ÉR, Sarmento H. The Quantification of Physical Performance and Internal Training Load in Youth Male Soccer Players During Preseason. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38437841 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The monitoring of training loads and quantification of physical performance are common practices in youth soccer academies to support coaches in prescribing and programming training for individuals. The interaction between training load and physical performance is unknown during a preseason period in youth soccer players. The current study assessed changes in training load and physical assessments across a 4-week preseason period. The relationship between physical performance and match playing time in youth male soccer players was also investigated. METHODS The training loads of 25 professional youth academy male soccer players were monitored throughout a 4-week preseason period. Assessments of power, agility, speed, and aerobic capacity were undertaken in the first training session. Session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) and well-being questionnaires were collected during all training sessions and preseason matches. Playing time during subsequent competitive matches was recorded. RESULTS T test and 30-m-sprint assessments, conducted on the first day of preseason, were predictors of sRPE throughout preseason (t test χ2/df = 2.895, poor adjustment; 30-m sprint χ2/df = 1.608, good adjustment). YoYo Test performance was related with changes in perceived fatigue (χ2/df = 0.534, very good adjustment). Faster players reported higher values of sRPE, and players with higher aerobic capacity reported higher levels of fatigue across preseason. Well-being, perceived fatigue and soreness, and sRPE decreased across preseason. Greater match durations were related to higher levels of fatigue during preseason (P < .05). CONCLUSION The current study highlights the relationship between training load, physical assessments, and playing time. Coaches and practitioners can use physical test data at the start of preseason as an indication of players that report higher sRPE, perceived fatigue, and reduced well-being across preseason, supporting decisions around individualized training prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física e Exercício e Saude, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bizarro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Performance Optimization, GOD, Sporting Clube de Braga SAD, Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvano M Len
- Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte "Manuel Fajardo,"Havana, Cuba
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Kutson CW, Russell JL, Strack D, Coutts AJ, McLean BD. External Load Fluctuations Across an Amateur Athletic Union Basketball Season. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:592-598. [PMID: 38090988 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kutson, CW, Russell, JL, Strack, D, Coutts, AJ, and McLean, BD. External load fluctuations across an Amateur Athletic Union basketball season. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 592-598, 2024-Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are an important component of the developmental pathway for youth basketball athletes. Despite its relative importance, there is currently a paucity of research investigating the physical demands in AAU basketball. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the physical demands encountered over the course of an AAU basketball season. External training load was quantified using inertial sensors (Catapult T6) from one male AAU basketball team (age: 17.5 ± 0.5 years, height: 197.3 ± 10.0 cm, and mass: 89.4 ± 11.6 kg) over the course of the 2021 AAU season and categorized post hoc into high-, medium-, and low-minute groups based on mean playing minutes. After player categorization, 2 linear mixed models were constructed, one for PlayerLoad (PL) and one for duration, to examine the differences across player category, month of the season, and activity types (practices or games). The results show that the highest training loads were encountered by high-minute players, who had total PLs of 9,766 ± 1,516 AU, 13,207 ± 2,561 AU, and 7,071 ± 2,122 AU during April, May, and June, respectively. Highly variable training loads were also evident over the course of a season, with peak PL values as high as 4,921 AU per week. Practitioners should be aware that AAU basketball players experience variable loads throughout the season, which peak around congested competition/tournament periods. In addition, players with high game minutes accumulate the most load over the course of a season. This information may be used to better inform planning and periodizing strategies during developmental phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine W Kutson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Athletics, Basketball Strength and Performance, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and
| | - Jennifer L Russell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Donnie Strack
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Blake D McLean
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Oklahoma City Thunder Professional Basketball Club, Human and Player Performance, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Hermassi S, Ketelhut S, Konukman F, Ayari MA, Al-Marri S, Al Rawahi N, Bouhafs EG, Nigg CR, Schwesig R. Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Health-Related Physical Performance Indices and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Study of Normal-Weight and Obese Children in Qatar. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1057. [PMID: 38398370 PMCID: PMC10888728 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between physical activity (PA), health-related physical performance (PP), and academic achievement (AA) plays an important role in childhood. This study examined the differences in PA, sedentary behavior, health-related PP, maturity status, and AA between normal-weight and obese school children in Qatar. Methods: Eighty schoolchildren were recruited (age: 12.1 ± 0.6 years). Based on age-specific BMI percentiles, the children were classified as normal weight (n = 40) or obese (n = 40). Moore's equations were used to estimate their maturity status (PHV). The measurements encompassed anthropometric data as well as PP tests (medicine ball throw, postural stability, handgrip strength). AA was assessed by reviewing school records for grade point average in Mathematics, Science, and Arabic courses. The total amount of time spent participating in PA each week was calculated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. Results: Handgrip strength was the only parameter that showed a relevant group difference (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.15; normal weight: 19.7 ± 3.46 N; obese: 21.7 ± 2.80 N). We found only one moderate correlation between PHV and handgrip strength (r = 0.59). Conclusions: The findings suggest that obesity status alone might not serve as a sufficient predictor of AA in school or PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.K.); (S.A.-M.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.)
| | - Ferman Konukman
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.K.); (S.A.-M.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Mohammed Ali Ayari
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Senaid Al-Marri
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.K.); (S.A.-M.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Nasser Al Rawahi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.K.); (S.A.-M.); (N.A.R.)
| | - El Ghali Bouhafs
- Department of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Claudio R. Nigg
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.)
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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Sylvester R, Lehnert M, Hanzlíková I, Krejčí J. The effect of plyometric training and moderating variables on stretch-shortening cycle function and physical qualities in female post peak height velocity volleyball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346624. [PMID: 38390448 PMCID: PMC10882090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although several studies investigated the effect of plyometric training on physical performance, there is a lack of clarity regarding the effectiveness of plyometric training or its moderator variables in youth female volleyball players. The primary aim of this study was to explore the effect of horizontal plyometric training on explosive stretch-shortening cycle hops and jumps in the vertical and horizontal directions in female post peak height velocity (PHV) volleyball players. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of participant and training related moderators on horizontal plyometric training in post-PHV volleyball players. Methods: A total of 23 post-PHV volleyball players participated in this 8-week intervention with horizontal plyometric exercises, twice a week. Pre-testing and post-testing included bilateral and unilateral vertical sub-maximal hopping, horizontal jumping and hopping, and a drop jump test. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using a paired t-test. The influence of internal moderators such as age, maturity and body mass and external moderators such as training volume were assessed using regression and correlation analysis. Results: An 8-week plyometric training improved sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz left by 4.4%, bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.0 Hz by 9.5% and bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.2 Hz by 6.8% in post-PHV female volleyball players. Horizontal jumping and hopping, reactive strength index and other sub-maximal hopping conditions did not improve significantly. Body mass had a large moderating effect on vertical unilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz right (p = 0.010, η 2 = 0.314), vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz right (p = 0.035, η 2 = 0.170), and vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz left (p = 0.043, η 2 = 0.203). Training volume together with generalized joint hypermobility moderated right leg triple broad hop performance, whereas maturity and age did not moderate any variables. Conclusion: This study determined that 8 weeks of horizontal plyometric training can improve unilateral absolute leg stiffness in post-PHV female volleyball players, and this training effect can be moderated by body mass. Furthermore, the training effect on triple hopping performance on the right leg can be moderated by combined training volume with generalized joint hypermobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sylvester
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michal Lehnert
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivana Hanzlíková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jakub Krejčí
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinantropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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11
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Fitzgerald F, Campbell M, Kearney PE, Cumming S. Exploring the existence, strength, and independence of relative age and maturation selection biases: a case study in Gaelic football talent development programmes. Ann Hum Biol 2024; 51:2349040. [PMID: 38809024 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2024.2349040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological maturity and relative age player selection biases are well documented in youth sports. However, there has been limited examination of the relationship between these biases. AIM This study investigated the presence, strength, and independence of relative age and biological maturity selection biases in Gaelic football. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 247 male players from U14 to U16, from two talent academies were assessed for relative age (decimal age (DA)) and biological maturity (discrepancy between biological and chronological age (BA-CA)). RESULTS Relative age effects (RAE) were observed in the U14 (DA = 0.62, d = 0.40) and U15 squads (DA = 0.57. d = 0.26) only. A bias towards advanced maturity status was present at U14 (BA-CA = 0.60, d = 0.83), U15 (BA-CA = 0.78, d = 0.89), and U16 (BA-CA, d = 1.01). There was a trivial (U14, r(83) = -0.210; U15, r(88) = 0.060) and low (U16, r(76) = 0.352) correlation between relative age and maturity status. CONCLUSION Substantial maturity selection biases and, to a lesser degree, relative age biases are evident in youth Gaelic football. Critically, these biases are independent constructs. Coaches and policy makers should be educated on the distinct influences of relative age and maturation, and on strategies to address these biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fitzgerald
- Department of Health and Leisure, Munster Technological University Kerry, Tralee, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Sport & Human Performance Research Centre, Limerick, Ireland
- Performance and Research Department, Kerry GAA, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - M Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Sport & Human Performance Research Centre, Limerick, Ireland
| | - P E Kearney
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Sport & Human Performance Research Centre, Limerick, Ireland
| | - S Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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12
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Wik EH, Chamari K, Tabben M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Bahr R. Exploring Growth, Maturity, and Age as Injury Risk Factors in High-Level Youth Football. Sports Med Int Open 2024; 8:a21804594. [PMID: 38312925 PMCID: PMC10832576 DOI: 10.1055/a-2180-4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid somatic growth and biological maturity status may affect injury patterns in youth football, yet firm conclusions cannot be drawn from the existing research. We aimed to explore growth velocity, maturity, and age as injury risk factors in 95 academy players (11.9-15.0 years), using anthropometric (height and body mass), maturity (skeletal age), injury, and football exposure data collected prospectively over three seasons (2016/17-2018/19). We compared the relative quality of mixed-effects logistic regression models with growth velocity for 223 growth intervals (average 113 days) included as fixed effects and adjusted for age (chronological or skeletal) plus load (hours/week). Associations were considered practically relevant based on the confidence interval for odds ratios, using thresholds of 0.90 and 1.11 to define small beneficial and harmful effects, respectively. We observed harmful effects of older age on overall (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.15-5.91) and sudden onset (1.98, 1.17-3.37) injury risk. Significant associations (p<0.05) were observed for higher body mass change and greater maturity on sudden onset injuries, and for higher hours/week on gradual onset, bone tissue, and physis injuries. Future studies should include larger samples, monitoring athletes from pre-adolescence through maturation, to enable within-subject analyses and better understand the relationship between growth, maturation, and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport
