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Marini HR, Facchini BA, di Francia R, Freni J, Puzzolo D, Montella L, Facchini G, Ottaiano A, Berretta M, Minutoli L. Glutathione: Lights and Shadows in Cancer Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2226. [PMID: 37626722 PMCID: PMC10452337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In cases of cellular injury, there is an observed increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When this production becomes excessive, it can result in various conditions, including cancerogenesis. Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant thiol-containing antioxidant, is fundamental to re-establishing redox homeostasis. In order to evaluate the role of GSH and its antioxi-dant effects in patients affected by cancer, we performed a thorough search on Medline and EMBASE databases for relevant clinical and/or preclinical studies, with particular regard to diet, toxicities, and pharmacological processes. The conjugation of GSH with xenobiotics, including anti-cancer drugs, can result in either of two effects: xenobiotics may lose their harmful effects, or GSH conjugation may enhance their toxicity by inducing bioactivation. While being an interesting weapon against chemotherapy-induced toxicities, GSH may also have a potential protective role for cancer cells. New studies are necessary to better explain the relationship between GSH and cancer. Although self-prescribed glutathione (GSH) implementation is prevalent among cancer patients with the intention of reducing the toxic effects of anticancer treatments and potentially preventing damage to normal tissues, this belief lacks substantial scientific evidence for its efficacy in reducing toxicity, except in the case of cisplatin-related neurotoxicity. Therefore, the use of GSH should only be considered under medical supervision, taking into account the appropriate timing and setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Ryan Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Bianca Arianna Facchini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Raffaele di Francia
- Gruppo Oncologico Ricercatori Italiani (GORI-ONLUS), 33170 Pordenone, Italy;
| | - José Freni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (J.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (J.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Liliana Montella
- Division of Medical Oncology, “Santa Maria delle Grazie” Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, “Santa Maria delle Grazie” Hospital, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (L.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (H.R.M.); (L.M.)
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Ahmad Najmaddin S, Abdulqader Amin Z. Adiantum capillus attained selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) ameliorate resistive effects in rat model of gentamicin nephrontoxicity via regulation of Interlukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and engagement of Vimentin and Bcl-2 proteins. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103550. [PMID: 36619677 PMCID: PMC9812709 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the green method for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is experienced, in which the leaf extract of Adiantum capillus was used as an effective chelating and capping agent for producing SeNPs. The characterization techniques that achieved to confirm the synthesis and the structure details of the SeNPs were: UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, XRD, EDX and SEM analysis. The biological activity of the synthesized SeNPs were tested and compared to the crude extract of Adiantum capillus on gentamicin model of nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Sera were used to test the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin beta (IL-β) levels. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis for the apoptosis regulator protein (Bcl-2) and the interstitial filament protein (Vimentin) were performed. Results revealed that the synthesized SeNPs peak appeared at 400-430 nm wave length with crystallite particle size is around 37 nm. The predominant shape is spherical and cubic at different magnification levels with a narrow size distribution of 22.04-128.43 nm. The synthesized SeNPs showed a strong protective effect against gentamicin induced toxic effects to the rat's kidneys obtained from the (kidney function parameters, histopathology evaluation, recovery of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-β and TNF-α level with retrieval of Bcl-2 and vimentin protein levels proximate to the vehicle control groups). Due to the significant protective effect of SeNPs, it considered much better than the crude extract of Adiantum capillus in the treatment of kidney injury; however, additional studies are necessary to find the precise mechanism of their action.
