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Asadipooya K, Asadipooya A, Adatorwovor R. Combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a literature review. Arch Virol 2024; 169:122. [PMID: 38753071 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still causing hospitalization and death, and vaccination appears to become less effective with each emerging variant. Spike, non-spike, and other possible unrecognized mutations have reduced the efficacy of recommended therapeutic approaches, including monoclonal antibodies, plasma transfusion, and antivirals. SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and probably dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) to initiate the process of endocytosis by employing host proteases such as transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS-2) and ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17). Spironolactone reduces the amount of soluble ACE2 and antagonizes TMPRSS-2 and ADAM17. DPP-4 inhibitors play immunomodulatory roles and may block viral entry. The efficacy of treatment with a combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors does not appear to be affected by viral mutations. Therefore, the combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors might improve the clinical outcome for COVID-19 patients by decreasing the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells and providing better anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antifibrotic effects than those achieved using current therapeutic approaches such as antivirals and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Asadipooya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd, Suite 125, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA.
| | - Artin Asadipooya
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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2
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Akagi M, Ohta K, Fukada S, Sakuma M, Naruse T, Nakagawa T, Ono S, Nishi H, Shigeishi H, Aikawa T. ACE2 expression and spike S1 protein-mediated immune responses in oral mucosal cells. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2293-2305. [PMID: 37466124 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ACE2, known as a host receptor involved with SARS-CoV-2 infection, binds to viral spike proteins for host cell entry. However, details regarding its induction and function in oral mucosal cells remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined ACE2 expression and its induction by transfected mimic nucleotides and pro-inflammatory cytokines in oral keratinocytes (RT7) and fibroblasts (GT1). Subsequently, the effects of viral spike S1 protein via ACE2 on CXCL10 expression induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in both cells were examined. RESULTS ACE2 was constitutively expressed in RT7 and GT1. Transfected Poly(I:C) and Poly(dA:dT) increased ACE2 expression in those cells, while knockdown of RIG-I decreased ACE2 expression induced by those transfected ds nucleotides. IFN-γ and TNF-α enhanced transfected ds nucleotides-induced ACE2 expression in RT7 but not GT1. S1 protein alone did not affect CXCL10 expression in either cell type, whereas it enhanced IFN-β-induced CXCL10 in both, while immune responses of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-induced CXCL10 enhanced by S1 protein were different between RT7 and GT1. Finally, knockdown of ACE2 decreased cytokines and S1 protein mediated-CXCL10 levels in both cells. CONCLUSIONS ACE2 in oral mucosal cells may contribute to development of infection and inflammation in cooperation with pro-inflammatory cytokines following SARS-CoV-2 invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Akagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomonao Aikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Sleem B, El Rassi C, Zareef R, Bitar F, Arabi M. NT-proBNP cardiac value in COVID-19: a focus on the paediatric population. Cardiol Young 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38528805 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951124000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
NT-proBNP is a peptide related to brain natriuretic peptide, a cardiac biomarker and a member of the natriuretic family of peptides. NT-proBNP has demonstrated its clinical utility in the assessment of a wide spectrum of cardiac manifestations. It is also considered a more precise diagnostic and prognostic cardiac biomarker than brain natriuretic peptide. With the appearance of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic, diagnosis of heart implications began to pose an increasing struggle for the physician. Echocardiography is considered a central means of evaluating cardiac disorders like heart failure, and it is considered a reliable method. However, other diagnostic methods are currently being explored, one of which involves the assessment of NT-proBNP levels. In the literature that involves the adult population, significant positive correlations were drawn between the levels of NT-proBNP and COVID-19 outcomes such as high severity and fatality. In the paediatric population, however, the literature is scarce, and most of the investigations assess NT-proBNP in the context of Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, where studies have shown that cohorts with this syndrome had elevated levels of NT-proBNP when compared to non-syndromic cohorts. Thus, more large-scale studies on existing COVID-19 data should be carried out in the paediatric population to further understand the prognostic and diagnostic roles of NT-proBNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bshara Sleem
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christophe El Rassi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Zareef
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Zorad S, Skrabanova M, Zilkova M, Cente M, Turic Csokova N, Kovacech B, Cizkova D, Filipcik P. Angiotensin I and II Stimulate Cell Invasion of SARS-CoV-2: Potential Mechanism via Inhibition of ACE2 Arm of RAS. Physiol Res 2024; 73:27-35. [PMID: 38466002 PMCID: PMC11019619 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), one of the key enzymes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection by functioning as a virus receptor. Angiotensin peptides Ang I and Ang II, the substrates of ACE2, can modulate the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to the ACE2 receptor. In the present work, we found that co incubation of HEK-ACE2 and Vero E6 cells with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus (PVP) resulted in stimulation of the virus entry at low and high micromolar concentrations of Ang I and Ang II, respectively. The potency of Ang I and Ang II stimulation of virus entry corresponds to their binding affinity to ACE2 catalytic pocket with 10 times higher efficiency of Ang II. The Ang II induced mild increase of PVP infectivity at 20 microM; while at 100 microM the increase (129.74+/-3.99 %) was highly significant (p<0.001). Since the angiotensin peptides act in HEK ACE2 cells without the involvement of angiotensin type I receptors, we hypothesize that there is a steric interaction between the catalytic pocket of the ACE2 enzyme and the SARS-CoV-2 S1 binding domain. Oversaturation of the ACE2 with their angiotensin substrate might result in increased binding and entry of the SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the analysis of angiotensin peptides metabolism showed decreased ACE2 and increased ACE activity upon SARS-CoV-2 action. These effects should be taken into consideration in COVID-19 patients suffering from comorbidities such as the over-activated renin-angiotensin system as a mechanism potentially influencing the SARS-CoV-2 invasion into recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zorad
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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5
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Gaber DA, Shokr M, Shaker O, Zaki KA, Khalil HS, Wahb AM. Serum ACE2 and S19P gene polymorphism in Egyptian patients with COVID-19 infection: correlation with disease severity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5846. [PMID: 38462662 PMCID: PMC10925588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of ACE2 is linked to disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The ACE2 receptor gene polymorphisms are considered determinants for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcome. In our study, serum ACE2 and its genetic variant S19P rs73635825 polymorphism were investigated in 114 SARS-CoV-2 patients. The results were compared with 120 control subjects. ELISA technique and allele discrimination assay were used for measuring serum ACE2 and genotype analysis of ACE2 rs73635825. Our results revealed that serum ACE2 was significantly lower in SARS-CoV-2 patients (p = 0.0001), particularly in cases with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. There was a significant difference in the genotype distributions of ACE2 rs73635825 A > G between COVID-19 patients and controls (p-value = 0.001). A higher frequency of the heterozygous AG genotype (65.8%) was reported in COVID-19 patients. The G allele was significantly more common in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.0001). The AG and GG genotypes were associated with COVID-19 severity as they were correlated with abnormal laboratory findings, GGO, CXR, and total severity scores with p < 0.05. Our results revealed that the ACE2 S19P gene variant is correlated with the incidence of infection and its severity, suggesting the usefulness of this work in identifying the susceptible population groups for better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Gaber
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE.
