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Islam M, Jones S, Ellis I. Role of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3001. [PMID: 38002001 PMCID: PMC10669635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis and a vast majority of cancer-related mortalities result from metastatic disease that is resistant to current therapies. Cell migration and invasion are the first steps of the metastasis process, which mainly occurs by two important biological mechanisms, i.e., cytoskeletal remodelling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Akt (also known as protein kinase B) is a central signalling molecule of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been identified in a wide range of cancers. Several studies have revealed that Akt actively engages with the migratory process in motile cells, including metastatic cancer cells. The downstream signalling mechanism of Akt in cell migration depends upon the tumour type, sites, and intracellular localisation of activated Akt. In this review, we focus on the role of Akt in the regulation of two events that control cell migration and invasion in various cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the status of PI3K-Akt pathway inhibitors in clinical trials in metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islam
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK; (S.J.); (I.E.)
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Chen JR, Zhao JT, Xie ZZ. Integrin-mediated cancer progression as a specific target in clinical therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091394. [PMID: 34572606 PMCID: PMC8472619 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation reported COPD to be the third leading cause of death globally in 2019, and in 2020, the most common cause of cancer death was lung cancer; when these linked conditions are added together they come near the top of the leading causes of mortality. The cell-biological program termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in organ development, fibrosis and cancer progression. Over the past decade there has emerged a substantial literature that also links EMT specifically to the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as primarily an airway fibrosis disease; COPD is a recognised strong independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer, over and above the risks associated with smoking. In this review, our primary focus is to highlight these linkages and alert both the COPD and lung cancer fields to these complex interactions. We emphasise the need for inter-disciplinary attention and research focused on the likely crucial roles of EMT (and potential for its inhibition) with recognition of its strategic place mechanistically in both COPD and lung cancer. As part of this we discuss the future potential directions for novel therapeutic opportunities, including evidence-based strategic repurposing of currently used familiar/approved medications.
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Sławińska-Brych A, Mizerska-Kowalska M, Król SK, Stepulak A, Zdzisińska B. Xanthohumol Impairs the PMA-Driven Invasive Behaviour of Lung Cancer Cell Line A549 and Exerts Anti-EMT Action. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061484. [PMID: 34204745 PMCID: PMC8231538 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), the main prenylated flavonoid from hop cones, has been recently reported to exert significant proapoptotic, anti-proliferative, and growth inhibitory effects against lung cancer in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, its anti-metastatic potential towards this malignancy is still unrevealed. Previously, we indicated that the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was sensitive to XN treatment. Therefore, using the same tumour cell model, we have studied the influence of XN on the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced cell migration and invasion. The effects of XN on the expression/activity of pro-invasive MMP-9 and MMP-2 and the expression of MMP inhibitors, i.e., TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 (anti-angiogenic factors), were evaluated. Additionally, the influence of XN on the production of the key pro-angiogenic cytokine, i.e., VEGF, and the release of TGF-β, which is both a pro-angiogenic cytokine and an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulator, was studied. Furthermore, the influence of XN on the expression of EMT-associated proteins such as E-cadherin and α-E-catenin (epithelial markers), vimentin and N-cadherin (mesenchymal markers), and Snail-1 (transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin) was studied. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underpinning the XN-mediated inhibition of metastatic progression in PMA-activated cells, the phosphorylation levels of AKT, FAK, and ERK1/2 kinases, which are signalling molecules involved in EMT program activation, were assayed. The results showed that XN in non-cytotoxic concentrations impaired the PMA-driven migratory and invasive capacity of A549 cells by decreasing the level of expression of MMP-9 and concomitantly increasing the expression of the TIMP-1 protein, i.e., a specific blocker of pro-MMP-9 activation. Moreover, XN decreased the PMA-induced production of VEGF and TGF-β. Furthermore, the XN-treatment counteracted the PMA-induced EMT of the A549 cells by the upregulation of E-cadherin and α-E-catenin and the downregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail-1 expression. The proposed mechanism underlying the anti-invasive XN activity involved the inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway and suppression of FAK and PI3/AKT signalling. Our results suggesting migrastatic properties of XN against lung cancer cells require further verification in in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Sławińska-Brych
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-537-59-04
| | - Magdalena Mizerska-Kowalska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (B.Z.)
| | - Sylwia Katarzyna Król
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Zdzisińska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.-K.); (B.Z.)
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Niu M, He Y, Xu J, Ding L, He T, Yi Y, Fu M, Guo R, Li F, Chen H, Chen YG, Xiao ZXJ. Noncanonical TGF-β signaling leads to FBXO3-mediated degradation of ΔNp63α promoting breast cancer metastasis and poor clinical prognosis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001113. [PMID: 33626035 PMCID: PMC7939357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a critical role in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis. ΔNp63α, the major isoform of p63 protein expressed in epithelial cells, is a key transcriptional regulator of cell adhesion program and functions as a critical metastasis suppressor. It has been documented that the expression of ΔNp63α is tightly controlled by oncogenic signaling and is frequently reduced in advanced cancers. However, whether TGF-β signaling regulates ΔNp63α expression in promoting metastasis is largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of TGF-β signaling leads to stabilization of E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO3, which, in turn, targets ΔNp63α for proteasomal degradation in a Smad-independent but Erk-dependent manner. Knockdown of FBXO3 or restoration of ΔNp63α expression effectively rescues TGF-β-induced EMT, cell motility, and tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, clinical analyses reveal a significant correlation among TGF-β receptor I (TβRI), FBXO3, and p63 protein expression and that high expression of TβRI/FBXO3 and low expression of p63 are associated with poor recurrence-free survival (RFS). Together, these results demonstrate that FBXO3 facilitates ΔNp63α degradation to empower TGF-β signaling in promoting tumor metastasis and that the TβRI-FBXO3-ΔNp63α axis is critically important in breast cancer development and clinical prognosis. This study suggests that FBXO3 may be a potential therapeutic target for advanced breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Niu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (MN); (Z-XJX)
| | - Yajun He
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangping Ding
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao He
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yi
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyuan Fu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongtian Guo
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengtian Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (MN); (Z-XJX)
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Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting TGF-β-Smad-MMP2 pathway with Asiatic acid and Naringenin. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:277-289. [PMID: 33614911 PMCID: PMC7873580 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been shown to promote tumor invasion and metastasis by activating the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); however, signaling mechanisms remain controversial and therapies targeting MMPs are still suboptimal. In the present study, we found that combined therapy with Asiatic acid (AA), a Smad7 agonist, and Naringenin (NG), a Smad3 inhibitor, effectively retrieved the balance between Smad3 and Smad7 signaling in the TGF-β-rich tumor microenvironment and thus significantly suppressed tumor invasion and metastasis in mouse models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. Mechanistically, we unraveled that Smad3 acted as a transcriptional activator of MMP2 and as a transcriptional suppressor of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) via binding to 5′ UTR of MMP2 and 3′ UTR of TIMP2, respectively. Treatment with NG inhibited Smad3-mediated MMP2 transcription while increasing TIMP, whereas treatment with AA enhanced Smad7 to suppress TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, as well as the activation of MMP2 by targeting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-membrane-type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP) axis. Therefore, the combination of AA and NG additively suppressed invasion and metastasis of melanoma and lung carcinoma by targeting TGF-β/Smad-dependent MMP2 transcription, post-translational activation, and function.
