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Hung CC, Ko YC, Chung CM. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Monoamine Oxidase and the Severity of Addiction to Betel Quid. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1010-1019. [PMID: 38392182 PMCID: PMC10887354 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is the fourth most popular psychoactive substance in the world, and BQ use disorder (BUD) is prevalent in Asian countries. Although the mechanisms underlying BUD remain unclear, studies have reported influences from monoamine oxidase inhibitor. We enrolled 50 patients with BUD and assessed their BQ consumption habits, emotional conditions, and the clinical severity of addiction-assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition] (DSM-5) criteria, Substance Use Severity Rating Scale, and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Rating Scale for BQ. Patients were categorized into the severe group when showing six or more symptoms defined by DSM-5. A genome-wide association study was conducted for single nucleotide polymorphisms in BRCA1, COL9A1, NOTCH1, HSPA13, FAT1, and MAOA by using patients' blood samples. More severe BUD symptoms were associated with younger age of using BQ and poor oral hygiene and with severe craving for and more anxiety toward BQ use. The MAOA rs5953210 polymorphism was significantly associated with severe BUD (odds ratio, 6.43; 95% confidence interval, 5.12-7.74; p < 0.01) and might contribute to BQ-associated cancer risk. Further studies are required to investigate the addictive properties of BQ and the development of novel diagnostic tools and pharmacotherapeutic alternatives to BUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chieh Hung
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Addiction and Mental Health, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
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2
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Serra V, Aroni S, Bortolato M, Frau R, Melis M. Endocannabinoid-dependent decrease of GABAergic transmission on dopaminergic neurons is associated with susceptibility to cocaine stimulant effects in pre-adolescent male MAOA hypomorphic mice exposed to early life stress. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109548. [PMID: 37080337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to cocaine use disorder depends upon a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. While early life adversity is a critical environmental vulnerability factor for drug misuse, allelic variants of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been shown to moderate its influence on the risk of drug-related problems. However, data on the interactions between MAOA variants and early life stress (ES) with respect to predisposition to cocaine abuse are limited. Here, we show that a mouse model capturing the interaction of genetic (low-activity alleles of the Maoa gene; MAOANeo) and environmental (i.e., ES) vulnerability factors displays an increased sensitivity to repeated in vivo cocaine psychomotor stimulant actions associated with a reduction of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), a 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG)-dependent form of short-term plasticity, also becomes readily expressed by dopamine neurons from male MAOANeo ES mice repeatedly treated with cocaine. The activation of either dopamine D2 or CB1 receptors contributes to cocaine-induced DSI expression, decreased GABA synaptic efficacy, and hyperlocomotion. Next, in vivo pharmacological enhancement of 2AG signaling during repeated cocaine exposure occludes its actions both in vivo and ex vivo. This data extends our knowledge of the multifaceted sequelae imposed by this gene-environment interaction in VTA dopamine neurons of male pre-adolescent mice and contributes to our understanding of neural mechanisms of vulnerability for early onset cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sonia Aroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
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Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:886408. [PMID: 35600851 PMCID: PMC9121195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases responsible for metabolism of many biogenic amine molecules in the brain and peripheral tissues. Whereas serotonin is the preferred substrate of MAO-A, phenylethylamine is metabolized by MAO-B, and dopamine and tyramine are nearly ambivalent with respect to the two isozymes. β-Carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harman(e), and norharman(e) are MAO inhibitors present in many plant materials, including foodstuffs, medicinal plants, and intoxicants, notably in tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and in Banisteriopsis caapi, a vine used in the Amazonian ayahuasca brew. The β-carbolines present in B. caapi may have effects on neurogenesis and intrinsic antidepressant properties, in addition to potentiating the bioavailability of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is often present in admixture plants of ayahuasca such as Psychotria viridis. Tobacco also contains physiologically relevant concentrations of β-carbolines, which potentially contribute to its psychopharmacology. However, in both cases, the threshold of MAO inhibition sufficient to interact with biogenic amine neurotransmission remains to be established. An important class of antidepressant medications provoke a complete and irreversible inhibition of MAO-A/B, and such complete inhibition is almost unattainable with reversible and competitive inhibitors such as β-carbolines. However, the preclinical and clinical observations with synthetic MAO inhibitors present a background for obtaining a better understanding of the polypharmacologies of tobacco and ayahuasca. Furthermore, MAO inhibitors of diverse structures are present in a wide variety of medicinal plants, but their pharmacological relevance in many instances remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Berlowitz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ilana Berlowitz,
| | - Klemens Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sustkova-Fiserova M, Charalambous C, Khryakova A, Certilina A, Lapka M, Šlamberová R. The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:761. [PMID: 35054944 PMCID: PMC8776007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin's/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin's/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sustkova-Fiserova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Chrysostomos Charalambous
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Khryakova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Alina Certilina
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marek Lapka
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Romana Šlamberová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Genetic and Proteinic Linkage of MAO and COMT with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133268. [PMID: 34209963 PMCID: PMC8268107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The prevention and treatment of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx are currently important issues for national health. Currently, the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx cancers is globally the highest in Taiwanese men. Regarding the occurrence of oral cavity and pharynx cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), no report has ascertained how betel quid (BQ) can induce the expression of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). We aimed to explore the role and clinical significance of specific markers of BQ exposure and human susceptibility to MAO and COMT. Our findings highlight the association of MAO and COMT biomarkers to risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers and OPMD. These novel findings will provide important strategies for disease prevention, early clinical diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness, and will offer a strong foundation to reduce BQ-related cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and OPMD. Abstract Betel quid (BQ), a group I human carcinogen, strongly contributes to an increased risk of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. This study was conducted to discover whether monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) variants play a potential role in the risk assessment of oral cavity and pharynx cancers and OPMD, particularly among BQ users. We applied a case–control study to confirm the polymorphism of MAO and COMT using single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We used qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine MAO and COMT expression. Carriers of the MAOA rs6323 G-allele, MAOB rs6324 G-allele, and COMT rs4633 C/C-genotype had a prominently increased risk of oral cavity and pharynx cancers (AOR = 56.99; p < 0.001). Compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues, a significant downregulation of MAO and COMT expression was exhibited in cancerous tissues (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in different cell models, MAO and COMT expression was significantly downregulated with an increased dose of arecoline (p < 0.01). In personalized preventive medicine for oral and pharyngeal cancers, our findings are the first to demonstrate the potential role of lower MAO and COMT expression levels, with the risk polymorphisms utilized as clinical biomarkers.