| | - Mohamed Shokr
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MUST University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamelia Ahmed Zaki
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MUST University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy Samir Khalil
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Wahb
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamed RH, Abdel Hay NH, Fawzy NM, Tamim YM, Doaa Karem MM, Yehia DAY, Abdel Maksoud OM, Abdelrahim DS. Targeting mevalonate pathway by zoledronate ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model: Promising therapy against post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38357833 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway plays a critical role in post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) and its intervention with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be a potential therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of zoledronate (ZA) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in rats through targeting ACE2, ROCK, and VEGF signaling pathways. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, vehicle-treated, PF, PF-ZA 50, and PF-ZA 100 groups. ZA was given in two different doses 100 and 50 μg/kg/week intraperitoneally. After anesthesia, mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was measured. After scarification, lung coefficient was calculated. Lung levels of ACE 2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), VEGF, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Expression of ROCK, phosphorylated myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (P-MYPT1), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), along with histopathological changes and immune-histochemical staining for lung α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and caspase-3, were evaluated. RESULTS ZA significantly prevented the decrease in MBP. ZA significantly increased ACE2, GSH, and SOD and significantly decreased IL-1β, TGF-β, and VEGF in lung in comparison to PF group. ZA prevented the histopathological changes induced by CCl4. ZA inhibited lung expression of ROCK, P-MYPT1, MMP-1, α-SMA, TNFα, and caspase-3 with significant differences favoring the high dose intervention. CONCLUSION ZA in a dose-dependent manner prevented the pathological effect of CCl4 in the lung by targeting mevalonate pathway. It could be promising therapy against PCPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hussein Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma Hussein Abdel Hay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yomna M Tamim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Doaa Karem
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Omnia M Abdel Maksoud
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina S Abdelrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern Technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Kumar P, Banik SP, Goel A, Chakraborty S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Revisiting the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A (WA), a Novel Steroidal Lactone, W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, from Withania Somnifera (L) Dunal. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:115-130. [PMID: 37410676 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2228863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, abundant in the Indian subcontinent as Ashwagandha or winter cherry, is a herb of unprecedented therapeutic value. The number of ailments for which crude Ashwagandha extract can be used as a preventive or curative is practically limitless; and this explains why its use has been in vogue in ancient Ayurveda since at-least about four thousand years. The therapeutic potential of Ashwagandha mainly owes from its reservoir of alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine), steroidal lactones (withanolides) and saponins with an extra acyl group (sitoindoside VII and VIII). Withaferin A is an exceptionally potent withanolide which is found in high concentrations in W. somnifera plant extracts. The high reactivity of Withaferin A owes to the presence of a C-28 ergostane network with multiple sites of unsaturation and differential oxygenation. It interacts with the effectors of multiple signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress response, cell cycle regulation and synaptic transmission and has been found to be significantly effective in inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells, restoring cognitive health, managing diabetes, alleviating metabolic disorders, and rejuvenating the overall body homeostasis. Additionally, recent studies suggest that Withaferin A (WA) has the potential to prevent viral endocytosis by sequestering TMPRSS2, the host transmembrane protease, without altering ACE-2 expression. The scope of performing subtle structural modifications in this multi-ring compound is believed to further expand its pharmacotherapeutic horizon. Very recently, a novel, heavy metal and pesticide free formulation of Ashwagandha whole herb extract, with a significant amount of WA, termed W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, has been developed. The present review attempts to fathom the present and future of this wonder molecule with comprehensive discussion on its therapeutic potential, safety and toxicity.Key teaching pointsWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a medicinal plant with versatile therapeutic values.The therapeutic potential of the plant owes to the presence of withanolides such as Withaferin A.Withaferin A is a C-28 ergostane based triterpenoid with multiple reactive sites of therapeutic potential.It is effective against a broad spectrum of ailments including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders and it also promotes cardiovascular and sexual health.W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, is a heavy metal and pesticide free Ashwagandha whole herb extract based formulation with significant amount of Withaferin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Research and Development Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Research & Development Department, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pereira EPV, da Silva Felipe SM, de Freitas RM, da Cruz Freire JE, Oliveira AER, Canabrava N, Soares PM, van Tilburg MF, Guedes MIF, Grueter CE, Ceccatto VM. Transcriptional Profiling of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Calu-3 Cells Reveals Immune-Related Signaling Pathways. Pathogens 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 38003837 PMCID: PMC10674242 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide, becoming a pandemic that infected millions of people and caused significant deaths. COVID-19 continues to be a major threat, and there is a need to deepen our understanding of the virus and its mechanisms of infection. To study the cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we performed an RNA sequencing of infected vs. uninfected Calu-3 cells. Total RNA was extracted from infected (0.5 MOI) and control Calu-3 cells and converted to cDNA. Sequencing was performed, and the obtained reads were quality-analyzed and pre-processed. Differential expression was assessed with the EdgeR package, and functional enrichment was performed in EnrichR for Gene Ontology, KEGG pathways, and WikiPathways. A total of 1040 differentially expressed genes were found in infected vs. uninfected Calu-3 cells, of which 695 were up-regulated and 345 were down-regulated. Functional enrichment analyses revealed the predominant up-regulation of genes related to innate immune response, response to virus, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These transcriptional changes following SARS-CoV-2 infection may reflect a cellular response to the infection and help to elucidate COVID-19 pathogenesis, in addition to revealing potential biomarkers and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Petterson Viana Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Stela Mirla da Silva Felipe
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Raquel Martins de Freitas
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
| | - José Ednésio da Cruz Freire
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
| | | | - Natália Canabrava
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (N.C.); (M.F.v.T.); (M.I.F.G.)
| | - Paula Matias Soares
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Mauricio Fraga van Tilburg
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (N.C.); (M.F.v.T.); (M.I.F.G.)
| | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (N.C.); (M.F.v.T.); (M.I.F.G.)
| | - Chad Eric Grueter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (S.M.d.S.F.); (R.M.d.F.); (J.E.d.C.F.); (P.M.S.)
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9
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Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Czaja J, Zyzdorf A, Sobocińska W, Jarczyński M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Overreactive macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The effects of ACEI. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110858. [PMID: 37708705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among various factors influencing the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophage overactivation is considered the main cause of the cytokine storm that leads to severe complications of COVID-19. Moreover, the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an obligatory entry receptor of the coronavirus, caused by treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) lowered overall confidence in the safety of these drugs. However, analysis of the course of coronavirus infection in patients treated with ACEI does not support these concerns. Instead, the beneficial effect of ACEI on macrophages has increasingly been emphasized. This includes their anti-inflammatory activation and the consequent reduction in the risk of severe disease and life-threatening complications. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the dual role of macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a special focus on the postulated mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of macrophage targeting by ACEI. These seem to involve the stimulation of macrophage angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors by angiotensin 1-7, intensively produced due to the up-regulation of ACE2 expression on macrophages, as well as the direct inhibition of macrophage hyper-responsiveness by ACEI. The impact of ACEI on macrophages may also lead to the activation of an effective antiviral response due to the increased expression of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Felkle
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Czaja
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Amanda Zyzdorf
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sobocińska
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
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Afzal S, Abdul Manap AS, Attiq A, Albokhadaim I, Kandeel M, Alhojaily SM. From imbalance to impairment: the central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1269581. [PMID: 37927596 PMCID: PMC10622810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1269581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased production and buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to various health issues, including metabolic problems, cancers, and neurological conditions. Our bodies counteract ROS with biological antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and GPx, which help prevent cellular damage. However, if there is an imbalance between ROS and these antioxidants, it can result in oxidative stress. This can cause genetic and epigenetic changes at the molecular level. This review delves into how ROS plays a role in disorders caused by oxidative stress. We also look at animal models used for researching ROS pathways. This study offers insights into the mechanism, pathology, epigenetic changes, and animal models to assist in drug development and disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryar Afzal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aimi Syamima Abdul Manap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Attiq
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Albokhadaim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sameer M. Alhojaily
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Yu H, Yuan L, Yan Z, Zhou M, Ye J, Wu K, Chen W, Chen R, Xia N, Guan Y, Zhu H. Butyrate Protects against SARS-CoV-2-Induced Tissue Damage in Golden Hamsters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14191. [PMID: 37762492 PMCID: PMC10532055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, produced by gut microbe during dietary fiber fermentation, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on chronic inflammation diseases, yet it remains to be explored whether butyrate has protective effects against viral infections. Here, we demonstrated that butyrate alleviated tissue injury in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected golden hamsters supplemented with butyrate before and during the infection. Butyrate-treated hamsters showed augmentation of type I interferon (IFN) response and activation of endothelial cells without exaggerated inflammation. In addition, butyrate regulated redox homeostasis by enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to inhibit excessive apoptotic cell death. Therefore, butyrate exhibited effective prevention against SARS-CoV-2 by upregulating antiviral immune responses and promoting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhigang Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Rirong Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Futian District, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education), Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University/The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- EKIH (Gewuzhikang) Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Futian District, Shenzhen 518045, China
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12
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Duong-Quy S, Huynh-Truong-Anh D, Nguyen-Thi-Kim T, Nguyen-Quang T, Tran-Ngoc-Anh T, Nguyen-Van-Hoai N, Do-Thi-Thu M, Nguyen-Chi T, Nguyen-Van T, Tang-Thi-Thao T, Nguyen-Tuan A, Nguyen-Hoang Q, Hoang-Phi-Tuyet P, Vu-Van G, Nguyen-Lan H, Nguyen-Hong C, Dinh-Ngoc S, Truong-Viet D, Nguyen-Nhu V, Nguyen-Duy T. Predictive Factors of Mortality in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Treated in the Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Study in Vietnam. Pulm Ther 2023; 9:377-394. [PMID: 37415031 PMCID: PMC10447826 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-023-00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fourth outbreak of COVID-19 with the delta variant in Vietnam was very fierce due to the limited availability of vaccines and the lack of healthcare resources. During that period, the high mortality of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 caused many concerns for the health system, especially the intensive care units. This study aimed to analyze the predictive factors of death and survival in patients with severe and critical COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive study on 151 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of Binh Duong General Hospital. RESULTS Common clinical symptoms of severe and critical COVID-19 included shortness of breath (97.4%), fatigue (89.4%), cough (76.8%), chest pain (47.7%), loss of smell (48.3%), loss of taste (39.1%), and headache (21.2%). The abnormal biochemical features were leukopenia (2.1%), anemia, thrombocytopenia (18%), hypoxia with low PaO2 (34.6%), hypocapnia with reduced PaCO2 (29.6%), and blood acidosis (18.4%). Common complications during hospitalization were septic shock (15.2%), cardiogenic shock (5.3%), and embolism (2.6%). The predictive factors of death were being female, age > 65 years, cardiovascular comorbidity, thrombocytopenia (< 137.109/l), and hypoxia at inclusion or after the first week or blood acidosis (pH < 7.28). The use of a high dose of corticosteroids reduced the mortality during the first 3 weeks of hospitalization but significantly increased risk of death after 3 and 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Common clinical symptoms, laboratory features, and death-related complications of critical and severe COVID-19 patients were found in Vietnamese patients during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study provide new insight into the predictive factors of mortality for patients with severe and critical COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Duong-Quy
- Biomedical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Vietnam
- Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Medical College, State College, PA, USA
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Duc Huynh-Truong-Anh
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nguyen-Thi-Kim
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Tien Nguyen-Quang
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Tran-Ngoc-Anh
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Nam Nguyen-Van-Hoai
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Mai Do-Thi-Thu
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nguyen-Chi
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Toi Nguyen-Van
- Biomedical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Vietnam
| | - Tram Tang-Thi-Thao
- Biomedical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Vietnam
| | - Anh Nguyen-Tuan
- Biomedical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Vietnam
| | - Quan Nguyen-Hoang
- Biomedical Research Center, Lam Dong Medical College, Dalat City, Vietnam
| | | | - Giap Vu-Van
- Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Nguyen-Lan
- Phu Chanh Covid-19 Hospital, Binh Duong General Hospital, Thu Dau Mot, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | | | - Sy Dinh-Ngoc
- Respiratory Department, National Hospital of Lung Diseases, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Truong-Viet
- Department of Public Health, Thang Long University, Ha Noi City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Nguyen-Nhu
- Department of Respiratory Functional Exploration. University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thai Nguyen-Duy
- National Institute for Control of Vaccines and Biologicals, Ministry of Health, Hanoi City, Vietnam.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Hanoi City, Vietnam.