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Mo W, Wu J, Qiu Q, Zhang F, Luo H, Xu N, Zhu W, Liang M. Platelet-rich plasma inhibits osteoblast apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton disruption induced by gingipains through upregulating integrin β1. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2120-2130. [PMID: 32662922 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of platelet-rich plasma on gingipain-caused changes in cell morphology and apoptosis of osteoblasts. Mouse osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with gingipain extracts from Porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence or absence of platelet-rich plasma. Apoptosis was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. F-actin was determined by phalloidin-fluorescent staining and observed under confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis was used to detect integrin β1, F-actin, and G-actin protein expressions. A knocking down approach was used to determine the role of integrin β1. The platelet-rich plasma protected osteoblasts from gingipain-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by upregulation of integrin β1. Platelet-rich plasma reversed the loss of F-actin integrity and decrease of F-actin/G-actin ratio in osteoblasts in the presence of gingipains. By contrast, the effects of platelet-rich plasma were abrogated by knockdown of integrin β1. The platelet-rich plasma failed to reduce cell apoptosis and reorganize the cytoskeleton after knockdown of integrin β1. In conclusion, platelet-rich plasma inhibits gingipain-induced osteoblast apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton disruption by upregulating integrin β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Mo
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,The Stomatology Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qihong Qiu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Luo
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Xu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Jeong JH, Kim H, Park SH, Park H, Jeong M, Kwak S, Sung GJ, Song JH, Na Y, Choi KC. A New TGF-β1 Inhibitor, CTI-82, Antagonizes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition through Inhibition of Phospho-SMAD2/3 and Phospho-ERK. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070143. [PMID: 32605257 PMCID: PMC7408591 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and known to play a multifunctional role in cancer progression. In addition, TGF-β1 promotes metastasis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of tumors. Thus, inhibition of TGF-β1 is considered an important strategy in the treatment of cancer. In most tumors, TGF-β1 signal transduction exhibits modified or non-functional characteristics, and TGF-β1 inhibitors have various inhibitory effects on cancer cells. Currently, many studies are being conducted to develop TGF-β1 inhibitors from non-toxic natural compounds. We aimed to develop a new TGF-β1 inhibitor to suppress EMT in cancer cells. As a result, improved chalcone-like chain CTI-82 was identified, and its effect was confirmed in vitro. We showed that CTI-82 blocked TGF-β1-induced EMT by inhibiting the cell migration and metastasis of A549 lung cancer cells. In addition, CTI-82 reduced the TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and inhibited the expression of various EMT markers. Our results suggest that CTI-82 inhibits tumor growth, migration, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Hayeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Minseok Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Sungmin Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Gi-Jun Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 487-010, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (K.-C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2087 (K.-C.C.); Fax: +82-2-3010-2642 (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.K.); (S.-H.P.); (H.P.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (G.-J.S.); (J.-H.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (K.-C.C.); Tel.: +82-2-3010-2087 (K.-C.C.); Fax: +82-2-3010-2642 (K.-C.C.)
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Kim H, Choi P, Kim T, Kim Y, Song BG, Park YT, Choi SJ, Yoon CH, Lim WC, Ko H, Ham J. Ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 inhibit transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and development of stem-like features in lung cancer. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:134-148. [PMID: 33437165 PMCID: PMC7790904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer has a high incidence worldwide, and most lung cancer-associated deaths are attributable to cancer metastasis. Although several medicinal properties of Panax ginseng Meyer have been reported, the effect of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β1) and self-renewal in A549 cells is relatively unknown. Methods We treated TGF-β1 or alternatively Rk1 and Rg5 in A549 cells. We used western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and anoikis assays to determine the effect of Rk1 and Rg5 on TGF-mediated EMT in lung cancer cell. In addition, we performed tumorsphere formation assays and real-time PCR to evaluate the stem-like properties. Results EMT is induced by TGF-β1 in A549 cells causing the development of cancer stem-like features. Expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, decreased and an increase in vimentin expression was noted. Cell mobility, invasiveness, and anoikis resistance were enhanced with TGF-β1 treatment. In addition, the expression of stem cell markers, CD44, and CD133, was also increased. Treatment with Rk1 and Rg5 suppressed EMT by TGF-β1 and the development of stemness in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Rk1 and Rg5 markedly suppressed TGF-β1-induced metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) activity, and activation of Smad2/3 and nuclear factor kappa B/extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (NF-kB/ERK) pathways in lung cancer cells. Conclusions Rk1 and Rg5 regulate the EMT inducing TGF-β1 by suppressing the Smad and NF-κB/ERK pathways (non-Smad pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilju Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejung Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Geun Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Jun Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lim
- Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Ko
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea.
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MiRNAs and LncRNAs: Dual Roles in TGF-β Signaling-Regulated Metastasis in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041193. [PMID: 32054031 PMCID: PMC7072809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most malignant cancers around the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer deaths and treatment failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), two groups of small non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs), are confirmed to be lung cancer oncogenes or suppressors. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) critically regulates lung cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the dual roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, stemness, and metastasis. In addition, lncRNAs, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as miRNA sponges to suppress miRNAs, thereby mediating TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer invasion, migration, and metastasis. Through this review, we hope to cast light on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs and lncRNAs in TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer metastasis and provide new insights for lung cancer treatment.
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Increased Cell Detachment Ratio of Mesenchymal-Type Lung Cancer Cells on pH-Responsive Chitosan through the β3 Integrin. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120659. [PMID: 31771240 PMCID: PMC6950328 DOI: 10.3390/md17120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is sensitive to environmental pH values due to its electric property. This study investigates whether the pH-responsive chitosan assay can provide a simple method to evaluate the aggressive behavior of cancer cells with cell detachment ratio. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is induced with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549). EMT-induced cells and untreated cells are cultured on chitosan substrates at pH 6.99 for 24 h, followed by pH 7.65 for 1 h. The cell detachment ratio (CDR) on pH-responsive chitosan rises with an increasing of the TGF-β1 concentration. The protein array reveals that the expression levels of the α2, α3, α5, β2, and β3 integrins are higher in EMT-induced A549 cells than in untreated cells. A further inhibition assay shows that adding β3 integrin blocking antibodies significantly decreases the CDR of EMT-induced cells from 32.7 ± 5.7% to 17.8 ± 2.1%. The CDR of mesenchymal-type lung cancer cells increases on pH-responsive chitosan through the β3 integrin. Notably, the CDR can be theoretically predicted according to the individual CDR on the pH-responsive chitosan surface, irrespective of heterogeneous cell mixture. The pH-responsive chitosan assay serves as a simple in vitro model to investigate the aggressive behavior of lung cancer including the heterogeneous cell population.
