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Shalash A, Zolezzi M. The evolving role of pharmacists in depression care: a scoping review. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:1044-1066. [PMID: 39007991 PMCID: PMC11399168 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, depression is known to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. Considering pharmacists are among the most approachable healthcare providers, they are well-placed to assist people with depression achieve positive treatment outcomes. AIM The primary aim was to examine the evidence regarding pharmacists' roles in interventions, outcomes, and barriers to implementation within depression care globally, with the secondary aim focusing on the Arab region. METHOD A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR extension guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute framework, using Scopus, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Medline databases for studies worldwide and within the Arab region (22 Arab-league countries). Article selection, along with data extraction, analysis, and narrative synthesis were performed independently by two reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS Forty studies reporting various roles and services provided by pharmacists in depression management were included. Most articles (24) described studies on pharmacist-led specific/single interventions/management strategies, and 16 described studies in which pharmacists provided comprehensive or team-based services. The majority of studies reported positive impact on patient outcomes. In accordance with the secondary aim, only three studies assessed various pharmacists' services for people with depression in the Arab region. Barriers to effective depression-related care included time constraints and training needs. CONCLUSION This scoping review supports the expanding role of pharmacists in depression management. The interventions, impact, challenges, and research gaps identified serve as preliminary evidence for advocating for an expanded pharmacists' scope of practice in mental health, both globally and in the Arab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala' Shalash
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Lehbi Renal Care, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Zolezzi
- Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Ahmad M, Naja F, Alzubaidi H, Alzoubi KH, Hamid Q, Alameddine M. A stakeholders' perspective on enhancing community pharmacists' roles in controlling non-communicable diseases in the United Arab Emirates. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2404080. [PMID: 39314667 PMCID: PMC11418057 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2404080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a global call for upscaling and optimising the role of community pharmacists (CPs) in the control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where NCDs are classified as a public health pandemic, upscaling CPs contributions has become more critical. Several contextual, professional, and educational challenges constrain the role of CPs. Objective To synthesise the perspectives of key stakeholders in the UAE healthcare system and propose a roadmap for advancing the role of CP s in controlling NCDs in the UAE. Methods This research followed a qualitative design using the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) framework for quality assurance of pharmacy profession development. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 28 experts and senior leaders, then analysed using the thematic analysis technique with the assistance of NVivo software. Results The analysis yielded three main themes that outlined the prospective roadmap: education, work environment, and policy. Some of the generated subthemes were establishing accredited NCD-specialised programmes, building a national framework for interprofessional education and collaboration, and upscaling the engagement of CPs in public health platforms and initiatives. Conclusion Improving the role of CPs in controlling the NCD pandemic in the UAE requires coherent and well-structured multidisciplinary endeavours from health policymakers, educational institutions, and all groups of healthcare professionals, including the CPs themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiss Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamzah Alzubaidi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Alameddine
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Jarab AS, Al-Qerem W, Alzoubi KH, Almomani N, Abu Heshmeh S, Mukattash T, Alhamarneh YN. Exploring pharmacists' attitude, willingness and barriers to provide extended community pharmacy services: Implications for improved pharmacy services. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310141. [PMID: 39250510 PMCID: PMC11383215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate pharmacists' attitude and willingness to provide extended community pharmacy services (ECPS), the barriers to ECPS, and the factors associated with attitude and willingness to implement ECPS. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a validated, self-administered questionnaire was distributed online to community pharmacists across the United Arab Emirates between September and November 2023. In addition to sociodemographic data, the questionnaire evaluated attitudes toward ECPS, willingness to provide ECPS, and barriers to its implementation. Binary logistic regression was conducted to explore the factors associated with attitude and willingness to implement ECPS. RESULTS The study included 409 pharmacists. Over half of the participants reported below the median attitude (58.7%) and willingness (59.4%) scores. Female pharmacists had a lower attitude towards ECPS (OR = 0.425, 95%CI: 0.242-0.747). Higher number of daily prescriptions (OR = 1.066, 95%CI: 1.029-1.105) and being a Pharm D graduate (OR = 2.664, 95%CI: 1.439-4.932) were associated with higher willingness to provide ECPS, while an increased number of employed pharmacists (OR = 0.518, 95%CI: 0.397-0.676) was associated with a lower willingness (OR = 0.049, 95%CI: 0.004-0.660). Patients' preoccupation (76.5%), lack of specific training (76.3%), lack of clinical problem-solving skills (74.6%) and lack of a private consultation room (74.6%) were the most commonly reported barriers to ECPS. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacists demonstrated unsatisfactory levels of attitude and willingness towards ECPS provision. Therefore, providing training and education programs that enhance pharmacists' perception and willingness to implement ECPS and emphasize improving clinical problem-solving skills, as well as setting up specific private consultation rooms, is deemed necessary. Female pharmacy graduates, pharmacists dispensing fewer daily prescriptions, and those working with a higher number of employed pharmacists should be specifically targeted when implementing these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan S Jarab
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Walid Al-Qerem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nadeen Almomani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Shrouq Abu Heshmeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tareq Mukattash
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yazid N Alhamarneh
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Cananda
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Mahmoud A, Abuhelwa AY, Owen T, Alazzawi A, Shara M, Alqudah MAY, ElHajj MS, Smith JR. Role of pharmacists in the care of adult asthma patients: A scoping review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:860-869. [PMID: 38918145 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common long-term condition that affects people of all ages. Evidence suggests that a significant proportion of asthma patients in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) do not receive appropriate diagnosis, monitoring and/or treatment. When inadequately treated, asthma can negatively affect quality of life and may lead to hospitalisation and death. Although pharmacists play a role in asthma care globally, there appears to be no defined role for pharmacists in providing care to patients with asthma in the GCC countries. AIM This scoping review aims to review and summarise studies conducted in the GCC countries involving pharmacists in the management of adults with asthma or evaluating pharmacists' asthma care knowledge and/or skills. METHOD A systematic scoping review was undertaken. Seven databases were searched using relevant search terms for articles published up to May 2023. Studies that evaluated pharmacists roles, knowledge and skills in providing asthma care to adults in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain were considered eligible for inclusion. Extracted data were collated using tables and used to produce narrative descriptive summaries. RESULTS Out of the 1588 search results, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Of those, only one developed and tested a pharmacist-led inhaler technique educational intervention in the UAE within community pharmacy setting for asthma patients. The remaining six studies assessed community pharmacists knowledge in providing asthma management and patient education in UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The quality of the included studies varied with four relying on simulated patients to assess pharmacists knowledge. The study that tested the intervention suggested improvement in inhaler technique and asthma symptoms control after receiving the intervention. The findings suggest a need to improve pharmacists knowledge of inhaler technique demonstration (mainly Metered Dose Inhalers), asthma management advice and assessment of asthma control and medication use. CONCLUSION This review highlights a lack of research on pharmacist-led asthma interventions and identifies training needs to enable pharmacists to be involved in asthma care in the GCC countries. Future research could develop approaches involving pharmacists to improve asthma care and outcomes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Mahmoud
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Ahmad Y Abuhelwa
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tom Owen
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amad Alazzawi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mohd Shara