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Pinky PD, Majrashi M, Fujihashi A, Bloemer J, Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Reed MN, Moore T, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Effects of prenatal synthetic cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum of adolescent rat offspring. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06730. [PMID: 33912711 PMCID: PMC8066425 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. Recently, cannabis use among young pregnant women has greatly increased. However, prenatal cannabinoid exposure leads to long-lasting cognitive, motor, and behavioral deficits in the offspring and alterations in neural circuitry through various mechanisms. Although these effects have been studied in the hippocampus, the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum are not well elucidated. The cerebellum plays an important role in balance and motor control, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, language, and procedural memories. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum of adolescent offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2, and the offspring were evaluated for various cerebellar markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. Additionally, signaling proteins associated with glutamate dependent synaptic plasticity were examined. Administration of WIN55,212-2 during pregnancy altered markers of oxidative stress by significantly reducing oxidative stress and nitrite content. Mitochondrial Complex I and Complex IV activities were also enhanced following prenatal cannabinoid exposure. With regard to apoptosis, pP38 levels were significantly increased, and proapoptotic factor caspase-3 activity, pERK, and pJNK levels were significantly decreased. CB1R and GluA1 levels remained unchanged; however, GluN2A was significantly reduced. There was a significant decrease in MAO activity although tyrosine hydroxylase activity was unaltered. Our study indicates that the effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum are unique compared to other brain regions by enhancing mitochondrial function and promoting neuronal survival. Further studies are required to evaluate the mechanisms by which prenatal cannabinoid exposure alters cerebellar processes and the impact of these alterations on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka D. Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ayaka Fujihashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Miranda N. Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiatives, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Di Ilio V, Birkett MA, Pickett JA. Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco-Related Products on the Feeding Behavior of the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33686433 PMCID: PMC7940502 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals use olfaction to detect developmentally significant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their local environment. As part of a wider study aiming to demonstrate that the olfactory responses of animals to VOCs can be modified through the creation of a drug-addicted status and association with a selected VOC, we investigated nicotine and tobacco smoke particulate (TSP) extract as possible addictive compounds for male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus). In feeding experiments using an artificial food stimulus, food treated with TSP extract was preferred over untreated food. Surprisingly, nicotine, which was expected to be the most important addictive tobacco component, did not induce noticeable effects on cockroach behavior. Both TSP extract and nicotine were shown to be phagostimulants. Olfactometry assays that measured odor-mediated insect behavior demonstrated that male B. germanica did not choose TSP-extract-treated food even when attempts were made specifically to train them via this modality. These results support a hypothesis that B. germanica needs to consume TSP-containing food to show a clear preference for this stimulus and that gustatory mechanisms are involved due to compounds present in the TSP extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Ilio
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
- BBCA Onlus, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - John A Pickett
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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8
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Changes in behavioral and neuronal parameters by alcohol, cigarette, or their combined use in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:490-499. [PMID: 30724798 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the effects of the combined use of alcohol and cigarette in humans, despite its prevalence. Here we evaluated the effect of isolated and combined use on behaviors and neuronal parameters in rats. Male adult rats were divided into alcohol (AL, 2 g/kg, by oral gavage), cigarette smoke (TB, six cigarettes, by inhalation), combined use (ALTB), or control (CT, water by oral gavage and environmental air) groups, treated twice a day (09.00 and 14.00 h). After 4 weeks, the rats were tested in the open field for behavioral analysis and euthanized for brain volume estimation and counting of neurons in the hippocampus. All treatments increased locomotion, and this behavior was higher in the ALTB than TB group. Latency to exit from the central area was lower in the ALTB than in the AL or CT groups. Rearing behavior increased in TB and decreased in AL and ALTB rats. Combined ALTB rats significantly increased their grooming behavior. Only the AL group showed decreased neuron counts and increased brain volume. Our results show that the isolated and combined uses of alcohol and cigarette smoke have diverse effects on behavioral and neuronal parameters in rats after long-term treatment.