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Nakazawa N, Yokobori T, Kaira K, Turtoi A, Baatar S, Gombodorj N, Handa T, Tsukagoshi M, Ubukata Y, Kimura A, Kogure N, Ogata K, Maeno T, Sohda M, Yajima T, Shimizu K, Mogi A, Kuwano H, Saeki H, Shirabe K. High Stromal TGFBI in Lung Cancer and Intratumoral CD8-Positive T Cells were Associated with Poor Prognosis and Therapeutic Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 27:933-942. [PMID: 31571056 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether the expression of transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI) and intratumoral immune cells including CD8- and Forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3)-positive T cells in clinical lung cancer patients could predict the therapeutic response to nivolumab. METHODS Thirty-three patients who were treated with nivolumab were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemical analyses of TGFBI, PD-L1, CD8, Foxp3, and vimentin expression were conducted. Serum concentrations of TGFBI and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Cancer TGFBI was not associated with prognosis and therapeutic response to nivolumab, but cancer stromal TGFBI and intratumoral CD8-positive T cells were associated with them. Therefore, we evaluated cancer stromal TGFBI and intratumoral CD8-positive T cells. The high-TGFBI-expression group had poorer clinical responses than did the low-TGFBI-expression group (p < 0.0001). The number of times nivolumab was administered in the high-CD8-expression group was significantly higher than that in the low-CD8-expression group (p = 0.0046). The high-CD8-expression group had better clinical responses than did the low-CD8-expression group (p = 0.0013). Interestingly, all patients in the high-TGFBI/low-CD8-expression group had progressive disease (PD). In contrast, all patients in the low-TGFBI/high-CD8-expression group had PR + SD (partial response + stable disease) by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1). CONCLUSIONS The dual evaluation of stromal TGFBI and intratumoral CD8-positive T cells could be a useful predictive marker for nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakazawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, International Medical Center, Saitama University Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | - Seded Baatar
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Navchaa Gombodorj
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Handa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Ubukata
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kimura
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Norimichi Kogure
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Ogata
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Maeno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Makoto Sohda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yajima
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Mogi
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Jeong JH, Jang HJ, Kwak S, Sung GJ, Park SH, Song JH, Kim H, Na Y, Choi KC. Novel TGF-β1 inhibitor antagonizes TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 lung cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:977-987. [PMID: 30216515 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, is known to promote tumor invasion and metastasis and induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancer cells. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling is a new strategy for cancer therapy. Most cancer cells display altered or nonfunctional TGF-β1 signaling; hence, TGF-β1 inhibitors exert limited effects on these cells. Recent studies have suggested that developing a TGF-β1 inhibitor from natural compounds is a key step to create novel therapeutic agents. This study aimed to develop a new anti-TGF-β1 therapy for cancer. We found an improved analog of chalcones, compound 67, and investigated its effects in vitro. We demonstrated the inhibitory role of compound 67 through migration and invasion assays on TGF-β1-induced EMT of human A549 lung cancer cells. Compound 67 inhibited TGF-β1-induced smad2 phosphorylation, suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT markers, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and inhibited migration and invasion of A549 cells. The study results showed that compound 67 is useful to prevent tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi-Jun Sung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, AMIST, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Hedrick E, Mohankumar K, Safe S. TGFβ-Induced Lung Cancer Cell Migration Is NR4A1-Dependent. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1991-2002. [PMID: 30072581 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ induces migration of lung cancer cells (A549, H460, and H1299), dependent on activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1), and is inhibited by the JNK1 inhibitor SP600125. Moreover, TGFβ-induced migration of the cells is also blocked by the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) and the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) ligand 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (CDIM8), which retains NR4A1 in the nucleus. Subsequent analysis showed that the TGFβ/TGFβ receptor/PKA/MKK4 and -7/JNK pathway cascade phosphorylates and induces nuclear export of NR4A1, which in turn forms an active complex with Axin2, Arkadia (RNF111), and RNF12 (RLIM) to induce proteasome-dependent degradation of SMAD7 and enhance lung cancer cell migration. Thus, NR4A1 also plays an integral role in mediating TGFβ-induced lung cancer invasion, and the NR4A1 ligand CDIM8, which binds nuclear NR4A1, represents a novel therapeutic approach for TGFβ-induced blocking of lung cancer migration/invasion. IMPLICATIONS: Effective treatment of TGFβ-induced lung cancer progression could involve a number of agents including the CDIM/NR4A1 antagonists that block not only TGFβ-induced migration, but several other NR4A1-regulated prooncogenic genes/pathways in lung cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hedrick
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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Furler RL, Nixon DF, Brantner CA, Popratiloff A, Uittenbogaart CH. TGF-β Sustains Tumor Progression through Biochemical and Mechanical Signal Transduction. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E199. [PMID: 29903994 PMCID: PMC6025279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling transduces immunosuppressive biochemical and mechanical signals in the tumor microenvironment. In addition to canonical SMAD transcription factor signaling, TGF-β can promote tumor growth and survival by inhibiting proinflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In this article, we review how TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation lies at the intersection of proinflammatory signaling by immune receptors and anti-inflammatory signaling by TGF-β receptors. Additionally, we discuss the role of TGF-β in the mechanobiology of cancer. Understanding how TGF-β dampens proinflammatory responses and induces pro-survival mechanical signals throughout cancer development is critical for designing therapeutics that inhibit tumor progression while bolstering the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Furler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Christine A Brantner
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Office of the Vice President for Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- GW Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Office of the Vice President for Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Christel H Uittenbogaart
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine, Pediatrics, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB2, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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16
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Wu X, Ruan L, Yang Y, Mei Q. Analysis of gene expression changes associated with human carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Biol Res 2017; 50:6. [PMID: 28231844 PMCID: PMC5322592 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the gene expression changes associated with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) involving in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods We downloaded the GEO series GSE22862, which contained matched gene expression values for 15 CAF and normal fibroblasts samples, and series GSE27289 containing SNP genotyping for four matched NSCLC samples. The differentially expressed genes in CAF samples were identified using the limma package in R. Then we performed gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction using the identified DEGs. Moreover, aberrant cell fraction, ploidy, allele-specific copy number, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within CAF cells were analyzed using the allele-specific copy number analysis. Results We obtained 545 differentially expressed genes between CAF and normal fibroblasts samples. The up-regulated genes are mainly involved in GO terms such as positive regulation of cell migration and extracellular region, while the down-regulated genes participate in the lung development and extracellular region. Multiple genes including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and transforming growth factor, beta 3 (TGFB3) are involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Genes including BMP4, TGFBI and matrix Gla protein (MGP) were hub genes. Moreover, no LOH event for BMP4 and MGP was found, that for sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) was 70%, and for TGFBI was 40%. Conclusion Our data suggested that BMP4, MGP, TGFBI, and SPHK1 may be important in CAFs-associated NSCLC, and the abnormal expression and high LOH frequency of them may be used as the diagnosis targets of CAFs in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wu
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Ruan
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Manzetti S, Andersen O. Biochemical and physiological effects from exhaust emissions. A review of the relevant literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:285-293. [PMID: 27793419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions are to date ranked among the most frequent causes of premature deaths worldwide. The combustion of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and bio-blends provokes a series of pathophysiological responses in exposed subjects, which are associated with biochemical and immunological triggering. It is critical to understand these mechanisms, which are directly related to the levels of aerosol, liquid and gaseous components in fuel exhaust (e.g. nanoparticles, particulate matter, volatile compounds), so to cast attention on their toxicity and gradually minimize their use. This review reports findings in the recent literature concerning the biochemical and cellular pathways triggered during intoxication by exhaust emissions, and links these findings to pathophysiological responses such as inflammation and vasoconstriction. This study provides critical in vitro and in vivo data for the reduction of emissions in urban centers, with an emphasis on the prevention of exposure of groups such as children, the elderly, and other affected groups, and shows how the exposure to exhaust emissions induces mechanisms of pathogenesis related to cardiopulmonary pathologies and long-term diseases such as asthma, allergies, and cancer. This review summarizes the cellular and physiological responses of humans to exhaust emissions in a comprehensive fashion, and is important for legislative developments in fuel politics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Andersen
- Vestlandsforskning, Fosshaugane Campus, 6851 Sogndal, Norway.