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Y Alqudah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Jane R Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Ayenew W, Anagaw YK, Limenh LW, Simegn W, Bizuneh GK, Bitew T, Minwagaw T, Fitigu AE, Dessie MG, Asmamaw G. Readiness of and barriers for community pharmacy professionals in providing and implementing vaccination services. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:867. [PMID: 39080749 PMCID: PMC11290308 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacy professionals are essential for healthcare delivery, particularly for administering vaccination services. However, there is a lack of substantial evidence documenting their role in vaccination within Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess community pharmacy professionals' readiness to provide vaccination services, identify barriers hindering the implementation of these services, and determine factors influencing the provision of vaccination services by community pharmacy professionals. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacy professionals in Debre Markos and Injibara Town from April 15 to May 13, 2024. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the findings. RESULTS The study revealed that a significant majority of community pharmacy professionals perceived that they had adequate vaccine knowledge and were easily accessible to the community. However, barriers such as lack of regulation, time constraints, workload concerns, patient trust issues, and infrastructure challenges hinder the implementation of vaccination services. Factors influencing the provision of vaccination services included the need for enhanced education and training, financial reimbursement, patient demand, infrastructure improvements, collaboration with other healthcare providers, and pharmacists' special interest in vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacy professionals exhibit readiness to provide vaccination services. However, significant barriers such as regulatory constraints, time pressures, workload concerns, patient trust issues, and infrastructure challenges hinder their full participation. Addressing these barriers and leveraging pharmacists' expertise is essential for optimizing service delivery and improving public health outcomes. Advocating for policy changes, developing comprehensive training programs, establishing clear guidelines, investing in infrastructure improvements, conducting public awareness campaigns, and fostering collaboration with other healthcare providers are recommended to facilitate the provision and implementation of vaccination services by community pharmacy professionals in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Kassahun Bizuneh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Bitew
- Department of Pharmacy, Pawi Health Science College, Pawi, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Minwagaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelign Eshete Fitigu
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Gashaw Dessie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Asmamaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Farajallah A, Zainal H, Palaian S, Alomar M. A national survey on assessment of knowledge, perceptions, practice, and barriers among hospital pharmacists towards medication reconciliation in United Arab Emirates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15370. [PMID: 38965258 PMCID: PMC11224255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Medication reconciliation (MedRec) helps prevent medication errors. This cross-sectional, nationwide study assessed the knowledge, perceptions, practice, and barriers toward MedRec amongst hospital pharmacy practitioners in the United Arab Emirates. A total of 342 conveniently chosen stratified hospital pharmacists responded to the online survey (88.6% response rate). Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied at alpha = 0.05 and post hoc analysis was performed using Bonferroni test. The overall median knowledge score was 9/12 with IQR (9-11) with higher levels among clinical pharmacists (p < 0.001) and previously trained pharmacists (p < 0.001). Of the respondents, 35.09% (n = 120) practiced MedRec for fewer than five patients per week despite having a strong perception of their role in this process. The overall median perception score was 32.5/35 IQR (28-35) with higher scores among clinical pharmacists (p < 0.001) and those who attended previous training or workshops (p < 0.001). The median barrier score was 24/30 with an IQR (21-25), where lack of training and knowledge were the most common barriers. Results showed that pharmacists who did not attend previous training or workshops on MedRec had higher barrier levels than those who attended (p = 0.012). This study emphasizes the significance of tackling knowledge gaps, aligning perceptions with practice, and suggesting educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Farajallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Hadzliana Zainal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Subish Palaian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Muaed Alomar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
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Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan M, Jairoun SA, Alorfi NM, Zyoud SH, Suliman AA, Shahwan MK, Alnuaimi G, Shahwan M, Al-Qirim T, El-Dahiyat F. Current Perspectives, Practices, and Barriers Faced by Community Pharmacists Regarding Pharmaceutical Care Services for Diabetes Mellitus in the United Arab Emirates. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:2563-2576. [PMID: 38803617 PMCID: PMC11129742 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s447450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Providing accurate and sufficient information is a crucial requirement for delivering effective diabetes care, making it essential for community pharmacists to possess adequate knowledge of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its management. Objective To investigate community pharmacists' level of expertise and engagement in providing counseling and health promotion services for individuals with DM in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. The community Pharmacies were chosen via random sampling and researchers then conducted face-to-face interviews with them using the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic data, 14 questions on the knowledge and 9 questions about the practice concerning pharmaceutical care for Diabetes Mellitus. Results The average age ± SD was 31 ± 6.3. Of the total 516 community pharmacists recruited in the study, 37.2% (n=192) were male and 62.8% (n=324) were female. The average knowledge score about DM prevention and management was 9.7 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) [9.5, 9.9] and the average practice score about DM prevention and management was 7.1 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) [6.9, 7.2]. Better knowledge scores were observed in chief pharmacists (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08-1.56), pharmacists with 6-10 Years of experience (OR 6.92; 95% CI 3.43-8.86), pharmacist with > 10 years of experience (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.67-2.36), when the number of patients the pharmacist serve is 5-10 (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.06-1.53) and being trained on DM prevention and management (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.92-2.47). Similarly, better practice scores were observed in older participants (OR1.02; 95% CI 1.001-1.03), chain pharmacies (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.20-1.68), chief pharmacists (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.18-2.06), when the number of patients the pharmacists serve was 5-10 (OR 12.26; 95% CI 7.26-16.19), when the number of patients the pharmacists serve was 11-20 (OR 4.23; 95% CI 3.54-5.06) and being trained on DM prevention and management (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.11-1.59). The most commonly reported barriers to providing counseling and health promotion services for diabetes mellitus (DM) in community pharmacies include a lack of coordination with other healthcare professionals (77%) and insufficient knowledge or clinical skills (68.7%). Conclusion Our study revealed that community pharmacy staff members displayed a noteworthy level of involvement in providing pharmaceutical care services for patients with diabetes mellitus. Based on these findings, it is recommended to enhance pharmacy education by incorporating more advanced, evidence-based training and curricula focusing on disease management and appropriate therapies, particularly for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, 11500, Malaysia
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, 11500, Malaysia
- Pharmacy Department, Emirates Health Services, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Abdulrahman Jairoun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Al Mizhar Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasser M Alorfi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sa’ed H Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
| | - Abdulhaq A Suliman
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manar Khalil Shahwan
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghala Alnuaimi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Monzer Shahwan
- Diabetes Clinic, AL-Swity Center for Dermatology and Chronic Diseases, Ramallah, 972, Palestine
| | - Tariq Al-Qirim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- Clinical Pharmacy Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, 112612, United Arab Emirates
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Jarab AS, Al-Qerem W, Alzoubi KH, Tharf M, Abu Heshmeh S, Al-Azayzih A, Mukattash TL, Akour A, Al Hamarneh YN. Patterns of drug-related problems and the services provided to optimize drug therapy in the community pharmacy setting. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101746. [PMID: 37649677 PMCID: PMC10462881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Drug-related problems (DRPs) are events or circumstances involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. Objectives To assess community pharmacists' knowledge and practice regarding DRP-reduction services, as well as the barriers and factors associated with decreased provision of these services. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized a validated questionnaire to assess pharmacists' knowledge, practice, and barriers to the provision of DRP-reduction services in the community pharmacy setting. Binary regression model was used to assess the variables associated with the practice of DRP-reduction services. Results A total of 412 pharmacists participated in the study. The pharmacists demonstrated strong knowledge but inadequate practice of DRP-reduction services. The most reported DRPs were inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and herbal medications, or drugs and dietary supplements (52.4%), patients' inability to understand instructions properly (46.1%), inappropriate drug according to guidelines (43.7%), and too high dose (40.3%). The most common barriers to these services were increased workload (60.5%), limited time (53.2%), and lack of good communication skills (49.8%). The presence of a counselling area in the pharmacy increased the practice of DRP-reduction services (OR: 3.532, 95%Cl: 2.010-5.590, P < 0.001), while increased weekly working hours (OR: 0.966, 95%Cl: 0.947-0.986), P < 0.01) and serving < 10 patients daily (OR = 0.208, 95%Cl: 0.072-0.601, P < 0.01) decreased it. Conclusions Community pharmacists' practice of DRP-reduction services showed a scope for improvement. Future pharmaceutical care initiatives should increase the number of personnel working in the pharmacy and provide them with opportunities for continued education and training in order to improve the provision of DRP services and optimize patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan S. Jarab