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Joo YJ, Newcombe D, Nosa V, Bullen C. Investigating Betel Nut Use, Antecedents and Consequences: A Review of Literature. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1422-1442. [PMID: 31549570 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1666144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Betel nut use is a public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region that is often neglected. To control betel nut use, understanding of the adverse effects of betel nut use and evidence-based policies and strategies is necessary. Objectives: This narrative review aims to characterize the current situation on betel nut use at a global level regarding the epidemiology, pharmacology and toxicology, health effects, treatment options, policies and strategies. Methods: We found 139 existing literature published between 1970-2019 on the Web of Science database and other technical documents to collate the most relevant information on betel nut use. Data were categorized into appropriate themes. Results: The literature demonstrates that there is a lack of up to date statistics on betel nut use. There is limited research on the effect of policies and strategies to control betel nut use. Conclusion: Betel nut-chewing countries should focus on understanding which populations chew betel nut and implement appropriate policies, educational and cessation programs to help control betel nut use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Joo
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Newcombe
- Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vili Nosa
- Pacific Health Section, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI), School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Hung CC, Lee CH, Chung CM, Nithiyanantham S, Lane HY, Ko YC. Antidepressant-induced reduction in betel-quid use in patients with depression: A pioneer clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18672. [PMID: 31895834 PMCID: PMC6946344 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel-quid is commonly used around the world and is listed as a Group I carcinogen. Prior research has suggested a possible association between antidepressants and betel-quid use. We aimed to clarify the effects of antidepressant therapy in betel-quid chewers in the population of patients with depression.We enrolled 204 patients with depressive disorders, collected their demographic information, and administered the Substance Use Severity Rating Scale for alcohol, cigarettes, and betel-quid and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We compared betel-quid and non-betel-quid chewers and examined the effects of antidepressant therapy on betel-quid abstinence after previous exposure to betel-quid.Patients with depression were reported a higher prevalence of 26% betel-quid chewing habits and patients who chewed betel-quid showed more severe depressive symptoms. After antidepressant therapy, the addictiveness of betel-quid was significantly reduced by 4 times.This was a pioneering study showing that antidepressants could be a candidate for betel-quid cessation therapy. Future clinical trials are needed to verify their efficacy in reducing consumption for betel-quid addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chieh Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Medicine Research Center, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Srinivasan Nithiyanantham
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University
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Drake LR, Pham JM, Desmond TJ, Mossine AV, Lee SJ, Kilbourn MR, Koeppe RA, Brooks AF, Scott PJ. Identification of AV-1451 as a Weak, Nonselective Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3839-3846. [PMID: 31339297 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
[18F]AV-1451 is one of the most widely used radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tau protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders. While the radiotracer binds with high affinity to tau neurofibrillary tangles, extensive clinical studies have simultaneously revealed off-target tracer accumulation in areas of low tau burden such as the basal ganglia and choroid plexus. Though there are a number of possible reasons for this accumulation, it is often attributed to off-target binding to monoamine oxidase (MAO). In this paper, we investigate the association between [18F]AV-1451 and MAO through (i) enzyme inhibition assays, (ii) autoradiography with postmortem tissue samples, and (iii) nonhuman primate PET imaging. We confirm that [18F]AV-1451 is a weak inhibitor of MAO-A and -B and that MAO inhibitors can alter binding of [18F]AV-1451 in autoradiography and in vivo PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Drake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Pham
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy J. Desmond
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew V. Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J.H. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Oliveira da Silva AL, Bialous SA, Albertassi PGD, Arquete DADR, Fernandes AMMS, Moreira JC. The taste of smoke: tobacco industry strategies to prevent the prohibition of additives in tobacco products in Brazil. Tob Control 2019; 28:e92-e101. [PMID: 31152115 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco industry (TI) uses several strategies to attract new consumers, including using additives in tobacco products, which makes tobacco especially attractive to youth. Based on scientific evidence and the principles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA, for the name in Portuguese), published the Collegiate Board Resolution (RDC, for the name in Portuguese) 14/2012 in 2012, prohibiting the addition of substances that enhance the flavour and taste of tobacco products in order to make them more attractive. In response, the TI used various strategies to prevent RDC 14/2012 from entering into force. At the time, the Brazilian additive ban was the most comprehensive in the world as it included a ban on menthol. OBJECTIVES This paper analyses the arguments and strategies used by the TI to prevent the implementation of the additives ban. METHODS Review of published articles, reports, legislation and legislative activity, internal TI documents, media stories and other documents to describe TI's reaction to the ban. RESULTS The results show that the TI used some well-known strategies to delay or cancel the entering into force of the resolution. For example, the TI attempted political interference, used litigation and commissioned studies with findings that questioned the resolution's rationale. The TI strategies used in Brazil are similar to those used at the global level to oppose other tobacco control measures. CONCLUSIONS TI successfully delayed the most comprehensive additive ban in the world using its usual tactics, despite the fact that none of the arguments presented by the TI had an acceptable scientific basis or evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Luiz Oliveira da Silva
- CESTEH, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil .,Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria - ANVISA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Josino Costa Moreira