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Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P, Annane D, Vincent JL. Selenocompounds and Sepsis-Redox Bypass Hypothesis: Part B-Selenocompounds in the Management of Early Sepsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:998-1029. [PMID: 35287478 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Endothelial barrier damage, which is in part caused by excess production of reactive oxygen, halogen and nitrogen species (ROHNS), especially peroxynitrite (ONOO-), is a major event in early sepsis and, with leukocyte hyperactivation, part of the generalized dysregulated immune response to infection, which may even become a complex maladaptive state. Selenoenzymes have major antioxidant functions. Their synthesis is related to the need to limit deleterious oxidant redox cycling by small selenocompounds, which may be of therapeutic cytotoxic interest. Plasma selenoprotein-P is crucial for selenium transport from the liver to the tissues and for antioxidant endothelial protection, especially against ONOO-. Above micromolar concentrations, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) becomes cytotoxic, with a lower cytotoxicity threshold in activated cells, which has led to cancer research. Recent Advances: Plasma selenium (<2% of total body selenium) is mainly contained in selenoprotein-P, and concentrations decrease rapidly in the early phase of sepsis, because of increased selenoprotein-P binding and downregulation of hepatic synthesis and excretion. At low concentrations, Na2SeO3 acts as a selenium donor, favoring selenoprotein-P synthesis in physiology, but probably not in the acute phase of sepsis. Critical Issues: The cytotoxic effects of Na2SeO3 against hyperactivated leukocytes, especially the most immature forms that liberate ROHNS, may be beneficial, but they may also be harmful for activated endothelial cells. Endothelial protection against ROHNS by selenoprotein-P may reduce Na2SeO3 toxicity, which is increased in sepsis. Future Direction: The combination of selenoprotein-P for endothelial protection and the cytotoxic effects of Na2SeO3 against hyperactivated leukocytes may be a promising intervention for early sepsis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 998-1029.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Forceville
- Medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit, Great Hospital of East Francilien - Meaux site, Meaux, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre (CIC Inserm1414) CHU de Rennes - Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Univesité libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Djillali Annane
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (APHP), Garches, France.,U1173 Lab. of Inflammation & Infection, (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire) FHU SEPSIS, Université Paris Saclay-campus (Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines) UVSQ, Versailles, France
| | - Jean Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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BONETTI GABRIELE, DHULI KRISTJANA, MICHELINI SERENA, MICHELINI SILVIA, MICHELINI SANDRO, RICCI MAURIZIO, CESTARI MARINA, BERTELLI MATTEO. Dietary supplements in lymphedema. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E200-E205. [PMID: 36479479 PMCID: PMC9710411 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from ineffective fluid uptake by the lymphatic system, and the effects are principally felt in the lower limbs. The condition is said to be primary when caused by genetic mutations and secondary when caused by injuries, infections, or surgery. Lymphedema, a worldwide pathology, does not have an effective therapy so far. Leukotriene B4 has recently been identified as a key molecule in lymphedema pathogenesis. Surgical, nonsurgical, and pharmacological treatments have been proposed; however, they do not cure the disease and only ameliorate the symptoms. Nutrition and nutritional status are extremely important in lymphedema physiopathology. Obesity is a comorbidity that exacerbates the risk for secondary lymphedema and constitutes a negative prognostic factor. Indeed, anti-inflammatory foods and their effects on the inflammatory state and on oxidative stress are now being investigated for their possible therapeutic role in lymphedema. Although no special diet has so far been proven to be very effective, specific dietary tips could help in alleviating the edematous state of patients with lymphedema. A few supplements have been tested for lymphedema treatment. Among them, GARLIVE® containing hydroxytyrosol, hesperidin, spermidine and vitamin A, exhibited promising effects in the animal model. Hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olives, showed anti-inflammatory effects and reduced leukotriene B4 synthesis, thus holding promise as a potential natural candidate for lymphedema treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- GABRIELE BONETTI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Gabriele Bonetti, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | | | - SERENA MICHELINI
- Unit of Physical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - SANDRO MICHELINI
- Vascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, Marino, Italy
| | - MAURIZIO RICCI
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Italy
| | - MARINA CESTARI
- Study Centre Pianeta Linfedema, Terni, Italy