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Walid Al-Qerem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Tharf
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shrouq Abu Heshmeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tareq L. Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yazid N Al Hamarneh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Algarni MA, Algarni AAM, Alqarni WA, Alqassim AY. Knowledge and Attitude of the General Population in Saudi Arabia Toward Weight Management Medications (WMMs): A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42875. [PMID: 37664345 PMCID: PMC10474326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decades, the global prevalence of obesity has tripled, with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia experiencing a notably higher rate of increase. While lifestyle modifications remain the first line of treatment, pharmacological interventions are often employed when dietary and exercise interventions prove insufficient. However, safety concerns, misuse, and limited knowledge about weight management medications (WMMs) pose serious challenges. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the level of knowledge and examine attitudes towards WMMs among the general population, and to explore the factors associated with these knowledge levels and attitude patterns. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults from the general population in Saudi Arabia from January 2023 to May 2023. Participants completed a validated, self-administered electronic questionnaire in Arabic language. The questionnaire captured sociodemographic, lifestyle and health data, knowledge about WMMs, and attitudes toward them. The outcome measures included knowledge and attitudes scores. Factors associated with knowledge and attitudes were analyzed using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value of <0.05. RESULTS Around 716 respondents were included in the final analysis. Most of the participants acknowledged diet 565 (78.9%) and exercise 621 (86.7%) as effective strategies to lose weight. Only 222 (31.0%) participants recognized pharmaceutical medications as a weight management strategy. Knowledge about specific weight loss medications varied, with the highest recognition for semaglutide (Ozempic®, Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark) 236 (33.0%) and liraglutide (Saxenda®, Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark) 228 (31.8%), while the other WMMs were not commonly known between participants. Regarding attitudes, the majority disagreed with statements that WMMs are more effective than diet/exercise 413 (57.7%), are safe 405 (56.6%), and are more convenient to use 408 (57.0%). Notably, about three-quarters [534 (74.6%)] of participants agreed that these medications require specialist's counseling. No correlation was observed between knowledge score and attitude score (Pearson's correlation coefficient r=0.03; p=0.330). Respondents' knowledge about WMMs was significantly influenced by age, monthly income, educational level, psychiatric history, and previous use of WMMs (p<0.05). Adequate knowledge was more prevalent among participants aged 26-35, earning more than 20K SAR monthly, postgraduates, those with a psychiatric history, and past users of WMMs. Attitudes toward WMMs, however, showed no significant association with sociodemographic or health-related factors (p>0.05). However, prior use of WMMs significantly correlated with attitudes (p=0.007), with past users demonstrating more favorable attitudes. CONCLUSION This study reveals a limited knowledge and cautious attitude regarding WMMs in the Saudi population, despite the high prevalence of obesity. With prior use of WMMs correlating with better knowledge and more favorable attitudes, these findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance public awareness and safe usage of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A Algarni
- Family Medicine, Postgraduate Program of Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, SAU
- Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ameera Ali M Algarni
- Clinical Nutrition, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, GBR
- Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Waleed A Alqarni
- Medicine, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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10
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Boura F, Al-Tabakha M, Hassan N, Darwich M. Critical appraisal of simulated patient methodology to assess the practice of community pharmacist in the Middle East and North Africa region: A systematic review. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2701. [PMID: 36733522 PMCID: PMC9851829 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.3.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of simulated patient (SP) methodology in pharmacy practice settings has increased recently. However, its applications can vary significantly within a region, hence affecting the quality of the SP methodology. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to critically assess the use of the SP methodology for assessing the practice of community pharmacists (CP) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and SCOPUS to identify articles published from 2011 to 2022. The selection of relevant studies for inclusion in the systematic review was based on the pre-determined inclusion criteria. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Results Electronic search yielded 478 publications. A total of 45 studies were reviewed. The studies were conducted in 12 countries of the MENA region. The sample size between the reviewed articles ranged from 20 to 1000 (median= 129). A greater number of the included studies measured the adequacy of skill (pre-dispensing and/or post-dispensing) 38 (84.4%). The vast majority of the studies reported unsatisfactory results regarding the competencies of CP. The number of the SP ranged from 1 to 37 (median= 2). Most of the studies recruited only one SP per pharmacy 35 (77.8%). The most common data collection method was written data collection form 42 (93.3%). Few studies only had a detection system for SP visits 11 (24.4%), and only six studies incorporated performance feedback (13.3%). More than two-thirds of the studies provided a training session for SP 37 (82.2%). There was variation in the symptoms and drugs used in the SP scenarios in the studies. Conclusion Although the results demonstrate the growth in the use of the SP method in MENA region countries, studies showed high variability in the level of reporting the study methodology. Consequently, we argue the need for standardized reporting of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Boura
- BSc, MSc. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Moawia Al-Tabakha
- BPharm, PhD. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- MBBS., MSc, PhD. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamad Darwich
- MD, MRCPH. Department of pediatrics. Medcare Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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11
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Opportunities for extended community pharmacy services in United Arab Emirates: perception, practice, perceived barriers and willingness among community pharmacists. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35321755 PMCID: PMC8941297 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacies are widely distributed in the United Arab Emirates where community pharmacists’ (CPs’) perspectives on provision of extended community pharmacy services (ECPS) is not known. This study assessed CPs perception, practices, perceived barriers and willingness to provide ECPS. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey using a self-administered Likert-type questionnaire (Cronbach alpha = 0.976) was conducted among 195 community CPs in Northern emirates, selected through multistage sampling technique. The filled questionnaires were assessed for CPs’ perception, practice, perceived barriers and willingness to perform ECPS. Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests examined the association between demography and outcome variables (alpha value of 0.05) with further analysis using Dunn’ post hoc test. Results Of the respondents, 71.8% (n = 140) ‘strongly agreed’ that every CP must provide ECPs and 39% (n = 76) ‘strongly agreed’ in supporting ECPS with another 44.1% (n = 86) ‘agreed’ on the same. The major barriers felt by CPs in practicing ECPS were lack of incentive for employee pharmacists [3 (2–3)], lack of documentation [3 (2–3)], insufficient time [3 (2–3)] and lack of patients’ demand [(2–3)]; maximum score (5–5). CPs also responded ‘completely’ willing to provide services such as blood pressure measurement, pregnancy testing and BMI measurement. Pharmacy location influenced practice score (p = 0.008) and access to the internet had a significant effect on barriers score (p = 0.000). Availability of drug information sources impacted perception (p = 0.038), practice (p = 0.000) and willingness scores (p = 0.011). Conclusions CPs’ perception on providing ECPS was positive and they are currently offering ECPS within their available resources and facilities. Less demand from patients and lack of time were reportedly the major barriers in offering ECPS. Proper utilization of CPs in providing ECPS can complement the healthcare system with additional cost and time savings for the patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40545-022-00418-y.