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13
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Seixas ML, Bartolomeo CS, Lemes R, Nicoliche T, Okuda LH, Martins L, Ureshino R, Prado CM, Liguori TTA, Liguori GR, Stilhano RS. Disruptive 3D in vitro models for respiratory disease investigation: A state-of-the-art approach focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023; 11:100082. [PMID: 37534107 PMCID: PMC10391659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, along with most respiratory diseases in the medical field, demonstrates significant ability to take its toll on global population. There is a particular difficulty in studying these conditions, which stems especially from the short supply of in vitro models for detailed investigation, the specific therapeutic knowledge required for disease scrutinization and the occasional need of BSL-3 [Biosafety Level 3] laboratories for research. Based on this, the process of drug development is hampered to a great extent. In the scenario of COVID-19, this difficulty is even more substantial on account of the current undefinition regarding the exact role of the ACE2 [Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2] receptor upon SARS-CoV-2 kinetics in human cells and the great level of demand in the investigation process of ACE2, which usually requires the laborious and ethically complicated usage of transgenic animal models overexpressing the receptor. Moreover, the rapid progression of the aforementioned diseases, especially COVID-19, poses a crucial necessity for adequate therapeutic solutions emergence. In this context, the work herein presented introduces a groundbreaking set of 3D models, namely spheroids and MatriWell cell culture inserts, whose remarkable ability to mimic the in vivo environment makes them highly suitable for respiratory diseases investigation, particularly SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using MatriWells, we developed an innovative platform for COVID-19 research: a pulmonary air-liquid interface [ALI] associated with endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Infection studies revealed that pulmonary (BEAS-2B) cells in the ALI reached peak viral load at 24h and endothelial cells, at 48h, demonstrating lung viral replication and subsequent hematogenous dissemination, which provides us with a unique and realistic framework for studying COVID-19. Simultaneously, the spheroids were used to address the understudied ACE2 receptor, aiming at a pronounced process of COVID-19 investigation. ACE2 expression not only increased spheroid diameter by 20% (p<0.001) and volume by 60% (p≤0.0001) but also led to a remarkable 640-fold increase in intracellular viral load (p≤0.01). The previously mentioned finding supports ACE2 as a potential target for COVID-19 treatment. Lastly, we observed a higher viral load in the MatriWells compared to spheroids (150-fold, p<0.0001), suggesting the MatriWells as a more appropriate approach for COVID-19 investigation. By establishing an advanced method for respiratory tract conditions research, this work paves the way toward an efficacious process of drug development, contributing to a change in the course of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Seixas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Silva Bartolomeo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Robertha Lemes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Nicoliche
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liria Hiromi Okuda
- Biological Institute, Agriculture and Supply Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Martins
- Division of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences (IMB-PAN), Poland
| | - Rodrigo Ureshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Chemistry-Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carla Maximo Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Chemistry-Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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14
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Li H, McLaurin KA, Mactutus CF, Rappaport J, Datta PK, Booze RM. SARS-CoV-2 RNA Persists in the Central Nervous System of Non-Human Primates Despite Clinical Recovery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555368. [PMID: 37693534 PMCID: PMC10491216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Adverse neurological and psychiatric outcomes, collectively termed the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), persist in adults clinically recovered from COVID-19. Effective therapeutic interventions are fundamental to reducing the burden of PASC, necessitating an investigation of the pathophysiology underlying the debilitating neurological symptoms associated with the condition. Herein, eight non-human primates (Wild-Caught African Green Monkeys, n =4; Indian Rhesus Macaques, n =4) were inoculated with the SARS-CoV-2 isolate USA-WA1/2020 by either small particle aerosol or via multiple routes. At necropsy, tissue from the olfactory epithelium and pyriform cortex/amygdala of SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates were collected for ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization (i.e., RNAscope). First, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) mRNA are downregulated in the pyriform cortex/amygdala of non-human primates clinically recovered from SARS-CoV-2 inoculation relative to wildtype controls. Second, abundant SARS-CoV-2 mRNA was detected in clinically recovered non-human primates; mRNA which is predominantly harbored in pericytes. Collectively, examination of post-mortem pyriform cortex/amygdala brain tissue of non-human primates clinically recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed two early pathophysiological mechanisms potentially underlying PASC. Indeed, therapeutic interventions targeting the downregulation of ACE2, decreased expression of TMPRSS2, and/or persistent infection of pericytes in the central nervous system may effectively mitigate the debilitating symptoms of PASC.
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Lin CH, Chen YJ, Lin MW, Chang HJ, Yang XR, Lin CS. ACE2 and a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula NRICM101 Could Alleviate the Inflammation and Pathogenic Process of Acute Lung Injury. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1554. [PMID: 37763673 PMCID: PMC10533189 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmittable respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and acute lung injury (ALI) is the major complication of COVID-19. The challenge in studying SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity is the limited availability of animal models. Therefore, it is necessary to establish animal models that can reproduce multiple characteristics of ALI to study therapeutic applications. The present study established a mouse model that has features of ALI that are similar to COVID-19 syndrome to investigate the role of ACE2 and the administration of the Chinese herbal prescription NRICM101 in ALI. Mice with genetic modifications, including overexpression of human ACE2 (K18-hACE2 TG) and absence of ACE2 (mACE2 KO), were intratracheally instillated with hydrochloric acid. The acid intratracheal instillation induced severe immune cell infiltration, cytokine storms, and pulmonary disease in mice. Compared with K18-hACE2 TG mice, mACE2 KO mice exhibited dramatically increased levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, histological evidence of lung injury, and dysregulation of MAPK and MMP activation. In mACE2 KO mice, NRICM101 could ameliorate the disease progression of acid-induced ALI. In conclusion, the established mouse model provided an effective platform for researchers to investigate pathological mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for ALI, including COVID-19-related ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Ho-Ju Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Xin-Rui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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Gao ZZ, Jiao JY, Zhou YQ, Qi J, Zhu SS, Xu JY, Nie L, Wang HB. A novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv) 2 version shown enhanced neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:283. [PMID: 37501919 PMCID: PMC10368608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) have been proved to be effective therapeutics in treating coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To enhance the potency of nMAB 553-15, we generated a novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version. This was achieved by covalently fusing two forms of 553-15-derived single chain variable fragments (scFv) to the C-terminus of the hIgG1 (human Immunoglobulin G1) Fc fragment. We found that the Fc-fused VL-linker-VH format achieved similar binding affinity and neutralizing behavior as 553-15. The tetravalent versions were constructed by fusing the scFv domains to the C-terminus of nMAB 553-15. As a result, the tetravalent version 55,315-VLVH exhibited significantly higher binding activity to target spike protein variants and enhanced neutralization against VOCs (variants of concern) pseudovirus compared to 553-15. We also measured the Fc effector responses of candidates using wild-type Spike-expressing CHOK1 cells. The 55,315-VLVH enhanced the function of ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) but had similar IL-6 release levels compared to the bivalent 553-15. It seemed that the novel tetravalent version avoids the pro-inflammatory effect induced by macrophage activation. However, the 55,315-VLVH displayed slightly increased potency in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), which might contribute to higher systemic inflammation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetravalent version is beneficial to balance efficiency and safety against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-zhao Gao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-yu Jiao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Ya-qiong Zhou
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Qi
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Shan-shan Zhu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-ya Xu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Lei Nie
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Hai-bin Wang
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
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17
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Song JY, Huang JY, Hsu YC, Lo MT, Lin C, Shen TC, Liao MT, Lu KC. Coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular disease. Tzu Chi Med J 2023; 35:213-220. [PMID: 37545802 PMCID: PMC10399840 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_219_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus behind the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is a type of RNA virus that is nonsegmented. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) increase the mortality risk of patients. In this review article, we overview the existing evidence regarding the potential mechanisms of myocardial damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Having a comprehensive knowledge of the cardiovascular damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its underlying mechanisms is essential for providing prompt and efficient treatment, ultimately leading to a reduction in mortality rates. Severe COVID-19 causes acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock in patients. In addition, awareness regarding COVID-19 cardiovascular manifestations has increased, including the adverse impact on prognosis with cardiovascular involvement. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor may play a role in acute myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 patients experiencing heart failure may have their condition exacerbated by various contributing factors and mechanisms. Increased oxygen demand, myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, elevated pulmonary pressures, and venous thrombosis are potential health issues. The combination of these factors may lead to COVID-19-related cardiogenic shock, resulting in acute systolic heart failure. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are treatment options when inotropic support fails for effective circulatory support. To ensure effective COVID-19-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) surveillance, it is crucial to closely monitor the future host adaptation, viral evolution, and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, given the virus's pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Yeu Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jian-You Huang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Men-Tzung Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chung Shen