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18
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Cyclooxygenase-2 induced β1-integrin expression in NSCLC and promoted cell invasion via the EP1/MAPK/E2F-1/FoxC2 signal pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33823. [PMID: 27654511 PMCID: PMC5031967 DOI: 10.1038/srep33823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in cell invasion in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanism is unclear. The present study investigated the effect of COX-2 on β1-integrin expression and cell invasion in NSCLC. COX-2 and β1-integrin were co-expressed in NSCLC tissues. COX-2 overexpression or Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment increased β1-integrin expression in NSCLC cell lines. β1-integrin silencing suppressed COX-2-mediated tumour growth and cancer cell invasion in vivo and in vitro. Prostaglandin E Receptor EP1 transfection or treatment with EP1 agonist mimicked the effect of PGE2 treatment. EP1 siRNA blocked PGE2-mediated β1-integrin expression. EP1 agonist treatment promoted Erk1/2, p38 phosphorylation and E2F-1 expression. MEK1/2 and p38 inhibitors suppressed EP1-mediated β1-integrin expression. E2F-1 silencing suppressed EP1-mediated FoxC2 and β1-integrin upregulation. ChIP and Luciferase Reporter assays identified that EP1 agonist treatment induced E2F-1 binding to FoxC2 promotor directly and improved FoxC2 transcription. FoxC2 siRNA suppressed β1-integrin expression and EP1-mediated cell invasion. Immunohistochemistry showed E2F-1, FoxC2, and EP1R were all highly expressed in the NSCLC cases. This study suggested that COX-2 upregulates β1-integrin expression and cell invasion in NSCLC by activating the MAPK/E2F-1 signalling pathway. Targeting the COX-2/EP1/PKC/MAPK/E2F-1/FoxC2/β1-integrin pathway might represent a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
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19
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Nana AW, Yang PM, Lin HY. Overview of Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily Involvement in Glioblastoma Initiation and Progression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6813-23. [PMID: 26514451 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive of human brain tumors and has a stunning progression with a mean survival of one year from the date of diagnosis. High cell proliferation, angiogenesis and/or necrosis are histopathological features of this cancer, which has no efficient curative therapy. This aggressiveness is associated with particular heterogeneity of the tumor featuring multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, but also with implications of aberrant signaling driven by growth factors. The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins including TGFβ subfamily members Nodal, Activin, Lefty, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factor (GDF). It is involved in important biological functions including morphogenesis, embryonic development, adult stem cell differentiation, immune regulation, wound healing and inflammation. This superfamily is also considered to impact on cancer biology including that of GBM, with various effects depending on the member. The TGFβ subfamily, in particular, is overexpressed in some GBM types which exhibit aggressive phenotypes. This subfamily impairs anti-cancer immune responses in several ways, including immune cells inhibition and major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II abolishment. It promotes GBM angiogenesis by inducing angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) and insulin- like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), contributes to GBM progression by inducing metalloproteinases (MMPs), "pro-neoplastic" integrins (αvβ3, α5β1) and GBM initiating cells (GICs) as well as inducing a GBM mesenchymal phenotype. Equally, Nodal promotes GICs, induces cancer metabolic switch and supports GBM cell proliferation, but is negatively regulated by Lefty. Activin promotes GBM cell proliferation while GDF yields immune-escape function. On the other hand, BMPs target GICS and induce differentiation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. This multifaceted involvement of this superfamily in GBM necessitates different strategies in anti-cancer therapy. While suppressing the TGFβ subfamily yields advantageous results, enhancing BMPs production is also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Wendindonde Nana
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan E-mail :
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Da C, Liu Y, Zhan Y, Liu K, Wang R. Nobiletin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human non-small cell lung cancer cells by antagonizing the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2767-74. [PMID: 26986176 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cellular process in cancer metastasis, during which epithelial polarized cells become motile mesenchymal cells. Since transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent inducer of EMT, blocking of TGF-β/Smad signaling has become a promising cancer therapy. Nobiletin, a polymethoxy flavonoid from Citrus depressa, has been shown to be valuable for cancer treatment, yet the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells were used to evaluate the effect of nobiletin on EMT induced by TGF-β1. Nobiletin successfully inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT, migration, invasion and adhesion in vitro, accompanied by attenuation of MMP-2, MMP-9, p-Src, p-FAK, p-paxillin, Snail, Slug, Twist and ZEB1 expression. Nobiletin inhibited the transcriptional activity of Smads without changing the phosphorylation status or translocation of Smads induced by TGF-β1. Moreover, Smad3 is requisite in TGF-β1-stimulated EMT. Smad3 overexpression meaningfully impaired the ability of nobiletin to reverse TGF-β1-induced EMT. In vivo, nobiletin prohibited the growth of metastatic nodules in the lungs of nude mice. Moreover, nobiletin inhibited tumor growth and reversed EMT in mice bearing A549-Luc xenografts, as revealed by IVIS imaging and immunohistochemical analysis. Collectively, the data suggest that nobiletin prevents EMT by inactivating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Da
- Department of Intensive Care, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yiyi Zhan
- Department of Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy for the Head and Neck, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ruozheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy for the Head and Neck, Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 acted through miR-130b to increase integrin α5 to promote migration of colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10763-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Synergistic Inhibition of β2-adrenergic Receptor-mediated Alveolar Epithelial Fluid Transport by Interleukin-8 and Transforming Growth Factor-β. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:1084-92. [PMID: 25591042 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who retain maximal alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) have better clinical outcomes. The release of endogenous catecholamines associated with shock or the administration of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists enhances AFC via a 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent mechanism. The authors have previously reported that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), two major mediators of alveolar inflammation associated with the early phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome, inhibit AFC upregulation by β2AR agonists via a phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism. However, whether TGF-β1 and IL-8 cause an additive or synergistic inhibition of AFC is unclear. Thus, the central hypothesis of the study was to determine whether they synergistically inhibit the β2AR-stimulated AFC by activating two different isoforms of PI3K. METHODS The effects of TGF-β1 or IL-8 on β2AR agonist-stimulated net alveolar fluid transport were studied using short-circuit current studies. Molecular pathways of inhibition were confirmed by pharmacologic inhibitors and Western blotting of p-Akt, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, protein kinase C-ζ, and phospho-β2AR. Finally, our observations were confirmed by an in vivo model of AFC. RESULTS Combined exposure to TGF-β1 and IL-8/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 caused synergistic inhibition of β2AR agonist-stimulated vectorial Cl across alveolar epithelial type II cells (n = 12 in each group). This effect was explained by activation of different isoforms of PI3K by TGF-β1 and IL-8/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (n = 12 in each group). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated alveolar epithelial fluid transport required the presence of IL-8/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (n = 12 in each group). Inhibition of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 prevented TGF-β1-mediated heterologous β2AR downregulation and restored physiologic β2AR agonist-stimulated AFC in rats (n = 6 in each group). CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 and IL-8 have a synergistic inhibitory effect on β2AR-mediated stimulation of pulmonary edema removal by the alveolar epithelium. This result may, in part, explain why a large proportion of the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have impaired AFC.