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12
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Hammad EA, Elayeh E, Jaber D, Abu mustafa I, Al-Aqeel S. Feasibility of using simulated patients for onsite structured practice feedback in Jordanian community pharmacy settings. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:225-229. [PMID: 35498228 PMCID: PMC9051962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated patient (SP) visits followed with structured feedback is useful to outline training needs as well as preference for continuing professional education in community pharmacy settings. This study aimed to investigate community pharmacists' management of an over-the-counter (OTC) product request and feasibility of immediate SP feedback in Jordan. Four trained SP visited a sample of pharmacies in three main urban cities in Jordan requesting an antacid. Information request and professional behavior as well as content of information were evaluated. The SP provided structured immediate feedback. The pharmacy staff views on the visit and usefulness of the feedback were collected. A total of 57 visits were conducted. The average duration of SP visits was 1.55 min. The average score (±SD) for information seeking behavior was 16% (±7) and for professional behavior was 56% (±15). The average score for information provision provided spontaneously was 17.1% (±12). Upon demand by the SP; the average score for information improved to 47.6 (±18). Non-pharmacological advice was not offered often; only 6 (10.5%) visits. Written information was provided in 10 (17.5%) visits. Immediate feedback was accepted by all visited pharmacies. Participants expressed positive views about the SP visit and usefulness of the feedback. Community pharmacists supplied OTC drug without carful screening of symptoms and essential information. The SP approach with immediate feedback was shown feasible and well accepted. Further potential for use of SP with feedback formally in practice and professional development should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Hammad
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman Elayeh
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Deema Jaber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Abu mustafa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sinaa Al-Aqeel
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Esmalipour R, Larijani B, Mehrdad N, Ebadi A, Salari P. The ethical challenges in pharmacy practice in community Pharmacies: A qualitative study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 29:1441-1448. [PMID: 35002382 PMCID: PMC8720823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists as a group of health care professionals, face different types of ethical challenges in their everyday routine that may impede pharmaceutical care. Objectives In this study, we aimed at evaluation and recognition of the ethical challenges of pharmacy practice in community pharmacies. Methods This exploratory study was conducted as a qualitative study consisting of open-ended in-depth interviews and focus group discussions followed by content analysis. The study participants were chosen from pharmacists with PharmD degree who had at least 4 years work experience and were the founders or technical managers of community pharmacies, either as governmental or private. Interviews continued until data saturation and transcribed verbatim. The content analysis was done by Graneheim and Lundman method. The codes were generated, and categorized. After assessment and final modifications, the results of the study were discussed and confirmed in a focus group discussion conducted by 7 experts who teach medical ethics and/or pharmacy ethics. Results Overall, 40 pharmacists were interviewed (mean age 46 ± 11.3 years). The extracted ethical challenges of pharmacy practice were categorized into 3 main themes, 11 subthemes and 102 codes. The themes were achieved as challenges related to professionalism and professional practice, challenges related to professional communications and challenges related to regulations and policies. Conclusion Taken together, it seems that most of the challenges of pharmacy practice are related to professionalism and professional commitment; however, the regulations and policies provide serious obstacles for pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care. More efforts towards teaching professionalism and modification of regulations and policies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Esmalipour
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, and School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Mehrdad
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, And Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Salari
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Shami R, Alam MF, ElHajj MS. The role of community pharmacists in depression management: a survey of attitudes, practices and perceived barriers. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 44:214-226. [PMID: 34661831 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists play a significant role in depression care. Depression is a health priority in national health strategies around the world, including in Qatar. Objective To describe current practices, attitudes and perceived barriers of community pharmacists towards depression care, and to investigate factors associated with these practices. Setting Community pharmacies in Qatar. Method A cross-sectional online survey using an adapted survey instrument. Scores were measured on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive univariate and bivariate analyses of study outcomes, followed by multivariate regression examining the association between pharmacists' practices and their attitudes, socio-demographic and professional characteristics. Main outcome measure Pharmacists' scores on self-reported attitudes towards depression and depression care practices and the number of perceived barriers for depression care. Result: 358 pharmacists (response rate 39%) completed the questionnaire. Pharmacists' attitudes to depression were moderately positive (mean score = 3.41, SD = 0.26) but involvement in depression care was very low (mean score = 2.64, SD = 0.94). Three major barriers were lack of access to patients' medical records (83.21%), lack of patients' insight on depression and the importance of treatment (81.85%), and lack of knowledge and training on mental health (79.63%). Female pharmacists and those graduated more than 10 years prior were significantly less involved in depression care compared to their counterparts (practice scores (95% CI) -4.36 (-7.46 to -1.26) and -7.51 (-15.10 to -1.35), respectively), while those who had access to private counselling area were more involved (practice score 3.39 (0.20 to 6.59). Pharmacists' depression practice score was positively associated with attitudes (p = 0.001). Conclusion Pharmacists' moderately positive attitudes were not reflected in their suboptimal depression-care practices. Action from policymakers is needed to improve pharmacists' practices and attitudes to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula Shami
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Fasihul Alam
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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15
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Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan M, El-Dahiyat F, Jairoun M, Al-Tamimi SK, Mothana RA, Khattab AH. A Quantitative Evaluation of Evidence-Based Beliefs and Implementation Among Community Pharmacists: Findings and Impact from United Arab Emirates. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:967-977. [PMID: 33727873 PMCID: PMC7955746 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s283068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flux of pharmaceutical data can have a negative impact on the complexity of a pharmacist’s decision-making process, which will demand an extensive evaluation from healthcare providers trying to choose the most suitable therapeutic plans for their patients. Objective The current study aimed to assess the beliefs and implementations of community pharmacists in the UAE regarding evidence-based practice (EBP) and to explore the significant factors governing their EBP. Setting Community pharmacies in Dubai and the Northern Emirates, UAE. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over six months between December 2017 and June 2018. Community pharmacists who had three months’ professional experience or more and were registered with one of three regulatory bodies (Ministry of Health, Health Authority Abu Dhabi, or Dubai Health Authority) were interviewed by three trained final-year pharmacy students. Face-to-face interviews were then carried out and a structured questionnaire was used. Metrics The average beliefs score was 36% (95% CI: [34%, 39%]) compared to an implementation score of 35% (95% CI: [33%, 37%]). Results A total of 505 subjects participated in the study and completed the entire questionnaire. On average, participants scored higher in beliefs score than implementation score. The results of the statistical modelling showed that younger, female, higher-position pharmacists with more experience and with low percentages of full-time working, and graduates from international/regional universities were more likely to believe in and implement the concept of EBP. Conclusion A gap was identified between the beliefs and implementation of EBP. Developing educational EBP courses in undergraduate pharmacy curricula is of high importance, not only to increase knowledge levels but also to encourage commitment in those pharmacists to strive for professionalism and to support the provided patient care with evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11500, Malaysia
| | - Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11500, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faris El-Dahiyat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maimona Jairoun