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Golab F, Vahabzadeh G, SadeghRoudbari L, Shirazi A, Shabani R, Tanbakooei S, Kooshesh L. The Protective Potential Role of ACE2 against COVID-19. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:8451931. [PMID: 37275947 PMCID: PMC10238138 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8451931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), researchers all over the world have tried to find an appropriate therapeutic approach for the disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been shown as a necessary receptor to cell fusion, which is involved in infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is commonly crucial for all organs and systems. When ACE2 is downregulated via the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, it results in the angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin type 1 receptor axis overactivation. Ang II has harmful effects, which can be evidenced by dysfunctions in many organs experienced by COVID-19 patients. ACE2 is the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and has an extensive distribution; thus, some COVID-19 cases experience several symptoms and complications. We suggest strategy for the potential protective effect of ACE2 to the viral infection. The current review will provide data to develop new approaches for preventing and controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila SadeghRoudbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shirazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robabeh Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Tanbakooei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Kooshesh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Nasiri K, Mohammadzadehsaliani S, Kheradjoo H, Shabestari AM, Eshaghizadeh P, Pakmehr A, Alsaffar MF, Al-Naqeeb BZT, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Spotlight on the impact of viral infections on Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) with a focus on COVID-19 effects. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 37158893 PMCID: PMC10165295 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their significant capability to reconstitute and preserve a functional hematopoietic system in long-term periods after transplantation into conditioned hosts. HSCs are thus crucial cellular targets for the continual repair of inherited hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic disorders. In addition, HSCs can undergo various fates, such as apoptosis, quiescence, migration, differentiation, and self-renewal. Viruses continuously pose a remarkable health risk and request an appropriate, balanced reaction from our immune system, which as well as affects the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, disruption of the hematopoietic system due to viral infection is essential. In addition, patients for whom the risk-to-benefit ratio of HSC transplantation (HSCT) is acceptable have seen an increase in the use of HSCT in recent years. Hematopoietic suppression, BM failure, and HSC exhaustion are all linked to chronic viral infections. Virus infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HSCT recipients, despite recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, whereas COVID-19 manifests initially as an infection of the respiratory tract, it is now understood to be a systemic illness that significantly impacts the hematological system. Patients with advanced COVID-19 often have thrombocytopenia and blood hypercoagulability. In the era of COVID-19, Hematological manifestations of COVID-19 (i.e., thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), the immune response, and HSCT may all be affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various ways. Therefore, it is important to determine whether exposure to viral infections may affect HSCs used for HSCT, as this, in turn, may affect engraftment efficiency. In this article, we reviewed the features of HSCs, and the effects of viral infections on HSCs and HSCT, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, etc. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Parisa Eshaghizadeh
- Department of Dental Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azin Pakmehr
- Medical Doctor, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department / AL-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babil, Iraq
| | | | - Saman Yasamineh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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20
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Al Qahtani SY. Impact of hyperchloremia on inflammatory markers, serum creatinine, hemoglobin, and outcome in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. J Med Life 2023; 16:699-706. [PMID: 37520482 PMCID: PMC10375338 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperchloremia has negative consequences, such as increased proinflammatory mediators, renal dysfunction, and mortality in patients with septic shock. However, data on the effects of hyperchloremia on COVID-19 infections are scarce. The study aimed to investigate the effects of hyperchloremia on inflammatory markers, serum creatinine, hemoglobin levels, and outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A retrospective review of all adult patients admitted to the ICU at King Fahd University Hospital with a moderate to severe COVID-19 infection from January 2020 to August 2021 was performed. Serum chloride levels, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and hemoglobin levels were collected on the first and third days of ICU admission. Demographic data, oxygen support modality, ICU length of stay (ICU LOS), renal replacement therapy (RRT), and deaths were collected. Of 420 patients, 255 were included; 97 (38%) had hyperchloremia, while 158 (62%) did not. Hyperchloremic patients had a higher percentage of increases in ferritin (54.6%), CRP (6.2%), and LDH (15.5%) between the first and third days of admission, compared to non-hyperchloremic patients (43.7%, 6.3%, and 5.7%, respectively). The decrease in hemoglobin levels was similar in both groups (p=0.103). There was a significant association between hyperchloremia and an increase in serum creatinine (p<0.0001). Sixty-six (68%) patients required endotracheal intubation in the hyperchloremic group (p=0.003). The mortality rate was significant in the hyperchloremic cohort (p=<0.0001). Hyperchloremia was significantly associated with increased risks of kidney injury, endotracheal intubation, and death. However, hyperchloremia was not associated with increased ferritin, CRP, or hemoglobin decreases in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaya Yaanallah Al Qahtani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Hosseini E, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Bazrafkan M, Amorim CA, Askari M, Zakeri A, Mousavi SN, Kafaeinezhad R, Afradiasbagharani P, Esfandyari S, Nazari M. Rescuing fertility during COVID-19 infection: exploring potential pharmacological and natural therapeutic approaches for comorbidity, by focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome mechanism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:1173-1185. [PMID: 36892705 PMCID: PMC9995769 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system was primarily considered the only organ affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the pandemic continues, there is an increasing concern from the scientific community about the future effects of the virus on male and female reproductive organs, infertility, and, most significantly, its impact on the future generation. The general presumption is that if the primary clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are not controlled, we will face several challenges, including compromised infertility, infection-exposed cryopreserved germ cells or embryos, and health complications in future generations, likely connected to the COVID-19 infections of parents and ancestors. In this review article, we dedicatedly studied severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virology, its receptors, and the effect of the virus to induce the activation of inflammasome as the main arm of the innate immune response. Among inflammasomes, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway activation is partly responsible for the inflicted damages in both COVID-19 infection and some reproductive disorders, so the main focus of the discussion is on NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection alongside in the reproductive biology. In addition, the potential effects of the virus on male and female gonad functions were discussed, and we further explored the potential natural and pharmacological therapeutic approaches for comorbidity via NLRP3 inflammasome neutralization to develop a hypothesis for averting the long-term repercussions of COVID-19. Since activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to the damage caused by COVID-19 infection and some reproductive disorders, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors have a great potential to be considered candidates for alleviating the pathological effects of the COVID-19 infection on the germ cells and reproductive tissues. This would impede the subsequent massive wave of infertility that may threaten the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mousavi Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Mahshid Bazrafkan
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ARI), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christiani A. Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maryam Askari
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zakeri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Neda Mousavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Kafaeinezhad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Esfandyari
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Mahboobeh Nazari
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Vasilevskaya A, Mushtaque A, Tsang MY, Alwazan B, Herridge M, Cheung AM, Tartaglia MC. Sex and age affect acute and persisting COVID-19 illness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6029. [PMID: 37055492 PMCID: PMC10098246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations. We conducted an observational study on 97 patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and persisting cognitive complaints that presented to the University Health Network Memory Clinic between October 2020 and December 2021. We assessed the main effects of sex, age, and their interaction on COVID-19 symptoms and outcomes. We also examined the relative contribution of demographics and acute COVID-19 presentation (assessed retrospectively) on persistent neurological symptoms and cognition. Among our cohort, males had higher hospitalization rates than females during the acute COVID-19 illness (18/35 (51%) vs. 15/62 (24%); P = .009). Abnormal scores on cognitive assessments post-COVID were associated with older age (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.93) and brain fog during initial illness (AOR = 8.80; 95% CI 1.76-65.13). Female sex (ARR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.09-1.87) and acute shortness of breath (ARR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.09-1.84) were associated with a higher risk of experiencing more persistent short-term memory symptoms. Female sex was the only predictor associated with persistent executive dysfunction (ARR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.12-1.76) and neurological symptoms (ARR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.19-2.36). Sex differences were evident in presentations and cognitive outcomes in patients with long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vasilevskaya
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St. WW5-449, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asma Mushtaque
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St. WW5-449, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Y Tsang
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St. WW5-449, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Batoul Alwazan
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St. WW5-449, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Internal Medicine Board, Kuwait Institution for Medical Specialty (KIMS), Andalous, Kuwait
- Geriatric Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Herridge
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Cheung