- Lymphology Sector of the Rehabilitation Service, USLUmbria2, Terni, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGI Euregio, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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Kitamura K, Iwase S, Komoike Y, Ogawa Y, Utsugi K, Yamamoto D, Odagiri H. Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for the Management of Lymphedema Proposed by the Japanese Lymphedema Society. Lymphat Res Biol 2022; 20:539-547. [PMID: 34981970 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2021.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondary lymphedema mostly occurs as an aftereffect of cancer treatment, and it is estimated that 100,000-150,000 patients are affected in Japan. An estimated 3500 patients, develop lymphedema of the lower and upper extremities each year secondary to uterine and breast cancer treatment. Medical reimbursement was first instituted in April 2008 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan. Since 2008, we have developed guidelines regarding treatment options for patients with lymphedema based on scientific evidence. This is the third edition of the guidelines established by the Japanese Lymphedema Society (JLES), published in 2018. The JLES Practice Guideline-Making Committee (PGMC) developed 21 clinical questions (CQs). Methods and Results: A review of these 15 CQs was performed in accordance with the methodology for establishing clinical guidelines. The 15 recommendations for each of these CQs were developed and discussed until consensus by the PGMC was reached. Moreover, outside members who had no involvement in these guidelines evaluated the contents using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II reporting checklist. Conclusion: These guidelines have been produced for the adequate management of lymphedema by doctors and other medical staff on the lymphedema management team of medical institutes, including nurses, physical technicians, and occupational therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kitamura
- Medical Corporation, Department of Breast Surgery, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwase
- Department of Emergency and Palliative Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Komoike
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Ogawa
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuniko Utsugi
- Cancer Screening Center, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Odagiri
- Division of Breast Surgery, National Hirosaki Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
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Lee H, Lee B, Kim Y, Min S, Yang E, Lee S. Effects of Sodium Selenite Injection on Serum Metabolic Profiles in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema-Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Using Global Metabolomics. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093253. [PMID: 34579131 PMCID: PMC8470409 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, intravenous (IV) injection of selenium alleviated breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). This secondary analysis aimed to explore the metabolic effects of selenium on patients with BCRL. Serum samples of the selenium-treated (SE, n = 15) or the placebo-controlled (CTRL, n = 14) groups were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS). The SE group showed a lower ratio of extracellular water to segmental water (ECW/SW) in the affected arm to ECW/SW in the unaffected arm (arm ECW/SW ratio) than the CTRL group. Metabolomics analysis showed a valid classification at 2-weeks and 107 differential metabolites were identified. Among them, the levels of corticosterone, LTB4-DMA, and PGE3—which are known anti-inflammatory compounds—were elevated in the SE group. Pathway analysis demonstrated that lipid metabolism (glycerophospholipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, or arachidonic acid metabolism), nucleotide metabolism (pyrimidine or purine metabolism), and vitamin metabolism (pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism) were altered in the SE group compared to the CTRL group. In addition, xanthurenic acid levels were negatively associated with whole blood selenium level (WBSe) and positively associated with the arm ECW/SW. In conclusion, selenium IV injection improved the arm ECW/SW ratio and altered the serum metabolic profiles in patients with BCRL, and improved the anti-inflammatory process in lipid, nucleotide and vitamin pathways, which might alleviate the symptoms of BCRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeju Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Bora Lee
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Yeonhee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sohyun Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Eunjoo Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (Y.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3118
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Barbanente A, Nadar RA, Esposti LD, Palazzo B, Iafisco M, van den Beucken JJJP, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Margiotta N. Platinum-loaded, selenium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles selectively reduce proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells co-cultured in the presence of stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2792-2804. [PMID: 32159578 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic treatment of patients with bone tumors or bone metastases often leads to severe side effects such as high drug toxicity, lack of tumor specificity and induced drug resistance. A novel strategy to treat early stages of bone metastases involves local co-delivery of multiple chemotherapeutic agents to synergistically improve the curative effect and overcome shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy. Herein we show that selenite-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles loaded with a hydroxyapatite-binding anti-tumor platinum complex (PtPP-HASe) selectively reduce proliferation of cancer cells without reducing proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. These PtPP-HASe particles were nanocrystalline with selenium (Se) and platinum (Pt) contents ranging between 0-10 and 1.5-3 wt%, respectively. Release kinetics of Se and Pt from PtPP-HASe nanoparticles resulted in a cumulative release of ∼10 and ∼66 wt% after 7 days, respectively. At a Pt/Se ratio of 8, released Pt and Se species selectively reduced cell number of human prostate (PC3) and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by a factor of >10 with limited effects on co-cultured human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSc). These novel nanoparticles demonstrate high anti-cancer selectivity, which offers ample opportunities for the design of novel biomaterials with potent and selective chemotherapeutic efficacy against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barbanente
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Robin A Nadar
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Degli Esposti
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Barbara Palazzo
- Ghimas S.p.A., c/o Distretto Tecnologico High Tech Scarl, Campus Ecotekne, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C G Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 25, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis Supermicrosurgery Decreases Oxidative Stress and Increases Antioxidant Capacity in the Serum of Lymphedema Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071540. [PMID: 33917571 PMCID: PMC8038828 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess lymphedematous tissue causes excessive oxidative stress in lymphedema. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) supermicrosurgery is currently emerging as the first-line surgical intervention for lymphedema. No data are available regarding the changes in serum proteins correlating to oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity before and after LVA. METHODS A total of 26 patients with unilateral lower limb lymphedema confirmed by lymphoscintigraphy were recruited, and venous serum samples were collected before (pre-LVA) and after LVA (post-LVA). In 16 patients, the serum proteins were identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomic analysis with subsequent validation of protein expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An Oxidative Stress Panel Kit was used on an additional 10 patients. Magnetic resonance (MR) volumetry was used to measure t limb volume six months after LVA. RESULTS This study identified that catalase (CAT) was significantly downregulated after LVA (pre-LVA vs. post-LVA, 2651 ± 2101 vs. 1448 ± 593 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.033). There were significantly higher levels of post-LVA serum total antioxidant capacity (pre-LVA vs. post-LVA, 441 ± 81 vs. 488 ± 59 µmole/L, respectively, p = 0.031) and glutathione peroxidase (pre-LVA vs. post-LVA, 73 ± 20 vs. 92 ± 29 U/g, respectively, p = 0.018) than pre-LVA serum. In addition, after LVA, there were significantly more differences between post-LVA and pre-LVA serum levels of CAT (good outcome vs. fair outcome, -2593 ± 2363 vs. 178 ± 603 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.021) and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2) (good outcome vs. fair outcome, -7782 ± 7347 vs. -397 ± 1235 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.037) in those patients with good outcomes (≥40% volume reduction in MR volumetry) than those with fair outcomes (<40% volume reduction in MR volumetry). CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that following LVA, differences in some specific oxidative stress markers and antioxidant capacity can be found in the serum of patients with lymphedema.
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Cai C, Wu Y, Yang L, Xiang Y, Zhu N, Zhao H, Hu W, Lv L, Zeng C. Sodium Selenite Attenuates Balloon Injury-Induced and Monocrotaline-Induced Vascular Remodeling in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618493. [PMID: 33790787 PMCID: PMC8005533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling (VR), induced by the massive proliferation and reduced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is primarily responsible for many cardiovascular conditions, such as restenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sodium selenite (SSE) is an inorganic selenium, which can block proliferation and stimulate apoptosis of tumor cells; still, its protective effects on VR remains unknown. In this study, we established rat models with carotid artery balloon injury and monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and administered them SSE (0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg/day) orally by feeding tube for 14 consecutive days. We found that SSE treatment greatly ameliorated the development of VR as evidenced by an improvement of its characteristic features, including elevation of the ratio of carotid artery intimal area to medial area, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary arterial wall hypertrophy and right ventricular systolic pressure. Furthermore, PCNA and TUNEL staining of the arteries showed that SSE suppressed proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of VSMCs in both models. Compared with the untreated VR rats, lower expression of PCNA and CyclinD1, but higher levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 were observed in the SSE-treated rats. Moreover, the increased protein expression of MMP2, MMP9, p-AKT, p-ERK, p-GSK3β and β-catenin that occurred in the VR rats were significantly inhibited by SSE. Collectively, treatment with SSE remarkably attenuates the pathogenesis of VR, and this protection may be associated with the inhibition of AKT and ERK signaling and prevention of VSMC’s dysfunction. Our study suggest that SSE is a potential agent for treatment of VR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Lebing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yijia Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Wuming Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Lingchun Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Chunlai Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