- CESTEH, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Abreu-Villaça Y, Guimarães VMS, Nunes-Freitas A, Dutra-Tavares AC, Manhães AC, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A. Tobacco smoke and ethanol during adolescence: Both combined- and single-drug exposures lead to short- and long-term disruption of the serotonergic system in the mouse brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:94-103. [PMID: 30584905 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The impairment of the serotonergic system contributes to nicotine and ethanol effects on mood, suggesting that this system is targeted by each of these drugs and that co-exposure possibly worsens the disruption. Here, we tested this hypothesis in an adolescent mice model of tobacco smoke and/or ethanol exposure. From postnatal day (PN) 30-45, Swiss mice were exposed to one of the following: 1) tobacco smoke (SMK; research cigarettes 2R1F, whole-body exposure, 8 h/daily); 2) ethanol (ETOH; 2 g/kg i.p., every other day); 3) SMK + ETOH; 4) Control (VEH). At PN45 (end-of-exposure), hippocampal serotonin transporter (5 H TT) binding was increased in SMK and decreased in ETOH male mice. At PN50 (short-term deprivation), cortical 5 H TT was reduced in all drug-exposed mice. In the hippocampus, similar deficits were identified in females. In both brain regions, the effects of SMK + ETOH deprivation on 5 H TT were equivalent to the damage caused by either drug. At PN50, hippocampal 5 H T1A receptor binding was reduced in ETOH and SMK + ETOH mice. Similar results were observed in the male cortex. In females, deficits were identified in SMK mice. In both brain regions, SMK + ETOH 5 H T1A deficits reflected the summation of SMK and ETOH outcomes. At PN75 (long-term deprivation), there was a late-emergent increase in cortical 5 H T1A binding in SMK mice, while cortical 5 H T2 receptor binding was similarly increased in SMK and SMK + ETOH groups. Adolescent SMK and/or ETOH serotonergic impairment is sex-dependent and most evident during short-term deprivation. SMK + ETOH deprivation evokes serotonergic disruption that is at least equivalent to that caused by either drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius M S Guimarães
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - André Nunes-Freitas
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Filgueiras
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- YA-V, VMSG, AN-F, ACD-T, ACM, CCF - Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil; AR-C - Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil
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Ho CSH, Tan ELY, Ho RCM, Chiu MYL. Relationship of Anxiety and Depression with Respiratory Symptoms: Comparison between Depressed and Non-Depressed Smokers in Singapore. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010163. [PMID: 30626156 PMCID: PMC6339029 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of smokers in the community, specifically psychiatric patients, necessitates smoking cessation as an important strategy for reducing the harmful effects of tobacco. This study aims to compare the profiles of depressed and non-depressed smokers and evaluate how psychiatric symptoms influence respiratory symptoms. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 276 non-depressed adult smokers in the community and 69 adult smokers who had been formally diagnosed with depression in the outpatient clinic of a University Hospital in Singapore. Participants were administered questionnaires on smoking attitudes and perceptions, psychiatric symptoms, and respiratory symptoms. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The mean age of smokers in the study was 35.32 ± 13.05 years. Smokers in the community and psychiatric samples were largely similar on all of the sociodemographic factors, except that fewer depressed people were employed (χ2 = 8.35, p < 0.01). Smokers with depression also reported more attempts to quit smoking (χ2 = 7.14, p < 0.05), higher mean depressive, anxiety, and stress symptom (DASS) scores (t = −10.04, p < 0.01), and endorsed more respiratory symptoms than smokers in the community (t = −2.40, p < 0.05). The DASS scores, number of cigarettes smoked daily, years of smoking, general perception of smokers getting heart disease, and presence of lung disease were positively and significantly correlated with respiratory symptoms. On multiple regression, only anxiety symptoms (β = 0.26, p < 0.05) and the presence of lung disease (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with respiratory symptoms. Depressed smokers reported greater difficulty in quitting tobacco use, and they perceived more severe respiratory symptoms compared to non-depressed counterparts. Anxiety symptoms were positively associated with the severity of respiratory symptoms. Smoking cessation campaigns need to specifically target psychological symptoms in smokers and focus more psychoeducation on the risk of cardiovascular disease in the middle-aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Elysia L Y Tan
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117416, Singapore.
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Centre of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University (NTTU), Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China.
| | - Marcus Y L Chiu
- Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Xie Z, Lorkiewicz P, Riggs DW, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S. Comprehensive, robust, and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS analysis of free biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1099:83-91. [PMID: 30248561 PMCID: PMC6398444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic monoamines, including catecholamines and serotonin are important hormones and neurotransmitters. Abnormal urinary levels of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites are associated with smoking, neuroendocrine tumors, as well as neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Measurements of free biogenic monoamines and their metabolites have been challenging because of low concentrations in complex biological matrices. Current methods require extensive enrichment and removal of interfering substances and can analyze only basic or acidic compounds in a single run. We developed a simple and robust dilute-and-shoot method capable of measuring 10 analytes, including free biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in human urine. The assay enables sensitive measurements of analytes within expected sample concentration ranges. To assess the assay's efficacy, we measured urinary levels of free biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in 255 non-smokers and 191 smokers. Our data show that while smokers had significantly higher urinary levels of free catecholamines and metanephrines, there was a decrease in levels of biogenic amine metabolites synthesized through the monoamine oxidase pathway - homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid. The method could be used for high throughput measurement of the range of free biogenic amines and their metabolites in urine under a variety of different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Xie
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States of America
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook St., Louisville, KY, 40292, United States of America
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States of America
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Superfund Research Center and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States of America.