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St. WW5-449, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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Sehn F, Büttner H, Godau B, Müller M, Sarcan S, Offermann A, Perner S, Kramer MW, Merseburger AS, Roesch MC. The alternative renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) signalling pathway in prostate cancer and its link to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1809-1816. [PMID: 36478297 PMCID: PMC9734445 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is known to maintain blood pressure and body fluids. However, it has been found to consist of at least two major constituents, the classic and the alternative pathway, balancing and supporting each other's signalling in a very intricate way. Current research has shown that the renin-angiotensin system is involved in a broad range of biological processes and diseases, such as cancer and infectious diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a literature review on the interaction of the renin-angiotensin system and prostate cancer and explored the research on the possible impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in this context. This review provides an update on contemporary knowledge into the alternative renin-angiotensin system, its role in cancer, specifically prostate cancer, and the implications of the current COVID-19 pandemic on cancer and cancer care. CONCLUSION In this work, we aim to demonstrate how shifting the RAS signalling pathway from the classic to the alternative axis seems to be a viable option in supporting treatment of specific cancers and at the same time demonstrating beneficial properties in supportive care. It however seems to be the case that the infection with SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent impairment of the renin-angiotensin-system could exhibit serious deleterious long-term effects even in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sehn
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Takeda Pharma Vertrieb GmbH und Co. KG, Jägerstrasse 27, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Büttner
- Takeda Pharma Vertrieb GmbH und Co. KG, Jägerstrasse 27, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Godau
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marten Müller
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Offermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Pathology, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Mario W. Kramer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Axel S. Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie C. Roesch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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24
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Zinatizadeh MR, Zarandi PK, Ghiasi M, Kooshki H, Mohammadi M, Amani J, Rezaei N. Immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing in COVID-19. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101818. [PMID: 36516928 PMCID: PMC9741765 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The destructive effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the elderly and people with cardiovascular disease have been proven. New findings shed light on the role of aging pathways on life span and health age. New therapies that focus on aging-related pathways may positively impact the treatment of this acute respiratory infection. Using new therapies that boost the level of the immune system can support the elderly with co-morbidities against the acute form of COVID-19. This article discusses the effect of the aging immune system against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the pathways affecting this severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zinatizadeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Cancer Biology Signaling Pathway Interest Group (CBSPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Cancer Biology Signaling Pathway Interest Group (CBSPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghiasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Kooshki
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozafar Mohammadi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010130. [PMID: 36678627 PMCID: PMC9864223 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the world's most important challenges for global public healthcare. Various studies have found an association between severe vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19-related outcomes. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in immune function and inflammation. Recent data have suggested a protective role of vitamin D in COVID-19-related health outcomes. The purpose of this meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) was to better explain the strength of the association between the protective role of vitamin D supplementation and the risk of mortality and admission to intensive care units (ICUs) in patients with COVID-19. METHODS We searched four databases on 20 September 2022. Two reviewers screened the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and assessed the risk of bias, independently and in duplicate. The pre-specified outcomes of interest were mortality and ICU admission. RESULTS We identified 78 bibliographic citations. After the reviewers' screening, only five RCTs were found to be suitable for our analysis. We performed meta-analyses and then TSAs. Vitamin D administration results in a decreased risk of death and ICU admission (standardized mean difference (95% CI): 0.49 (0.34-0.72) and 0.28 (0.20-0.39), respectively). The TSA of the protective role of vitamin D and ICU admission showed that, since the pooling of the studies reached a definite sample size, the positive association is conclusive. The TSA of the protective role of vitamin D in mortality risk showed that the z-curve was inside the alpha boundaries, indicating that the positive results need further studies. DISCUSSION The results of the meta-analyses and respective TSAs suggest a definitive association between the protective role of vitamin D and ICU hospitalization.
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26
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Deloch L, Rückert M, Weissmann T, Lettmaier S, Titova E, Wolff T, Weinrich F, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. The various functions and phenotypes of macrophages are also reflected in their responses to irradiation: A current overview. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 376:99-120. [PMID: 36997271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a vital part of the innate immune system that are involved in healthy biological processes but also in disease modulation and response to therapy. Ionizing radiation is commonly used in the treatment of cancer and, in a lower dose range, as additive therapy for inflammatory diseases. In general, lower doses of ionizing radiation are known to induce rather anti-inflammatory responses, while higher doses are utilized in cancer treatment where they result, next to tumor control, in rather inflammatory responses. Most experiments that have been carried out in ex vivo on macrophages find this to be true, however in vivo, tumor-associated macrophages, for example, show a contradictory response to the respective dose-range. While some knowledge in radiation-induced modulations of macrophages has been collected, many of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to their pivotal role in the human body, however, they are a great target in therapy and could potentially aid in better treatment outcome. We therefore summarized the current knowledge of macrophage mediated radiation responses.
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27
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Mohammed MA. Fighting cytokine storm and immunomodulatory deficiency: By using natural products therapy up to now. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111329. [PMID: 37124230 PMCID: PMC10134036 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus strain (COVID-19) caused severe illness and mortality worldwide from 31 December 2019 to 21 March 2023. As of this writing, 761,071,826 million cases have been diagnosed worldwide, with 6,879,677 million deaths accorded by WHO organization and has spread to 228 countries. The number of deaths is closely connected to the growth of innate immune cells in the lungs, mainly macrophages, which generate inflammatory cytokines (especially IL-6 and IL-1β) that induce "cytokine storm syndrome" (CSS), multi-organ failure, and death. We focus on promising natural products and their biologically active chemical constituents as potential phytopharmaceuticals that target virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Successful therapy for this condition is currently rare, and the introduction of an effective vaccine might take months. Blocking viral entrance and replication and regulating humoral and cellular immunity in the uninfected population are the most often employed treatment approaches for viral infections. Unfortunately, no presently FDA-approved medicine can prevent or reduce SARS-CoV-2 access and reproduction. Until now, the most important element in disease severity has been the host's immune response activation or suppression. Several medicines have been adapted for COVID-19 patients, including arbidol, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, dexamethasone, and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drugs, such as tocilizumab, glucocorticoids, anakinra (IL-1β cytokine inhibition), and siltuximab (IL-6 cytokine inhibition). However, these synthetic medications and therapies have several side effects, including heart failure, permanent retinal damage in the case of hydroxyl-chloroquine, and liver destruction in the case of remdesivir. This review summarizes four strategies for fighting cytokine storms and immunomodulatory deficiency induced by COVID-19 using natural product therapy as a potential therapeutic measure to control cytokine storms.
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28
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Bru S, González-Marrón A, Lidón-Moyano C, Carballar R, Martínez-Láinez JM, Pérez-Martín H, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Clotet J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Determination of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in saliva samples and its association with nicotine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114443. [PMID: 36195157 PMCID: PMC9527194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of the SARS-CoV-2. There is contradictory evidence on how the exposure to nicotine may module the concentration of soluble ACE2 (sACE2). The aim of this study was to assess the association between nicotine and sACE2 concentrations in saliva samples. METHODS Pooled analysis performed with data retrieved from two studies (n = 634 and n = 302). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of sACE2, both total and relative to the total amount of protein in the sample, were compared according to sociodemographic variables and variables associated to nicotine. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to explore the associations of sACE2 with nicotine adjusting for sex, age and body mass index. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients were estimated between the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, and pack-years, the concentration of relative sACE2 and the isoforms of sACE2. RESULTS We observed a significant increase of 0.108‰ and 0.087 ng/μl in the relative and absolute salivary sACE2 GM concentrations, respectively, between the lowest and highest nicotine levels. Similar results were observed for cotinine. These associations did not change in the multivariable linear models. There was a low correlation of nicotine and cotinine concentration with the concentration of relative salivary sACE2 (rs = 0.153 and rs = 0.132, respectively), pack-years (rs = 0.222 and rs = 0.235, respectively) and with the concentration of isoform 40 KDa (rs = 0.193 and rs = 0.140, respectively). CONCLUSION Salivary nicotine concentration seems to be limitedly associated with the concentration of sACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Carballar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Marc Martínez-Láinez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hipólito Pérez-Martín
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Pascual
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sharma R, Ratnayake S, Lai H, Mishra S, Heidari A. A Unique Case of COVID-19 Presenting as Focal Seizures With Impaired Awareness. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2023; 11:23247096231208771. [PMID: 37909666 PMCID: PMC10621287 DOI: 10.1177/23247096231208771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has very rapidly become a global pandemic with millions of confirmed cases worldwide. In early 2021, viral encephalitis was the first neurological complication associated with COVID-19 and since then rise in cases has been reported with this association. A review highlighting 3 potential mechanisms linking a correlation between seizures and COVID-19 was previously reported. Herein described is a unique case of SARS-CoV2 infection that presented with focal seizure with impaired awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Sharma
- Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Ratnayake
- Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hobart Lai
- Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shikha Mishra
- Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arash Heidari
- Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Atmeh PA, Gay L, Levasseur A, La Scola B, Olive D, Mezouar S, Gorvel JP, Mege JL. Macrophages and γδ T cells interplay during SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1078741. [PMID: 36601113 PMCID: PMC9806226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1078741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants during the COVID pandemic has revealed the impact of variant diversity on viral infectivity and host immune responses. While antibodies and CD8 T cells are essential to clear viral infection, the protective role of innate immunity including macrophages has been recognized. The aims of our study were to compare the infectivity of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and to assess their activation profiles and the role of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We also studied the ability of macrophages infected to affect other immune cells such as γδ2 T cells, another partner of innate immune response to viral infections. Results We showed that the SARS-CoV-2 variants α-B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), β-B.1.351 (South Africa), γ-P.1 (Brazil), δ-B.1.617 (India) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), infected MDM without replication, the γ-Brazil variant exhibiting increased infectivity for MDM. No clear polarization profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants-infected MDM was observed. The β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced macrophage activation while B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was rather inhibitory. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 variants modulated ACE2 expression in MDM. In particular, the β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced a higher expression of ACE2, related to MDM activation. Finally, all variants were able to activate γδ2 cells among which γ-P.1 (Brazil) and β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variants were the most efficient. Conclusion Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 variants can infect MDM and modulate their activation, which was correlated with the ACE2 expression. They also affect γδ2 T cell activation. The macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 variants was stereotypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Abou Atmeh
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Univ, UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7258, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Univ, Assitance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France,*Correspondence: Jean-Louis Mege,
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Yang Z, Roth K, Ding J, Kassotis CD, Mor G, Petriello MC. Exposure to a mixture of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances modulates pulmonary expression of ACE2 and circulating hormones and cytokines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116284. [PMID: 36270329 PMCID: PMC10325118 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors impact on the interindividual variability of susceptibility to communicable and non-communicable diseases. A class of ubiquitous chemicals, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked in epidemiological studies to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to viral infections, but possible mechanisms are not well elucidated. To begin to gain insight into the role of PFAS in susceptibility to one such viral infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), male and female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to control water or a mixture of 5 PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, Genx) for 12 weeks and lungs were isolated for examination of expression of SARS-CoV-2-related receptors Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and others. Secondary analyses included circulating hormones and cytokines which have been shown to directly or indirectly impact on ACE2 expression and severity of viral infections. Changes in mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blotting and circulating hormones and cytokines were determined by ELISA and MESO QuickPlex. The PFAS mixture decreased Ace2 mRNA 2.5-fold in male mice (p < 0.0001), with no significant change observed in females. In addition, TMPRSS2, ANPEP, ENPEP and DPP4 (other genes implicated in COVID-19 infection) were modulated due to PFAS. Plasma testosterone, but not estrogen were strikingly decreased due to PFAS which corresponded to PFAS-mediated repression of 4 representative pulmonary AR target genes; hemoglobin, beta adult major chain (Hbb-b1), Ferrochelatase (Fech), Collagen Type XIV Alpha 1 Chain (Col14a1), 5'-Aminolevulinate Synthase 2 (Alas2). Finally, PFAS modulated circulating pro and anti-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ (downregulated 3.0-fold in females; p = 0.0301, 2.1-fold in males; p = 0.0418) and IL-6 (upregulated 5.6-fold in males; p = 0.030, no change in females). In conclusion, our data indicate long term exposure to a PFAS mixture impacts mechanisms related to expression of ACE2 in the lung. This work provides a mechanistic rationale for important future studies of PFAS exposure and subsequent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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32
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Ruan D, Ye ZW, Yuan S, Li Z, Zhang W, Ong CP, Tang K, Ka Ki Tam TT, Guo J, Xuan Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Lee CL, Lu L, Chiu PCN, Yeung WSB, Liu F, Jin DY, Liu P. Human early syncytiotrophoblasts are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100849. [PMID: 36495872 PMCID: PMC9671691 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct in vivo investigation of human placenta trophoblast's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is challenging. Here we report that human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) and their derivatives are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which reveals heterogeneity in hTSC cultures. Early syncytiotrophoblasts (eSTBs) generated from hTSCs have enriched transcriptomic features of peri-implantation trophoblasts, express high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and are productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta and Omicron variants to produce virions. Antiviral drugs suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in eSTBs and antagonize the virus-induced blockage of STB maturation. Although less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, trophoblast organoids originating from hTSCs show detectable viral replication reminiscent of the uncommon placental infection. These findings implicate possible risk of COVID-19 infection in peri-implantation embryos, which may go unnoticed. Stem cell-derived human trophoblasts such as eSTBs can potentially provide unlimited amounts of normal and genome-edited cells and facilitate coronavirus research and antiviral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degong Ruan
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Li
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chon Phin Ong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kaiming Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Timothy Theodore Ka Ki Tam
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jilong Guo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yiyi Xuan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yunying Huang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, No. 5 Hebing Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Pentao Liu
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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33
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. Proteolysis and Deficiency of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:271-291. [PMID: 36407837 PMCID: PMC9668222 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had stimulated the emergence of numerous publications on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), especially when it was found that the regions of high mortality corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the data obtained in the last century, when the first cause of the genetic deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leading to elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema was proven, it can be supposed that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with the impaired functions of α1-PI. The purpose of this review was to systematize the scientific data and critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of viral infection: the reception and penetration of the virus into a cell and the imbalance of the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinin, and blood clotting systems. The role of ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases in the virus tropism, the activation of proteolytic cascades in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is considered. The scientific reports on α1-PI involvement in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the relationship with the severity of infection and comorbidities were analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the state of patients with proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases, which are accompanied by the risk factors for comorbidity progression and the long-term consequences of COVID-19. Essential data on the search and application of protease inhibitor drugs in the therapy for bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies were analyzed. The evidence of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anti-apoptotic effects of α1-PI, as well as the prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. V. Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - D. A. Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Ranjbar T, Oza PP, Kashfi K. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide at the Crossroads of Hypertension and COVID-19: Racial Disparities and Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213895. [PMID: 36430371 PMCID: PMC9699619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is more severe in the elderly, racial minorities, and those with comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. These pathologies are often controlled with medications involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is an endocrine system involved in maintaining blood pressure and blood volume through components of the system. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through ACE2, a membrane-bound protein related to RAAS. Therefore, the use of RAAS inhibitors could worsen the severity of COVID-19's symptoms, especially amongst those with pre-existing comorbidities. Although a vaccine is currently available to prevent and reduce the symptom severity of COVID-19, other options, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, may also have utility to prevent and treat this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Ranjbar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Palak P. Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. Utility of NO and H 2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:72-102. [PMID: 36029975 PMCID: PMC9398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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Proposition of a New POLA Index to Assess the Immunomodulatory Properties of the Diet and Its Relationship with the Gut Microbiota, Using the Example of the Incidence of COVID-19 in a Group of People without Comorbidities. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204227. [PMID: 36296911 PMCID: PMC9607188 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in the incidence of infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has sparked the search for protective strategies against the new pathogen. It is known that individual food components can interact with different immune cells, modulating the immune response of the body. The aim of this study was to develop an index assessing the immunomodulatory potential of diet (POLA index) and to test its utility for the prediction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a group of healthy young people following a traditional or vegetarian diet. Data on body composition, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, dietary intake, and gut microbiota were obtained from 95 adults (mean age, 34.66 ± 5.76 years). There was a strong correlation between the dietary inflammatory index and the POLA index (r = 0.90; p < 0.0001). Based on Cohen’s kappa statistic, there was a good agreement in qualitative interpretation between the two indices (kappa = 0.61; p < 0.0001). People on a diet with beneficial immunomodulatory effects had a lower risk of COVID-19 of approximately 80%, as compared with those on a diet with highly unbeneficial immunomodulatory effects. In daily practice, the POLA index might serve as a useful tool for dietitians to identify individuals whose diet is deficient in ingredients for optimal immune system function and change their dietary behavior to ensure optimal immune function that reduces the risk of infection.