and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Karim Chamari
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Montassar Tabben
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome
'Foro Italico', Roma, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha,
Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
| | - Roald Bahr
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports
Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Monasterio X, Cumming SP, Larruskain J, Johnson DM, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Diaz-Beitia G, Santisteban JM, Williams S. The combined effects of growth and maturity status on injury risk in an elite football academy. Biol Sport 2024; 41:235-244. [PMID: 38188110 PMCID: PMC10765440 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the interaction between growth rate on specific injury incidence and burden on pre-, circa- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) periods. Injury and stature data collected during the 2000-2020 seasons in an elite football academy were retrospectively analysed. Only players with height measurements from childhood until the attainment of adult height were included in the study (N = 84). Growth data were smoothed using a cubic spline to calculate daily growth rate and height. Growth rate was categorised into three groups: fast (> 7.2 cm/year), moderate (3.5-7.2 cm/year) and slow (< 3.5 cm/year). Percentage of observed adult height was used to classify players as pre-PHV (< 88%), circa-PHV (88-95%) or post-PHV (> 95%). Overall and specific injury incidence and burden and rate ratios for comparisons between growth rate groups were calculated on pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods, separately. Overall injury incidence and burden were greater in pre-PHV players with quicker growth rates compared to players growing moderately and slowly. All in all, players with more rapid growth-rates were at higher risk for growth-related injuries in all pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods. Post-PHV, the incidence and burden of joint/ligament injuries were 2.4 and 2.6-times greater in players growing slowly compared to players growing moderately. Practitioners should monitor growth rate and maturity status and consider their interaction to facilitate the design of targeted injury risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Monasterio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose A Lekue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Gontzal Diaz-Beitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Juan M Santisteban
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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14
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Mason L, Connolly J, Devenney LE, Lacey K, O’Donovan J, Doherty R. Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5101. [PMID: 38140360 PMCID: PMC10745648 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review explores the impact of sleep and nutrition on injury risk in adolescent athletes. Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual's sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent. The literature has suggested that athletes have increased sleep needs compared to those of the general population and thus the standard recommendations may not be sufficient for athletic populations. Therefore, a more individualised approach accounting for overall sleep health may be more appropriate for addressing sleep needs in individuals including athletes. The literature has demonstrated that adolescent athletes achieve, on average, ~6.3 h of sleep, demonstrating a discrepancy between sleep recommendations (8-10 h) and actual sleep achieved. Sleep-wake cycles undergo development during adolescence whereby adaptation occurs in sleep regulation during this phase. These adaptations increase sleep pressure tolerance and are driven by the maturation of physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning along with delays in circadian rhythmicity, thus creating an environment for inadequate sleep during adolescence. As such, the adolescent period is a phase of rapid growth and maturation that presents multiple challenges to both sleep and nutrition; consequently, this places a significant burden on an adolescent athletes' ability to recover, thus increasing the likelihood of injury. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the importance of sleep and nutrition interactions in injury risk in adolescent athletes. Furthermore, it provides foundations for informing further investigations exploring the relation of sleep and nutrition interactions to recovery during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán Mason
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - James Connolly
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Karl Lacey
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - Jim O’Donovan
- DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin 9, D09 Y8VX Dublin, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Portella DL, Vidal-Espinoza R, Sulla-Torres J, Castelli Correia de Campos LF, Gomez-Campos R, Cossio-Bolaños M. Reference values for body composition and physical fitness of young Brazilian elite soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1285952. [PMID: 38028780 PMCID: PMC10652792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1285952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: a) to verify whether body composition and physical fitness should be analyzed by chronological age and/or maturity stage in young Brazilian soccer players and b) to propose reference values for the evaluation of body composition and physical fitness by maturity stage in elite soccer players. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 206 young Brazilian soccer players (11-16 years old). The sample selection was non-probabilistic by convenience. Weight and standing height were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BC indicators [(percent fat (%F), Fat-free mass (FFM), Fat mass (FM) and Bone mass (BM)] were extracted. For physical fitness (PF), we applied the Flexibility (cm) sit and reach tests, explosive strength tests [Counter Movement Jump CMJ (cm) and horizontal jump HJ (cm)], speed [Speed 10, 20, 30 and 40 m (seconds)] and Yo-Yo endurance level I test. Percentiles were constructed for BC and PF using the LMS method [L (Lambda; skewness), M (Mu; median) and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)]. Results: The explanatory power between chronological age (CA) with BC was: FM (R2 = 0.03%), FFM (R 2 = 0.66%) and BM (R 2 = 0.62%), while between maturity status (MS) with BC were: FM (R 2 = 0.04%), FFM (R 2 = 0.71%) and BM (R 2 = 0.66). The explanatory power between the CA with the physical fitness tests ranged from: (R 2 = 0.22-0.62%). While between MS with physical fitness the values ranged from: (R 2 = 0.23-0.64%). Percentiles per MS (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90, P95 and P97) were proposed for both BC and PF. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the evaluation of BC and PF of young soccer players should be performed by controlling for MS rather than for CA. The inclusion of a non-invasive method to control MS by means of percentiles during puberty may contribute to the development of retention and exclusion of young soccer players, thus, they may have a better chance of achieving sporting success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leite Portella
- School of Physical Education, Master Program in Innovation in Health Education, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ruben Vidal-Espinoza
- Escuela de Ingenieria de Sistemas, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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16
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Fallon Verbruggen F, Kaľata M, Marenčáková J, Malý T, Zahálka F. The effect of biological maturation on foot morphology, and their relation to postural stability performance in male footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1155-1164. [PMID: 37535341 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological maturity (BM) and foot morphology (FM) can independently alter neuromuscular loading on the ankle-foot complex, potentially causing stability deficits and injury predisposition. However, the influence of BM on FM, and how much both explain neuromuscular performance in postural stability (PS) tests, has been understudied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BM on FM, and then discover to what extent both factors explain the variance in PS performance in adolescent footballers. METHODS Over one season, 399 three-dimensional foot scans were gathered from 72 footballers (U12-U15). PS was measured by center of pressure (COP) displacement in bilateral and unilateral stance. The Khamis and Roche equation determined maturity status (MS), while formulae from Mirwald and Khamis and Roche estimated timing of biological maturation (TBM). Principal component analysis determined nine principal components that explained the most variance in FM. An ANCOVA determined the effect of TBM on FM principal components, with covariates of age, height, weight, playing position, and foot preference. Step-wise linear regression determined the explanation of COP displacement by the above-mentioned predictors. RESULTS There was significantly increased foot pronation during and after peak height velocity/puberty. MS and four foot principal components (foot arch and width, great toe width and length) were significant predictors in all PS tests (R2: 0.105-0.180). CONCLUSIONS TBM had a significant effect on FM presentation, and should be a part of adolescent foot assessment. While they only explained a small amount of variance, determining MS and FM may identify those requiring additional PS attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdia Fallon Verbruggen
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic -
| | - Maroš Kaľata
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Marenčáková
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Malý
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Zahálka
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Burton AM, Cowburn I, Thompson F, Eisenmann JC, Nicholson B, Till K. Associations Between Motor Competence and Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Psychosocial Characteristics in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:2191-2256. [PMID: 37542607 PMCID: PMC10587315 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence is an integral component of the health and performance of youth. Numerous studies support the hypothesis that motor competence interacts with perceived motor competence and physical fitness during childhood to induce positive (e.g. healthy weight status) or negative (e.g. reduced physical activity engagement) trajectories. Yet, while adolescence is a key period of rapid growth and maturation, no systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined the association between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics solely within adolescents. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to (1) analyse the scientific literature evaluating associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and/or psychosocial characteristics amongst adolescents; (2) evaluate the associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness characteristics and/or psychosocial characteristics amongst adolescents; and (3) investigate the impact of moderator variables (i.e., age, sex, type of motor competence assessment) on the associations. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted, followed by a qualitative synthesis of study methods. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to establish the magnitude and orientation of pooled correlation coefficients between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents, whilst considering potential moderators (i.e., age, sex, type of motor competence assessment). RESULTS Sixty-one studies were included, totalling 22,256 adolescents. Twenty-seven different assessments of motor competence were used, with 31 studies utilising product-orientated (i.e. outcome) motor competence assessments. Meta-analyses of 43 studies showed that motor competence was positively associated with physical activity (r = 0.20 to 0.26), some physical fitness characteristics (e.g. muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance; r = 0.03 to 0.60) and psychosocial characteristics (r = 0.07 to 0.34), and inversely associated with weight status (r = - 0.36 to - 0.10), speed (r = - 0.31) and agility (r = - 0.37 to 0.41). Associations with flexibility were unclear. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the hypothesised interactions of motor competence with physical activity (positive), physical fitness (positive except for weight status, speed and agility) and psychosocial characteristics (positive) in adolescence. However, methodological approaches vary considerably (e.g. variety of motor competence assessments utilised), with limitations of the current literature including an inadequate assessment of motor competence, a lack of longitudinal observations and a failure to account for biological maturation. Future research assessing associations between motor competence and physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial characteristics of adolescents should include longitudinal observations of a combined motor competence assessment (i.e. process and product) and account for biological maturation. Improved evaluation using these recommendations could provide more accurate data, leading to more targeted interventions to improve adolescents' physical and psychosocial outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021233441 (PROSPERO ID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Burton
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK.
