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Xu S, Yu Z, Li Z, Wang Z, Shi C, Li J, Wang F, Liu H. Wheat bran inclusion level impacts its net energy by shaping gut microbiota and regulating heat production in gestating sows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:45-57. [PMID: 37779510 PMCID: PMC10539868 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
An accurate estimation of net energy (NE) of wheat bran is essential for precision feeding of sows. However, the effects of inclusion level on NE of wheat bran have not been reported. Inclusion level was hypothesized to impact NE of wheat bran by regulating gut microbiota and partitioning of heat production. Therefore, twelve multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 2 to 4 parity) were assigned to a replicated 3 × 6 Youden square with 3 successive periods and 6 diets in each square. The experiment included a corn-soybean meal diet (WB0) and five diets including 9.8% (WB10), 19.5% (WB20), 29.2% (WB30), 39.0% (WB40) and 48.7% wheat bran (WB50), respectively. Each period included 6 d of adaptation to diets followed by 6 d for heat production measurement using open-circuit respiration chambers. Compared with other groups, WB30, WB40, and WB50 enriched different fiber-degrading bacteria genera (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of wheat bran were greater in WB30 and WB40 (P < 0.05). Physical activity (standing and sitting) decreased as inclusion level increased (P = 0.04), which tended to decrease related heat production (P = 0.07). Thermic effect of feeding (TEF) was higher in WB50 than other treatments (P < 0.01). Metabolizable energy of wheat bran was similar among treatment groups (except for WB10). NE of wheat bran conformed to a quadratic regression equation with inclusion level (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.01) and peaked at an inclusion level of 35.3%. In conclusion, increasing inclusion level decreased energy expenditure of sows on physical activity and promoted growth of fiber-degrading bacteria, which improved energy utilization of fiber. Fermentation of wheat bran fiber by Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and norank_f__Paludibacteraceae might increase TEF. Consequently, sows utilized energy in wheat bran most efficiently at an inclusion level of 35.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zirou Yu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zongliang Li
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hu Liu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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Fan W, Sun X, Cui G, Li Q, Xu Y, Wang L, Li X, Hu B, Chi Z. A strategy of co-fermentation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and lignocellulosic feedstocks as swine feed. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:212-226. [PMID: 35658696 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2027337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To meet the sustainable development of the swine feed industry, it is essential to find alternative feed resources and develop new feed processing technologies. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product from the ethanol industry consisting of adequate nutrients for swine and is an excellent choice for the swine farming industry. Here, a strategy of co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks for production of swine feed was discussed. The potential of the DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks as feedstock for fermented pig feed and the complementary relationship between them were described. In order to facilitate the swine feed research in co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks, the relevant studies on strain selection, fermentation conditions, targeted metabolism, product nutrition, as well as the growth and health of swine were collected and critically reviewed. This review proposed an approach for the production of easily digestible and highly nutritious swine feed via co-fermentation of DDGS and lignocellulosic feedstocks, which could provide a guide for cleaner swine farming, relieve stress on the increasing demand of high-value swine feed, and finally support the ever-increasing demand of the pork market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Guannan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Zhanyou Chi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Gao Q, Liu Z, Li K, Bai G, Liu L, Zhong R, Chen L, Zhang H. Time-course effects of different fiber-rich ingredients on energy values, microbiota composition and SCFA profile in growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:263-275. [PMID: 36712404 PMCID: PMC9868344 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5 d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet (P < 0.05) regardless of the time effect. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinctly different microbial communities on the DFRB diet and SBH diet across different times (P < 0.05) and the fecal microbiota of the 4 diet groups demonstrated notably distinct clusters at each time point (P < 0.05). With adaptation time increased from 7 to 21 d, cellulose-degrading bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Rikenellaceae _RC9_gut_group and Bifidobacterium) increased in the fiber inclusion diets, and pathogenic genera (e.g., Streptococcus and Selenomonas) were increased in the basal diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of growing pigs adapted more easily and quickly to the SBP diet compared to the DFRB diet, as reflected by the concentration of propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and total SCFA which increased with time for growing pigs fed the DFRB diet (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated at least 7 d adaptation was required to evaluate the energy values of fiber-rich ingredients, as the hindgut microbiota of growing pigs may need more time to adapt to a high fiber diet, especially for insoluble dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guosong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu Z, Li N, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Liu Z, Song C, Yan J, Mu S. Influence of Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae Crude Extracts on the Fecal Microbiome and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162109. [PMID: 36009699 PMCID: PMC9404931 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the influence of adding Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) and Radix Puerariae crude extracts and their mixture to the diet of finishing pigs on their fecal microbes and nutrient apparent digestibility. A total of 72 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred barrows without significant differences in body weight (93 ± 2 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (18 in each group). Three replicate pens per group (six pigs per pen) were used, and two pigs were evaluated for each pen. The groups were fed the following diets: control group (CON), basic diet; chlorogenic acid group (CGA group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract; Pueraria flavonoid group (PF group), basic diet + 1 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract; and mix group (Mix group), basic diet + 0.5 kg/ton L. japonica crude extract + 0.5 kg/ton Radix Puerariae crude extract. The following results were obtained: (1) At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobaeteres, and Kiritimatiellaeota were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from phyla Firmicutes significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, Treponema_2, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, uncultured_bacterium_f_Prevotellaceae, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group were the main components of the fecal microbiota (top 5); the relative abundance of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus significantly increased in the Mix group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Chao1 and Ace counts were significantly higher in group CGA than in the CON group and group Mix (p < 0.05). The alpha and beta diversities and the relative abundance of fecal microbes were higher in all test groups than in the CON group. (2) The protein digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA and PF groups than in the CON group, and the TP digestibility was significantly higher in the CGA than in the CON and Mix groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Lonicera japonica and Radix Puerariae crude extract supplementation in the diet significantly changed fecal microbiota and improved the protein and TP digestibility of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Zi Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Zhengqun Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Chunling Song
- Beijing Tianfulai Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuqin Mu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.M.)