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Fessler SN, Liu L, Chang Y, Yip T, Johnston CS. Palmitoylethanolamide Reduces Proinflammatory Markers in Unvaccinated Adults Recently Diagnosed with COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:2218-2226. [PMID: 36084236 PMCID: PMC9494383 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is at the core of many chronic conditions and exacerbates infectious conditions, including the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the effects of a novel food supplement, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), specifically Levagen+, as compared with a placebo on proinflammatory biomarkers in adults recently diagnosed with COVID-19 who were unvaccinated and nonhospitalized. METHODS This study was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted October 2020-March 2021 (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04912921). Participants aged 19-53 y were unvaccinated and recently infected with COVID-19 as indicated by a positive test result per RT-PCR or antigen test, and they reported to the test site following diagnosis as allowed by the CDC's return-to-work policy. Participants were stratified by age, sex, and BMI and randomly assigned by coin toss to receive 600 mg Levagen+ twice daily (LEV) or placebo tablets twice daily (CON) for 4 wk. At baseline and week 4, participants completed health histories, 24-h dietary recalls, anthropometrics, and nonfasting blood sampling. The primary outcomes were the 4-wk change between groups for IL-6, C-reactive protein, ferritin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess treatment effects on outcomes, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS A total of 60 participants completed the study (LEV: n = 30; CON: n = 30). After 4 wk of supplementation, sP-selectin (β = -11.5; 95% CI: -19.8, -3.15; P = 0.0078), IL-1β (β = -22.9; 95% CI: -42.4, -3.40; P = 0.0222), and IL-2 (β = -1.73; 95% CI: -3.45, -0.065; P = 0.0492) concentrations were significantly reduced in the LEV group compared with the CON group. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory mechanisms are crucial to optimal resolution of infectious conditions, yet unchecked secretion of inflammatory mediators can promote the dysregulated immune response implicated in COVID-19 complications. Overall, PEA supplementation produced anti-inflammatory effects in individuals recently diagnosed with COVID-19 who were nonhospitalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Fessler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Address correspondence to SNF (E-mail: )
| | - Li Liu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yung Chang
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Yip
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Rahhal A, Najim M, Aljundi AH, Mahfouz A, Alyafei SM, Awaisu A, Habib MB, Obeidat I, Faisal MM, Alanzi MA, Nair AP, Elhassan A, Al-Dushain A, Abdelmajid AA, Abdelgader AE, Moursi AMA, Alharafsheh AEN, Kamar MRA, Goravey W, Omar AS, Abukhattab M, Khatib MY, Mohamedali MG, AlMaslamani MAR, Alemadi S. Adding colchicine to tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30618. [PMID: 36181009 PMCID: PMC9524530 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colchicine acts upstream in the cytokines cascade by inhibiting the nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome while interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor antagonists, such as tocilizumab, block the end result of the cytokines cascade. Hence, adding colchicine to tocilizumab with the aim of blocking the early and end products of the cytokines cascade, might reduce the risk of developing cytokine storm. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to conduct an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding colchicine to tocilizumab among patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia to reduce the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality. We will include patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who received tocilizumab according to our local guidelines. Enrolled patients will be then randomized in 1:1 to colchicine versus no colchicine. Patients will be followed up for 30 days. The primary outcome is the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation and will be determined using Cox proportional hazard model. DISCUSSION Given colchicine's ease of use, low cost, good safety profile, and having different anti-inflammatory mechanism of action than other IL-6 blockade, colchicine might serve as a potential anti-inflammatory agent among patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This study will provide valuable insights on the use of colchicine in severe COVID-19 when added to IL-6 antagonists. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Medical Research Center and Institutional Review Board at Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar approved the study protocol (MRC-01-21-299). Results of the analysis will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Rahhal
- Pharmacy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Alaa Rahhal, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar (e-mail: )
| | - Mostafa Najim
- Internal Medicine Department, Rochester Regional Health - Unity Hospital, NY, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Pharmacy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Awaisu
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mhd, Baraa Habib
- Internal Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim Obeidat
- Internal Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Areeg Elhassan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wael Goravey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amr Salah Omar
- Cardiothoracic Surgery/Cardiac Anaesthesia Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abukhattab
- Cardiothoracic Surgery/Cardiac Anaesthesia Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Samar Alemadi
- Rheumatology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Liao TH, Wu HC, Liao MT, Hu WC, Tsai KW, Lin CC, Lu KC. The Perspective of Vitamin D on suPAR-Related AKI in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810725. [PMID: 36142634 PMCID: PMC9500944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed the lives of millions of people around the world. Severe vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of death in people with COVID-19. There is growing evidence that acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in COVID-19 patients and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The kidney effects of SARS-CoV-2 are directly mediated by angiotensin 2-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors. AKI is also caused by indirect causes such as the hypercoagulable state and microvascular thrombosis. The increased release of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) from immature myeloid cells reduces plasminogen activation by the competitive inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which results in low plasmin levels and a fibrinolytic state in COVID-19. Frequent hypercoagulability in critically ill patients with COVID-19 may exacerbate the severity of thrombosis. Versican expression in proximal tubular cells leads to the proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts through the C3a and suPAR pathways. Vitamin D attenuates the local expression of podocyte uPAR and decreases elevated circulating suPAR levels caused by systemic inflammation. This decrease preserves the function and structure of the glomerular barrier, thereby maintaining renal function. The attenuated hyperinflammatory state reduces complement activation, resulting in lower serum C3a levels. Vitamin D can also protect against COVID-19 by modulating innate and adaptive immunity, increasing ACE2 expression, and inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. We hypothesized that by reducing suPAR levels, appropriate vitamin D supplementation could prevent the progression and reduce the severity of AKI in COVID-19 patients, although the data available require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsien Liao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chang Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Speth RC, Bader M. Why Angiotensin II is a Poor Choice for Circulatory Support of Ventilated COVID-19 Patients Compared to Vasopressin. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:3079. [PMID: 36438606 PMCID: PMC9696557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic when it was first reported that SARS-CoV-2 used membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as its receptor for entry into cells, warnings were raised against the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) because of their potential to increase ACE2 expression. These reports ignored the adverse effects that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exerts on the cardiovascular system and kidneys via its primary hormone angiotensin (Ang) II acting upon AT1 receptors that could exacerbate the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 1. At one point it was even recommended that COVID-19 patients suffering from cardiovascular collapse be administered Ang II to restore blood pressure rather than norepinephrine or vasopressin 2. An alternative strategy for treating COVID-19 was the administration of soluble ACE2 (sACE2) to act as a decoy receptor for the virus, misdirecting it away from vulnerable cells expressing membrane bound ACE2 3-5. However, a paper published in early 2021 6 described a scenario in which sACE2 and vasopressin played essential roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells vulnerable to the virus. This commentary challenges both the 2 and 6 reports based upon their misconceptions and technical errors that pose a threat to the administration of life-saving therapies for severely affected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 USA, or
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany,University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, or
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Das BB, Akam-Venkata J, Abdulkarim M, Hussain T. Parametric Mapping Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis of Myocarditis in Children in the Era of COVID-19 and MIS-C. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071061. [PMID: 35884045 PMCID: PMC9320921 DOI: 10.3390/children9071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis comprises many clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to sudden cardiac death. The history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory markers, and electrocardiogram are usually helpful in the initial assessment of suspected acute myocarditis. Echocardiography is the primary tool to detect ventricular wall motion abnormalities, pericardial effusion, valvular regurgitation, and impaired function. The advancement of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been helpful in clinical practice for diagnosing myocarditis. A recent Scientific Statement by the American Heart Association suggested CMR as a confirmatory test to diagnose acute myocarditis in children. However, standard CMR parametric mapping parameters for diagnosing myocarditis are unavailable in pediatric patients for consistency and reliability in the interpretation. The present review highlights the unmet clinical needs for standard CMR parametric criteria for diagnosing acute and chronic myocarditis in children and differentiating dilated chronic myocarditis phenotype from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Of particular relevance to today’s practice, we also assess the potential and limitations of CMR to diagnose acute myocarditis in children exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infections. The latter section will discuss the multi-inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mRNA coronavirus disease 19 vaccine-associated myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B. Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s of Mississippi Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-601-984-5250; Fax: +1-601-984-5283
| | - Jyothsna Akam-Venkata
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s of Mississippi Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Mubeena Abdulkarim
- Pediatric Cardiology, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA;
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Health, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
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Pozdnyakova N, Krisanova N, Pastukhov A, Tarasenko A, Dudarenko M, Chernykh A, Pashenko A, Ryabukhin S, Tolstanova G, Volochnyuk D, Borisova T. Neuromodulation by selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors. Neuroscience 2022; 498:155-173. [PMID: 35817218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, neuromodulatory effects of selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors were investigated. Two different types of small molecule ligands for ACE2 inhibition were selected using chemical genetic approach, they were synthesized using developed chemical method and tested using presynaptic rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). EBC-36032 (1 µM) increased in a dose-dependent manner spontaneous and stimulated ROS generation in nerve terminals that was of non-mitochondrial origin. Another inhibitor EBC-36033 (MLN-4760) was inert regarding modulation of ROS generation. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 (100 µM) did not modulate the exocytotic release of L-[14C]glutamate, whereas both inhibitors decreased the initial rate of uptake, but not accumulation (10 min) of L-[14C]glutamate by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 (100 µM) decreased the exocytotic release as well as the initial rate and accumulation of [3H]GABA by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 did not change the extracellular levels and transporter-mediated release of [3H]GABA and L-[14C]glutamate, and tonic leakage of [3H]GABA from nerve terminals. Therefore, synthesized selective ACE2 inhibitors decreased uptake of glutamate and GABA as well as exocytosis of GABA at the presynaptic level. The initial rate of glutamate uptake was the only parameter that was mitigated by both ACE2 inhibitors despite stereochemistry issues. In terms of ACE2-targeted antiviral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 and other therapies, novel ACE2 inhibitors should be checked on the subject of possible renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-independent neurological side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pozdnyakova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Alla Tarasenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Anton Chernykh
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Pashenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Ryabukhin
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Tolstanova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy Volochnyuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine; Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine.