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16
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Chen PH, Mahmood Q, Mariottini GL, Chiang TA, Lee KW. Adverse Health Effects of Betel Quid and the Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3904098. [PMID: 29376073 PMCID: PMC5742426 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3904098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global reports estimate 600 million betel quid (BQ) chewers. BQ chewing has been demonstrated not only to be a risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) but also to cause other cancers and adverse health effects. Herein, we summarized the international comparison data to aid in the understanding of the close relationship between the prevalence of BQ chewing, the occurrence of oral and pharyngeal cancers, and adverse health effects. Potential biomarkers of BQ carcinogens, such as areca nut, alkaloids, and 3-methylnitrosaminopropionitrile (MNPN), are closely associated with human health toxicology. Molecular mechanisms or pathways involving autophagy, hypoxia, COX-2, NF-κB activity, and stemness are known to be induced by BQ ingredients and are very closely related to the carcinogenesis of cancers of oral and pharynx. BQ abuse-related monoamine oxidase (MAO) gene was associated with the occurrence and progress of oral and pharyngeal cancers. In summary, our review article provides important insights into the potential roles of environmental BQ (specific alkaloid biomarkers and nitrosamine products MNPN) and genetic factors (MAO) and offers a basis for studies aiming to reduce or eliminate BQ-related OPMD and oral/pharyngeal cancer incidences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Qaisar Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tai-An Chiang
- College of Human Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, No. 89, Wenhwa 1st St., Rende Shiang, Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Wo Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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17
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Truman P, Grounds P, Brennan KA. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in tobacco particulate matter: Are harman and norharman the only physiologically relevant inhibitors? Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:22-26. [PMID: 28057462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibition is significant in smokers, but it is still unclear how the inhibition that is seen in the brains and bodies of smokers is brought about. Our aim was to test the contribution of the harman and norharman in tobacco smoke to MAO-A inhibition from tobacco smoke preparations, as part of a re-examination of harman and norharman as the cause of the inhibition of MAO-A inhibition in the brain. Tobacco smoke particulate matter and cigarette smoke particulate matter were prepared and the amounts of harman and norharman measured. The results were compared with the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity. At a nicotine concentration of 0.6μM (a "physiological" concentration in blood) the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity measured in these samples was sufficient to inhibit the enzyme by approximately 10%. Of this inhibitory activity, only a small proportion of the total was found to be due to harman and norharman. These results show that harman and norharman provide only a moderate contribution to the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity of tobacco smoke, perhaps under 10%. This suggests that other inhibitors (either known or unknown) may be more significant contributors to total inhibitory activity than has yet been established, and deserve closer examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Truman
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, New Zealand; Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Grounds
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Fišar Z. Drugs related to monoamine oxidase activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:112-24. [PMID: 26944656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the role of monoamine neurotransmission in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders was made after the discovery of the mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs, including monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. The increase in monoamine neurotransmitter availability, decrease in hydrogen peroxide production, and neuroprotective effects evoked by MAO inhibitors represent an important approach in the development of new drugs for the treatment of mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. New drugs are synthesized by acting as multitarget-directed ligands, with MAO, acetylcholinesterase, and iron chelation as targets. Basic information is summarized in this paper about the drug-induced regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain, with a focus on MAO inhibition. Desirable effects of MAO inhibition include increased availability of monoamine neurotransmitters, decreased oxidative stress, decreased formation of neurotoxins, induction of pro-survival genes and antiapoptotic factors, and improved mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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19
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Haibach JP, Homish GG, Collins RL, Ambrosone CB, Giovino GA. Fruit and vegetable intake as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Subst Abus 2016; 37:571-578. [PMID: 27093192 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1179703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have consistently reported associations among depression, cigarette smoking, and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). This study evaluated FVI as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and smoking. METHODS The authors analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: Child and Young Adult. The study sample was adults aged 19-33 years at baseline in the year 2004 from the Young Adult Survey portion. Moderation analyses were performed using the Johnson-Neyman technique to assess whether baseline FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and smoking status cross-sectionally and as a predictor of smoking cessation longitudinally at 4-year follow-up. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, at lower levels of FVI (<4.9 times/day), there was a significant association between smoking and depressive symptoms (P < .05), but not at higher levels of FVI (≥4.9 times/day; P > .05). Longitudinally, there was an inverse association between depressive symptoms and quitting smoking at FVI <1.2 times/day (P < .05), but there was not a significant association at FVI ≥1.2 times/day (P ≥ .05). CONCLUSIONS FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The cross-sectional findings might be partially explained by the longitudinal findings paired with prior research; there might be fewer smokers with high FVI because depressive symptoms are removed as an impediment to cessation. Further experimental research is warranted to test the efficacy of increased FVI as an adjunct to smoking cessation, with a possible mechanism of action being reduced depressive symptoms during quit attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Haibach
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA.,b Health Services Research and Development Service , US Department of Veterans Affairs , Washington , District of Columbia , USA
| | - Gregory G Homish
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - R Lorraine Collins
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- c Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Gary A Giovino
- a Department of Community Health and Health Behavior , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York , USA
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20
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Wiers CE, Cabrera E, Skarda E, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:175-201. [PMID: 26822359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be an effective imaging technique to study neurometabolic and neurochemical processes involved in addiction. That is, PET has been used to research neurobiological differences in substance abusers versus healthy controls and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abused drugs. Over the past years, the research scope has shifted to investigating neurobiological effects of abstinence and treatment, and their predictive power for relapse and other clinical outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of PET methodology, recent human PET studies on drug addiction and their implications for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Cabrera
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Skarda