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Wang K, Yang A, Peng X, Lv F, Wang Y, Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Si H. Linkages of Various Calcium Sources on Immune Performance, Diarrhea Rate, Intestinal Barrier, and Post-gut Microbial Structure and Function in Piglets. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921773. [PMID: 35782941 PMCID: PMC9248811 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different sources of calcium on immune performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal barrier, and post-intestinal flora structure and function in weaned piglets. A total of 1,000 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to five groups 10 replicate pens per treatment, 20 piglets per pen and fed calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, multiple calcium, and organic trace minerals of different concentrations of acidifier diets. The results of the study showed that the replacement of calcium carbonate with calcium citrate and multiple calcium had almost no significant effect on immune indexes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) of piglets compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The five groups did not show a change in the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index (p > 0.05). The diet containing multiple calcium dramatically decreased the TP compared to the C and L diet (p < 0.05). No significant difference in HDL was noted in the five groups (p > 0.05). However, the concentration of LDL in blood in the multiple calcium group was significantly higher than that in groups L and D (p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of Glu in blood in the multiple calcium group was significantly higher than that in group C (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, calcium citrate plus organic trace minerals diet markedly increased UCG-005 abundance in the colon (p < 0.05). In addition, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group had an upward trend in the colon of the M group compared to the D group (p = 0.070). Meanwhile, calcium citrate plus organic trace minerals diet markedly increased Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 abundance in the colon (p < 0.05). Metagenomic predictions by PICRUSt suggested that the colonic and fecal microbiota was mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaomin Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Feifei Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Hongbin Si
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbin Si,
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Cong X, Li X, Yang G, Guo D, Tian H, Li J. Effects of dietary starch sources on pellet‐processing characteristics, growth performance and caecal microflora of meat rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:888-898. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Xiuyi Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Guiqin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Dongxin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - He Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Jiantao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
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Li H, Yin J, Tan B, Chen J, Zhang H, Li Z, Ma X. Physiological function and application of dietary fiber in pig nutrition: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:259-267. [PMID: 34258414 PMCID: PMC8245790 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF), divided into soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), has attracted increasing attention in the field of pig nutrition. Although DF reduces nutrient digestibility and inhibits energy deposition in most cases, fiber-rich feeds have been widely used in pig diets. This is not only because of lower feed costs, but also from the continuous discovery about the nutritional value of DF, mainly including the improvement of piglet intestinal health and sow reproductive performance. The addition timing has also been further considered, which potentially enables the nutritional value of DF to be accurately used in applicable pig models. Furthermore, fiber degrading enzymes have been shown to alleviate the anti-nutritional effects of DF and have ensured the improvement effect of fiber on intestinal health in young piglet models. However, the regulatory effect of fiber on pork quality is still unclear, which requires consideration of the wide range of fiber sources and the complexity of the basic diet composition, as well as the impact of pig breeds. Taken together, future research needs to gain more insight into the combined effects of SDF and IDF, processing methods, and addition timing to improve the nutritional value of DF, and further explore the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of DF fermentation products short-chain fatty acids in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Petry AL, Huntley NF, Bedford MR, Patience JF. Xylanase increased the energetic contribution of fiber and improved the oxidative status, gut barrier integrity, and growth performance of growing pigs fed insoluble corn-based fiber. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5873899. [PMID: 32687554 PMCID: PMC7392531 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental objective was to investigate the impact of xylanase on the bioavailability of energy, oxidative status, and gut function of growing pigs fed a diet high in insoluble fiber and given a longer adaptation time than typically reported. Three replicates of 20 gilts with an initial body weight (BW) of 25.43 ± 0.88 kg were blocked by BW, individually housed, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF) with 7.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), a 30% corn bran without solubles high-fiber control (HF; 21.9% NDF), HF + 100 mg/kg xylanase (HF + XY; Econase XT 25P), and HF + 50 mg/kg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (HF + AX). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d across two dietary phases. Pigs and feeders were weighed on days 0, 14, 27, and 36. On day 36, pigs were housed in metabolism crates for a 10-d period, limit fed (80% of average ad libitum intake), and feces and urine were collected the last 72 h to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). On day 46, serum and ileal and colonic tissue were collected. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with block and replication as random effects, and treatment, time, and treatment × time as fixed effects. There was a significant treatment × time interaction for BW, average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F; P < 0.001). By design, BW at day 0 did not differ; at day 14, pigs fed LF were 3.5% heavier, and pigs fed HF + XY, when compared with HF, were 4% and 4.2% heavier at days 27 and 36, respectively (P < 0.001). From day 14 to 27 and day 27 to 36, when compared with HF, HF + XY improved ADG by 12.4% and 10.7% and G:F by 13.8% and 8.8%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with LF, HF decreased DE and ME by 0.51 and 0.42 Mcal/kg, respectively, but xylanase partially mitigated that effect by increasing DE and ME by 0.15 and 0.12 Mcal/kg, over HF, respectively (P < 0.05). Pigs fed HF + XY had increased total antioxidant capacity in the serum and ileum (P < 0.05) and tended to have less circulating malondialdehyde (P = 0.098). Pigs fed LF had increased ileal villus height, and HF + XY and HF + AX had shallower intestinal crypts (P < 0.001). Pigs fed HF + XY had increased ileal messenger ribonucleic acid abundance of claudin 4 and occludin (P < 0.05). Xylanase, but not AX, improved the growth performance of pigs fed insoluble corn-based fiber. This was likely a result of the observed increase in ME, improved antioxidant capacity, and enhanced gut barrier integrity, but it may require increased adaptation time to elicit this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Long C, de Vries S, Venema K. Differently Pre-treated Rapeseed Meals Affect in vitro Swine Gut Microbiota Composition. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:570985. [PMID: 32983078 PMCID: PMC7483658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.570985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of untreated and processed rapeseed meal (RSM) on fiber degradability by pig gut microbiota and the adaptation of the microbiota to the substrate, by using the Swine Large Intestine in vitro Model (SLIM). A standardized swine gut microbiota was fed for 48 h with pre-digested RSM which was processed enzymatically by a cellulase (CELL), two pectinases (PECT), or chemically by an alkaline (ALK) treatment. Amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to evaluate the gut microbiota composition, whereas short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured to assess fiber degradation. Adaptive gPCA showed that CELL and ALK had larger effects on the microbiota composition than PECT1 and PECT2, and all substrates had larger effects than CON. The relative abundance of family Prevotellaceae was significantly higher in CELL treatment compared to other treatments. Regardless of the treatments (including CON), the relative abundance of Dorea, Allisonella, and FamilyXIIIUCG_001 (in the order of Clostridiales) were significantly increased after 24 h, and Parabacteroides, Mogibacterium, Intestinimonas, Oscillibacter, RuminococcaceaeUCG_009, Acidaminococcus, Sutterella, and Citrobacter were significantly higher in abundance at time point 48 compared to the earlier time points. Prevotella 9 had significant positive correlations with propionic and valeric acid, and Mogibacterium positively correlated with acetic and caproic acid. There was no significant difference in SCFA production between untreated and processed RSM. Overall, degradability in the processed RSM was not improved compared to CON. However, the significantly different microbes detected among treatments, and the bacteria considerably correlating with SCFA production might be important findings to determine strategies to shorten the fiber adaptation period of the microbiota, in order to increase feed efficiency in the animal, and particularly in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Tang GS, Liang XX, Yang MY, Wang TT, Chen JP, Du WG, Li H, Sun BJ. Captivity Influences Gut Microbiota in Crocodile Lizards ( Shinisaurus crocodilurus). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 32390955 PMCID: PMC7190797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Captivity is an important measure for conservation of an endangered species, and it is becoming a hot topic in conservation biology, which integrates gut microbiota and endangered species management in captivity. As an ancient reptile, the crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) is facing extreme danger of extinction, resulting in great significance to species conservation in the reserve. Thus, it is critical to understand the differences in gut microbiota composition between captive and wild populations, as it could provide fundamental information for conservative management of crocodile lizards. Here, fecal samples of crocodile lizards were collected from two wild and one captive populations with different ages (i.e., juveniles and adults) and were analyzed for microbiota composition by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing. This study showed that the lizard gut microbiota was mainly composed of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The gut microbiota composition of crocodile lizard did not differ between juveniles and adults, as well as between two wild populations. Interestingly, captivity increased community richness and influenced community structures of gut microbiota in crocodile lizards, compared with wild congeners. This was indicated by higher abundances of the genera Epulopiscium and Glutamicibacter. These increases might be induced by complex integration of simple food resources or human contact in captivity. The gut microbiota functions of crocodile lizards are primarily enriched in metabolism, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, and cellular processes based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. This study provides fundamental information about the gut microbiota of crocodile lizards in wild and captive populations. In the future, exploring the relationship among diet, gut microbiota, and host health is necessary for providing animal conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Xi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Van Hees HMJ, Davids M, Maes D, Millet S, Possemiers S, den Hartog LA, van Kempen TATG, Janssens GPJ. Dietary fibre enrichment of supplemental feed modulates the development of the intestinal tract in suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 31636904 PMCID: PMC6794736 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial pre-weaning diets are formulated to be highly digestible and nutrient-dense and contain low levels of dietary fibre. In contrast, pigs in a natural setting are manipulating fibre-rich plant material from a young age. Moreover, dietary fibre affects gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and health in older pigs. We hypothesised that supplemental diets that contain vegetal fibres are accelerating GIT development in suckling piglets in terms of size and functionality. From d 2 of life, sow-suckled piglets had access to a low fibre diet (CON), a diet with a fermentable long-chain arabinoxylan (lc-AXOS), a diet with a largely non-fermentable purified cellulose (CELL), or a diet containing both fibres. During the initial 2 weeks, the control diet was a high-density milk replacer, followed by a dry and highly digestible creep meal. Upon weaning at 25 d, 15 piglets from each treatment group, identified as eaters and originating from six or seven litters, were sacrificed for post-mortem examination of GIT morphology, small intestinal permeability and metabolic profile of the digesta. The microbiota composition of the mid-colon was evaluated in a sub-set of ten piglets. Results No major statistical interactions between the fibre sources were observed. Piglets consumed the fibre-containing milk supplements and creep diets well. Stomach size and small intestinal permeability was not affected. Large intestinal fill was increased with lc-AXOS only, while relative large intestinal weight was increased with both fibre sources (P < 0.050). Also, CELL decreased ileal pH and tended to increase ileal DM content compared to CON (P < 0.050). Moreover, the concentration of volatile fatty acids was increased in the caecum (P < 0.100) and mid-colon (P < 0.050) by addition of CELL. lc-AXOS only stimulated caecal propionate (P < 0.050). The microbiota composition showed a high individual variation and limited dietary impact. Nonetheless, CELL induced minor shifts in specific genera, with notable reductions of Escherichia-Shigella. Conclusions Adding dietary fibres to the supplemental diet of suckling piglets altered large intestinal morphology but not small intestinal permeability. Moreover, dietary fibre showed effects on fermentation and modest changes of microbial populations in the hindgut, with more prominent effects from the low-fermentable cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M J Van Hees
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - M Davids
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Maes
- 4Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,5ILVO, Eenheid Dier, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - L A den Hartog
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,7Animal Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T A T G van Kempen
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,8North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - G P J Janssens
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Verschuren LMG, Schokker D, Bergsma R, Jansman AJM, Molist F, Calus MPL. Prediction of nutrient digestibility in grower-finisher pigs based on faecal microbiota composition. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 137:23-35. [PMID: 31531910 PMCID: PMC6972985 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota play an important role in total tract nutrient digestion, especially when fibrous diets are fed to pigs. This study aimed to use metagenomics to predict faecal nutrient digestibility in grower‐finisher pigs. The study design consisted of 160 three‐way crossbreed grower‐finisher pigs (80 female and 80 male) which were either fed a diet based on corn/soybean meal or a more fibrous diet based on wheat/barley/by‐products. On the day before slaughter, faecal samples were collected and used to determine faecal digestibility of dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides. The faecal samples were also sequenced for the 16S hypervariable region of bacteria (V3/V4) to profile the faecal microbiome. With these data, we calculated the between‐animal variation in faecal nutrient digestibility associated with variation in the faecal microbiome, that is the “microbiability”. The microbiability values were significantly greater than zero for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides, ranging from 0.58 to 0.93, as well as for crude fat with a value of 0.37, but not significantly different from zero for ash. Using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation, we estimated the accuracy of predicting digestibility values of individual pigs based on their faecal microbiota composition. The accuracies of prediction for crude fat and ash digestibility were virtually 0, and for the other nutrients, the accuracies ranged from 0.42 to 0.63. In conclusion, the faecal microbiota composition gave high microbiability values for faecal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non‐starch polysaccharides. The accuracies of prediction are relatively low if the interest is in precisely predicting faecal nutrient digestibility of individual pigs, but are promising from the perspective of ranking animals in a genetic selection context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M G Verschuren
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Bergsma
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mario P L Calus
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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van Erp RJJ, de Vries S, van Kempen TATG, Gerrits WJJ. Pigs Ferment Enzymatically Digestible Starch when it Is Substituted for Resistant Starch. J Nutr 2019; 149:1346-1353. [PMID: 31162602 PMCID: PMC6686059 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding behavior is controlled by satiety mechanisms, which are affected by the extent of starch digestion, and thus resistant starch (RS) intake. Alterations in feeding behavior to changes in RS intake may depend on the adaptation of processes involved when shifting from starch digestion to fermentation or vice versa. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate how growing pigs adapt their feeding behavior in response to increasing and decreasing dietary RS concentrations. METHODS Thirty-six groups of 6 pigs (25.4 ± 2.8 kg; Hypor Libra × Hypor Maxter; male:female, 1:1) were fed diets containing 50% high-amylose maize starch (high RS; HRS) or waxy maize starch (low RS; LRS). Over 28 d, diets were exchanged following a 5-step titration (25% per step) that was executed in the upward (LH) or downward direction (HL). Twelve groups received a control diet to correct for changes over time. Individual feeding behavior and total tract starch digestion and fermentation were evaluated. The response in each parameter to increasing dietary HRS inclusion was estimated through the use of linear regression procedures, and tested for titration direction and sex effects. RESULTS Complete substitution of LRS with HRS increased the proportion of starch fermented, which was greater in LH pigs than in HL pigs (17.6% compared with 8.18%; P < 0.001), and decreased the feed intake (106 g/d; P = 0.021) and meal size (12.6 g; P < 0.001) of LH pigs, but not of HL pigs. In LH pigs, the size of the starch fermentation response positively correlated with the size of the feed intake response (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The attenuated response in starch fermentation in HL pigs indicates that pigs adapt more slowly to dietary supply of digestible starch than to RS, consequently resulting in fermentation of enzymatically digestible starch. Feed intake and feeding behavior only changed in pigs poorly adapting to RS, indicating that adequacy of adaptation, rather than RS itself, drives feed intake. These findings stress the importance of diet history for nutrient digestion and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik J J van Erp
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Address correspondence to RJJvE (e-mail: )
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A T G van Kempen
- Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Walter J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Sun G, Zhang H, Wei Q, Zhao C, Yang X, Wu X, Xia T, Liu G, Zhang L, Gao Y, Sha W, Li Y. Comparative Analyses of Fecal Microbiota in European Mouflon ( Ovis orientalis musimon) and Blue Sheep ( Pseudois nayaur) Living at Low or High Altitudes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1735. [PMID: 31417526 PMCID: PMC6682669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and essential system organ that plays an integrative role in balancing key vital functions in the host. Knowledge of the impact of altitude on the gut microbiota of European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) is currently limited. In this study, we compared the characteristics of gut microbiota in 5 mouflon at low altitude (K group), 4 mouflon at high altitude (L group), 4 blue sheep at low altitude (M group), and 4 blue sheep at high altitude (N group). The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Analyses based on the operational taxonomic units showed significant changes in the gut microbial communities between groups at different altitudes. At the phylum level, groups at the high altitudes had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes than those at the low altitudes. A higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio is beneficial to animals in terms of the gut microbiota-mediated energy harvest. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly higher in the gut microbiota of mouflon sheep at high altitudes. At the genus level, the Bacteroides:Prevotella ratio was significantly higher in the low-altitude group (than the high-altitude group) of mouflon sheep and the ratio was significantly higher in the high-altitude group (than the low-altitude group) in blue sheep. In addition, the Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 related to cellulose and starch digestion was the predominant genus in blue sheep and the relative abundance of the genus was significant higher in the high-altitude group than the low-altitude group of blue sheep (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggested that the gut microbiota of high-altitude groups of sheep had stronger abilities related to energy metabolism and the decomposition of substances, e.g., fiber and cellulose, and that such abilities are associated with high-altitude adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolei Sun
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Qinguo Wei
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Xiufeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Tian Xia
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Guangshuai Liu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | | | - Weilai Sha
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Ying Li
- Wild World Jinan, Jinan, China
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15
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Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis Investigating the Impacts of Dietary Starch Types on the Composition and Metabolism of Colonic Microbiota in Finishing Pigs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31191480 PMCID: PMC6549541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used a combination of 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing strategy and gas chromatograph time of flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF/MS) technique to investigate the effects of starch sources on the colonic microbiota and their metabolites in finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbred barrows were allocated to three different experimental diets with eight replicates and three pigs per replicate. The diet types included tapioca starch (TS), corn starch (CS), and pea starch (PS) (amylose/amylopectin were 0.11, 0.25, and 0.44, respectively). Results showed that the PS diet markedly increased (adjusted P < 0.05) the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate producers, such as Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Megasphaera, while decreased (adjusted P < 0.05) the abundance of Escherichia coli when compared with the TS diet. The metabolomic and biochemistry analyses demonstrated that the PS diet increased (adjusted P < 0.05) the concentrations of organic acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and lactate) and some macronutrients (sugars and long-chain fatty acids), and decreased (adjusted P < 0.05) the amino acids and their derivatives (leucine, glycine, putrescine, cadaverine, skatole, indole, and phenol) when compared with the TS diet. Additionally, Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the colonic metabolites were associated with changes in the microbial composition. Correlatively, these findings demonstrated that the different dietary starch types treatment significantly altered the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the pigs, and dietary with higher amylose may offer potential benefits for gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Rong
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Adaptation of intestinal fermentation over time in the growing pig is influenced by the amount of kiwi fruit consumed. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:601-614. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of kiwi fruit at two dietary levels on the adaptation of intestinal fermentation over time in the growing pig was studied. A semi-synthetic fibre-free diet and two semi-synthetic diets containing kiwi fruit as a model fibre source (133 or 266 g/kg (DM basis); 28 or 48 g fibre/kg) were formulated and the diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. A total of fourteen ileal cannulated pigs (41 kg body weight) were fed the fibre-free diet for 7 d followed by either the low or high kiwi fruit-containing diets (n 7/diet) for a further 44 d. Ileal digesta and faeces were collected at five times throughout the study. Ileal digesta were fermented (in vitro) with a standard pooled human faecal inoculum, while fresh pig faeces were used as inocula to ferment in vitro a standard purified fibre. Observations were normalised for diet DM intake using the marker. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy number of ileal and total faecal bacteria were high for the high-kiwi fruit level diet (P<0·05). The ileal bacteria tended to decrease over time (P<0·1), while the faecal bacteria increased (P<0·05), at the same rate for both diets. The amounts of crude protein and insoluble dietary fibre entering the hindgut changed over time similarly for both diets, whereas for starch it changed only for the low kiwi fruit-containing diet (P<0·05). Changes over time were also observed for the predicted hindgut valeric acid production and butyric acid absorption (P<0·05). In conclusion, adaptational changes over time of some characteristics of intestinal fermentation depended on the dietary level of kiwi fruit.
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17
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Zhang DY, Ji HF, Wang SX, Liu H, Wang J, Wang YM. In vitro characterisation of two Lactobacillus strains and evaluation of their suitability as probiotics for growing-finishing pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the probiotic properties of two strains Lactobacillus reuteri ZLR003 and Lactobacillus salivarius ZLS006. The two strains displayed tolerance of acid and heat, and demonstrated antimicrobial ability in vitro. Furthermore, their potential functions in vivo were also tested. A total of 120 crossbred (Landrace × Large White) growing pigs were divided into three groups: a control diet, the same diet supplemented with L. reuteri ZLR003 (2.0 × 109 cfu/kg of diet) or L. salivarius ZLS006 (3.50 × 109 cfu/kg of diet). The results showed that the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in L. reuteri ZLR003- (1–5 weeks and 1–9 weeks) (P < 0.05) and L. salivarius ZLS006-treated pigs (1–5 weeks, 6–9 weeks and 1–9 weeks) (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Dietary supplementation with L. salivarius ZLS006 increased the apparent digestibility of nitrogen at Week 9 (P < 0.05). The faecal Lactobacillus populations increased at the end of experiment, and the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in faeces decreased in the two Lactobacillus treatments compared with the control at Week 5 (P < 0.05) and Week 9 (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, the total cholesterol, alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, blood urea nitrogen and haptoglobin levels in serum were significantly decreased following L. reuteri ZLR003 and L. salivarius ZLS006 treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that the two Lactobacillus strains may be promising candidates for probiotic products in growing-finishing pigs.
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18
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Lyu Z, Huang C, Li Y, Li P, Liu H, Chen Y, Li D, Lai C. Adaptation duration for net energy determination of high fiber diets in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Yang W, Xin H, Cao F, Hou J, Ma L, Bao L, Wang F, Yu Z, Cao B. The significance of the diversity and composition of the cecal microbiota of the Tibetan swine. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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20
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Li P, Yang C, Yue R, Zhen Y, Zhuo Q, Piao J, Yang X, Xiao R. Modulation of the Fecal Microbiota in Sprague-Dawley Rats Using Genetically Modified and Isogenic Corn Lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:551-561. [PMID: 29264925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the composition and proportions of fecal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley rats after consuming two genetically modified (GM) corn lines in comparison with the isogenic corn and the AIN93G standard feed for 10 weeks using bar-coded 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As a result, GM corn did not significantly alter the overall health and alpha-diversity of fecal microbiota. Fecal microbiota structures could be separated into noncorn and corn but not non-GM and GM corn subgroups. Both non-GM and GM corn caused the increase in bacterial populations related to carbohydrates utilization, such as Lactobacillus, Barnesiella, and Bifidobacterium, and the reduction in potentially pathogenic populations, such as Tannerella and Moraxellaceae. In conclusion, similar effects on the fecal microbiota were observed after consuming a GM- and non-GM-corn-based diet for long periods. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the functional relevance of the changes in the proportions of bacterial populations in these diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penggao Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yue
- Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng , Shanxi 044000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhen