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Deng J, Wulff-Burchfield EM, Murphy BA. Late Soft Tissue Complications of Head and Neck Cancer Therapy: Lymphedema and Fibrosis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2020; 2019:5551348. [PMID: 31425591 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer and its treatment result in soft tissue damage secondary to lymphedema and fibrosis. Lymphedema is the result of pathological accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues. It is caused by the inability of the lymphatic system to transport lymph fluid from the tissues to the central circulatory system and is manifested clinically by tissue swelling. Fibrosis is defined as an overaccumulation of fibrotic tissues within the skin and soft tissues after a single or repetitive injury and is characterized by hardening of the soft tissues with associated loss of elasticity. Lymphedema and fibrosis are common yet overlooked late effects of head and neck cancer and its therapy. They may result in profound long-term symptom burden, loss of critical functions, and altered quality of life. The following review will discuss the current pathobiology, clinical manifestations, and future directions for research related to lymphedema and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Pfister C, Dawczynski H, Schingale FJ. Selenium Deficiency in Lymphedema and Lipedema-A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study from a Specialized Clinic. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051211. [PMID: 32344864 PMCID: PMC7281982 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Selenium is a trace element, which is utilized by the human body in selenoproteins. Their main function is to reduce oxidative stress, which plays an important role in lymphedema and lipedema. In addition, selenium deficiency is associated with an impaired immune function. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of selenium deficiency in these conditions, and if it is associated with disease severity and an associated medical condition such as obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study is an anonymized, retrospective analysis of clinical data that was routinely recorded in a clinic specialized in lymphology. The data was comprised from 791 patients during 2012–2019, in which the selenium status was determined as part of their treatment. Results: Selenium deficiency proved common in patients with lymphedema, lipedema, and lipo-lymphedema affecting 47.5% of the study population. Selenium levels were significantly lower in patients with obesity-related lymphedema compared to patients with cancer-related lymphedema (96.6 ± 18.0 μg/L vs. 105.1 ± 20.2 μg/L; p < 0.0001). Obesity was a risk factor for selenium deficiency in lymphedema (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.49 to 3.21), but not in lipedema. Conclusions: In countries with low selenium supply, selenium deficiency is common, especially in lymphedema patients. Therefore, it would be sensible to check the selenium status in lymphedema patients, especially those with obesity, as the infection risk of lymphedema is already increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pfister
- Biosyn Arzneimittel GmbH, Schorndorfer Straße 32, 70734 Fellbach, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-57532-321
| | - Horst Dawczynski
- Biosyn Arzneimittel GmbH, Schorndorfer Straße 32, 70734 Fellbach, Germany;
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Crescenzi R, Donahue PMC, Mahany H, Lants SK, Donahue MJ. CEST MRI quantification procedures for breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema therapy evaluation. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1760-1773. [PMID: 31631410 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast in upper extremities of participants with lymphedema before and after standardized lymphatic mobilization therapy using correction procedures for B0 and B1 heterogeneity, and T1 relaxation. METHODS Females with (n = 12) and without (n = 17) breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL) matched for age and body mass index were scanned at 3.0T MRI. B1 efficiency and T1 were calculated in series with chemical exchange saturation transfer in bilateral axilla (B1 amplitude = 2µT, Δω = ±5.5 ppm, slices = 9, spatial resolution = 1.8 × 1.47 × 5.5 mm3 ). B1 dispersion measurements (B1 = 1-3 µT; increment = 0.5 µT) were performed in controls (n = 6 arms in 3 subjects). BCRL participants were scanned pre- and post-manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy. Chemical exchange saturation transfer amide proton transfer (APT) and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) metrics corrected for B1 efficiency were calculated, including proton transfer ratio (PTR'), magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry ( M T R asymmetry ' ) , and apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (AREX'). Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate relationships between metrics in BCRL participants pre- versus post-MLD (two-sided P < 0.05 required for significance). RESULTS B1 dispersion experiments showed nonlinear dependence of Z-values on B1 efficiency in the upper extremities; PTR' showed < 1% mean fractional difference between subject-specific and group-level correction procedures. PTR'APT significantly correlated with T1 (Spearman's rho = 0.57, P < 0.001) and body mass index (Spearman's rho = -0.37, P = 0.029) in controls and with lymphedema stage (Spearman's rho = 0.48, P = 0.017) in BCRL participants. Following MLD therapy, PTR'APT significantly increased in the affected arm of BCRL participants (pre- vs. post-MLD: 0.41 ± 0.05 vs. 0.43 ± 0.03, P = 0.02), consistent with treatment effects from mobilized lymphatic fluid. CONCLUSION Chemical exchange saturation transfer metrics, following appropriate correction procedures, respond to lymphatic mobilization therapies and may have potential for evaluating treatments in participants with secondary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Crescenzi