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, York, UK.
| | - Ian Cowburn
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
| | - Ffion Thompson
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
- Queen Ethelburga's Collegiate, York, UK
| | - Joey C Eisenmann
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
- Lakeland University, Plymouth, WI, USA
| | - Ben Nicholson
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Research Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Churchwood Avenue, Leeds, LS26 3QT, UK
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18
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Arenas L, Frenger M, Skorski S, Meyer T. Survey of the current practices of German football academies towards biological maturation assessment. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37840319 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2270563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the importance assigned to assessing and considering biological maturation in thematic areas of player development and provide an overview of current practices in German football academies regarding its consideration in training and competition. METHODS An online survey was sent to 56 elite German football academies. A total of 46 responded to the questionnaire (82% response rate). Six participants provided incomplete information resulting in a total of 40 completed surveys in the period from March to May 2022. RESULTS Only 20 of participants regularly carried out maturation assessments, despite 95% recognizing its importance for load management, 90% for player development, and 85% for injury prevention. There was no consistent approach to modifying training and competition formats based on maturity status, with a primary focus on gym-based sessions for load management. CONCLUSION The survey results highlight limited implementation of maturation assessment and training modification based on maturity status in German elite youth football academies. Despite recognizing the importance of load monitoring, reporting to parents, and long-term player development in considering biological maturation, practices are not widespread. The predominant use of the maturity offset method suggests an opportunity to improve accuracy by exploring alternative measurement methods and increasing assessment frequency. Moreover, a lack of established procedures for incorporating maturity status into training and competition exists, hindering comprehensive consideration of biological maturation and injury risk prevention. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for inconsistent approaches in maturation assessment and load modification during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Arenas
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Monika Frenger
- Department Economics and Sociology of Sport, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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19
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Juch EEAE, van de Koppel VC, Blokland D, Wouters RA, Backx FJG, Goedhart EA, van der Horst N. Growth-related sports injuries among young male professional football players in the Netherlands: a prospective cohort study concerning injury incidence, severity and burden. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37740902 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2261399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence, type and location of growth-related sports injuries (GRSI) in youth professional football in the Netherlands. Secondary, to gain more knowledge on the injury severity and burden of GRSI. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study, 813 players aged 10-18 are included. Data collection is performed by instructing the medical staff of six professional football club academies to register GRSI by means of standardized forms. Training and match exposure are registered individually on a weekly basis. Injury incidence was calculated as number of GRSI per 1000 hours, injury severity as the median number of days lost in categories and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS A total of 62 GRSI were documented in the football season 2021-2022. The total incidence of GRSI was 0.62/1000 hours football exposure. Morbus Osgood Schlatter and Morbus Sever were most common types of GRSI, both with incidence rates of 0.22/1000 hours exposure. About 58.3% of the documented GRSI were classified as major (>28 days lost). Within this group, the mean severity was 55 days time-loss to football. CONCLUSIONS GRSI are relatively common in youth professional football. The most common types are Morbus Sever and Morbus Osgood Schlatter. Morbus Osgood Schlatter has the highest injury severity and burden compared to other types of GRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donna Blokland
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renko A Wouters
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J G Backx
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin A Goedhart
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB), Zeist, The Netherlands
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20
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Sullivan J, Roberts SJ, Mckeown J, Littlewood M, McLaren-Towlson C, Andrew M, Enright K. Methods to predict the timing and status of biological maturation in male adolescent soccer players: A narrative systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286768. [PMID: 37682962 PMCID: PMC10490883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarise the methods used to predict and assess maturity status and timing in adolescent, male, academy soccer players. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline and SPORTDiscus. Only experimental studies including male, academy players aged U9-U18 years registered with a professional soccer club were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using guidelines from the Framework of Potential Biases. Fifteen studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Studies were mainly conducted in European countries (n = 12). In total, 4,707 players were recruited across all 15 studies, with an age range of 8-18 years. Five studies were longitudinal, two studies were mixed-method designs and eight studies were cross-sectional. Due to high heterogeneity within the studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. Our findings provided no equivalent estimations of adult height, skeletal age, or age at PHV. Discrepancies were evident between actual and predicted adult height and age at PHV. The Bayley-Pinneau [1952], Tanner-Whitehouse 2 [1983] and Khamis-Roche [1994] methods produced estimates of adult height within 1cm of actual adult height. For age at PHV, both Moore [2015] equations produced the closest estimates to actual age at PHV, and the Fransen [2018] equation correlated highly with actual age at PHV (>90%), even when the period between chronological age and age at PHV was large. Medical imaging techniques (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging, X-Ray, Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry) demonstrated high intra/inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.83-0.98) for skeletal maturity assessments. The poor concordance between invasive and non-invasive methods, is a warning to practitioners to not use these methods interchangeably for assessing maturational status and timing in academy soccer players. Further research with improved study designs is required to validate these results and improve our understanding of these methods when applied in this target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sullivan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Trauma and Orthopedics Department, Broadgreen Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Roberts
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Football Exchange, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Mckeown
- Everton Football Club, Finch Farm Training Complex, Finch Lane, Halewood, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Littlewood
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Football Exchange, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McLaren-Towlson
- University of Hull, School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Cottingham Road, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Andrew
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Enright
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- The Football Exchange, School of Sport and Exercises, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Liu H, Yang W, Liu H, Bao D, Cui Y, Ho IMK, Li Q. A meta-analysis of the criterion-related validity of Session-RPE scales in adolescent athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:101. [PMID: 37573328 PMCID: PMC10422765 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to establish the criterion-related validity of the session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) method in adolescent athletes. METHODS According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, a meta-analysis (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022373126) was performed using Stata 15.1 software. Eight databases using the following terms: ('s-RPE' OR 'Rating Perceived Exertion session' OR 'RPE session' OR 'RPE' OR 'Rate of Perceived Exertion' OR 'Rated of Perceived Exertion') AND ('Adolescen*' OR 'Youth*' OR 'Teen*') AND ('validity' OR 'correlation' OR 'concurrent validity') were searched up to 2022. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were screened and adopted the "Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS)" to evaluate the risk of bias. RESULTS An initial 1798 studies using the s-RPE method were identified and finally, a total of 16 studies were included for further analysis. The relationship between assessment instruments CR-10 or CR-100 modified methods of s-RPE and the heart rate measures of these selected studies were calculated using correlation coefficient (r values) and Fisher's z-score. A strong to very strong correlation between s-RPE and HR was observed (overall: r = 0.74; CR-10: r = 0.69; CR-100: r = 0.80). CR-100 scale (Fisher's z = 1.09) was shown to have a higher criterion validity than that of the CR-10 scale (Fisher's z = 0.85). CONCLUSION Preliminary findings showed that s-RPE using either CR-10 or CR-100 scales can be used "stand-alone" for monitoring internal training load for children and adolescent athletes. Future studies should focus on whether CR-100 could better perform than CR-10 for junior and children athletes in different age groups and sports as well as the causes leading to potential scoring biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpu Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
- Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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22