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ramzi A Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Husham Khattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Tawfiq AM, Alomar MJ, Hassan N, Palaian S. Nationwide survey on attitudes and perceived barriers toward provision of pharmaceutical care among final year undergraduate pharmacy students in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246934. [PMID: 33592032 PMCID: PMC7886123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care (PC) practice is still limited in the United Arab Emirates. It is crucial to understand pharmacy students’ attitudes and their perceived barriers towards PC provision, to evaluate the effectiveness of theoretical and practical curricula in creating positive attitudes toward PC. This study aims to assess attitudes of final year undergraduate pharmacy students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the barriers perceived by them to practice PC. A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in February and March, 2020, involving colleges in UAE offering undergraduate pharmacy programs and having students in their final year. Participants filled a questionnaire covering attitudes’ items, based on the Pharmaceutical Care Attitudes Survey (PCAS), and several perceived barriers. A stratified sample of 193 students participated from six universities, 85% were females, 92.2% and 64.8% completed or engaged in community and hospital pharmacy training respectively, at the time of the study. Attitudes’ items receiving the highest agreement were PC will improve patient health (95.3%), all pharmacists should perform PC (93.3%) and PC would benefit pharmacists (92.7%). However, 44.6% agreed PC is not worth the additional workload. Females showed higher attitudes’ total scores, median (IQR): 55 (51–58) and 52 (49–55.5) for females and males respectively, P = 0.032. Having incomplete courses was also associated with lower scores, median (IQR): 55 (51–58) and 52 (48.5–55.5) for “No” and “Yes” respectively, P = 0.048. Poor image of the pharmacist’s role and lack of private counseling area or inappropriate pharmacy layout were the most perceived barriers, with around 78% agreement. In conclusion, final year undergraduate pharmacy students in the UAE have positive attitudes towards pharmaceutical care. The current curricula may be satisfactory in fostering positive attitudes among students. Poor image of the pharmacist’s role and lack of counseling area or inappropriate pharmacy layout were the main barriers identified, among other barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Tawfiq
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail: (MJA); (AMT)
| | - Muaed Jamal Alomar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail: (MJA); (AMT)
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Subish Palaian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Gillani SW, Kaka Khan KK, Ladouani D, Salama NA. A Systematic Review on Pharmaceutical Diabetic Care Services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e122820189559. [PMID: 33371838 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817999201228210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the aim of this systematic review study is to evaluate the current services and pharmaceutical care practices for diabetic patients in the UAE. METHODS systematic review coverage conforms to the guidelines of the PRISMA; the search was limited to primary research articles, which describe the term "pharmaceutical diabetes care services in UAE". The search strategy was developed in collaboration with a health database librarian, and a predetermined protocol was developed in conjunction with the authors for search methods. RESULTS The findings showed the effect of a prescription treatment system on disease prevention and health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Arab Emirates. A retrospective interventional health evaluation was implemented to evaluate existing health procedures and the impact of conventional treatment on type 2 diabetes treatment (T2DM). The findings of this interventional evaluation were largely favorable, and the viability of changing the existing clinical procedure was stressed. The individualized strategy has helped clinicians finding a great result in terms of glycemic and BP, as well as patient satisfaction. The need for more work to clarify the long-term effect of organized strategy in enhancing the consistency of T2DM treatment in the UAE. The findings also showed increase community pharmacy services might further change the opinions of patients on the level of care provided by such pharmacies. The patients' quality of life would improve by drug treatment efficacy and pharmacist services to mitigate diabetes complications. The findings showed a prescription treatment system on disease prevention and health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Arab Emirates. A retrospective interventional health evaluation was implemented to evaluate existing health procedures and the impact of conventional treatment on type 2 diabetes treatment (T2DM). The findings of this interventional evaluation were largely favorable, and the viability of changing the existing clinical procedure was stressed. The individualized strategy has helped clinicians reach a great result in terms of glycemic and BP, as well as patient satisfaction. The need for more work to clarify the long-term effect of organized strategy in enhancing the consistency of T2DM treatment in the UAE. The findings also showed increase community pharmacy services mightfurther change the opinions of patients on the level of care provided by such pharmacies. The patients' quality of life would improve by drug treatment efficacy and pharmacist services to mitigate diabetes complications. CONCLUSION This systematic review reported beneficial pharmacist-led diabetic management services in the UAE. Several care strategies were also highlighted to improve service for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wasif Gillani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khanda Kareem Kaka Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Douaa Ladouani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nour Alaa Salama
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Essack S, Bell J, Burgoyne D, Tongrod W, Duerden M, Sessa A, Altiner A, Shephard A. Point-of-Care Testing for Pharyngitis in the Pharmacy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E743. [PMID: 33126412 PMCID: PMC7693205 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharyngitis (also known as sore throat) is a common, predominately viral, self-limiting condition which can be symptomatically managed without antibiotic treatment. Inappropriate antibiotic use for pharyngitis contributes to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. However, a small proportion of sore throats caused by group A streptococcal (GAS) infection may benefit from the provision of antibiotics. Establishing the cause of infection is therefore an important step in effective antibiotic stewardship. Point-of-care (POC) tests, where results are available within minutes, can distinguish between viral and GAS pharyngitis and can therefore guide treatment in primary healthcare settings such as community pharmacies, which are often the first point of contact with the healthcare system. In this opinion article, the evidence for the use of POC testing in the community pharmacy has been discussed. Evidence suggests that pharmacy POC testing can promote appropriate antibiotic use and reduce the need for general practitioner consultations. Challenges to implementation include cost, training and 'who prescribes', with country and regional differences presenting a particular issue. Despite these challenges, POC testing for pharyngitis has become widely available in pharmacies in some countries and may represent a strategy to contain antibiotic resistance and contribute to antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - John Bell
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Douglas Burgoyne
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Wirat Tongrod
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand;
| | - Martin Duerden
- School of Medicine, Centre for Medical Education, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Aurelio Sessa
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care (SIMG, Società Italiana di Medicina Generale delle Cure Primarie), 50142 Florence, Italy;
| | - Attila Altiner
- Institute of General Practice, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, Germany;
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Fino LB, Basheti IA, Chaar BB. Exploring Ethical Pharmacy Practice in Jordan. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:2809-2834. [PMID: 32533448 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patient-centered pharmacy practice involves increased pharmacist engagement in patient care. This increased involvement can sometimes require diverse decision-making when handling various situations, ranging from simple matters to major ethical dilemmas. There is literature about pharmacy ethics in developed Western countries. However, little is known about pharmacists' practices in many developing countries. For example, there is a paucity of research conducted in the area of pharmacy ethics in Jordan. This study aimed to explore the manner in which ethical dilemmas were handled by Jordanian pharmacists, the resources used and their attitudes towards them. Semi-structured, face to face interviews were carried out with 30 Jordanian registered pharmacists. The transcribed interviews were thematically analysed for emerging themes. Four major themes were identified: legal practice; familiarity with the code of ethics; personal judgement, cultural and religious values; and Experience. Findings showed that ethical decision-making in pharmacy practice in Jordan was decisively influenced by pharmacists' personal moral values, legal requirements and managed by exercising common sense and experience. This pointed to gaps in Jordanian pharmacists' understanding and application of basic principles of pharmacy ethics and highlighted the need for professional ethics training, incorporating pharmacy ethics courses in pharmacy undergraduate curricula, as well as professional development courses. This study highlighted that paternalism, personal values and legal obligations were major drivers influencing decision-making processes of Jordanian pharmacists. Findings also highlighted an inclination towards lack of respect for patient autonomy. This illuminated the need for increasing pharmacists' literacy in professional ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen B Fino
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Iman A Basheti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Betty B Chaar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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20