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Liu YZ, Yang CM, Chen JY, Liao JW, Hu ML. Alpha-carotene inhibits metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma in vitro, and suppresses lung metastasis and tumor growth in combination with taxol in tumor xenografted C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:607-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sun X, Chen E, Dong R, Chen W, Hu Y. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 regulates differentiation of human and mouse lung fibroblasts mediated by TGF-β. Life Sci 2015; 122:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Prasanphanich AF, Arencibia CA, Kemp ML. Redox processes inform multivariate transdifferentiation trajectories associated with TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:1-13. [PMID: 25088330 PMCID: PMC4254148 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype reprogramming during transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an extensive and dynamic process, orchestrated by the integration of biological signaling across multiple time scales. As part of the numerous transcriptional changes necessary for EMT, TGFβ-initiated Smad3 signaling results in remodeling of the redox environment and decreased nucleophilic tone. Because Smad3 itself is susceptible to attenuated activity through antioxidants, the possibility of a positive feedback loop exists, albeit the time scales on which these mechanisms operate are quite different. We hypothesized that the decreased nucleophilic tone acquired during EMT promotes Smad3 signaling, enhancing acquisition and stabilization of the mesenchymal phenotype. Previous findings supporting such a mechanism were characterized independent of each other; we sought to investigate these relationships within a singular experimental context. In this study, we characterized multivariate representations of phenotype as they evolved over time, specifically measuring expression of epithelial/mesenchymal differentiation, redox regulators, and Smad transcription factors. In-cell Western (ICW) assays were developed to evaluate multivariate phenotype states as they developed during EMT. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted anticorrelations between phospho-Smad3 (pSmad3) and Smad2/Smad4, which reflected a compensatory up-regulation of Smad2 and Smad4 following cessation of TGFβ signaling. Measuring transcript expression following EMT, we identified down-regulation of numerous antioxidant genes concomitant with up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and multiple mesenchymal phenotype markers. TGFβ treatment increased CM-H2DCF-DA oxidation, decreased H2O2 degradation rates, and increased glutathione redox potential. Our findings suggest that the decreased nucleophilic tone during EMT coincides with the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype over too long a time scale to enable enhanced Smad3 phosphorylation during initiation of EMT. We further challenged the mesenchymal phenotype following EMT through antioxidant and TGFβ inhibitor treatments, which failed to induce a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Our characterization of multivariate phenotype dynamics during EMT indicates that the decrease in nucleophilic tone occurs alongside EMT; however, maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype following EMT is independent of both the nascent redox state and the continuous TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
| | - C Andrew Arencibia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
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Park KI, Park HS, Kim MK, Hong GE, Nagappan A, Lee HJ, Yumnam S, Lee WS, Won CK, Shin SC, Kim GS. Flavonoids identified from Korean Citrus aurantium L. inhibit Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer growth in vivo and in vitro. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bai X, Yang Q, Shu W, Wang J, Zhang L, Ma J, Xia S, Zhang M, Cheng S, Wang Y, Leng J. Prostaglandin E2 upregulates β1 integrin expression via the E prostanoid 1 receptor/nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1729-36. [PMID: 24584670 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) E prostanoid (EP)1 receptor shown to be associated with lung cancer cell invasion. However, the mechanism of EP1 receptor-mediated cell migration remains to be elucidated. β1 integrin is an essential regulator of the tumorigenic properties of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. To date, little is known regarding the association between the EP1 receptor and β1 integrin expression. The present study investigated the effect of EP1 receptor activation on β1 integrin expression and cell migration in NSCLC cells. A total of 34 patients with clinical diagnosis of NSCLC and 10 patients with benign disease were recruited for the present study. The expression levels of the EP1 receptor and β1 integrin expression were studied in resected lung tissue using immunohistochemistry. A statistical analysis was performed using Stata se12.0 software. The effects of PGE2, EP1 agonist 17-phenyl trinor-PGE2 (17-PT-PGE2) and the nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) inhibitor on β1 integrin expression were investigated on A549 cells. The expression of β1 integrin and the phosphorylation of NF-κB‑p65 Ser536 was investigated by western blot analysis. Cell migration was assessed by a transwell assay. The results demonstrated that β1 integrin and EP1 receptor expression exhibited a positive correlation of evident significance in the 44 samples. The in vitro migration assay revealed that cell migration was increased by 30% when the cells were treated with 5 µM 17-PT-PGE2 and that the pre-treatment of β1 integrin monoclonal antibody inhibited 17-PT-PGE2‑mediated cell migration completely. PGE2 and 17-PT-PGE2 treatment increased β1 integrin expression. RNA interference against the EP1 receptor blocked the PGE2-mediated β1 integrin expression in A549 cells. Treatment with 17-PT-PGE2 induced NF-κB activation, and the selective NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate inhibited 17-PT-PGE2-mediated β1 integrin expression. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the PGE2 EP1 receptor regulates β1 integrin expression and cell migration in NSCLC cells by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Targeting the PGE2/EP1/β1 integrin signaling pathway may aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Bai
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qinyi Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Department of Periodontal, Institute of Stomatology, The Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shukai Xia
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shanyu Cheng
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yipin Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Leng
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Chen KC, Chen CY, Lin CR, Lin CJ, Yang TY, Chen TH, Wu LC, Wu CC. Luteolin attenuates TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells by interfering in the PI3K/Akt-NF-κB-Snail pathway. Life Sci 2013; 93:924-33. [PMID: 24140887 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Luteolin is a natural flavonoid that possesses a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer abilities. Whether luteolin regulates the transformation ability of lung cancer cells remains unclear. The current study aims to uncover the effects and underlying mechanisms of luteolin in regulation of and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells. MAIN METHODS The lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were used in this experiment; the cells were pretreated with luteolin followed by administration with TGF-β1. The expression levels of various cadherin and related upstream regulatory modules were examined. KEY FINDINGS Pretreatment of luteolin prevented the morphological change and downregulation of E-cadherin of A549 cells induced by TGF-β1. In addition, the activation of PI3K-Akt-IκBa-NF-κB-Snail pathway which leads to the decline of E-cadherin induced by TGF-β1 was also attenuated under the pretreatment of luteolin. SIGNIFICANCE We provide the mechanisms about how luteolin attenuated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 lung cancer cells induced by TGF-β1. This finding will strengthen the anti-cancer effects of flavonoid compounds via the regulation of migration/invasion and EMT ability of various cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chieh Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Zou C, Luo Q, Qin J, Shi Y, Yang L, Ju B, Song G. Osteopontin promotes mesenchymal stem cell migration and lessens cell stiffness via integrin β1, FAK, and ERK pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 65:455-62. [PMID: 23086356 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for therapeutic applications has attracted great attention because MSCs home to and engraft to injured tissues after in vivo administration. The expression of osteopontin (OPN) is elevated in response to injury and inflammation, and its role on rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs)-directed migration has been elucidated. However, the signaling pathways through the activation of which OPN promotes rMSCs migration and the involvement of cell mechanics during OPN-mediating rMSCs migration