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Lolli L, Johnson A, Monaco M, Di Salvo V, Gregson W. Skeletal maturation in male elite youth athletes from the Middle East. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23906. [PMID: 37114584 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the timing and intensity of skeletal maturation of the radius-ulna-short (RUS) bones in elite youth Arab athletes. METHODS We compared SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models with different spline degrees of freedom and transformation expressions to summarize 492 longitudinal measurements for individual RUS bones scores assessed from 99 male academy student-athletes (chronological age range, 11.4 to 18 years; annual screening range, four to seven visits). RESULTS The SITAR model with 5 degrees of freedom and untransformed chronological age was superior to the other models. The mean growth curve increased with age and showed a mid-pubertal double-kink at a RUS score of ~600 bone score units (au). The SITAR model revealed a first peak in the skeletal maturation velocity curve of ~206 au·year-1 occurred at ~13.5 years. The mean age at the second and largest peak occurred at 15.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9 to 15.3 years), with the respective estimated peak skeletal ossification rate of 334 au·year-1 (95% CI, 290 to 377 au·year-1 ). The mean age at peak height velocity was 13.5 years (95% CI, 13.3 to 13.7 years), with peak height velocity of 10 cm·year-1 (95% CI, 9.6 to 10.4 cm·year-1 ). CONCLUSION Application of the SITAR method confirmed two peaks in the skeletal maturation velocity curve, with the second and largest rate of ossification occurring at a relatively later timing of ~1.5 years than the height growth spurt. Knowledge of the RUS bones timing and intensity can be important to advance strategies for athlete performance development purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mauricio Monaco
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Warren Gregson
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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23
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Albaladejo-Saura M, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, García-Roca JA, Esparza-Ros F. What Variables Allow the Differentiation between More and Less Successful Adolescent Volleyball Players? J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:229-242. [PMID: 37559765 PMCID: PMC10407323 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/166107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinanthropometric and physical fitness variables have been habitually used for the detection of sports talent in adolescent populations. Considering these variables, players who obtained better scores than their peers in kinanthropometric and physical fitness variables have been traditionally selected for promotion in their teams, without taking into account the possible effect of the maturation process. The aim of the present study was to analyse the differences between adolescent volleyball players in terms of success assessment and the age category, as well as to identify variables that may predict success in volleyball. A total of 101 volleyball players in the U14 age category (28 boys and 73 girls; age = 13.28 ± 0.49 years) and 99 players in the U16 age category (20 boys and 79 girls; age = 15.24 ± 0.59 years) participated in the study. Significant differences were observed in biological maturation in male groups (p < 0.001-0.041), kinanthropometric variables related to bone structure and muscle mass in male groups (p < 0.001-0.048), in variables related to adipose tissue in the U16 female group (p = 0.012-0.032) and in physical fitness tests related to muscle strength and power (p < 0.001-0.049), indicating that more successful (MS) players showed a more advanced biological maturation process, higher values of kinanthropometric variables related to bone structure and muscle mass, and lower values in variables related to adipose tissue, as well as higher levels of physical fitness. The difference in biological maturation and its relationship with structural and muscular anthropometric variables in boys, and physical fitness tests related to muscle strength and power in both boys and girls, are of great importance in the selection process of sports talent in volleyball. These findings should be considered by clubs and coaches, who could be discarding players who could improve their sports performance in later stages when their maturational development is equalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A. García-Roca
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- International Kinanthropometry Chair, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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24
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Lisón JF, García-Herreros S, Ricart B, Godoy EJ, Nozal S, Cotolí-Suarez P, Jordán-López J, Amer-Cuenca JJ, Salvador-Coloma P. Ultrasound Measurements and Physical Fitness of Elite Youth Basketball Players. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 36446604 DOI: 10.1055/a-1989-9602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The countermovement jump, the V-cut test, the muscle thickness and the adjacent subcutaneous fat thickness of the gastrocnemius medialis and rectus femoris are important physiological indicators for success in basketball. The aims of this study were to evaluate between-age-category and between-gender differences in these indicators and examine the relationships between physical tests and ultrasound measurements. The measurements were recorded in a sample of 131 elite basketball players (66 males) who played in three age-categories (U14, U16, or U18). We performed two-way analysis of covariance tests and age-adjusted partial correlation analyses. U16 and U18 males showed better performance in the countermovement jump and V-cut tests and lower adjacent subcutaneous fat thickness of the gastrocnemius medialis and rectus femoris compared to the U14 males (p≤.001) and to age-category equivalent female players (p≤.001). Comparisons between the age categories in females did not show significant differences in any of the study variables. Adjacent subcutaneous fat thickness of the gastrocnemius medialis explained 22.3% of the variation for the countermovement jump result and 12.9% of the variation for the V-cut result in males (p<.01). This study is the first to show the association and predictive role of subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasound in physical performance of male and female elite youth basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Lisón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.,CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, CB06/03 Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-Herreros
- Dawako Medtech, S.L. - Dpto. Medical Imaging (Ultrasound).,Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Ricart
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Alqueria LAB, Valencia Basket, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Jorge Godoy
- Dawako Medtech, S.L. - Dpto. Medical Imaging (Ultrasound).,Computational Multiscale Simulation Lab, Department of Computer Science, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Nozal
- Dawako Medtech, S.L. - Dpto. Medical Imaging (Ultrasound)
| | - Pedro Cotolí-Suarez
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Alqueria LAB, Valencia Basket, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Jordán-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Juan José Amer-Cuenca
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
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25
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Ginés HJ, Huertas F, García Calvo T, Ponce-Bordón JC, Figueiredo AJ, Ballester R. Age and Maturation Matter in Youth Elite Soccer, but Depending on Competitive Level and Gender. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2015. [PMID: 36767382 PMCID: PMC9915155 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relevance of the relative age effect (RAE), maturity status and anthropometry, and their influence on coaches' assessment of players' performance, analyzing both genders and different types of academies (elite vs. non-elite). The sample included 603 soccer players (385 male), from the under 12 (U12), under 14 (U14) and under 16 (U16) categories, belonging to elite and nonelite teams. Coaches' assessment of players' performance, chronological age, anthropometric characteristics, maturity offset (MO) and peak height velocity (PHV) were registered. Our results showed that RAE was present in both genders within the elite, but not in the nonelite academies. Early maturity players were overrepresented in the male elite, but not in the female academies. No relationship was found between RAE and anthropometry in male elite academies. Male elite players showed better anthropometric characteristics than nonelite players, while this pattern of results was not found for female players. The coaches' assessment on players' current performance was not influenced by the chronological age nor anthropometry, but it was linked to the PHV. Coaches from nonelite academies rated better in current assessment of performance the taller players. Our findings suggest that maturity status and RAE play an independent and important role in the talent selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorato J. Ginés
- Doctorate School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46900 Torrent, Spain
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46900 Torrent, Spain
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26
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Monasterio X, Gil S, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Diaz-Beitia G, Santisteban JM, Lee DJ, Zumeta-Olaskoaga L, Martin-Garetxana I, Larruskain J. Peak Height Velocity Affects Injury Burden in Circa-PHV Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:292-297. [PMID: 36410710 DOI: 10.1055/a-1983-6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth and maturation are potential risk factors for soccer injuries. This research sought to describe how peak height velocity (PHV) affects overall and specific injury burden in circa- and post-PHV elite academy soccer players. Injuries and growth data collected from 2000 to 2020 were studied retrospectively. Longitudinal height records for 124 players were fitted with the Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation model to calculate PHV (cm/year) and age at PHV. Players were classified according to PHV percentile (fast:≥75th; average: 25-75th; slow:≤25th) and maturity status (circa- or post-PHV). Overall and specific injury burden (days lost/player-season) and rate ratios for comparisons between groups were calculated based on zero-inflated negative binomial models. Confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% confidence level (CI) and the significance level was set at<0.05. In circa-PHV, players with fast PHV had 2.6 (CI: 1.4-4.8)- and 3.3 (CI:1.3-6.7)-times higher overall burden and 2.9 (CI:1.1-7.1)- and 4.1 (CI: 1.4-15.2)-times higher for growth-related injury burden compared to players with average and slow PHV, respectively. Regular monitoring of growth seems important to detect players at higher risk for being disrupted by growth-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Gil
- Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Jose A Lekue
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gontzal Diaz-Beitia
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan M Santisteban
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Dae-Jin Lee
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lore Zumeta-Olaskoaga
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Towlson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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28
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Wik EH. Growth, maturation and injuries in high-level youth football (soccer): A mini review. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:975900. [PMID: 36385783 PMCID: PMC9663653 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.975900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the challenges football (soccer) players face during adolescence is fundamental to avoid disruptions in their development due to injury. This mini review will describe basic concepts of somatic growth and biological maturity, examine data from 53 prospective epidemiological studies on high-level youth football players and discuss how age, growth and maturity may affect the injury patterns observed. Based on the existing evidence, at least every third player sustains an injury during a football season. The thigh (median for studies of boys: 25%, median for girls: 21%), ankle (b: 18%, g: 30%), knee (b: 17%, g: 18%) and hip/groin (b: 14%, g: 10%) are the body parts injured most often, while muscle strains (b: 31%, g: 25%), sprains (b: 20%, g: 27%) and contusions (b: 17%, g: 16%) are the most common injury types. Injury trends are, however, not consistent throughout adolescence, and players' age, maturity status and position relative to peak height velocity (PHV) have shown to influence the number, type and location of injuries sustained. Despite a high volume of observational injury studies published on high-level youth players, girls (7 studies) and settings outside of Europe (included in 23% of studies) are underrepresented and should receive extra attention in the future. Based on the available epidemiological data, tailored injury reduction programmes can be considered in youth football, alongside application of general training principles such as progression, variation and individualization which may be especially important during vulnerable phases such as the adolescent growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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29
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Gundersen H, Riiser A, Algroy E, Vestbøstad M, Saeterbakken AH, Clemm HH, Grendstad H, Hafstad A, Kristoffersen M, Rygh CB. Associations between biological maturity level, match locomotion, and physical capacities in youth male soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1592-1601. [PMID: 36004501 PMCID: PMC9804799 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological maturity level has shown to affect sport performance in youths. However, most previous studies have used noninvasive methods to estimate maturity level. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the association between skeletal age (SA) as a measure of biological maturation level, match locomotion, and physical capacity in male youth soccer players. METHOD Thirty-eight Norwegian players were followed during two consecutive seasons (U14 and U15). Match locomotion was assessed with GPS-tracking in matches. SA, assessed by x-ray, physical capacities (speed, strength and endurance) and anthropometrics were measured in the middle of each season. Analysis of associations between SA, match locomotion, and physical capacities were adjusted for the potential confounding effect of body height and weight. RESULTS In matches, positive associations were found between SA and maximal speed and running distance in the highest speed zones. Further, SA was associated with 40 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and with intermittent-endurance capacity after adjusting for body height (U14). Associations between SA and leg strength and power, and between SA and absolute VO2max were not significant after adjusting for body weight. There was no association between SA and total distance covered in matches. CONCLUSION Biological maturity level influence match locomotion and performance on physical capacity tests. It is important that players, parents and coaches are aware of the advantages more mature players have during puberty, and that less mature players also are given attention, appropriate training and match competition to ensure proper development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | | | - Mona Vestbøstad
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Atle H. Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway,Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Halvard Grendstad
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | - Arild Hafstad
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Cecilie Brekke Rygh
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
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30
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Maturation Selection Biases and Relative Age Effect in Italian Soccer Players of Different Levels. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111559. [PMID: 36358260 PMCID: PMC9687510 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Soccer academies and societies research young players who are supposed to possess great motor skills. In association with these, adolescents who appear to be talented exhibit more developed anthropometric and body composition features than untalented players. Although many selected soccer players appear to present an earlier maturation than their contemporaries, it is not clear whether soccer teams of different competition levels are aware of this aspect and considered these discrepancies in the scouting selection process. In addition, it remains unclear if the biological maturity and relative effect are two interchangeable methods of evaluation and if one of them deserves to be preferred by the soccer scouters. This research aims to investigate the effect of the team level, maturity status and relative-age effect, and their interactions, on body characteristics, cellularity, and physical performance in adolescent soccer players. Despite the relative age effect remaining the easier analysis to consider, the evaluation of maturity status seems to be the most reliable method to detect better capabilities due to early growth. Abstract Soccer is a sport practiced all over the world, in which players are expected to show specific physical and technical skills. Soccer academies look for young talented individuals to develop promising players. Although several parameters could affect the players’ performance, the relative age effect (RAE) and the maturity status appeared debated. Therefore, this study compared the differences in RAE and biological maturity among the players of two Italian soccer teams of different levels and to understand their interaction effects with the competition level on youth players’ physical characteristics and abilities. One hundred and sixty-two young soccer players from the U12 to U15 age categories of the elite (n = 98) and non-elite (n = 64) teams were recruited. The prevalence of maturity status and RAE was observed. Many anthropometric parameters, BIA vectors, and motor tests (CMJ, Sprint, RSA) were carried out. The maturity status had a greater effect on several anthropometric characteristics and on 15 m sprint, while it affected the CMJ only in U12 (F = 6.187, p ≤ 0.01). Differently, the RAE seemed to priorly affect the U13 and U15 categories in body composition, whereas its effect appeared on the 15-m sprint (F(3, 45) = 4.147, p ≤ 0.01) and the RSA (F(3, 45) = 3.179, p ≤ 0.05) in the U14 category. In addition, early matured players or those who were born in the first six months presented cellular characteristics similar to adult elite players. Soccer professionals should be encouraged to monitor the maturity status to better interpret changes in the physical performance of young soccer players to guide adequate training plans.
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Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
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Wilczyński B, Radzimiński Ł, Sobierajska-Rek A, de Tillier K, Bracha J, Zorena K. Biological Maturation Predicts Dynamic Balance and Lower Limb Power in Young Football Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081167. [PMID: 36009793 PMCID: PMC9404882 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological maturation has an increasingly important role in youth sports. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between dynamic balance and lower limb power and biological maturation in young football players. Seventy-two healthy, young male elite football players (age: 10 ± 2) participated in the study. Dynamic balance was assessed using a modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). Power of the lower limbs was examined by a Countermovement Jump test (CMJ) and Single Leg Hop for Distance (SLHD). Furthermore, anthropometry and biological maturation (age, peak height velocity, and maturity offset) were assessed. There was a strong positive correlation between vertical jump (r = 0.75), distance long jump (r = 0.84), and biological maturation. A moderate positive correlation was found between dynamic balance (mSEBT COM, PL, and PM) and maturity offset. There was a significant association between mSEBT, CMJ, and SLHD (p < 0.05). Moreover, maturity offset explained 75% of vertical jump and 74% of distance long jump performance, respectively, and 12% of dynamic balance. Biological maturation should be considered when assessing athletic performance, establishing rehabilitation, and sports training in youth football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wilczyński
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-583491765-68
| | - Łukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Sobierajska-Rek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Marine and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Karol de Tillier
- Student Scientific Circle of Clinical Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland; (K.d.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Jakub Bracha
- Student Scientific Circle of Clinical Physiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland; (K.d.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland;