- Youanmen Clinical Detection Center, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition NHFPC, Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Piao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition NHFPC, Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition NHFPC, Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
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21
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Fernández Paggi MB, Martínez G, Diéguez SN, Pérez Gaudio DS, Decundo JM, Riccio MB, Amanto FA, Tapia MO, Soraci AL. Fosfomycin residues in colostrum: Impact on morpho-physiology and microbiology of suckling piglets. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:415-427. [PMID: 29333612 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic widely used in pig farms for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. In this study, the elimination of disodium fosfomycin in colostrum/milk of the sow and the impact of this antibiotic on the microbiota and intestinal morpho-physiology of suckling piglets were analyzed. The average amount of fosfomycin eliminated in colostrum (after administration of 15 mg/kg IM) during the first 10 hr postpartum was 0.85 μg/ml, and the mean residual amount ingested by the piglets was 0.26 mg/kg. The elimination profile of fosfomycin concentrations in colostrum occurs at a time of profound changes in the morpho-physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. However, the studied concentrations did not produce imbalances on the microbiota or on the morpho-physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. Concentrations of fosfomycin were maintained in the mammary gland above the MIC for more than 8 hr for pathogenic bacteria of productive importance. This would indicate that fosfomycin may be considered safe for the specific treatment of bacterial infectious processes in sows during the peri- and postpartum period. This first study with disodium fosfomycin stimulates awareness in the proper use of antimicrobials at farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - S N Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - D S Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - J M Decundo
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M B Riccio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - F A Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M O Tapia
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - A L Soraci
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
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22
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Xie Z, Hu L, Li Y, Geng S, Cheng S, Fu X, Zhao S, Han X. Changes of gut microbiota structure and morphology in weaned piglets treated with fresh fermented soybean meal. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:213. [PMID: 29147865 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary fresh fermented soybean meal (FSM) on the intestinal microbiota and metabolites, bacterial enzyme activity and intestinal morphology of weaning piglets. A total of 64 weaned piglets were randomly allocated into two treatments. A corn-soybean-based diet was used as the control and other treatment was fed the same basal diet containing 15% fresh FSM. The feeding trial lasted for 21 days. Bacterial community structure and diversity in the cecum and colon were assessed using pyrosequencing-based analysis. The results showed that the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes were dominant in the cecum or colon. Gut Firmicutes increased, while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria decreased in the fresh FSM-fed piglets. At the genus level, the relative abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus and Prevotella were higher in both cecum and colon of fresh FSM fed piglets. Meanwhile, fresh FSM could promote the development of intestinal morphological and reduce the incidence of diarrhea. The results indicated that fresh FSM might change intestinal function by influencing intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Twins' Group Co. Ltd, No. 799 Torch road, Gaoxin District, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Luansha Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shijie Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saisai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiongfeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shoumei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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23
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Williams BA, Grant LJ, Gidley MJ, Mikkelsen D. Gut Fermentation of Dietary Fibres: Physico-Chemistry of Plant Cell Walls and Implications for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2203. [PMID: 29053599 PMCID: PMC5666883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of dietary fibre (DF) originates from plant cell walls. Chemically, DF mostly comprise carbohydrate polymers, which resist hydrolysis by digestive enzymes in the mammalian small intestine, but can be fermented by large intestinal bacteria. One of the main benefits of DF relate to its fermentability, which affects microbial diversity and function within the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), as well as the by-products of the fermentation process. Much work examining DF tends to focus on various purified ingredients, which have been extracted from plants. Increasingly, the validity of this is being questioned in terms of human nutrition, as there is evidence to suggest that it is the actual complexity of DF which affects the complexity of the GIT microbiota. Here, we review the literature comparing results of fermentation of purified DF substrates, with whole plant foods. There are strong indications that the more complex and varied the diet (and its ingredients), the more complex and varied the GIT microbiota is likely to be. Therefore, it is proposed that as the DF fermentability resulting from this complex microbial population has such profound effects on human health in relation to diet, it would be appropriate to include DF fermentability in its characterization-a functional approach of immediate relevance to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lucas J Grant
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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24
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Huang C, Zhang S, Stein HH, Zhao J, Li D, Lai C. Effect of inclusion level and adaptation duration on digestible energy and nutrient digestibility in palm kernel meal fed to growing-finishing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:395-402. [PMID: 28920411 PMCID: PMC5838345 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of inclusion level of palm kernel meal (PKM) and adaptation duration on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs. Methods Thirty crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Large White) with an average initial body weight of 85.0±2.1 kg were fed 5 diets in a completely randomized design. The diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 4 additional diets in which corn and soybean meal were partly replaced by 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% PKM. After 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, feces were collected from d 8 to 12, d 15 to 19, d 22 to 26, and d 29 to 33, respectively. Results The DE and ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) in diets decreased linearly as the dietary PKM increased within each adaptation duration (p< 0.01). Diet containing 19.5% PKM had less DE value and ATTD of all detected items compared with other diets when fed to pigs for 14 days (p<0.05). The ATTD of CP in PKM calculated by 19.5% and 39.0% linearly increased as adaptation duration prolonged from 7 to 28 days (p<0 .01). Conclusion Inclusion level of PKM and adaptation duration had an interactive effect on DE and the ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and CP (p<0.01 or 0.05) but ash, NDF, and ADF in diet (p> 0.05). Considering a stable determination, 21 days of adaptation to a diet containing 19.5% PKM is needed in pigs and a longer adaptation time is recommended as dietary PKM increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hans Henrik Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Zhao J, Zhang S, Xie F, Li D, Huang C. Effects of inclusion level and adaptation period on nutrient digestibility and digestible energy of wheat bran in growing-finishing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:116-122. [PMID: 28728365 PMCID: PMC5756912 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of 85.0±2.1 kg were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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26
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Numberger D, Herlemann DPR, Jürgens K, Dehnhardt G, Schulz-Vogt H. Comparative analysis of the fecal bacterial community of five harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:782-792. [PMID: 27734626 PMCID: PMC5061715 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has many beneficial effects on host metabolism and health, and its composition is determined by numerous factors. It is also assumed that there was a co‐evolution of mammals and the bacteria inhabiting their gut. Current knowledge of the mammalian gut microbiota mainly derives from studies on humans and terrestrial animals, whereas those on marine mammals are sparse. However, they could provide additional information on influencing factors, such as the role of diet and co‐evolution with the host. In this study, we investigated and compared the bacterial diversity in the feces of five male harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Because this small population included two half‐brother pairs, each sharing a common father, it allowed an evaluation of the impact of host relatedness or genetic similarity on the gut microbial community. Fresh feces obtained from the seals by an enema were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that the bacterial communities in the seals' feces mainly consisted of the phyla Firmicutes (19–43%), Bacteroidetes (22–36%), Fusobacteria (18–32%), and Proteobacteria (5–17%) . Twenty‐one bacterial members present in the fecal samples of the five seals contributed an average relative abundance of 93.7 + 8.7% of the total fecal microbial community. Contrary to all expectations based on previous studies a comparison of the fecal community between individual seals showed a higher similarity between unrelated than related individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Numberger
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, Rostock, D-18119, Germany. .,University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany.