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Rosenthal DG, Weitzman M, Benowitz NL. Nicotine Addiction: Mechanisms and Consequences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.2753/imh0020-7411400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- b Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco
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Brennan KA, Laugesen M, Truman P. Whole tobacco smoke extracts to model tobacco dependence in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:53-69. [PMID: 25064817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco is highly addictive and a leading preventable cause of death. The main addictive constituent is nicotine; consequently it has been administered to laboratory animals to model tobacco dependence. Despite extensive use, this model might not best reflect the powerful nature of tobacco dependence because nicotine is a weak reinforcer, the pharmacology of smoke is complex and non-pharmacological factors have a critical role. These limitations have led researchers to expose animals to smoke via the inhalative route, or to administer aqueous smoke extracts to produce more representative models. The aim was to review the findings from molecular/behavioural studies comparing the effects of nicotine to tobacco/smoke extracts to determine whether the extracts produce a distinct model. Indeed, nicotine and tobacco extracts yielded differential effects, supporting the initiative to use extracts as a complement to nicotine. Of the behavioural tests, intravenous self-administration experiments most clearly revealed behavioural differences between nicotine and extracts. Thus, future applications for use of this behavioural model were proposed that could offer new insights into tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Brennan
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Murray Laugesen
- Health New Zealand Ltd, 36 Winchester St, Lyttelton, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
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23
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The influence of monoamine oxidase variants on the risk of betel quid-associated oral and pharyngeal cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:183548. [PMID: 25389533 PMCID: PMC4214165 DOI: 10.1155/2014/183548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) and areca nut (AN) (major BQ ingredient) are group I human carcinogens illustrated by International Agency for Research on Cancer and are closely associated with an elevated risk of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. The primary alkaloid of AN, arecoline, can be metabolized via the monoamine oxidase (MAO) gene by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the variants of the susceptible candidate MAO genes are associated with OPMDs and oral and pharyngeal cancer. A significant trend of MAO-A mRNA expression was found in in vitro studies. Using paired human tissues, we confirmed the significantly decreased expression of MAO-A and MAO-B in cancerous tissues when compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, we determined that MAO-A single nucleotide polymorphism variants are significantly linked with oral and pharyngeal cancer patients in comparison to OPMDs patients [rs5953210 risk G-allele, odds ratio = 1.76; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-3.01]. In conclusion, we suggested that susceptible MAO family variants associated with oral and pharyngeal cancer may be implicated in the modulation of MAO gene activity associated with ROS.
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Hall BJ, Wells C, Allenby C, Lin MY, Hao I, Marshall L, Rose JE, Levin ED. Differential effects of non-nicotine tobacco constituent compounds on nicotine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 120:103-8. [PMID: 24560911 PMCID: PMC4000725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been shown to be quite addictive in people. However, nicotine itself is a weak reinforcer compared to other commonly abused drugs, leading speculation that other factors contribute to the high prevalence of tobacco addiction in the human population. In addition to nicotine, there are over 5000 chemical compounds that have been identified in tobacco smoke, and more work is needed to ascertain their potential contributions to tobacco's highly addictive properties, or as potential candidates for smoking cessation treatment. In this study, we examined seven non-nicotine tobacco constituent compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, myosmine, harmane, norharmane, and tyramine) for their effects on nicotine self-administration behavior in rats. Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/50 μl infusion) under a fixed ratio-1 schedule of reinforcement. Each self-administration session lasted 45 min. Doses of each tobacco constituent compound were administered subcutaneously 10 min prior to the start of each session in a repeated measures, counterbalanced order two times. Anabasine displayed a biphasic dose-effect function. Pretreatment with 0.02 mg/kg anabasine resulted in a 25% increase in nicotine self-administration, while 2.0mg/kg of anabasine reduced nicotine infusions per session by over 50%. Pretreatment with 2.0mg/kg anatabine also significantly reduced nicotine self-administration by nearly half. These results suggest that some non-nicotine tobacco constituents may enhance or reduce nicotine's reinforcing properties. Also, depending upon the appropriate dose, some of these compounds may also serve as potential smoking cessation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Corinne Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cheyenne Allenby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mung Yan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ian Hao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lindsey Marshall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jed E Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Passos CDS, Simoes-Pires C, Henriques A, Cuendet M, Carrupt PA, Christen P. Alkaloids as Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidases and Their Role in the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63430-6.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Burns BE, Proctor WR. Cigarette smoke exposure greatly increases alcohol consumption in adolescent C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37 Suppl 1:E364-72. [PMID: 22827559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and tobacco are often used together, and alcoholism is much more common among smokers compared with nonsmokers. Studies in humans suggest that nicotine (an active ingredient in cigarette smoke) can increase the consumption of alcohol. Research on rats and mice demonstrated mixed results; some studies report that nicotine increases alcohol consumption, while others show a decrease in drinking. Because cigarette smoke includes many other chemicals, these also may play a significant role in alcohol consumption. For example, 2 of these other constituents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and acetaldehyde, increase alcohol tolerance and/or alcohol consumption in rodents. This study was designed to investigate how cigarette smoke from tobacco may modify self-administration of alcohol in adolescent C57BL/6 mice, a critical time when adolescent humans begin abusing drugs. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (4 to 5 weeks old) were acclimated for 3 weeks to consume a 10% (w/v) alcohol solution during a 2-hour daily access in the dark. Subsequently, half the animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 h/d for 16 days. The remaining animals (control) were placed in a smoke-free adjacent chamber. Immediately following the 6-hour period in the chambers, the control and smoke-exposed mice were given access to the 10% alcohol solution for 2 hours. RESULTS Animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 h/d consumed approximately 3- to 5-fold more alcohol than the mice in the control group throughout the 16-day study. The mice in the smoke group had a blood alcohol concentration that was nearly 4-fold that of the control mice. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke increases alcohol consumption several fold higher than reported studies using nicotine treatment alone in adolescent rodents. Thus, this model should be useful to determine the roles of other bioactive components in cigarette smoke that may be important in the high co-abuse of smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Burns