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Barrett S, Short K, Lowthorpe A, Swinton P, Maughan P, Hamilton A, Hunter F, Towlson C. Examination of differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) during bio-banded small-sided games. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270259. [PMID: 35905073 PMCID: PMC9337628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to investigate the use of dRPE with academy soccer players to: 1) examine the effect of bio-banded and non-bio-banded maturity groups within SSG on players dRPE; 2) describe the multivariate relationships between dRPE measures investigating the sources of intra and inter-individual variation, and the effects of maturation and bio-banding. Using 32 highly trained under (U) 12 to U14 soccer players (mean (SD) age 12.9 (0.9) years, body mass 46.4 (8.5) kg and stature 158.2 (14.9) cm) academy soccer players from two English professional male soccer academies. Players were categorised according to somatic maturity status using estimated percentage of adult stature attainment, with players randomly assigned into teams to play 4v4 SSG. The study used a repeated measures design, whereby the selected players participated within 6 bio-banded (maturity matched [pre-PHV Vs pre-PHV and post-PHV vs post PHV] and miss-matched [pre-PHV vs post-PHV] and 6 mixed maturity SSG at their respective clubs. Using mixed and fixed effect regression models, it was established hat pre-PHV players exhibited higher dRPE compared with their post-PHV counterparts. Mixed bio-banded games reported higher dRPE outputs overall. Variation in dRPE measures across a series of bio-banded games are caused by both between and within sources of variation in relatively equal amounts. Across a series of bio-banded games, the four dRPE measures do not provide unique information, and between variation is best expressed by one or two highly correlated components, with within variation best explained by a single equally loaded component. Using a bio-banding SSG design study, we have shown that pre-PHV players report higher subjective measures of exertion than post-PHV players during. Additionally, when evenly mixing players based on measures of maturation, higher measures of perceived exertion were generally reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kieran Short
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lowthorpe
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Maughan
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances Hunter
- Middlesbrough Football Club, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Robles-Palazón FJ, Ruiz-Pérez I, Aparicio-Sarmiento A, Cejudo A, Ayala F, Sainz de Baranda P. Incidence, burden, and pattern of injuries in Spanish male youth soccer players: A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 56:48-59. [PMID: 35816871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the incidence, burden, and pattern of injuries in Spanish male youth soccer players during a 9-month competitive season (from September to May-June). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 314 young (10-19 years) soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, burden, location, type, severity, mechanism, and circumstance of injuries, as well as potential differences by tactical position, month of the year, age group, and maturity status. RESULTS A total of 146 time-loss injuries were sustained by 101 different players. This resulted in an overall injury incidence of 3.1 injuries per 1000 h, a training injury incidence of 1.8 injuries per 1000 h, and a match injury incidence of 11.2 injuries per 1000 h. The probability of injury over the season was 34%. Most of the injuries affected the lower extremity and were classified as muscle/tendon injuries, with hamstring muscle injuries representing the most burdensome diagnosis. The incidence of injuries increased with age and maturation, but a heightened risk of overuse injuries during periods around peak height velocity was also identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a need for implementing specific injury prevention measures. Due to the high burden shown, these measures should mainly focus on reducing the number and severity of hamstring muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Alba Aparicio-Sarmiento
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Bezuglov E, Emanov A, Waśkiewicz Z, Semeniuk N, Butovsky M, Shoshorina M, Baranova D, Volodina K, Morgans R. Successful Young Athletes Have Low Probability of Being Ranked Among the Best Senior Athletes, but This Is Higher When Compared to Their Less Successful Peers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869637. [PMID: 35719603 PMCID: PMC9202474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research has shown that only a small proportion of high achieving young athletes continue to become successful senior athletes. However, there is a lack of empirical literature tracking the success of senior male and female athletes who were considered high achieving as a youth. Hypothesis Athletes of both sexes who are successful in youth categories (U18 and U20) are more likely to be successful senior athletes. Conclusion Data from 67,600 athletes were collated from the tilastopaja.org platform. The inclusion criteria for both genders were determined by top-100 ranking in the U18 and U20 age groups and progression to the top-100 as a senior athlete. Only 23.5% of successful track and field athletes (ranked in top-100) at U18 became a successful senior athlete, while 35.4% were from the U20 group. Girls ranked in the top-100 U18 and U20 categories are significantly more likely to be ranked in the top-100 as a senior when compared to boys. Although, being ranked in the top-50 at U18 and U20 significantly increases the probability of becoming a successful senior athlete when compared with less successful athletes at these age groups (p < 0.001). Notably, the majority (68.5%) of the most successful senior athletes were not ranked in the top-100 when in the U18 or U20 age groups. Only a small group of track and field athletes that are successful at U18 and U20 become successful at senior level. The most successful track and field youth athletes are significantly more likely to succeed as a senior athlete than their less successful peers, while girls are more likely to be successful than boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Professional Football Club CSKA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Emanov
- "Smart Recovery" Sports Medicine Clinic LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Baranova
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina Volodina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Methodological Approaches to Talent Identification in Team Sports: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060081. [PMID: 35736821 PMCID: PMC9227581 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Talent identification (TID) and talent development (TD) continue to receive significant investment from team sports organisations, highlighting their importance in attempting to identify potential elite athletes. Accompanying this continual pursuit to unearth future talent is an ever-increasing body of research aiming to provide solutions and strategies to optimise TID and TD processes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a summary and critical synthesis of the methodological approaches applied to TID in team sports and present considerations for future TID research. Specifically, this review highlights three key areas for consideration: (1) the timespan of the research design; (2) the use of monodisciplinary or multidisciplinary variables; and (3) the fidelity of the methodological approaches to the assessment of talent. The review highlights the benefits of longitudinal, multidisciplinary, and ecologically valid research designs for TID within team sports.
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Rapid Spike in Hip Adduction Strength in Early Adolescent Footballers: A Study of 125 Elite Male Players From Youth to Senior. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1407-1414. [PMID: 35534012 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differences in hip adductor and abductor muscle strength in elite male footballers from youth to senior level. METHODS We tested 125 players from the under-13-years (U'13) to senior squads of a Danish male professional football club in this cross-sectional design study. Hip adductor and abductor force (in newtons), torque (in newton meters), normalized torque (in newton meters per body mass), and adduction-to-abduction ratio were measured using handheld dynamometry. RESULTS Between U'13 and senior level, adductor force increased by 104%, torque by 127%, and normalized torque by 21%. Abductor force increased by 78%, torque by 126%, and normalized torque by 17%. For incremental differences between age groups, significant increases were observed between the ages of U'13 to U'14 (18%-39%) and U'14 to U'15 (19%-33%) for all strength measures (P ≤ .021). No incremental difference was observed for adductor-to-abductor ratio. CONCLUSIONS The large increases in hip adductor and abductor strength occurring between the ages of U'13 and U'15 offer insight into the strength capabilities and stress demands in these players, which may relate to injury vulnerability, and facilitate clinicians in selecting best-suited exercise interventions.
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Influence of Maturity Status on Kinanthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to analyze differences in kinanthropometric characteristics and physical performance in relation to maturity status, as well as to determine if age, maturity offset or kinanthropometric variables could predict better performance in physical fitness tests. A total of 152 female volleyball players (14.16 ± 1.25 years old) underwent a kinanthropometric assessment, followed by a physical fitness assessment composed of different tests. The age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated, and the sample was divided according to biological maturation into three groups. Significant differences were observed in kinanthropometric variables (p < 0.001–0.026), with early maturers showing higher values. Age, body mass, Cormic index, relative arm span, ∑8 skinfolds, fat mass, corrected arm and thigh girths, muscle mass and biacromial and biiliocristal breadths were the variables that best predicted performance in the physical tests (p < 0.001–0.024). The more mature players showed higher values in most of the kinanthropometric variables, with the more remarkable differences being in body mass, height, arm span and sitting height, and those related to adiposity and absolute body composition, and with structural variables being the most influential on the physical tests. Age had a determinant influence on the differences found between groups in strength and power-related test performance.