| | - Daniel P R Herlemann
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, Rostock, D-18119, Germany
| | - Klaus Jürgens
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, Rostock, D-18119, Germany.,University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Guido Dehnhardt
- University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany.,Marine Science Center, Am Yachthafen 3a, Rostock, D-18119, Germany
| | - Heide Schulz-Vogt
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, Rostock, D-18119, Germany.,University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
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27
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Weiss E, Aumiller T, Spindler HK, Rosenfelder P, Eklund M, Witzig M, Jørgensen H, Bach Knudsen KE, Mosenthin R. Wheat and barley differently affect porcine intestinal microbiota. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2230-2239. [PMID: 26173918 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet influences the porcine intestinal microbial ecosystem. Barrows were fitted with ileal T-cannulas to compare short-term effects of eight different wheat or barley genotypes and period-to-period effects on seven bacterial groups in ileal digesta and faeces by qPCR. RESULTS Within genotypes of wheat and barley, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in contents of analysed NSP, yet cereal types differed (P < 0.001) except for soluble arabinoxylans. Genotypes showed no effect on bacterial gene copy numbers. In ileal digesta of barley- compared to wheat-fed pigs, log10 copy numbers were lower (P < 0.05) for total eubacteria (9.6-9.8), Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas (6.5-6.8), Clostridium cluster IV (6.7-6.9), and Roseburia spp. (6.6-7.2), while higher copy numbers were found for Lactobacillus spp. (9.4-8.8). Enterobacteriaceae (7.0-7.8) and Bifidobacterium spp. (7.0-7.7) were lower (P < 0.001) in faeces of barley compared to wheat-fed pigs. Ileal eubacteria, Clostridium cluster IV and Roseburia spp. linearly increased from period 1 to 8 for both cereals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Wheat and barley differently influence microbial composition particularly in the small intestine, with barley increasing the Lactobacillus spp.:Enterobacteriaceae ratio, underlining its potential to beneficially manipulate the intestinal microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weiss
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna K Spindler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pia Rosenfelder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meike Eklund
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maren Witzig
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Henry Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Montoya CA, Saigeman S, Rutherfurd SM, Moughan PJ. The digestion of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) fibre and the effect of kiwifruit on the digestibility of other dietary nutrients. Food Chem 2016; 197:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Fouhse JM, Gänzle MG, Regmi PR, van Kempen TATG, Zijlstra RT. High Amylose Starch with Low In Vitro Digestibility Stimulates Hindgut Fermentation and Has a Bifidogenic Effect in Weaned Pigs. J Nutr 2015; 145:2464-70. [PMID: 26377761 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.214353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary amylose resists enzymatic digestion, thereby providing a substrate for microbial fermentation that stimulates proliferation of beneficial microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the large intestine of pigs and humans. However, the effect of increasing dietary amylose in pigs immediately postweaning on growth, nutrient digestibility and flow, and intestinal microbial and SCFA profiles has not been studied and can be used as a model for newly weaned human infants. OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of increasing dietary amylose on growth, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal microbial and metabolite profiles in weaned pigs. METHODS Weaned pigs (n = 32) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 diets containing 67% starch with 0%, 20%, 28%, or 63% amylose for 21 d. Subsequently, pigs were killed to collect feces and digesta for measuring starch digestion and microbial and metabolite profiles. RESULTS Feeding weaned pigs 63% compared with 0%, 20%, and 28% amylose decreased (P < 0.05) feed intake by 5% and growth by ≥ 12%. Ileal digestibility of dry matter decreased (P < 0.05) by 10% and starch by 9%, thereby increasing (P < 0.05) hindgut fermentation, cecal and colonic total SCFAs, and colonic Bacteroides, and lowering (P < 0.01) ileal, cecal, and colonic pH in pigs consuming 63% compared with 0%, 20%, and 28% amylose. Cecal and colonic Bifidobacteria spp. increased by 14-30% (P < 0.05) and Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa were decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs consuming 63% compared with 0%, 20%, and 28% amylose. CONCLUSION Increasing dietary amylose in pigs immediately postweaning stimulated hindgut fermentation and Bifidobacteria spp., thereby manipulating the gut environment, but also reduced intake and growth. An optimum dietary amylose concentration should be determined, which would maintain desired growth rate and gut environment in weaned pigs.
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30
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Espinal-Ruiz M, Parada-Alfonso F, Restrepo-Sánchez LP, Narváez-Cuenca CE, McClements DJ. Impact of dietary fibers [methyl cellulose, chitosan, and pectin] on digestion of lipids under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Funct 2015; 5:3083-95. [PMID: 25312704 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A simulated in vitro digestion model was used to elucidate the impact of dietary fibers on the digestion rate of emulsified lipids. The influence of polysaccharide type (chitosan (cationic), methyl cellulose (non-ionic), and pectin (anionic)) and initial concentration (0.4 to 3.6% (w/w)) was examined. 2% (w/w) corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by 0.2% (w/w) Tween-80 were prepared, mixed with polysaccharide, and then subjected to an in vitro digestion model (37 °C): initial (pH 7.0); oral (pH 6.8; 10 min); gastric (pH 2.5; 120 min); and, intestinal (pH 7.0; 120 min) phases. The impact of polysaccharides on lipid digestion, ζ-potential, particle size, viscosity, and stability was determined. The rate and extent of lipid digestion decreased with increasing pectin, methyl cellulose, and chitosan concentrations. The free fatty acids released after 120 min of lipase digestion were 46, 63, and 81% (w/w) for methyl cellulose, pectin, and chitosan, respectively (3.6% (w/w) initial polysaccharide), indicating that methyl cellulose had the highest capacity to inhibit lipid digestion, followed by pectin, and then chitosan. The impact of the polysaccharides on lipid digestion was attributed to their ability to induce droplet flocculation, and/or due to their interactions with molecular species involved in lipid hydrolysis, such as bile salts, fatty acids, and calcium. These results have important implications for understanding the influence of dietary fibers on lipid digestion. The control of lipid digestibility within the gastrointestinal tract might be important for the development of reduced-calorie emulsion-based functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Espinal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 14490 Bogotá, Colombia
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31
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Holman DB, Baurhoo B, Chénier MR. Temporal analysis of the effect of extruded flaxseed on the swine gut microbiota. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:649-59. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid, an essential ω-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects in humans. Feeding swine a diet supplemented with flaxseed has been found to enrich pork products with ω-3 fatty acids. However, the effect of flaxseed supplementation on the swine gut microbiota has not been assessed to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate if extruded flaxseed has any impact on the bacterial and archaeal microbiota in the feces of growing–finishing pigs over a 51-day period, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR. Bacterial DGGE profile analysis revealed major temporal shifts in the bacterial microbiota with only minor ones related to diet. The archaeal microbiota was significantly less diverse than that of Bacteria. The majority of bacterial DGGE bands sequenced belonged to the Firmicutes phylum while the archaeal DGGE bands were found to consist of only 2 species, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. The abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly from day 0 to day 21 in all diet groups while the abundance of Firmicutes was relatively stable across all diet cohorts and sampling times. There was also no significant correlation between pig mass and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. While the addition of extruded flaxseed to the feed of growing–finishing pigs was beneficial for improving ω-3 fatty acid content of pork, it had no detectable impact on the fecal bacterial and archaeal microbiota, suggesting that extruded flaxseed may be used to improve meat quality without adverse effect on the swine gut microbiota or animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Holman
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bushansingh Baurhoo
- Bélisle Solution and Nutrition Inc., Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu, QC J3L 6A7, Canada
| | - Martin R. Chénier
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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32
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Jonathan M, Souza da Silva C, Bosch G, Schols H, Gruppen H. In vivo degradation of alginate in the presence and in the absence of resistant starch. Food Chem 2014; 172:117-20. [PMID: 25442531 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the intestinal degradability of alginate during 74 days intake in pigs as models for humans. Diets contained pregelatinized starch, retrograded starch, alginate, or a mix of retrograded starch and alginate. Faeces were collected on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 39 and 74. Clear trends in intestinal alginate degradation were observed. Up to day 39, the total tract digestibility of alginate was limited (0.52 ± 0.10), and was lower with the inclusion of retrograded starch in the diet (0.34 ± 0.02). More than 90% of the faecal alginate was insoluble in water, which may explain the low digestibility of the alginate. The digestibility of mannuronic acid (M) was 2-3 times higher than that of guluronic acid (G). The changes of G:M ratio and the relative amounts of alginate oligosaccharides between day 39 and 74 indicated that the microbiota needed more than 39 days to adapt to alginate. This study demonstrated that in-depth analyses of dietary fibres are valuable in understanding the fate of the dietary fibres in the large intestine as it was shown that degradation of a dietary fibre depends not only on the properties of the fibre itself, but also on the other dietary fibres present in the diet and the adaptation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melliana Jonathan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Souza da Silva
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sequence-based analysis of the intestinal Microbiota of sows and their offspring fed genetically modified maize expressing a truncated form of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protein (Bt Maize). Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7735-44. [PMID: 24096421 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02937-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate transgenerational effects of feeding genetically modified (GM) maize expressing a truncated form of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protein (Bt maize) to sows and their offspring on maternal and offspring intestinal microbiota. Sows were assigned to either non-GM or GM maize dietary treatments during gestation and lactation. At weaning, offspring were assigned within sow treatment to non-GM or GM maize diets for 115 days, as follows: (i) non-GM maize-fed sow/non-GM maize-fed offspring (non-GM/non-GM), (ii) non-GM maize-fed sow/GM maize-fed offspring (non-GM/GM), (iii) GM maize-fed sow/non-GM maize-fed offspring (GM/non-GM), and (iv) GM maize-fed sow/GM maize-fed offspring (GM/GM). Offspring of GM maize-fed sows had higher counts of fecal total anaerobes and Enterobacteriaceae at days 70 and 100 postweaning, respectively. At day 115 postweaning, GM/non-GM offspring had lower ileal Enterobacteriaceae counts than non-GM/non-GM or GM/GM offspring and lower ileal total anaerobes than pigs on the other treatments. GM maize-fed offspring also had higher ileal total anaerobe counts than non-GM maize-fed offspring, and cecal total anaerobes were lower in non-GM/GM and GM/non-GM offspring than in those from the non-GM/non-GM treatment. The only differences observed for major bacterial phyla using 16S rRNA gene sequencing were that fecal Proteobacteria were less abundant in GM maize-fed sows prior to farrowing and in offspring at weaning, with fecal Firmicutes more abundant in offspring. While other differences occurred, they were not observed consistently in offspring, were mostly encountered for low-abundance, low-frequency bacterial taxa, and were not associated with pathology. Therefore, their biological relevance is questionable. This confirms the lack of adverse effects of GM maize on the intestinal microbiota of pigs, even following transgenerational consumption.