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Chen PH, Tu HP, Wang SJ, Ko AMS, Lee CP, Chiang TA, Tsai YS, Lee CH, Shieh TY, Ko CH, Chiang SL, Ko YC. Monoamine oxidase A variants are associated with heavy betel quid use. Addict Biol 2012; 17:786-97. [PMID: 21521428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated whether genetic abnormalities predispose individuals to heavy betel quid (BQ) use. One of the major ingredients of BQ, arecoline, is known to affect the expression of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). We investigated the extent to which arecoline inhibits MAO-A expression and the role of MAO-A polymorphisms in BQ use in Taiwanese aborigines. Cytotoxicity assays, microarrays and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to examine the effects of arecoline and areca nut extract (ANE) on cell viability and MAO-A expression in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. After identifying the effective concentrations of arecoline and ANE in vitro, we examined the in vivo effects of these compounds using a rat model system. Our results indicate that arecoline and ANE inhibit MAO-A expression both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we examined the correlation between plasma MAO-A activity and cumulative exposure to BQ in humans. We recruited 1307 aborigines from a large-scale community-based survey to determine whether MAO-A variants were associated with high BQ use and a preference for use with smoking or alcohol and whether gender bias existed. MAO-A expression was significantly downregulated by arecoline and ANE at 100-200 µg/ml and in rat whole brains on days 30 and 45. MAO-A activity levels in human plasma were positively correlated with the extent of BQ exposure, and individuals with at-risk alleles exhibited lower activity, although this result did not reach statistical significance. We found two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in aboriginal males [rs2283725, odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; rs5953210, OR = 2.03] and females (rs2283725, OR = 1.54; rs5953210, OR = 1.59) that were associated with heavy BQ use. Those individuals carrying at-risk alleles who drank alcohol were twice as likely to be heavy BQ users. However, the effects of these SNPs on BQ use were significant even after controlling for alcohol use. Our results suggest that two specific loci may confer a susceptibility to BQ abuse and affect MAO-A enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Raupach T, Hoogsteder PHJ, Onno van Schayck CP. Nicotine vaccines to assist with smoking cessation: current status of research. Drugs 2012; 72:e1-16. [PMID: 22356293 PMCID: PMC3702960 DOI: 10.2165/11599900-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular, respiratory and malignant disease, and stopping smoking is among the key medical interventions to lower the worldwide burden of these disorders. However, the addictive properties of cigarette smoking, including nicotine inhalation, render most quit attempts unsuccessful. Recommended therapies, including combinations of counselling and medication, produce long-term continuous abstinence rates of no more than 30%. Thus, more effective treatment options are needed. An intriguing novel therapeutic concept is vaccination against nicotine. The basic principle of this approach is that, after entering the systemic circulation, a substantial proportion of nicotine can be bound by antibodies. Once bound to antibodies, nicotine is no longer able to cross the blood-brain barrier. As a consequence, the rewarding effects of nicotine are diminished, and relapse to smoking is less likely to occur. Animal studies indicate that antibodies profoundly change the pharmacokinetics of the drug and can interfere with nicotine self-administration and impact on the severity of withdrawal symptoms. To date, five phase I/II clinical trials using vaccines against nicotine have been published. Results have been disappointing in that an increase in quit rates was only observed in small groups of smokers displaying particularly high antibody titres. The failure of encouraging preclinical data to completely translate to clinical studies may be partially explained by shortcomings of animal models of addiction and an incomplete understanding of the complex physiological and behavioural processes contributing to tobacco addiction. This review summarizes the current status of research and suggests some directions for the future development of vaccines against nicotine. Ideally, these vaccines could one day become part of a multifaceted approach to treating tobacco addiction that includes counselling and pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raupach
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Gaujac A, Navickiene S, Collins MI, Brandt SD, Andrade JB. Analytical techniques for the determination of tryptamines and β-carbolines in plant matrices and in psychoactive beverages consumed during religious ceremonies and neo-shamanic urban practices. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:636-48. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Navickiene
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS); Campus São Cristóvão; São Cristóvão-; Se; Brazil
| | - Mark I. Collins
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE); Campus do Itaperi; Fortaleza-; Ce; Brazil
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- Liverpool John Moores University; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool; UK
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Abstract
Survival functions from smoking cessation interventions are described by a three-state Markov model. On quitting, smokers transit through a state of withdrawal characterized by a high rate of relapse, and then into a more secure state of long-term abstinence. The Markov model embodies the dynamic nature of the cessation/relapse process; it permits stronger inference to long-term abstinence rates, provides measures of treatment efficacy, describes the outcomes of new quit attempts, and suggests mechanisms for the survival process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Killeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
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van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, van den Brink W. Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:423-9. [PMID: 21256914 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the Minister of Health of the Netherlands requested the CAM (Coordination point Assessment and Monitoring new drugs) to assess the overall risk of magic mushrooms. The present paper is an updated redraft of the review, written to support the assessment by CAM experts. It summarizes the literature on physical or psychological dependence, acute and chronic toxicity, risk for public health and criminal aspects related to the consumption of magic mushrooms. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of magic mushroom use was declining since 2000 (last year prevalence of 6.3% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2005), and further declined after possession and use became illegal in December 2008. The CAM concluded that the physical and psychological dependence potential of magic mushrooms was low, that acute toxicity was moderate, chronic toxicity low and public health and criminal aspects negligible. The combined use of mushrooms and alcohol and the quality of the setting in which magic mushrooms are used deserve, however, attention. In conclusion, the use of magic mushrooms is relatively safe as only few and relatively mild adverse effects have been reported. The low prevalent but unpredictable provocation of panic attacks and flash-backs remain, however, a point of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van Amsterdam
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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In vivo quantification of monoamine oxidase A in baboon brain: a PET study using [(11)C]befloxatone and the multi-injection approach. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:792-800. [PMID: 19920845 PMCID: PMC2949159 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
[(11)C]befloxatone is a high-affinity, reversible, and selective radioligand for the in vivo visualization of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) binding sites using positron emission tomography (PET). The multi-injection approach was used to study in baboons the interactions between the MAO-A binding sites and [(11)C]befloxatone. The model included four compartments and seven parameters. The arterial plasma concentration, corrected for metabolites, was used as input function. The experimental protocol-three injections of labeled and/or unlabeled befloxatone-allowed the evaluation of all the model parameters from a single PET experiment. In particular, the brain regional concentrations of the MAO-A binding sites (B'(max)) and the apparent in vivo befloxatone affinity (K(d)) were estimated in vivo for the first time. A high binding site density was found in almost all the brain structures (170+/-39 and 194+/-26 pmol/mL in the frontal cortex and striata, respectively, n=5). The cerebellum presented the lowest binding site density (66+/-13 pmol/mL). Apparent affinity was found to be similar in all structures (K(d)V(R)=6.4+/-1.5 nmol/L). This study is the first PET-based estimation of the B(max) of an enzyme.