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Hermassi S, Hayes LD, Sanal-Hayes NEM, Schwesig R. Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness and Academic School Performance in Male Middle-School Students in Qatar: A Preliminary Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:791337. [PMID: 35391970 PMCID: PMC8980685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.791337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the differences in the level of physical fitness and academic performance among male middle-school children based on different body status categories. A total of 69 male children [age: 12.4 ± 0.7 years; body mass: 58.5 ± 7.2 kg; height: 1.62 ± 0.09 m; and body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2] participated and were divided into BMI age-adjusted groups (i.e., lowest, middle, and highest BMI). Height, mass, BMI, stork test of static balance, 10 and 15 m sprint as an indicator for speed, hand-grip strength test, agility T-half test, medicine ball throw (MBT), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) were assessed. School records were retrieved for grade point averages (GPA) of mathematics, science, and Arabic. We found significant group differences regarding anthropometric (height: ηp2 = 0.24, mass: ηp2 = 0.33, and BMI: ηp2 = 0.66), physical (sprint 10 m: ηp2 = 0.26), and academic (mathematics: ηp2 = 0.19 and science: ηp2 = 0.15) performance parameters. The largest difference (p < 0.001) was observed between the lowest and highest group for the 10 m sprint. All pairwise differences were between the lowest and highest BMI group or the lowest and middle BMI group. No relevant (r > 0.5) correlation between parameters of different dimensions (e.g., anthropometric vs. physical performance parameters) was found. In conclusion, the highest BMI group exhibited similar physical and academic performances than the lowest group. Thus, these data emphasize the importance and appropriateness to engage young Qatari schoolchildren in physical activity as it associates with superior academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nilihan E M Sanal-Hayes
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Albaladejo-Saura M, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, García-Roca JA, Esparza-Ros F. Influence of biological maturation status on selected anthropometric and physical fitness variables in adolescent male volleyball players. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13216. [PMID: 35402095 PMCID: PMC8992641 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of sport talent among adolescent athletes is a topic that in recent years has been a major focus of interest for both the scientific community and sport managers. Both anthropometry and physical performance through fitness tests have demonstrated to be key elements. Biological maturation, due to its influence on anthropometric variables and physical fitness, has also been studied in relation to sport talent identification. Objective To analyse differences according to biological maturation status in anthropometric characteristics and performance in physical fitness tests, and to determine which variables predict better performance in physical fitness tests in adolescent volleyball players. Methods A cross-sectional design was followed to collect the data. A total of 48 male sub-elite volleyball players (14.17 ± 0.73 years) completed a socio-demographic and sports ad hoc questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured following the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement in Kinanthropometry (ISAK) including four basic measurements (body mass, height, sitting height and arm span); eight skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, thigh and calf); four girths (arm relaxed, flexed and tensed arm, middle thigh and calf); five breadths (biacromial, biileocrestal, humerus, femur and bi-styloid); three lengths (acromiale-radiale, radiale-stylion and stylion-medio dactilion); and a height (ilioespinale). Physical fitness was assessed, including the sit-and-reach, back scratch, long jump, medicine ball throw, counter movement jump (CMJ), 20 meters sprint, and agility tests. Furthermore, maturity offset and age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated. Results Significant differences were found in the body mass (Mean Difference, MD = 20.86-30.75), height (MD = 11.72-19.09), sitting height (MD = 4.27-10.27), arm span (MD = 12.91-20.78), body mass index (MD = 3.72-5.63), upper limb length (MD = 7.76), corrected muscle girths (MD = 2.06-9.31), ∑6 and 8 skinfolds (MD = 3.67-50.21) fat mass and percentage (MD = 0.30-11.58), muscle (MD = 4.13-10.64) and bone mass (MD = 1.61-3.54) (p < 0.001-0.030), showing higher values the early maturers. In the physical fitness tests, significant differences were observed in the medicine ball throw (MD = 1.26-2.80) and in CMJ power (MD = 156.71-379.85) (p < 0.001). Regression models identified fat mass percentage predicted worse physical test performance (p < 0.001), while age, maturation offset, muscle and bone variables were predictors of better physical performance (p < 0.001). Conclusions Significant differences based upon the stages of biological maturation were found in the anthropometric and physical condition variables in favor of the players whose maturation process was more advanced, with the variables related to fat and adipose, muscle and bone development conditioning their performance in the physical condition tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Albaladejo-Saura
- Kinanthropometry International Chair, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Kinanthropometry International Chair, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Murcia, Spain,Faculty of Sport Science, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A. García-Roca
- Faculty of Sport Science, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esparza-Ros
- Kinanthropometry International Chair, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Carney DJ, Hannon MP, Coleman NM, Murphy RC, Close GL, Morton JP. An audit of performance nutrition services in English soccer academies: implications for optimising player development. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:146-156. [PMID: 35300580 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2055785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To audit the current provision of performance nutrition services provided to male adolescent players within academies from the English soccer leagues. METHODS Practitioners from all eighty-nine academies (status categorised as one-four according to the Elite Player Performance Plan, EPPP) completed an online survey to audit: a) job role/professional accreditation status of persons delivering nutrition support, b) activities inherent to service provision, c) topics of education, d) on-site food, fluid and supplement provision and e) nutritional related data collected for objective monitoring. RESULTS More full-time accredited nutritionists are employed within category one (14/26) versus category two (0/18), three (1/41) and four (0/4). Respondents from category one clubs report more hours of monthly service delivery (62 ± 57 h) than category two (12 ± 9 h), three (14 ± 26 h) and four (12 ± 14 h), inclusive of one-to-one player support and stakeholder education programmes. Category one practitioners reported a greater prevalence of on-site food, fluid and supplement provision on training and match days. Across all categories, players from the professional development phase receive more frequent support than players from the youth development phase, despite the latter corresponding to the most rapid phase of growth and maturation. CONCLUSION We report distinct differences in the extent of service provision provided between categories. Additionally, players from all categories receive nutrition support from non-specialist staff. Data demonstrate that performance nutrition appears an under-resourced component of academy sport science and medicine programmes in England, despite being an integral component of player development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | - Marcus P Hannon
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | | | - Rebecca C Murphy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool
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Bolckmans S, Starkes JL, Towlson C, Barnes C, Parkin G, Helsen WF. Leveling the Playing Field: A New Proposed Method to Address Relative Age- and Maturity-Related Bias in UK Male Academy Soccer Players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:847438. [PMID: 35308598 PMCID: PMC8928578 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.847438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative age selection bias persists within all major soccer leagues and youth soccer academies across the globe, with the relative age effect (RAE) being typically characterized as the over selection of relatively older players (who have sometimes also been shown to be early maturing). The aim of this study was to examine if a new allocation method (i) eliminates the RAE, and (ii) reduces the presence of any additional maturity-related differences in anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics which may exist between players within the same selection category. In the first phase, 1,003 academy soccer players [under (U) 9–16] from 23 UK professional soccer clubs were sampled and a clear RAE per birth quarter (Q) was observed for the overall sample (Q1 = 45.0% vs. Q4 = 9.8%) as well as for the different age categories. Using the newly suggested reallocation method, youth players were divided by allocation date which was defined as the midway point between the chronological age and the estimated developmental (ED) birthdate. Stature was used as an anthropometric reference point on the P50 of the growth curve to determine the developmental birthdate for this new method. After the reallocation of the players using ED, the distribution of players was more equally spread (Q1 = 25.3%, Q2 = 25.6%, Q3 = 22.4%, Q4 = 26.7%). After reallocation, the mean delta stature was reduced by 16.6 cm (from 40.3 ± 7.08 to 23.7 ± 4.09 cm, d = 2.87). The mean delta body mass difference after allocation was reduced by 6.7kg (from 33.2 ± 6.39 to 26.5 ± 4.85 kg, d = 1.18). The mean age difference increased from 1.8 to 3.9 years. A total of 42.7% of the sample would have been reallocated to a different age group compared to the current one. After reallocation, 45% of the anthropometric and physical fitness comparisons showed reductions in the within-group variation expressed as a percentage of coefficient of variation (CV%). The U10 players demonstrated the largest reduction in CV% (−7.6%) of the anthropometric characteristics. The U10 squad also showed the largest reduction in CV% for various physical fitness characteristics (−7.5%). By both eliminating the RAE and reducing temporary maturity-related anthropometric and physical fitness differences, soccer academies across the world may diversify and increase the size of the talent pool both for clubs and national youth teams. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that the newly proposed allocation method shows the potential to remove the RAE and to create a more “leveled playing field” by reducing the within-group variation of anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics affording relatively younger, and eventually, late-maturing players the opportunity to develop their talent fairly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bolckmans
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sofie Bolckmans
| | - Janet L. Starkes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Barnes
- CB Sports Performance Ltd., Rugeley, United Kingdom
- Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Parkin
- Pro Football Support, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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43
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Arede J, Freitas TT, Johnson D, Fernandes JFT, Williams S, Moran J, Leite N. Training Load, Maturity Timing and Future National Team Selection in National Youth Basketball Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7010021. [PMID: 35225907 PMCID: PMC8883974 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance to the management of training stress, monotony and recovery from exercise, training load has not been quantified during periods of intensity training in youths. This study aimed to (1) examine and quantify the training load (TL) in youth national team basketball players during a 2-week training camp according to maturity timing and (2) determine which parameters were related to under-18 (U18) national team selection. Twenty-nine U-16 national team basketball players underwent an anthropometric assessment to determine maturity timing. Players were categorised by maturity timing (early vs. average), whilst TL parameters during a 2-week training camp (i.e., 21 sessions) prior to FIBA U16 European Championship were used for group comparison and to predict future U-18 national team selection. The early-maturing players, who were taller and heavier (p < 0.05), experienced greater training strain in week 1 (p < 0.05) only. Irrespective of maturity timing, training loads in week 2 were predictive of onward selection for the U-18 national team. Conclusion: Based on present findings, practitioners are encouraged to develop their athletes' ability to tolerate high weekly loads, but also to be mindful that athletes' perceived exertion during national team training may be influenced by maturity timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-501 Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- School of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (D.J.); (S.W.)