have not been well studied. In this study, we found that OPN activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways by the ligation of integrin β1 in rMSCs. Inhibitors of FAK and ERK pathways inhibited OPN-induced rMSCs migration, indicating the possible involvement of FAK and ERK activation in OPN-induced migration in rMSCs. In addition, atomic force microscopy analysis showed that OPN reduced cell stiffness in rMSCs via integrin β1, FAK, and ERK pathways, suggesting that the promotion of rMSCs migration might partially be contributing to the decrease in cell stiffness stimulated by OPN. To further examine the role of OPN on cell motility and stiffness, actin cytoskeleton of rMSCs was observed. The reduced well-defined F-actin filaments and the promoted formation of pseudopodia in rMSCs induced by OPN explained the reduction in cell stiffness and the increase in cell migration. The current study data have shown for the first time that OPN binding to integrin β1 promotes rMSCs migration through the activation of FAK and ERK pathways, which may be attributed to the change in cell stiffness caused by the reduction in the amount of organized actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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Interaction between non-small-cell lung cancer cells and fibroblasts via enhancement of TGF-β signaling by IL-6. Lung Cancer 2013; 82:204-13. [PMID: 24011634 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblasts are key components of the tumor microenvironment. We clarified the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-6 in the interaction between fibroblasts and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS We used NSCLC cells (A549, NCI-H358) and normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) cells to evaluate phenotypic changes in the presence of human IL-6, TGF-β1, and conditioned media (CM) from these cells. Possible pathways were evaluated with SB431542, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor, or an anti-human IL-6 receptor neutralizing antibody (IL-6R-Ab). RESULTS A549 and NCI-H358 cells incubated with IL-6 (50 ng/mL) and TGF-β1 (2 ng/mL) showed significantly increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling compared to those treated with TGF-β1 alone. Furthermore, NHLF cells were synergistically activated by IL-6 and TGF-β1. IL-6 increased the expression of TGF-β type I receptors on the surface of A549, NCI-H358 and NHLF cells and enhanced TGF-β signaling. TGF-β1 induced phenotypic changes were attenuated by IL-6R-Ab. NHLF cells were activated and A549 cells showed induction of EMT in response to CM from the other cell type. These activities were attenuated by SB431542 or IL-6R-Ab, suggesting that interplay between NSCLC cells and NHLF may lead to increased EMT signaling in NSCLC cells and activation of NHLF cells through TGF-β and IL-6 signaling. Subcutaneous co-injection of A549 and NHLF cells into mice resulted in a high rate of tumor formation compared with injection of A549 cells without NHLF cells. SB431542 or IL-6R-Ab also attenuated the tumor formation enhanced by co-injection of the two cell types. CONCLUSION IL-6 enhanced epithelial cell EMT and stimulated tumor progression by enhancing TGF-β signaling. IL-6 and TGF-β may play a contributing role in maintenance of the paracrine loop between these two cytokines in the communication between fibroblasts and NSCLC cells for tumor progression.
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Kim YM, Kim IH, Nam TJ. Capsosiphon fulvescens glycoprotein reduces AGS gastric cancer cell migration by downregulating transforming growth factor-β1 and integrin expression. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1059-65. [PMID: 23934170 PMCID: PMC3829798 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are commonly used as functional foods and drugs. A glycoprotein (GP) from the green alga Capsosiphon fulvescens (Cf) has been reported to have antitumor activity toward various cancer cells. We previously observed that Cf-GP induced different pathways of apoptosis in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 plays an important role in cancer cell migration. Increased TGF-β1 levels increase the expression of the small GTPases and activate the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathways, resulting in the upregulation of integrin receptor proteins, which mediate the attachment of cells to surrounding tissues, cells or extracellular matrix. Thus, the inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling would downregulate integrin expression and thereby effectively decrease cell growth and migration. In the present study, we determined the effect of Cf-GP treatment on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of AGS human gastric cancer cells. To investigate the mechanism by which Cf-GP exerts its anticancer actions, we examined the effect of Cf-GP on the expression levels of TGF-β1, FAK, PI3K, AKT, the small GTPases and integrins in AGS cells. Our findings indicate that Cf-GP inhibits AGS cell proliferation and migration by downregulating integrin expression via the TGF-β1-activated FAK/PI3K/AKT pathways. These results suggest that Cf-GP may be an important factor in the development of functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Kim
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-911, Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Min KW, Liggett J, Baek SJ. Disruption of the transforming growth factor-β pathway by tolfenamic acid via the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2900-7. [PMID: 23864386 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) modulates diverse cell physiological processes and plays a complicated role in tumor development. It has been well established that TGF-β inhibits cell proliferation in normal and early stage carcinoma and facilitates tumor metastasis in late-stage carcinoma. Therefore, blocking TGF-β signaling in advanced stage carcinogenesis provides a potentially interesting chemotherapeutic strategy. We aimed to determine the effect of tolfenamic acid (TA) on TGF-β-induced protumorigenic activity. Here, we demonstrate that TA attenuates tumor-promoting effects of TGF-β in cancer cells. Further observation indicates TA blocks the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and this blockage is mainly attributed to the interference of TGF-β1-driven phosphorylation of Smad2/3. We also show that TA could exert this effect on cancer cell lines from several different origins and that TA is much better than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with respect to inhibition of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. Finally, extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase plays a role in TA-induced suppression of Smad2/3 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of Smad2/3 in response to TGF-β1. Our study provides a possible mechanism by which TA affects anticancer activity by inhibiting the TGF-β pathway and sheds light on the application of TA for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and
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TGFβ1 Polymorphisms Predict Distant Metastasis-Free Survival in Patients with Inoperable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Definitive Radiotherapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65659. [PMID: 23840350 PMCID: PMC3686751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transforming growth factor (TGF) -β1 signaling is involved in cancer-cell metastasis. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at TGFβ1 were associated with overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with definitive radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. Methods We genotyped TGFβ1 SNPs at rs1800469 (C–509T), rs1800471 (G915C), and rs1982073 (T+29C) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in blood samples from 205 NSCLC patients who had had definitive radiotherapy at one institution in November 1998–January 2005. We also tested whether the TGF-β1 rs1982073 (T+29C) SNP affected the migration and invasion of A549 and PC9 lung cancer cells. Results Median follow-up time for all patients was 17 months (range, 1–97 months; 39 months for patients alive at the time of analysis). Multivariate analysis showed that the TGFβ1 rs1800469 CT/CC genotype was associated with poor OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.463 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.012–2.114], P = 0.043) and shorter DMFS (HR = 1.601 [95% CI = 1.042–2.459], P = 0.032) and that the TGFβ1 rs1982073 CT/CC genotype predicted poor DMFS (HR = 1.589 [95% CI = 1.009–2.502], P = 0.046) and poor brain MFS (HR = 2.567 [95% CI = 1.155–5.702], P = 0.021) after adjustment for age, sex, race, performance status, smoking status, tumor histology and volume, stage, receipt of concurrent radiochemotherapy, number of chemotherapy cycles, and radiation dose. Transfection with TGFβ1+29C (vs. +29T) stimulated the migration and invasion of A549 and PC9 cells, suggesting that TGFβ1+29C may be linked with increased metastatic potential. Conclusions TGFβ1 genotypes at rs1800469 and rs1982073 could be useful for predicting DMFS among patients with NSCLC treated with definitive radiation therapy. These findings require validation in larger prospective trials and thorough mechanistic studies.