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Alhomoud FK. Act like a warrior to defeat medication counselling barriers: A cross sectional study. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1084-1092. [PMID: 32922139 PMCID: PMC7474166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the previous literature, patients’ perceptions of medication consultation provided by pharmacists was found to poor, depending upon various factors, which may lead to poor compliance with medication instructions and, therefore, poor health outcomes. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), this specific area has been overlooked to date, so this study aims to examine patients’ perceptions of medication counselling and the factors that influence their likelihood of participating in medication counselling as well as determine the predictors of patients’ likelihood to take part in medication counselling delivered by pharmacists in KSA. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving people over 18 years of age, who had purchased or collected medicine for their own use from community and/or hospital pharmacies within the past two years and who lived in Saudi Arabia. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Descriptive statistics were applied to each item as well as linear regression and Pearson’s correlation. Results Five hundred and eleven participants (male (n = 101), female (n = 410), the majority of whom were aged 18–24-years-old) were included. Almost an equal number of participants had accessed either community (CP) (n = 228: 45%) or hospital pharmacies (HP) (n = 283: 55%) within the past two years in regards to their condition and/or medication. The perceived susceptibility construct had weak positive correlations with all of the constructs being measured (r < 0.3). Perceived barriers had a weak negative relationship with likelihood (r < 0.3), which means that, as the perceived barriers increase, the perceived benefits and future likelihood to participate in medication counselling decrease. Linear regression analysis found that age (β = −0.06; P =˃0.05), gender (β = 0.14; P =˃0.05), education level (β = −0.01; P =˃0.05) and type of pharmacies accessed (β = −0.05; P =˃0.05) were non-significant predictors of the participants’ likelihood of participating in medication counselling. Conclusion In order to improve the medication consultation provided by pharmacists and, therefore, enhance the patients’ experience and care, it is important to understand the public’s views, concerns and demands regarding medication consultation, in order to provide the proper interventions and serve as a platform for developing a plan of action for good pharmacy practice.
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21
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AlAhmad MM, Majed I, Sikh N, AlAhmad K. The impact of community-pharmacist-led medication reconciliation process: Pharmacist-patient-centered medication reconciliation. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:177-182. [PMID: 32742117 PMCID: PMC7373110 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_55_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Patients and their healthcare providers’ are in need to access a correct and complete list of all patients’ active bills for safe and effective clinical care. Currently, Healthcare Information Systems are not providing a proper access to the patients’ medications lists. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of community pharmacist-led medication reconciliation process in community pharmacies in the UAE through applying a pharmacist–patient-centered medication reconciliation (PPCMR). Materials and Methods: This was an interventional study of medication reconciliation process in 25 pharmacies in the UAE during July 1, 2019 till September 1, 2019. The participant pharmacists were surveyed and interviewed to gather more information about the barriers and enablers of the process before and after the implementation of PPCMR. Results: After the implementation of PPCMR, medication reconciliation service was available in 84% of the pharmacies compared to 40% before the PPCMR (Z = –2.84, P = 0.005). The main workforce barriers to implement this service were reduced to 27% compared to 47% before the PPCMR. The operational barriers for the service were decreased from 56% to 28%. The facilitators in delivering the service in community pharmacies were improved from 29% to 63%. The active collaboration between the pharmacists and physicians was enhanced from 28% to 72% (Z = –3.2, P = 0.001) in the participated pharmacies. There is a statistically significant difference toward the impact of the PPCMR on the whole medication reconciliation service χ2(df = 3) = 200, P < 0.001. Conclusion: Community pharmacists are not always accessible or well placed to provide a medication reconciliation service. The implementation of PPCMR in each community pharmacy will raise the expectations regarding the appropriateness of medication management and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M AlAhmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Iqbal Majed
- Department of Pharmacy, Look Wow One Day Surgery Pharmacy, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Nour Sikh
- Department of Pharmacy, Alkhatib Medical Center, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Khozama AlAhmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mediclinic Al Ain Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
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22
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Kang MJ, Park JH, Park S, Kim NG, Kim EY, Yu YM, Kim DY, Lee JY, Shin WG, Choi SA. Community pharmacists' knowledge, perceptions, and practices about topical corticosteroid counseling: A real-world cross-sectional survey and focus group discussions in Korea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236797. [PMID: 32726366 PMCID: PMC7390350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical corticosteroids (TCs) are widely used to treat dermatological conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. It can be a safe and effective treatment when used appropriately. However, misguided information and corticosteroid phobia appear to contribute to inadequate adherence to therapy, leading to unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. Therefore, community pharmacists (CPs) are in a prime position to inform patients about the appropriate use of medicine. The aim of this study was to examine how the knowledge and perceptions of CPs, as well as other factors, associate CPs’ patient counseling practice around the use of TCs. A structured, validated questionnaire was distributed to CPs in the Republic of Korea, and additional focus group discussions were implemented to obtain a deeper understanding of the survey findings. We analyzed the survey results by applying a modified knowledge-perception-practice model. In addition, we used path analysis to validate the model and assessed how knowledge level and perceptions of barriers affect CPs’ counseling behavior. We ran a multiple regression to identify factors that associate CPs’ practice levels. A total of 1018 surveys were analyzed. In general, respondents had sufficient knowledge to provide appropriate patient counseling on TC use. An increase in knowledge level positively associated the quality of practice, and more knowledge increased the perception of barriers that negatively associated patient counseling. Location in rural areas and pharmacists’ perception of counseling barriers negatively associated the quality of practice. A higher level of knowledge, training in ADEs, higher proportion of OTC TC sales, and increased time for counseling positively associated the quality of practice. Therefore, minimizing barriers such as negative perceptions is very important in facilitating CPs’ counseling practice around TC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Research Institute Clinical Trials Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Sunny Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Kim
- Clinical Development Team, Wellmarker Bio Co, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Mi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan Gyoon Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo An Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Said A, Hussain N, Abdelaty LN. Physicians' and pharmacists' perception and practice of hospital pharmacist professional role in Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020; 28:491-497. [PMID: 32497350 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate physicians' and pharmacists' perceptions of the importance of pharmacists' role in healthcare in Egypt, and actual delivery of these roles in practice. Identifying any differences and inconsistencies between these will inform future strategies that maximize pharmacists' professional contribution to hospital practice. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to a convenience sample of physicians (500) and pharmacists (500) practicing in selected private or public hospitals in Egypt. The main sections of the questionnaire comprised statements that pertained to physicians'/pharmacists' views on the importance of pharmacists' roles and their actual delivery in practice. KEY FINDINGS In this study, physicians showed low scores for both the importance of and the delivery of advanced patient-facing clinical pharmacy roles such as suggesting prescription medications, and designing treatment plans. In comparison, pharmacists were more positive on both of these aspects of their roles. High mean scores were reported by the physicians for pharmacist's traditional roles such as patient counselling, assessing compliance, preventing medication errors and treating minor illnesses. Both physicians and pharmacists reported poor pharmacists practice as drug information resources despite their high perception of the importance of that role. CONCLUSION This study suggested that in hospitals in Egypt, there are significant differences between physicians' and pharmacists' perception and practice, and pharmacists' clinical skills are underutilized in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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24