| | - John F. T. Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (D.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Nuno Leite
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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44
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Towlson C, MacMaster C, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Toner J, MacFarlane N, Barrett S, Hamilton A, Jack R, Hunter F, Myers T, Abt G. The effect of bio-banding on physical and psychological indicators of talent identification in academy soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:280-292. [PMID: 35077307 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1862419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bio-banding on indicators of talent identification in academy soccer players. Seventy-two 11 to 14-year-old soccer players were bio-banded using percentage of estimated adult stature attainment (week 1), maturity-offset (week 2) or a mixed-maturity method (week 3). Players contested five maturity (mis)matched small-sided games with physical and psychological determinants measured. Data were analysed using a series of Bayesian hierarchical models, fitted with different response distributions and different random and fixed effect structures. Few between-maturity differences existed for physical measures. Pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV players differed in PlayerLoadTM (anterior-posterior and medial-lateral) having effect sizes above our criterion value. Estimated adult stature attainment explained more of the variance in eight of the physical variables and showed the greatest individual differences between maturity groups across all psychological variables. Pre-PHV and post-PHV players differed in positive attitude, confidence, competitiveness, total psychological score (effect sizes = 0.43-0.69), and session rating of perceived exertion. The maturity-offset method outperformed the estimated adult stature attainment method in all psychological variables. Maturity-matched bio-banding had limited effect on physical variables across all players while enhancing a number of psychological variables considered key for talent identification in pre-PHV players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calum MacMaster
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, UK.,Hull City AFC, Hull, UK
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Centro de Investigação de Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - John Toner
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rory Jack
- Hamilton Academical Football Club, Hamilton, UK
| | | | - Tony Myers
- Faculty of Arts, Society and Professional Studies, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, UK
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45
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Predictive Analytic Techniques to Identify Hidden Relationships between Training Load, Fatigue and Muscle Strains in Young Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 10:sports10010003. [PMID: 35050968 PMCID: PMC8822888 DOI: 10.3390/sports10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze different predictive analytic techniques to forecast the risk of muscle strain injuries (MSI) in youth soccer based on training load data. Twenty-two young soccer players (age: 13.5 ± 0.3 years) were recruited, and an injury surveillance system was applied to record all MSI during the season. Anthropometric data, predicted age at peak height velocity, and skeletal age were collected. The session-RPE method was daily employed to quantify internal training/match load, and monotony, strain, and cumulative load over the weeks were calculated. A countermovement jump (CMJ) test was submitted before and after each training/match to quantify players' neuromuscular fatigue. All these data were used to predict the risk of MSI through different data mining models: Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM). Among them, SVM showed the best predictive ability (area under the curve = 0.84 ± 0.05). Then, Decision tree (DT) algorithm was employed to understand the interactions identified by the SVM model. The rules extracted by DT revealed how the risk of injury could change according to players' maturity status, neuromuscular fatigue, anthropometric factors, higher workloads, and low recovery status. This approach allowed to identify MSI and the underlying risk factors.
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46
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Towlson C, MacMaster C, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Toner J, MacFarlane N, Barrett S, Hamilton A, Jack R, Hunter F, Stringer A, Myers T, Abt G. The effect of bio-banding on technical and tactical indicators of talent identification in academy soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:295-308. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.2013522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Calum MacMaster
- Glasgow Rangers Football Club, Glasgow, UK
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto E Saúde, Escola de Saúde E Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (Chrc), Universidade de Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Centro de Investigação de Desporto, Saúde E Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes E Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - John Toner
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rory Jack
- Hamilton Academical Football Club, Hamilton, UK
| | | | - Amy Stringer
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Tony Myers
- Faculty of Arts, Society and Professional Studies, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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47
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McBurnie AJ, Dos'Santos T, Johnson D, Leng E. Training Management of the Elite Adolescent Soccer Player throughout Maturation. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:170. [PMID: 34941808 PMCID: PMC8708071 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional soccer clubs invest significantly into the development of their academy prospects with the hopes of producing elite players. Talented youngsters in elite development systems are exposed to high amounts of sports-specific practise with the aims of developing the foundational skills underpinning the capabilities needed to excel in the game. Yet large disparities in maturation status, growth-related issues, and highly-specialised sport practise predisposes these elite youth soccer players to an increased injury risk. However, practitioners may scaffold a performance monitoring and injury surveillance framework over an academy to facilitate data-informed training decisions that may not only mitigate this inherent injury risk, but also enhance athletic performance. Constant communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team enables context to build around an individual's training status and risk profile, and ensures that a progressive, varied, and bespoke training programme is provided at all stages of development to maximise athletic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J McBurnie
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Edward Leng
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
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48
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Towlson C, Abt G, Barrett S, Cumming S, Hunter F, Hamilton A, Lowthorpe A, Goncalves B, Corsie M, Swinton P. The effect of bio-banding on academy soccer player passing networks: Implications of relative pitch size. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260867. [PMID: 34914749 PMCID: PMC8675666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aims of this study were to examine the effects of bio-banding players on passing networks created during 4v4 small-sided games (SSGs), while also examining the interaction of pitch size using passing network analysis compared to a coach-based scoring system of player performance. Using a repeated measures design, 32 players from two English Championship soccer clubs contested mixed maturity and bio-banded SSGs. Each week, a different pitch size was used: Week 1) small (36.1 m2 per player); week 2) medium (72.0 m2 per player); week 3) large (108.8 m2 per player); and week 4) expansive (144.50 m2 per player). All players contested 12 maturity (mis)matched and 12 mixed maturity SSGs. Technical-tactical outcome measures were collected automatically using a foot-mounted device containing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the Game Technical Scoring Chart (GTSC) was used to subjectively quantify the technical performance of players. Passing data collected from the IMUs were used to construct passing networks. Mixed effect models were used with statistical inferences made using generalized likelihood ratio tests, accompanied by Cohen's local f2 to quantify the effect magnitude of each independent variable (game type, pitch size and maturation). Consistent trends were identified with mean values for all passing network and coach-based scoring metrics indicating better performance and more effective collective behaviours for early compared with late maturation players. Network metrics established differences (f2 = 0.00 to 0.05) primarily for early maturation players indicating that they became more integral to passing and team dynamics when playing in a mixed-maturation team. However, coach-based scoring was unable to identify differences across bio-banding game types (f2 = 0.00 to 0.02). Pitch size had the largest effect on metrics captured at the team level (f2 = 0.24 to 0.27) with smaller pitch areas leading to increased technical actions. The results of this study suggest that the use of passing networks may provide additional insight into the effects of interventions such as bio-banding and that the number of early-maturing players should be considered when using mixed-maturity playing formats to help to minimize late-maturing players over-relying on their early-maturing counterparts during match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sean Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Hunter
- Middlesbrough Football Club, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Lowthorpe
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Goncalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Martin Corsie
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Age and Maturity Effects on Morphological and Physical Performance Measures of Adolescent Judo Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:139-151. [PMID: 34868424 PMCID: PMC8607782 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing age and maturation effects on morphological and physical performance measures of young judokas are scarce. This study aimed to assess the independent and combined effects of chronological age and biological maturation on anthropometry and physical performance of 67 judokas aged 11-14. Participants’ anthropometric profiles were assessed, and physical performance tests were completed. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed an independent effect of age (anthropometry: F = 1.871; p < 0.05; Pillai’s trace = 0.545; η2p = 0.272; physical performance: F = 2.876; p < 0.01; Pillai’s trace = 0.509; η2p = 0.254) and maturity (anthropometry: F = 10.085; p < 0.01; Pillai’s trace = 0.669; η2p = 0.669; physical performance: F = 11.700; p < 0.01; Pillai’s trace = 0.581; η2p = 0.581). There was no significant combined effect of age and maturity. The maturation effect remained significant when controlled for age (anthropometry: F = 4.097; p < 0.01; Pillai’s trace = 0.481; η2p = 0.481; physical performance: F = 3.859; p < 0.01; Pillai’s trace = 0.0.318; η2p = 0.318). Inadolescent judokas, the maturation effect on growth and physical performance seems to be more relevant than the age effect, leading to the need to control this effect in training routines and competitive events. As in studies with youth soccer players and other youth athletes, bio-banding can be a strategy for controlling maturation in combat sports.
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50
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MacMaster C, Portas M, Parkin G, Cumming S, Wilcox C, Towlson C. The effect of bio-banding on the anthropometric, physical fitness and functional movement characteristics of academy soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260136. [PMID: 34843528 PMCID: PMC8629286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined if maturity status bio-banding reduces within-group variance in anthropometric, physical fitness and functional movement characteristics of 319, under-14 and under-15 players from 19 UK professional soccer academies. Bio-banding reduced the within-bio-banded group variance for anthropometric values, when compared to an aggregated chronological banded group (chronological: 5.1-16.7%CV; bio-banded: 3.0-17.3%CV). Differences between these bio-banded groups ranged from moderate to very large (ES = 0.97 to 2.88). Physical performance variance (chronological: 4.8-24.9%CV; bio-banded: 3.8-26.5%CV) was also reduced with bio-banding compared to chronological aged grouping. However, not to the same extent as anthropometric values with only 68.3% of values reduced across banding methods compared to 92.6% for anthropometric data. Differences between the bio-banded groups physical qualities ranged from trivial to very large (ES = 0.00 to 3.00). The number of functional movement metrics and %CV reduced by bio-banding was lowest within the 'circa-PHV' groups (11.1-44.4%). The proportion of players achieving the threshold value score of ≥ 14 for the FMS™ was highest within the 'post-PHV' group (50.0-53.7%). The use of maturity status bio-banding can create more homogenous groups which may encourage greater competitive equity. However, findings here support a bio-banding maturity effect hypothesis, whereby maturity status bio-banding has a heightened effect on controlling for characteristics which have a stronger association to biological growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum MacMaster
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Portas
- The English Football Association, St Georges Park, Burton Upton Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Parkin
- Pro Football Support, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wilcox
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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