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Wang ZL, Fan ZQ, Jiang HD, Qu JM. Selective Cox-2 inhibitor celecoxib induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cells via activating MEK-ERK signaling. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:638-46. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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The therapeutic function of the chemokine RANTES on the H22 hepatoma ascites model. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 367:93-102. [PMID: 22547199 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at analyzing the therapeutic function of the chemokine RANTES on the H22 hepatoma ascites model and preliminarily explore the mechanism of RANTES in malignant ascites to provide an important reference for applying chemokines in anti-tumor therapy. The murine H22 hepatoma ascites model was used. Three treatment groups were analyzed: a RANTES treatment group, an IL-2 control group, and an NS control group. Two regimens of early treatment and late treatment were designed, and the therapeutic effect of RANTES on malignant ascites was studied by measuring changes in mouse body weight and abdominal circumference and observing the survival time. The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and MCP-1 in mouse ascites was detected by ELISA, and the chemotactic function of RANTES on B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. In the early and late treatment regimens, RANTES could effectively inhibit the increase in mouse body weight and abdominal circumference in the murine H22 hepatoma ascites model. The secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ, which had anti-tumor effects, was higher in the RANTES treatment group than in the control groups (P < 0.05), whereas the secretion of TGF-β1 and MCP-1, which promoted tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, was lower than in the control groups (P < 0.05). RANTES had chemotactic effects on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes; therefore, the percentage of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in the mouse ascites in the RANTES treatment group was significantly higher than in the NS control and IL-2 treatment groups, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was also significantly higher. RANTES can effectively inhibit the increase in body weight and abdominal circumference and significantly extend survival time in mice in the H22 hepatoma ascites model.
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Cosset EC, Godet J, Entz-Werlé N, Guérin E, Guenot D, Froelich S, Bonnet D, Pinel S, Plenat F, Chastagner P, Dontenwill M, Martin S. Involvement of the TGFβ pathway in the regulation of α5 β1 integrins by caveolin-1 in human glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:601-11. [PMID: 21901744 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 plays a crucial role in the development of cancer and its progression. We previously reported that glioblastoma cells expressing low levels of caveolin-1 exerted a more aggressive phenotype than cells expressing high levels. Such phenotype was due to the induction of α(5) β(1) integrin subsequent to the depletion of caveolin-1. Caveolin-1 was identified as a transcriptional repressor of α(5) β(1) integrin. The current study was designed to identify in vitro, the molecular mechanisms by which caveolin-1 controls α(5) β(1) integrin expression and to determine if a negative correlation between caveolin-1 and α(5) β(1) integrins also exists in biopsies and xenografted human brain tumors. We showed that depletion of caveolin-1 lead to the activation of the TGFβ/TGFβRI/Smad2 pathway which in turn induced the expression of α(5) β(1) integrins. We showed that cells expressing the lowest levels of caveolin-1 but the highest levels of α(5) β(1) integrins and TGFβRI were the most sensitive to a α(5) β(1) integrin antagonist and a TGFβRI inhibitor. Screening human glioma biopsies and human glioblastoma xenografts, we isolated subgroups with either low levels of caveolin-1 but high levels of α(5) β(1) integrin and TGFβRI or high levels of caveolin-1 but low levels of α(5) β(1) integrin and TGFβRI. In conclusion, caveolin-1 controls α(5) β(1) integrin expression through the TGFβ/TGFβRI/Smad2 pathway. The status of caveolin-1/α(5) β(1) integrins/TGFβRI might be a useful marker of the tumor evolution/prognosis as well as a predictor of anti-TGFβ or anti-α(5) β(1) integrin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C Cosset
- Université de Strasbourg, LBP, CNRS UMR 7213, Illkirch, France
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Lu C, Cheng SY. Extranuclear signaling of mutated thyroid hormone receptors in promoting metastatic spread in thyroid carcinogenesis. Steroids 2011; 76:885-91. [PMID: 21473875 PMCID: PMC3129395 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate the critical activities of the thyroid hormone (T3) in growth, development, and differentiation. Decreased expression and/or somatic mutations of TRs have been shown to be associated with several types of human cancers including liver, breast, lung, and thyroid. A direct demonstration that TRβ mutants could function as oncogenes is evidenced by the spontaneous development of follicular thyroid carcinoma similar to human cancer in a knockin mouse model harboring a mutated TRβ (denoted as PV; Thrb(PV/PV) mice). PV is a dominant negative mutation identified in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone. Analysis of altered gene expression and molecular studies of thyroid carcinogenesis in Thrb(PV/PV) mice show that the oncogenic activity of PV is mediated by both nucleus-initiated transcription and extranuclear actions to alter gene expression and signaling transduction activity. This article focuses on recent findings of novel extranuclear actions of PV that affect signaling cascades and thereby the invasiveness, migration, and motility of thyroid tumor cells. These findings have led to identification of potential molecular targets for treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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The role of tumor stroma in cancer progression and prognosis: emphasis on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:209-17. [PMID: 21107292 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181f8a1bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of both normal epithelial tissues and their malignant counterparts is supported by the host tissue stroma. The tumor stroma mainly consists of the basement membrane, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, immune cells, and vasculature. Although most host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy and eventually promote growth, invasion, and metastasis. Stromal changes at the invasion front include the appearance of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs constitute a major portion of the reactive tumor stroma and play a crucial role in tumor progression. The main precursors of CAFs are normal fibroblasts, and the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs is driven to a great extent by cancer-derived cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β. During recent years, the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the tumor stroma, highly responsible for the progression of tumors and their metastasis, has been increasingly unveiled. A better understanding of the host stroma contribution to cancer progression will increase our knowledge about the growth promoting signaling pathways and hopefully lead to novel therapeutic interventions targeting the tumor stroma. This review reports novel data on the essential crosstalk between cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma, with an emphasis on the role played by CAFs. Furthermore, it presents recent literature on relevant tumor stroma- and CAF-related research in non-small cell lung cancer.