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Karia AM, Balane C, Norman R, Robinson S, Lehnbom E, Durakovic I, Laba TL, Joshi R, Webster R. Community pharmacist workflow: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE study protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020; 28:441-448. [PMID: 32347607 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists' roles are expanding to delivering a wider set of professional services including medication management optimisation, vaccinations and screening services. Robust research determining whether pharmacists have the capacity to offer such services in the Australian community pharmacy setting is lacking. This protocol details a mixed methods study that investigates the variation in pharmacists' daily tasks and the workspace they work in as a measure of their workload capacity for expanding pharmacy services. METHODS An observational time and motion study will be conducted in up to twenty community pharmacies in metropolitan and rural regions of Australia. A trained observer will follow a pharmacist and record the type, location and duration of tasks undertaken over the course of their working day. Data will be collected and analysed using the electronic Work Observation Method By Activity Timing (WOMBAT) tool. Pharmacists' work patterns will be described as time for each task, and by proportionating multitasking and interruptions. This information will be combined with workspace data collected using floor plans, photographs and a qualitative assessment of the working environment completed by the observer. Analysis will include heat-mapped floor plans visually highlighting pharmacist movements. DISCUSSION Pharmacists may provide solutions to the strained health workforce and system. There is limited quantitative evidence on whether pharmacists have the time or work setting to support such needs. The use of time and motion methodology is novel to Australian community pharmacy research, and the findings will provide a better understanding of pharmacists' capacity and work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Mahendrarai Karia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christine Balane
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- Health Systems Health Economics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elin Lehnbom
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Iva Durakovic
- Interior Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracey-Lea Laba
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- Faculty of Medicine, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruth Webster
- Technical Transfer, The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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Almetwazi M, Alhammad A, Alhossan A, Alturki H, Aljawadi M, Asiri Y. Pharmacy students' satisfaction with Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences (IPPE) at community pharmacy: The case of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:68-73. [PMID: 31920433 PMCID: PMC6950960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess pharmacy students' satisfaction with introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPE) at community pharmacy and the impact of the training on their future career. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was made available to 74 male pharmacy students who completed 4 weeks community pharmacy IPPE. The questionnaire consists of 24 questions that were organized into 5 domains with a scale of six options were used to answer each question. RESULTS A total of 43 students completed the survey (58%). Most of them evaluated their training experience as either as good (41.86%) or excellent (41.86%). One third of students (34.88%) were very satisfied about the clarity of the community pharmacy IPPE goals and objectives given prior to the training period. About half of students (51.6%) received a good direction and feedback from their preceptors. Regarding the contact with the patient or guardian, (39.53%) of the students chose neutral while (25.58%) of the students were very satisfied. The learning environment was satisfactory for (32.56%) of students. Regarding skills domain, students strongly agreed that their skills were improved; Communication skills as reported by (48.84%) of students, documentation skills as reported by (34.88%) of students, and clinical skills as reported by (34.88%) of students. CONCLUSION Surveyed male students were in general satisfied with their training experience at community pharmacy. Providing an orientation to the community pharmacy preceptors and granted electronic access of necessary information to the students might increase their satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Almetwazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corporate Department of Pharmacy Services, King Khalid University Hospital-King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhossan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Alturki
- Corporate Department of Pharmacy Services, King Khalid University Hospital-King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Aljawadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Goode JV, Owen J, Page A, Gatewood S. Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States. PHARMACY 2019; 7:E106. [PMID: 31382690 PMCID: PMC6789634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-based pharmacy practice is evolving from a focus on product preparation and dispensing to becoming a health care destination within the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy. Furthermore, community-based pharmacy practice is expanding beyond the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy to provide care to patients where they need it. Pharmacists involved in this transition are community-based pharmacist practitioners who are primarily involved in leading and advancing team-based patient care services in communities to improve the patient health. This paper will review community-based pharmacy practice innovations and the role of the community-based pharmacist practitioner in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Venable Goode
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - James Owen
- Practice and Science Affairs, American Pharmacists Association, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Alexis Page
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sharon Gatewood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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27
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Paravattil B, Shabana S, Rainkie D, Wilby KJ. Evaluating knowledge, skills, and practice change after an accredited evidence-based medicine course for community pharmacy preceptors. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:802-809. [PMID: 31227195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incorporating evidence-based medicine skills into practice is vital for pharmacists to promote rational medication use while making optimal patient care decisions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an evidence-based medicine course on the knowledge and precepting skills of community pharmacy preceptors. METHODS This was a longitudinal, multiphase, interventional study, which involved the development of an evidence-based medicine course based on results of an educational assessment. The course was delivered over five sessions and included didactic and active learning strategies. The impact was measured by the preceptor's ability to apply knowledge gained from the course while providing student feedback during a community practice experience using a journal club context. RESULTS Ten preceptors completed the course with 50% and 70% passing the drug information and critical appraisal assessments, respectively. When measuring course impact, 44% of preceptors were able to provide feedback at a proficient level while 56% needed further development. Preceptors' confidence improved across pre-course, post-course, and after the observation phase in interpreting study results (p = 0.016), teaching the student evidence-based medicine skills (p = 0.008), and providing feedback to the student regarding journal clubs (p = 0.010). Students rated high improvement in the preceptor's ability to provide feedback related to critical appraisal skills. CONCLUSION A course-based approach to increase preceptor's knowledge of critical appraisal and drug information skills may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Shabana
- Qatar University College of Pharmacy, PO, Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniel Rainkie
- Qatar University College of Pharmacy, PO, Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyle J Wilby
- Qatar University College of Pharmacy, PO, Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Malcom DR, Shammas S, Aburjai T. A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:7014. [PMID: 30559504 PMCID: PMC6291664 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, pharmacy education is evolving to reflect a more patient-centered, interprofessional approach to clinical practice. In the 22 countries of the Arab world, advancements in regulatory support for pharmacy practice and changes to the health care system have been slower than in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Significant cultural, logistical, and legal barriers exist in many countries, and a consensus approach to accreditation, educational outcomes, and curricula design is lacking. This commentary briefly examines the current state of both pharmacy education and practice in the Arab world, and it highlights recent reports of curricular reform and innovation. Additionally, it provides potential strategies for improving the quality of education and for expanding pharmacy practice to ensure graduates and practitioners have adequate experiential opportunities and institutional support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R. Malcom
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, Kentucky
- Associate Editor, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Samira Shammas
- Jordan Pharmacists Association, Good Pharmacy Practice Committee, Amman, Jordan
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29