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paula M C Donahue
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Dayani Center for Health and Wellness, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Helen Mahany
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sarah K Lants
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Manus J Donahue
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Xing H, Zheng S, Zhang Z, Zhu F, Xue H, Xu S. Pharmacokinetics of Selenium in Healthy Piglets After Different Routes of Administration: Application of Pharmacokinetic Data to the Risk Assessment of Selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:403-411. [PMID: 30685819 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a trace element in the environment. Although it is a necessary trace element for human and animal health, excessive Se can also pollute the environment and show toxic effects on humans and animals. Since the safe dose range of Se is narrow, it is important to study the pharmacokinetics of Se in order to make better use of the biological effects of Se. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic process of sodium selenate in healthy piglet plasma after either intramuscular injection or oral administrations, and examined dynamic changes of antioxidant system in healthy piglets after Se supplementation. The results showed that the Se reached the peak concentration of (0.2451 ± 0.0123) μg mL-1 at (0.4237 ± 0.0185) h following intramuscular injection administration and (0.1781 ± 0.0142) μg mL-1 at (2.1517 ± 0.1806) h following oral administration in the plasma. The average AUC of sodium selenite following intramuscular injection and oral administrations was (31.7260 ± 1.3574) and (75.1460 ± 3.4127) mg L-1 h-1, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) generally show an upward trend and malondialdehyde (MDA) shows a downward trend, regardless of intramuscular injection or oral sodium selenite. An increased concentration of Se was observed in the serum of healthy piglets after intramuscular injection and oral sodium selenite. Our results indicated that the pharmacokinetic process of sodium selenate in healthy piglet blood conforms to the two-chamber open model. Its pharmacokinetic properties are rapid absorption and slow excretion. Antioxidant systems in healthy piglets vary with Se levels, but there is a significant lag period compared with the latter. Our current findings will provide a more complete understanding of clinical rational Se supplementation and avoid contamination of the environment by overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shufang Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Fating Zhu
- National Selenium-Rich Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Hua Xue
- National Selenium-Rich Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Sodium Selenite Alleviates Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Independent of Antioxidant Defense System. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051021. [PMID: 31067718 PMCID: PMC6566195 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term surveillance is necessary to identify patients at risk of developing secondary lymphedema after breast cancer surgery. We assessed how sodium selenite supplementation would affect breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) symptoms and parameters in association with antioxidant effects. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted on 26 participants with clinical stage II to III BCRL. The control group (CTRL, n = 12) and selenium group (SE, n = 14) underwent five sessions of 0.9% saline and 500 μg sodium selenite (Selenase®) IV injections, respectively, within 2 weeks. All patients were educated on recommended behavior and self-administered manual lymphatic drainage. Clinical diagnosis on lymphedema by physicians, bioimpedance data, blood levels of oxidative markers, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), and serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) levels, were investigated at timelines defined as baseline, 2-week, and follow-up. Sodium selenite increased whole blood selenium concentration in the SE group. Compared to the baseline, at 2 weeks, 75.0% of participants in clinical stage showed improvement, while there was no change in the CTRL group. At follow-up, 83.3% and 10.0% of the SE and CTRL, respectively, showed stage changes from III to II (p = 0.002). Extracellular water (ECW) ratios were significantly reduced at 2 weeks and follow-up, only in the SE group. Blood GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio, MDA, and ORAC levels did not change by selenium supplementation. Sodium selenite improved diagnostic stages of BCRL along with ECW ratios, although the beneficial effect might not be related to its antioxidant activity. Selenite’s effect on lymphedema may be associated with non-antioxidant properties, such as anti-inflammation and immune function. Further mechanistic research using a larger population is needed.