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QI H, FAN L. [PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 13:1149-54. [PMID: 21159253 PMCID: PMC6426731 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 75%-85% of all lung cancers. NSCLC often presents at stages too late for surgical intervention and traditional treatments including chemotherapy and radiotherapy are inadequate. The 5-year survival rate of NSCLC is only 5%-10%. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is an important intracellular signal transduction pathway. It plays an important role in cell apoptosis and survival by affecting the activity of downstream effector molecules, and it is closely associated with the development and progression of NSCLC. This article reviewed recent progress on the composition, anti-apoptosis and proproliferation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and discussed its potential targets to NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwei QI
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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Olieslagers S, Pardali E, Tchaikovski V, ten Dijke P, Waltenberger J. TGF-β1/ALK5-induced monocyte migration involves PI3K and p38 pathways and is not negatively affected by diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:510-8. [PMID: 21478266 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Monocytes contribute to arteriogenesis by infiltration to sites of collateral growth and subsequent production and release of growth factors. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) mediates monocyte motility and stimulates arteriogenesis. TGF-β1 signalling mechanisms mediating monocyte motility are unknown so far. Moreover, the influence of cardiovascular risk factor diabetes on TGF-β1-induced monocyte migration remains to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Stimulation of primary human monocytes with TGF-β1 endorsed phosphorylation of v-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene analogues protein (AKT), p38, and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), besides the activation of the SMA/MAD homologues protein (SMAD) pathway. Inhibition of the TGF-βtype 1 receptor, alias activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), hindered monocyte chemotaxis towards TGF-β1 and TGF-β1-activated downstream signalling cascades. Individual genetic knock-downs for receptor-regulated SMAD2 and SMAD3 did not affect monocyte migration to TGF-β1. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) activity, but not AKT, diminished both basal and TGF-β1-mediated monocyte motility. TGF-β1-induced monocyte chemotaxis did not rely on ERK1/2, but rather on p38. Remarkably, TGF-β1 was able to stimulate chemotaxis of diabetic monocytes. CONCLUSION The current study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β1-induced monocyte migration, requiring ALK5 kinase activity and signalling via PI3K and p38. TGF-β1-driven monocyte motogenicity is fully functional in diabetic conditions, which is in sharp contrast to the impaired chemotactic responses to certain other arteriogenic cytokines. Therefore, TGF-β1 may be a promising candidate for endogenously and exogenously stimulating collateral growth in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servé Olieslagers
- Department of Cardiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ishigaki Y, Nakamura Y, Takehara T, Shimasaki T, Tatsuno T, Takano F, Ueda Y, Motoo Y, Takegami T, Nakagawa H, Kuwabata S, Nemoto N, Tomosugi N, Miyazawa S. Scanning electron microscopy with an ionic liquid reveals the loss of mitotic protrusions of cells during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:1024-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hou CH, Yang RS, Hou SM, Tang CH. TNF-α increases αvβ3 integrin expression and migration in human chondrosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:792-9. [PMID: 20857483 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a type of highly malignant tumour with a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis. Chondrosarcoma shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a key cytokine involved in inflammation, immunity, cellular homeostasis and tumour progression. Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells and have been associated with metastasis of cancer cells. However, the effects of TNF-α in migration and integrin expression in chondrosarcoma cells are largely unknown. In this study, we found that TNF-α increased the migration and the expression of αvβ3 integrin in human chondrosarcoma cells. Activations of MAPK kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulating kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways after TNF-α treatment were demonstrated, and TNF-α-induced expression of integrin and migration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor and mutant of MEK, ERK and NF-κB cascades. Taken together, our results indicated that TNF-α enhances the migration of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing αvβ3 integrin expression through the MEK/ERK/NF-κB signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rooney C, Sethi T. The Epithelial Cell and Lung Cancer: The Link between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer. Respiration 2011; 81:89-104. [DOI: 10.1159/000323946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Mongaret C, Alexandre J, Thomas-Schoemann A, Bermudez E, Chéreau C, Nicco C, Goldwasser F, Weill B, Batteux F, Lemare F. Tumor invasion induced by oxidative stress is dependent on membrane ADAM 9 protein and its secreted form. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:791-8. [PMID: 21064090 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in the regulation of cancer cell metastasis which involves cell invasion and adhesion that could be supported by ADAM proteins through the activities of their metalloprotease and disintegrin domains. We hypothesized that oxidative stress could act through the induction of ADAM9 protein in some cancer cells. Indeed, Western blot analysis for ADAM9 performed on A549 cells exposed to H(2) O(2) reveals a dose-dependent induction of two proteins (80 and 68 kDa) correlated with a sharp increase of the ADAM protease activity measured in supernatant while the activity measured on the cell layer was slightly affected. The 80kDa protein corresponds to the mature form of ADAM9. Immunoprecipitation analysis performed on concentrated supernatants revealed that the 68 kDa protein is a secreted form of ADAM9. When exposed to H(2) O(2) , A549 cells cocultured with confluent endothelial vascular cells resulted in a 5.5 fold (p < 0.001) increase in the number of adherent cells. Similarly, matrigel assay revealed a 3.25 fold (p < 0.01) increase in the number of invasive cells. The suppression of ADAM9 expression by specific small interfering RNA reduced oxidative stress-induced invasiveness and adhesiveness. These functions could be mediated by an interaction between ADAM9 and β1 integrin because each of them were inhibited when the experiment is performed in presence of mAbs targeting ADAM9 ectodomain or β1-integrin. These results emphasize the importance of oxidative stress in the regulation of cancer cell metastasis and suggest that ADAM9 and its secreted isoform can be important determinants in the ability of cancer cells to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mongaret
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, EA 1833, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France.
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Zou C, Song G, Luo Q, Yuan L, Yang L. Mesenchymal stem cells require integrin β1 for directed migration induced by osteopontin in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:241-50. [PMID: 21136191 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their ability of self-renewal paired with the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Numerous studies have reported beneficial effects of MSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. After in vivo administration, MSCs home to and engraft to injured tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Osteopontin (OPN) has been found to be elevated in response to injury and inflammation and its role on cell mobilization has been studied. Therefore, the facts imply that OPN may contribute to the recruitment of MSCs to the sites of injury. In this study, using transwell assay, we found that rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) migrated towards OPN in a concentration-dependent manner. To further examine the involved molecular mechanisms for OPN-induced rMSCs migration, RT-PCR, and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of integrin β1 and CD44v6, the two receptors of OPN. OPN promoted integrin β1 mRNA and protein expression while CD44v6 mRNA level was not altered. Blockade of integrin β1 also inhibited OPN-induced rMSCs migration, indicating the possible involvement of integrin β1 in OPN-induced migration in rMSCs. Our data have shown for the first time that OPN increases integrin β1 expression in rMSCs and promotes rMSCs migration through the ligation to integrin β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Hsu CJ, Lin TY, Kuo CC, Tsai CH, Lin MZ, Hsu HC, Fong YC, Tang CH. Involvement of integrin up-regulation in RANKL/RANK pathway of chondrosarcomas migration. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:138-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rasheed SAK, Efferth T, Asangani IA, Allgayer H. First evidence that the antimalarial drug artesunate inhibits invasion and in vivo metastasis in lung cancer by targeting essential extracellular proteases. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1475-85. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim BJ, Jones HP. Implications of corticotropin releasing factor in targeted anticancer therapy. J Pharm Pract 2010; 23:86-90. [PMID: 21507800 DOI: 10.1177/0897190009360023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop novel anticancer therapies that eliminate adverse side effects produced by current treatments. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), an endogenous neuroedocrine factor, which typically regulates biological and psychological indicators of stress, has recently been found to be expressed by tumor malignancies. Here, we discuss the implications of CRF as a target for antitumor therapy through regulation of tumor immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Vasilaki E, Papadimitriou E, Tajadura V, Ridley AJ, Stournaras C, Kardassis D. Transcriptional regulation of the small GTPase RhoB gene by TGFß‐induced signaling pathways. FASEB J 2009; 24:891-905. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Vasilaki
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Elsa Papadimitriou
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Virginia Tajadura
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsGuy's CampusKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsGuy's CampusKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
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