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Rajendran R, Chathambath A, Al-Sehemi AG, Pannipara M, Unnikrishnan MK, Aleya L, Raghavan RP, Mathew B. Critical role of nitric oxide in impeding COVID-19 transmission and prevention: a promising possibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38657-38672. [PMID: 35258738 PMCID: PMC8902850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a serious respiratory infection caused by a beta-coronavirus that is closely linked to SARS. Hypoxemia is a symptom of infection, which is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Augmenting supplementary oxygen may not always improve oxygen saturation; reversing hypoxemia in COVID-19 necessitates sophisticated means to promote oxygen transfer from alveoli to blood. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of the respiratory coronavirus, a property that distinguishes it from other vasodilators. These findings imply that NO may have a crucial role in the therapy of COVID-19, indicating research into optimal methods to restore pulmonary physiology. According to clinical and experimental data, NO is a selective vasodilator proven to restore oxygenation by helping to normalize shunts and ventilation/perfusion mismatches. This study examines the role of NO in COVID-19 in terms of its specific physiological and biochemical properties, as well as the possibility of using inhaled NO as a standard therapy. We have also discussed how NO could be used to prevent and cure COVID-19, in addition to the limitations of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anjana Chathambath
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, CNRS6249, Besancon, France
| | - Roshni Pushpa Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
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Akbasheva OE, Spirina LV, Dyakov DA, Masunova NV. [Proteolysis and deficiency of α1-proteinase inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 infection]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:157-176. [PMID: 35717581 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226803157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemia had stimulated the numerous publications emergence on the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, α1-antitrypsin), primarily when it was found that high mortality in some regions corresponded to the regions with deficient α1-PI alleles. By analogy with the last century's data, when the root cause of the α1-antitrypsin, genetic deficiency leading to the elastase activation in pulmonary emphysema, was proven. It is evident that proteolysis hyperactivation in COVID-19 may be associated with α1-PI impaired functions. The purpose of this review is to systematize scientific data, critical directions for translational studies on the role of α1-PI in SARS-CoV-2-induced proteolysis hyperactivation as a diagnostic marker and a target in therapy. This review describes the proteinase-dependent stages of a viral infection: the reception and virus penetration into the cell, the plasma aldosterone-angiotensin-renin, kinins, blood clotting systems imbalance. The ACE2, TMPRSS, ADAM17, furin, cathepsins, trypsin- and elastase-like serine proteinases role in the virus tropism, proteolytic cascades activation in blood, and the COVID-19-dependent complications is presented. The analysis of scientific reports on the α1-PI implementation in the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, the links with the infection severity, and comorbidities were carried out. Particular attention is paid to the acquired α1-PI deficiency in assessing the patients with the proteolysis overactivation and chronic non-inflammatory diseases that are accompanied by the risk factors for the comorbidities progression, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 initiation. Analyzed data on the search and proteases inhibitory drugs usage in the bronchopulmonary cardiovascular pathologies therapy are essential. It becomes evident the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anti-apoptotic effect of α1-PI. The prominent data and prospects for its application as a targeted drug in the SARS-CoV-2 acquired pneumonia and related disorders are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L V Spirina
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia; Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - D A Dyakov
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Masunova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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Amssayef A, Bouadid I, El-Haidani A, Eddouks M. Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of Rumex vesicarius (L.) through receptor-operated calcium channels in hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:CHDDT-EPUB-124080. [PMID: 35642122 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x22666220531110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to assess the antihypertensive activity of Rumex vesicarius. BACKGROUND The genus Rumex (sorrel, Polygonaceae), containing approximately 200 species, is distributed worldwide (African, European, Asian, and American countries). It is widely used in traditional medicine as analgesic, diuretic, antispasmodic, and antihypertensive plants. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the possible antihypertensive vasorelaxant capacity and effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) of the aqueous extract of Rumex vesicarius (R. vesicarius). MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, the aqueous extract of R. vesicarius (AERV) was prepared, its antihypertensive activity was examined in N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats, and its vasorelaxant ability along with its effect on stimulating or inhibiting ACE-2 were performed in isolated rat thoracic aorta. RESULTS The results indicated that AERV decreased the systolic, diastolic, mean, and mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The data revealed that AERV exerted its antihypertensive effect through vasodilatory properties via an endothelium-independent pathway. Interestingly, the study demonstrated that the vasorelaxation ability of AERV might be mediated through receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCC). However, AERV extract had no effect on either stimulating or inhibiting ACE-2. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates clearly the antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activities of R. vesicarius in hypertensive rats, supporting its beneficial action as an antihypertensive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Amssayef
- Team of Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco. BP 509 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Ismail Bouadid
- Team of Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco. BP 509 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Ahmed El-Haidani
- Team of Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco. BP 509 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Eddouks
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia, Morocco. BP 509 Errachidia, Morocco
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Disengaging the COVID-19 Clutch as a Discerning Eye Over the Inflammatory Circuit During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Inflammation 2022; 45:1875-1894. [PMID: 35639261 PMCID: PMC9153229 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics are fundamental to protect against environmental insults, but they are highly susceptible to viral infections. Defective mitochondria are potential sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 damages mitochondria, alters autophagy, reduces nitric oxide (NO), and increases both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) and ROS. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited activated toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD-), leucine-rich repeat (LRR-), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The activation of TLRs and NLRP3 by SARS‐CoV‐2 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-18, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Herein, we outline the inflammatory circuit of COVID-19 and what occurs behind the scene, the interplay of NOX/ROS and their role in hypoxia and thrombosis, and the important role of ROS scavengers to reduce COVID-19-related inflammation.
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Ruggiero V, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P, Campiglia P, Russo P. Post-COVID Syndrome: The Research Progress in the Treatment of Pulmonary sequelae after COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061135. [PMID: 35745708 PMCID: PMC9229559 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-COVID syndrome or long COVID is defined as the persistence of symptoms after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease. The content herein presented reviews the reported long-term consequences and aftereffects of COVID-19 infection and the potential strategies to adopt for their management. Recent studies have shown that severe forms of COVID-19 can progress into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a predisposing factor of pulmonary fibrosis that can irreversibly compromise respiratory function. Considering that the most serious complications are observed in the airways, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs should be preferred, since it allows to lower the dose and systemic side effects. Although further studies are needed to optimize these techniques, recent studies have also shown the importance of in vitro models to recreate the SARS-CoV-2 infection and study its sequelae. The information reported suggests the necessity to develop new inhalation therapies in order to improve the quality of life of patients who suffer from this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rita P. Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Pasquale Del Gaudio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (V.R.); (R.P.A.); (P.D.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Silva J, Patricio F, Patricio-Martínez A, Santos-López G, Cedillo L, Tizabi Y, Limón ID. Neuropathological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Significance for Both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:867825. [PMID: 35592266 PMCID: PMC9111171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.867825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system can result in neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, routes of SARS-Cov-2 entry into the brain via neuroinvasive pathways such as transcribrial, ocular surface or hematogenous system are discussed. It is argued that SARS-Cov-2-induced cytokine storm, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants on protein aggregation, glia or microglia activation, and blood-brain barrier are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Silva
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Mexico
| | - Lilia Cedillo
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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49
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NO in Viral Infections: Role and Development of Antiviral Therapies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072337. [PMID: 35408735 PMCID: PMC9000700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signaling radical that influences critical body functions. Its importance in the cardiovascular system and the innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections has been extensively investigated. The overproduction of NO is an early component of viral infections, including those affecting the respiratory tract. The production of high levels of NO is due to the overexpression of NO biosynthesis by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is involved in viral clearance. The development of NO-based antiviral therapies, particularly gaseous NO inhalation and NO-donors, has proven to be an excellent antiviral therapeutic strategy. The aim of this review is to systematically examine the multiple research studies that have been carried out to elucidate the role of NO in viral infections and to comprehensively describe the NO-based antiviral strategies that have been developed thus far. Particular attention has been paid to the potential mechanisms of NO and its clinical use in the prevention and therapy of COVID-19.
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50
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Walter LO, Cardoso CC, Santos‐Pirath ÍM, Costa HZ, Gartner R, Werle I, Mohr ETB, da Rosa JS, Felisberto M, Kretzer IF, Masukawa II, Vanny PDA, Luiz MC, de Moraes ACR, Dalmarco EM, Santos‐Silva MC. The relationship between peripheral immune response and disease severity in SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects: A cross-sectional study. Immunology 2022; 165:481-496. [PMID: 35146763 PMCID: PMC9111570 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and marked by an intense inflammatory response and immune dysregulation in the most severe cases. In order to better clarify the relationship between peripheral immune system changes and the severity of COVID-19, this study aimed to evaluate the frequencies and absolute numbers of peripheral subsets of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), in addition to quantifying the levels of inflammatory mediators. One hundred fifty-seven COVID-19 patients were stratified into mild, moderate, severe, and critical disease categories. The cellular components and circulating cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry. Nitric oxide (NOx) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured by colourimetric tests. COVID-19 patients presented neutrophilia, with signs of emergency myelopoiesis. Alterations in the monocytic component were observed in patients with moderate to critical illness, with an increase in classical monocytes and a reduction in nonclassical monocytes, in addition to a reduction in the expression of HLA-DR in all subtypes of monocytes, indicating immunosuppression. DCs, especially plasmacytoid DCs, also showed a large reduction in moderate to critical patients. COVID-19 patients showed an increase in MPO, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8, accompanied by a reduction in IL-17A and NOx. IL-10 levels ≥14 pg/ml were strongly related to the worst outcome, with a sensitivity of 78·3% and a specificity of 79·1%. The results of this study indicate the presence of systemic effects induced by COVID-19, which appear to be related to the pathophysiology of the disease, highlighting the potential of IL-10 as a possible prognostic biomarker for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otto Walter
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Chandra Chiappin Cardoso
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Íris Mattos Santos‐Pirath
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Heloisa Zorzi Costa
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Rafaela Gartner
- Clinical Analysis DepartmentHealth Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Isabel Werle
- Clinical Analysis DepartmentHealth Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | | | - Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Mariano Felisberto
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Iara Fabricia Kretzer
- Clinical Analysis DepartmentHealth Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Ivete Ioshiko Masukawa
- Infectious Disease ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
- Infectious Disease ServiceNereu Ramos Hospital. State Health DepartmentFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Patrícia de Almeida Vanny
- Infectious Disease ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Magali Chaves Luiz
- Infectious Disease ServiceNereu Ramos Hospital. State Health DepartmentFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rabello de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Santos‐Silva
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
- Division of Clinical AnalysisFlow Cytometry ServiceUniversity Hospital of the Federal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
- Clinical Analysis DepartmentHealth Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in PharmacyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
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