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Kieliszek M. Selenium⁻Fascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food. Molecules 2019; 24:E1298. [PMID: 30987088 PMCID: PMC6480557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is a micronutrient that is essential for the proper functioning of all organisms. Studies on the functions of selenium are rapidly developing. This element is a cofactor of many enzymes, for example, glutathione peroxidase or thioredoxin reductase. Insufficient supplementation of this element results in the increased risk of developing many chronic degenerative diseases. Selenium is important for the protection against oxidative stress, demonstrating the highest activity as a free radical scavenger and anti-cancer agent. In food, it is present in organic forms, as exemplified by selenomethionine and selenocysteine. In dietary supplementation, the inorganic forms of selenium (selenite and selenate) are used. Organic compounds are more easily absorbed by human organisms in comparison with inorganic compounds. Currently, selenium is considered an essential trace element of fundamental importance for human health. Extreme selenium deficiencies are widespread among people all over the world. Therefore, it is essential to supplement the deficiency of this micronutrient with selenium-enriched food or yeast cell biomass in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kieliszek
- Faculty of Food Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Topical atorvastatin 1% for prevention of skin toxicity in patients receiving radiation therapy for breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:171-178. [PMID: 30291370 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to investigate the preventive effect of topical administration of atorvastatin (ATV) on the acute radiation-induced skin toxicity in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to use topical ATV 1% or placebo gels during radiotherapy twice daily. Radiation-induced dermatitis was classified according to the radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) criteria, as well as pain and itching were scored according to VAS (visual analogue scale) for 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Topical administration of ATV gel during radiotherapy reduced significantly radiation-induced breast swelling, itching, and pain in breast cancer patients by factors of 1.8, 1.7, and 1.5, respectively. ATV reduced the redness caused by radiotherapy in patients as compared with placebo; however, this difference was statistically not significant. CONCLUSION ATV was able to reduce significantly itching, breast edema, and pain in patients during radiotherapy.
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Lymphedema diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up from the view point of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 64:179-197. [PMID: 31453511 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is an incurable, debilitating and progressive condition, leading to physical and psychosocial consequences for the patients, if left untreated. The Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) specialist is responsible for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of the patient to tailor management and rehabilitation strategies. Therefore, the PMR specialist must have knowledge and education on the diagnosis of disease and possible complications as well as evaluation, treatment and follow-up of the patient. In this review, the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of lymphedema as well as preventive strategies and follow-up strategies are discussed in the light of the current literature.
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Sodium selenite attenuates lung adenocarcinoma progression by repressing SOX2-mediated stemness. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:885-895. [PMID: 29546459 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium selenite (SS) has been widely reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell types. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing SS-mediated repression of lung cancer stem cells remain largely undefined. METHODS In vitro assays of cell proliferation, clonal formation, apoptosis, migration and cancer stemness cell sphere formation were performed to examine the inhibitory effects of SS on lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) cells with or without the overexpression of SRY-related high-mobility-group box 2 (SOX2). RESULTS SS significantly inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in LAD cells in a dose-dependent manner with marginal effects on normal epithelial cell HBEC. SS dramatically repressed expression of SOX2 and its upstream regulator GLI1 and strongly decreased stemness sphere formation in LAD cells at 10 µM. Forced expression of SOX2 significantly buffered anti-cancer effects of SS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that SS attenuates lung adenocarcinoma progression by repressing SOX2 and its upstream regulator GLI1, which suggests that SS may be a potential therapeutic drug candidate for lung cancer patients.
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Application of Sodium Selenite in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancers. Cells 2017; 6:cells6040039. [PMID: 29064404 PMCID: PMC5755498 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element that occurs in nature, in both inorganic and organic forms. This element participates in numerous biochemical processes, including antioxidant potential, but the mechanism of its anti-cancer action is still not well known. It should be noted that the anti-cancer properties of selenium depends on its chemical form, therapeutic doses, and the tumor type. Higher nutritional doses of selenium can stimulate human immune system. There are several hypotheses concerning the anticancer activity of selenium, including oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins causing their conformational alterations. Conformational changes in proteins have the ability to weaken the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of cancer cells. In case of human fibrinogen sodium selenite, but not selenate, it inhibits protein disulfide exchange reactions, thus preventing formation of a hydrophobic polymer termed parafibrin, circulatory accumulation, of which is associated with numerous degenerative diseases. Parafibrin can specifically form a protein coat around tumor cells that is completely resistant to degradation induced with lymphocyte protease. In this way, cancer cells become protected against destruction by the organism's immune system. Other possible mechanisms of anticancer action of selenium are being still investigated.
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Photoluminescence investigation of MPA–ZnS QDs interaction with selenite ion. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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