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Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
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Kowalska A, Stobiecka A, Wysocki S. A computational investigation of the interactions between harmane and the functional monomers commonly used in molecular imprinting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a close relationship between tobacco smoking and psychiatric disorders, and a higher proportion of individuals with mental health conditions smoke compared with the general population. Due to the increased smoking prevalence in this population, patients with psychiatric conditions are at greater risk of smoking-related morbidity and mortality and experience detrimental effects on their quality of life. However, while the majority of individuals with a history of mental health conditions appreciate that smoking is detrimental to their health, they are less likely to quit smoking and have a lower success rate during quit attempts compared with the general population. SCOPE Peer-reviewed articles were identified from PubMed using the inclusive date-range of 1990 - October 2008 and the search terms; depression, mental health, psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia, and smoking cessation. Articles were selected from the search results to provide a general overview of some of the main issues for smokers with psychiatric disorders in general and specifically, those with schizophrenia and depression. The evidence from smoking cessation trials within these populations was also reviewed. FINDINGS Nicotine has some positive effects on symptoms of psychiatric disorders and it has been proposed that patients with mental health conditions may smoke as a form of self-medication. Further, several studies have shown that some symptoms of psychiatric disorders may be exacerbated by nicotine withdrawal. Therefore, attempts to quit smoking pose additional problems to patients with mental health problems. CONCLUSION Traditional programmes for smoking cessation may not always be suitable for psychiatric patients due to their neuropsychological profile. Preliminary evidence suggests that more flexible, open-ended, combination approaches of pharmacotherapy and counselling may be more successful. In addition, identification and treatment of nicotine addiction remains very low in patients with mental health conditions and far more needs to be done to raise the awareness and ability of psychiatrists to diagnose and treat patients with nicotine problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Fagerström
- Smokers Information Centre, Fagerström Consulting AB, Helsingborg, Sweden.
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Cicin-Sain L, Matosic A, Mokrovic G, Balija M, Marusic S, Jernej B. Platelet monoamine oxidase kinetics, alcoholism subtypes and cigarette smoking. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 56:138-45. [PMID: 18259087 DOI: 10.1159/000115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In trying to dissociate the effect of alcohol and tobacco use on platelet monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity, we compared the enzyme kinetics in controls (n = 66) and alcohol-dependent patients (n = 81), subdivided according to the severity of both, alcohol and tobacco use. Platelet MAO-B kinetics was measured spectrophotofluorimetrically in chronic alcohol intoxication and after 3 weeks abstinence. In alcoholic patients, an increased Michaelis-Menten constant (16%, p < 0.01) was shown, notwithstanding smoking status. Maximal velocity did not differ between patients and controls when adjusted for smoking. In cigarette smokers, a highly significant dose-dependent reduction of platelet MAO velocity (40%, p < 0.001) was demonstrated, with a similar degree of reduction in patients and controls. Tobacco use itself had no influence on MAO affinity. No differences were shown between subtype 1 and 2 alcoholics, or between the day of admission and the 21st day of abstinence. In conclusion, it seems that both, alcohol and tobacco consumption, may contribute to the lowering of overall platelet MAO-B activity. The effect of alcohol is small, due to interference with substrate binding, and not alteration of catalytic activity. In contrast, the effect of cigarette smoking is pronounced and relates to the dose-dependent reduction of platelet MAO velocity, with no influence on its affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipa Cicin-Sain
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Rose JE. Multiple brain pathways and receptors underlying tobacco addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1263-70. [PMID: 17826746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years much progress has been made in understanding the pharmacologic basis of tobacco addiction. In particular, the role of nicotine in reinforcing smoking behavior has been studied from a variety of perspectives. This article discusses two important aspects of this topic: (1) brain pathways underlying tobacco addiction; and (2) the actions of nicotine at nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Recent evidence will be reviewed indicating that nicotine reinforces smoking behavior by acting on more than one subtype of nicotinic receptor. Similarly, the role of several brain pathways in tobacco addiction will be considered. Tobacco addiction may thus be seen as a complex neuropsychopharmacological disorder; further progress in smoking cessation treatment may require that we address the multiple molecular and brain components of this addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed E Rose
- Center for Nicotine and Smoking Cessation Research, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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