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Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W, Mc Namara K. Pharmacist views and pharmacy capacity to deliver professional services in the United Arab Emirates. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:1106-1115. [PMID: 29926256 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The benefits of professional pharmacy services in improving patient outcomes and reducing health expenditure are well documented. To a large extent, these services are not implemented in many developing countries. Objective To explore pharmacists' perceptions of and willingness to provide professional services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the perceived barriers and facilitators. The current provision of pharmacy-based services and capacity for service delivery were also explored. Setting Community pharmacies in Sharjah and Dubai in the UAE. Methods A 34-item cross-sectional survey was conducted. It assessed community pharmacists' perceptions of and willingness to provide professional services in the future, current service provision and capacity to deliver professional services. A descriptive analysis of responses was undertaken. Main outcome measure Community pharmacists' perceptions of and willingness to provide pharmacy-based professional services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and associated barriers and facilitators. Results Overall, 200 community pharmacists completed the survey. Ninety-two percent of participants thought that it is time for community pharmacists to engage in extended services (screening, medication use reviews, and chronic disease management) provided that adequate training and regulatory approvals are given. The current restrictive legislations and negative public perception were perceived as major barriers to providing extended services, but lack of time and support staff were also considered barriers. Conclusions Community pharmacists held strong positive views regarding future engagement in professional services. Given the compelling public health case for expansion of affordable care, it is timely to expand health services in the UAE by using the untapped clinical skills of pharmacists. Transition towards professional pharmacy services requires support from key stakeholders including medical and regulatory organizations, and public acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Alzubaidi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, PO Box 2727, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ward Saidawi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, PO Box 2727, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kevin Mc Namara
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.,Centre for Population Health Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.,Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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30
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Kevrekidis DP, Minarikova D, Markos A, Malovecka I, Minarik P. Community pharmacy customer segmentation based on factors influencing their selection of pharmacy and over-the-counter medicines. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:33-43. [PMID: 29379331 PMCID: PMC5783819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Within the competitive pharmacy market environment, community pharmacies are required to develop efficient marketing strategies based on contemporary information about consumer behavior in order to attract clients and develop customer loyalty. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the consumers' preferences concerning the selection of pharmacy and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, and to identify customer segments in relation to these preferences. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and March 2016 on a convenient quota sample of 300 participants recruited in the metropolitan area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The main instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire with close-ended, multiple choice questions. To identify customer segments, Two-Step cluster analysis was conducted. Results Three distinct pharmacy customer clusters emerged. Customers of the largest cluster (49%; 'convenience customers') were mostly younger consumers. They gave moderate to positive ratings to factors affecting the selection of pharmacy and OTCs; convenience, and previous experience and the pharmacist's opinion, received the highest ratings. Customers of the second cluster (35%; 'loyal customers') were mainly retired; most of them reported visiting a single pharmacy. They gave high ratings to all factors that influence pharmacy selection, especially the pharmacy's staff, and factors influencing the purchase of OTCs, particularly previous experience and the pharmacist's opinion. Customers of the smallest cluster (16%; 'convenience and price-sensitive customers') were mainly retired or unemployed with low to moderate education, and low personal income. They gave the lowest ratings to most of the examined factors; convenience among factors influencing pharmacy selection, whereas previous experience, the pharmacist's opinion and product price among those affecting the purchase of OTCs, received the highest ratings. Conclusions The community pharmacy market comprised of distinct customer segments that varied in the consumer preferences concerning the selection of pharmacy and OTCs, the evaluation of pharmaceutical services and products, and demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Phaedon Kevrekidis
- Department of Organisation and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Minarikova
- Department of Organisation and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Angelos Markos
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics, Department of Primary Education, Democritus University of Thrace, Nea Hili, GR-68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ivona Malovecka
- Department of Organisation and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Minarik
- St. Elisabeth University of Health and Social Work, Palackeho 1, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Heydukova 10, SK-81250 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Hashmi FK, Hassali MA, Khalid A, Saleem F, Aljadhey H, Babar ZUD, Bashaar M. A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists about extended pharmacy services in Lahore, Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:500. [PMID: 28724411 PMCID: PMC5518160 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent decades, community pharmacies reported a change of business model, whereby a shift from traditional services to the provision of extended roles was observed. However, such delivery of extended pharmacy services (EPS) is reported from the developed world, and there is scarcity of information from the developing nations. Within this context, the present study was aimed to explore knowledge, perception and attitude of community pharmacists (CPs) about EPS and their readiness and acceptance for practice change in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth knowledge of the issues. By using a semi-structured interview guide, 12 CPs practicing in the city of Lahore, Pakistan were conveniently selected. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and were then analyzed for thematic contents by the standard content analysis framework. Results Thematic content analysis yielded five major themes. (1) Familiarity with EPS, (2) current practice of EPS, (3) training needed to provide EPS, (4) acceptance of EPS and (5) barriers toward EPS. Majority of the CPs were unaware of EPS and only a handful had the concept of extended services. Although majority of our study respondents were unaware of pharmaceutical care, they were ready to accept practice change if provided with the required skills and training. Lack of personal knowledge, poor public awareness, inadequate physician-pharmacist collaboration and deprived salary structures were reported as barriers towards the provision of EPS at the practice settings. Conclusion Although the study reported poor awareness towards EPS, the findings indicated a number of key themes that can be used in establishing the concept of EPS in Pakistan. Over all, CPs reported a positive attitude toward practice change provided to the support and facilitation of health and community based agencies in Pakistan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2442-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan K Hashmi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Fahad Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Hisham Aljadhey
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ud Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England
| | - Mohammad Bashaar
- SMART Afghan International Trainings & Consultancy, Kabul, Afghanistan.
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Siddiqua A, Kareem Abdul W, Ayan S, Al Azm L, Ali S. Antecedents of patients' trust in pharmacists: empirical investigation in the United Arab Emirates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2017; 26:63-72. [PMID: 28349574 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To empirically identify the antecedents that influence patients trust in pharmacists. METHODS A survey was conducted among 500 patients who visited community pharmacies in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates. The questionnaire included the measures for constructs such as patients' perception of pharmacist communication, pharmacists' technical competence, medication self-efficacy, satisfaction with pharmacy and trust in pharmacists. KEY FINDINGS The data were analysed using partial least-squares structural equation modelling approach to check the validity and reliability of the measures and to validate the proposed hypotheses of the study. Pharmacist communication, pharmacists' technical competence, satisfaction with pharmacy and patients' medication self-efficacy were found to significantly influence patients' trust in pharmacists. CONCLUSION This study is the first one that has empirically identified the antecedents of trust in pharmacists. The study has established that patients' perception of pharmacist communication and pharmacists' technical competence positively influence trust in pharmacists as antecedents but not constitute trust itself as had been found in the previous research. Apart from enhancing pharmacists' technical competence and communication, the pharmacy organizations and policymakers should improve patients' satisfaction with pharmacy and patients' medication self-efficacy to enhance patients' trust in pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayisha Siddiqua
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science & Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waheed Kareem Abdul
- Institute of Management Technology, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shatha Ayan
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science & Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lamis Al Azm
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science & Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science & Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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