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Chen L, Zhang HF, Gao LX, Zhao F, Lu QP, Sa RN. Effect of graded levels of fiber from alfalfa meal on intestinal nutrient and energy flow, and hindgut fermentation in growing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4757-64. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
| | - H. F. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
| | - L. X. Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
| | - F. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Q. P. Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
| | - R. N. Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100193
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Peng X, Li S, Luo J, Wu X, Liu L. Effects of dietary fibers and their mixtures on short chain fatty acids and microbiota in mice guts. Food Funct 2013; 4:932-8. [PMID: 23669739 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) can be broken down into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic, propionic and n-butyric acid by gut microbiota to obtain energy. Therefore, dietary fibers have effects on the balance of gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs. In the four-week feeding, mice were fed with four dietary fibers, including pectin, resistant starch (RS), fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and cellulose. The results showed that the mice body-weight gain was the smallest (7.0 ± 2.3 g) when the mixture of RS-FOS-cellulose was ingested, followed by the mixture of RS-cellulose (7.2 ± 3.5 g) and FOS-cellulose (8.3 ± 2.5 g). Ingestion of the mixture of pectin-FOS-cellulose, RS-FOS and RS-FOS-cellulose can respectively increase the diversity of the gut microbiota with 12, 11 and 11 terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) detected (digested by Hha I). The maximum amount of total SCFAs were produced by the mixture of FOS-cellulose (5.504 ± 0.029 μmol mL(-1)), followed by pectin-FOS-cellulose (3.893 ± 0.024 μmol mL(-1)) and pectin-RS-FOS-cellulose (3.309 ± 0.047 μmol mL(-1)). In conclusion, the addition of DFs (pectin, RS, FOS and cellulose), in single or mixture pattern, can exert different effects. An amount of 10.7% of single DF in the diet cannot be conducive to the balance of gut microbiota after ingestion for a long time, however, it can help with body weight loss like the mixtures of DFs in this study; FOS is a very important component in the mixture of DFs for both the balance of the gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China.
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Nelson TM, Rogers TL, Carlini AR, Brown MV. Diet and phylogeny shape the gut microbiota of Antarctic seals: a comparison of wild and captive animals. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1132-45. [PMID: 23145888 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of mammals underpins the metabolic capacity and health of the host. Our understanding of what influences the composition of this community has been limited primarily to evidence from captive and terrestrial mammals. Therefore, the gut microbiota of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, and leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, inhabiting Antarctica were compared with captive leopard seals. Each seal exhibited a gut microbiota dominated by four phyla: Firmicutes (41.5 ± 4.0%), Fusobacteria (25.6 ± 3.9%), Proteobacteria (17.0 ± 3.2%) and Bacteroidetes (14.1 ± 1.7%). Species, age, sex and captivity were strong drivers of the composition of the gut microbiota, which can be attributed to differences in diet, gut length and physiology and social interactions. Differences in particular prey items consumed by seal species could contribute to the observed differences in the gut microbiota. The longer gut of the southern elephant seal provides a habitat reduced in available oxygen and more suitable to members of the phyla Bacteroidetes compared with other hosts. Among wild seals, 16 'core' bacterial community members were present in the gut of at least 50% of individuals. As identified between southern elephant seal mother-pup pairs, 'core' members are passed on via vertical transmission from a young age and persist through to adulthood. Our study suggests that these hosts have co-evolved with their gut microbiota and core members may provide some benefit to the host, such as developing the immune system. Further evidence of their strong evolutionary history is provided with the presence of 18 shared 'core' members in the gut microbiota of related seals living in the Arctic. The influence of diet and other factors, particularly in captivity, influences the composition of the community considerably. This study suggests that the gut microbiota has co-evolved with wild mammals as is evident in the shared presence of 'core' members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie M Nelson
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
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Buzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, O’Sullivan O, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. The effect of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on intestinal microbiota. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33668. [PMID: 22574106 PMCID: PMC3344822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effects of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on the intestinal microbiota. Methodology/Principal Findings Forty male pigs (∼40 days old) were blocked by weight and litter ancestry and assigned to one of four treatments; 1) Isogenic maize-based diet for 110 days (Isogenic); 2) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 110 days (Bt); 3) Isogenic maize-based diet for 30 days followed by a Bt maize-based diet for 80 days (Isogenic/Bt); 4) Bt maize-based diet for 30 days followed by an isogenic maize-based diet for 80 days (Bt/Isogenic). Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus and total anaerobes were enumerated in the feces using culture-based methods on days 0, 30, 60 and 100 of the study and in ileal and cecal digesta on day 110. No differences were found between treatments for any of these counts at any time point. The relative abundance of cecal bacteria was also determined using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. No differences were observed in any bacterial taxa between treatments, with the exception of the genus Holdemania which was more abundant in the cecum of pigs fed the isogenic/Bt treatment compared to pigs fed the Bt treatment (0.012 vs 0.003%; P≤0.05). Conclusions/Significance Feeding pigs a Bt maize-based diet for 110 days did not affect counts of any of the culturable bacteria enumerated in the feces, ileum or cecum. Neither did it influence the composition of the cecal microbiota, with the exception of a minor increase in the genus Holdemania. As the role of Holdemania in the intestine is still under investigation and no health abnormalities were observed, this change is not likely to be of clinical significance. These results indicate that feeding Bt maize to pigs in the context of its influence on the porcine intestinal microbiota is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Buzoianu
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Maria C. Walsh
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Mary C. Rea
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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Kanga JS, Kanengoni AT, Makgothi OG, Baloyi JJ. Estimating pasture intake and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs fed a concentrate-forage diet by n-alkane and acid-insoluble ash markers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1797-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sauer N, Eklund M, Roth S, Rink F, Jezierny D, Bauer E, Mosenthin R. Short-term effect of dietary yeast nucleotide supplementation on small intestinal enzyme activities, bacterial populations and metabolites and ileal nutrient digestibilities in newly weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:700-8. [PMID: 21797935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, dietary nucleotides have been shown to improve performance in single-stomached animals by promoting the renewal of small intestine epithelial cells and by influencing the activity and composition of the microbial community in the digestive tract. The present experiment was carried out with 12 barrows weaned at the age of 18 days and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. To determine short-term effects of dietary yeast nucleotides, the piglets received a grain-soybean meal-based basal diet with or without supplementation of 1 g/kg of a dried yeast product containing free nucleotides. Dietary supplementation with yeast did not affect bacterial numbers in the ileum as well as ileal concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), total SCFA and total lactic acid (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was no effect of supplemental yeast nucleotides on ileal α-amylase, leucine amino peptidase, maltase and lactase activities (p > 0.05), as well as on ileal dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre digestibilities (p > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term supplementation with dietary yeast nucleotides did not affect microbial metabolite concentrations, bacterial numbers and enzyme activities in the ileal digesta as well as ileal nutrient digestibilities of newly weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Millet S, Van Oeckel MJ, Aluwé M, Delezie E, De Brabander DL. Prediction of in vivo short-chain fatty acid production in hindgut fermenting mammals: problems and pitfalls. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:605-19. [PMID: 20694924 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802565939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are considered to have important physiological functions. However, to prove this, SCFA must be determined, which is rather difficult as a lot of factors interfere with their production. This review focuses on the factors that influence the prediction of short-chain fatty acid formation in the large intestine of monogastric mammals. To mimic the in vivo situation, when predicting the amount of short-chain fatty acids produced from a certain substrate based on in vitro models, one has to estimate the amount of this substrate entering the large intestine, the retention time in the different parts of the large intestine, and the substrate fermentability. Instead of in vitro models, direct and indirect techniques may be used to measure short-chain fatty acid production in vivo. Direct techniques include the measurement of input and output or measuring differences in SCFA between portal and venous blood whereas indirect techniques measure the end products of fermentation. In this case, other factors have to be taken into account, including technical limitations and ethical considerations. In this review it is concluded that the choice for a method will rely on the purpose of the study taking into account the (dis)advantages of every method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Millet
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium.
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Yang Y, Kiarie E, Slominski BA, Brûlé-Babel A, Nyachoti CM. Amino acid and fiber digestibility, intestinal bacterial profile, and enzyme activity in growing pigs fed dried distillers grains with solubles-based diets. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3304-12. [PMID: 20525935 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine ileal AA and fiber digestibility in new-generation dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) derived from wheat (wDDGS), a wheat-corn blend [wcDDGS, wheat and corn were fermented in a 7:3 wt/wt ratio], or corn (cDDGS) and to determine the effects of diets containing DDGS on gut bacteria and bacterial and digestive enzyme activities. Experimental diets contained one of the DDGS samples as the sole source of protein, and a low protein diet (5% casein) was included to estimate basal endogenous ileal CP and AA losses. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was added as an indigestible marker to all diets. Twelve cannulated barrows with an initial BW of 20.2 +/- 1.3 kg were allotted to the 4 experimental diets in a 2-period crossover design, which provided 6 observations per diet. Pigs were acclimatized to their diets for 5 d followed by a continuous 12-h digesta collection on d 6 and 7. Diet had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP (P = 0.58). The wDDGS diet generally had decreased (P < 0.05) AID of AA compared with the wcDDGS or cDDGS diet. Similarly, the values for standardized ileal digestibility of CP and most AA were smaller (P < 0.05) for the wDDGS diet compared with the other 2 DDGS diets. The Lys and Thr were the least digestible AA among the indispensable AA across the 3 DDGS samples. The digestibilities of nonstarch polysaccharides and NDF were not affected by diet (P = 0.80 and 0.40, respectively); however, the ileal digesta viscosity was greater (P < 0.05) for the wcDDGS diet than the wDDGS and cDDGS diets. The counts of Lactobacillus (P = 0.09) and Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.05) were greater for the cDDGS diet compared with the other 2 diets. Accordingly, the cDDGS diet elicited a greater (P < 0.05) lactic acid concentration in digesta than the wDDGS diet. The activities of bacterial (P = 0.86 to 0.91) and digestive enzymes (P = 0.31 to 0.80) did not differ among the diets. The results indicate that the wDDGS had generally less protein and AA ileal digestibilities compared with the wcDDGS and cDDGS samples and that nonstarch polysaccharides and NDF digestibilities were similar among diets. Although diet influenced digesta bacterial counts, no effects were observed on the activities of bacterial and digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Urriola PE, Stein HH. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on amino acid, energy, and fiber digestibility and on hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1454-62. [PMID: 20023135 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to measure the effect of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the digestibility of AA, energy, and fiber, on the fermentation of fiber, and on the first appearance of digesta at the end of the ileum, in the cecum, and in the feces of growing pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Sixteen pigs (initial BW = 38.0 +/- 1.6 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and a T-cannula in the cecum and allotted to 2 treatments. In period 1, all pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet. In periods 2, 3, and 4, pigs were fed the control diet or a diet containing corn, soybean meal, and 30% DDGS. First appearance of digesta at the end of the ileum, in the cecum, and over the entire intestinal tract was measured at the end of period 4. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were measured, and the concentration of VFA was analyzed in ileal, cecal, and fecal samples. The AID of Lys (74.1%) in the DDGS diet was less (P < 0.05) than in the control diet (78.6%), but the AID of most other AA and GE, NDF, and total dietary fiber (TDF) were not different between the 2 diets. The ATTD of GE (81.0%), NDF (57.2%), TDF (55.5%), and DM (81.7%) were less (P < 0.05) in the DDGS diet than in the control diet (86.0, 69.3, 66.0, and 87.2%, respectively). The concentration of VFA in ileal, cecal, and fecal samples was not different between pigs fed the 2 diets. The pH of ileal and cecal digesta from pigs fed the DDGS diet (6.3 and 5.5) was greater (P < 0.01) than from pigs fed the control diet (5.8 and 5.3). The ATTD of DM, GE, ADF, NDF, and TDF did not change with collection period, but the AID of ADF, NDF, and TDF increased (P < 0.05) from period 2 to period 4. The concentration of all VFA, except isobutyrate, was greater (P < 0.05) in cecal samples from period 4 compared with period 2, and the concentration of all VFA except propionate and isovalerate were greater (P < 0.05) in fecal samples collected in period 4 compared with those collected in period 2. The first appearance of digesta at the end of the ileum, in the cecum, and in the feces was not affected by DDGS. In conclusion, pigs fed the diet containing DDGS had less digestibility of Lys, GE, ADF, NDF, and TDF than pigs fed the control diet. The digestibility of DM and GE was not influenced by collection period, but the concentration of VFA in cecal digesta and feces increased with the length of time pigs received the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Urriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Modesto M, D'Aimmo MR, Stefanini I, Trevisi P, De Filippi S, Casini L, Mazzoni M, Bosi P, Biavati B. A novel strategy to select Bifidobacterium strains and prebiotics as natural growth promoters in newly weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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