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Zhao Q, Lai K. Role of immune inflammation regulated by macrophage in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109770. [PMID: 38145794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to irreversible impairment of visual function, and the number of patients with AMD has been increasing globally. The immunoinflammatory theory is an important pathogenic mechanism of AMD, with macrophages serving as the primary inflammatory infiltrating cells in AMD lesions. Its powerful immunoinflammatory regulatory function has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we provide an overview of the involvement of macrophage-regulated immunoinflammation in different stages of AMD. Additionally, we summarize novel therapeutic approaches for AMD, focusing on targeting macrophages, such as macrophage/microglia modulators, reduction of macrophage aggregation in the subretinal space, modulation of macrophage effector function, macrophage phenotypic alterations, and novel biomimetic nanocomposites development based on macrophage-associated functional properties. We aimed to provide a basis and reference for the further exploration of AMD pathogenesis, developmental influences, and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, No.7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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2
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Rengo C, Valletta A, Liccardo D, Spagnuolo G, Corbi G, De Luca F, Lauria MR, Perrotta A, Rengo G, Ferrara N, Rengo S, Valletta R, Cannavo A. Healthy aging: when periodontal health matters. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2023. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-n580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Cheng X, Ren T, Xu W, Li J, Wang H, Zhang J. Inflammation produced by senescent osteocytes mediates age-related bone loss. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114006. [PMID: 36814916 PMCID: PMC9940315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The molecular mechanisms of age-related bone loss are unclear and without valid drugs yet. The aims of this study were to explore the molecular changes that occur in bone tissue during age-related bone loss, to further clarify the changes in function, and to predict potential therapeutic drugs. Methods We collected bone tissues from children, middle-aged individuals, and elderly people for protein sequencing and compared the three groups of proteins pairwise, and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in each group were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). K-means cluster analysis was then used to screen out proteins that continuously increased/decreased with age. Canonical signaling pathways that were activated or inhibited in bone tissue along with increasing age were identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Prediction of potential drugs was performed using the Connectivity Map (CMap). Finally, DEPs from sequencing were verified by Western blot, and the drug treatment effect was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Results The GO and KEGG analyses show that the DEPs were associated with inflammation and bone formation with aging, and the IPA analysis shows that pathways such as IL-8 signaling and acute-phase response signaling were activated, while glycolysis I and EIF2 signaling were inhibited. A total of nine potential drugs were predicted, with rapamycin ranking the highest. In cellular experiments, rapamycin reduced the senescence phenotype produced by the H2O2-stimulated osteocyte-like cell MLO-Y4. Conclusion With age, inflammatory pathways are activated in bone tissue, and signals that promote bone formation are inhibited. This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular changes that occur in bone tissue during age-related bone loss and provides evidence that rapamycin is a drug of potential clinical value for this disease. The therapeutic effects of the drug are to be further studied in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Health Care Management Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianxing Ren
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Basic School of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Jinxiang Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Jinxiang Zhang, ; Hui Wang,
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Cellular Carcinogenesis: Role of Polarized Macrophages in Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112811. [PMID: 35681791 PMCID: PMC9179569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inflammation is a hallmark of many cancers. Macrophages are key participants in innate immunity and important drivers of inflammation. When chronically polarized beyond normal homeostatic responses to infection, injury, or aging, macrophages can express several pro-carcinogenic phenotypes. In this review, evidence supporting polarized macrophages as endogenous sources of carcinogenesis is discussed. In addition, the depletion or modulation of macrophages by small molecule inhibitors and probiotics are reviewed as emerging strategies in cancer prevention. Abstract Inflammation is an essential hallmark of cancer. Macrophages are key innate immune effector cells in chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Parainflammation is a form of subclinical inflammation associated with a persistent DNA damage response. Inflammaging represents low-grade inflammation due to the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses that occur with aging. Whether induced by infection, injury, or aging, immune dysregulation and chronic macrophage polarization contributes to cancer initiation through the production of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines and genotoxins and by modulating immune surveillance. This review presents pre-clinical and clinical evidence for polarized macrophages as endogenous cellular carcinogens in the context of chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Emerging strategies for cancer prevention, including small molecule inhibitors and probiotic approaches, that target macrophage function and phenotype are also discussed.
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Abstract
Two vasculitides, giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), are recognized as autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases that manifest exclusively within the aorta and its large branches. In both entities, the age of the affected host is a critical risk factor. TAK manifests during the 2nd-4th decade of life, occurring while the immune system is at its height of performance. GCA is a disease of older individuals, with infrequent cases during the 6th decade and peak incidence during the 8th decade of life. In both vasculitides, macrophages and T cells infiltrate into the adventitia and media of affected vessels, induce granulomatous inflammation, cause vessel wall destruction, and reprogram vascular cells to drive adventitial and neointimal expansion. In GCA, abnormal immunity originates in an aged immune system and evolves within the aged vascular microenvironment. One hallmark of the aging immune system is the preferential loss of CD8+ T cell function. Accordingly, in GCA but not in TAK, CD8+ effector T cells play a negligible role and anti-inflammatory CD8+ T regulatory cells are selectively impaired. Here, we review current evidence of how the process of immunosenescence impacts the risk for GCA and how fundamental differences in the age of the immune system translate into differences in the granulomatous immunopathology of TAK versus GCA.
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6
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Visram A, Kourelis TV. Aging-associated immune system changes in multiple myeloma: The dark side of the moon. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100494. [PMID: 34837796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of the elderly. Changes that occur in the immune system with aging, also known as immunosenescence, have been associated with decreased tumor immunosurveillance and are thought to contribute to the development of MM and other cancers in the elderly. Once MM establishes itself in the bone marrow, immunosenescence related changes have been observed in the immune tumor microenvironment (iTME) and are driven by the malignant cells. The efficacy of novel immunotherapies used to treat MM has been blunted by detrimental iTME changes that occur at later disease stages and are, to some extent, driven by prior therapies. In this review, we discuss general changes that occur in the immune system with aging as well as our current knowledge of immunosenescence in MM. We discuss the differences and overlap between T cell senescence and exhaustion as well as potential methods to prevent or reverse immunosenescence. We focus predominantly on T cell immunosenescence which has been better evaluated in this disease and is more pertinent to novel MM immunotherapies. Our lack of understanding of the drivers of immunosenescence at each stage of the disease, from precursor stages to heavily pretreated MM, represents a major barrier to improving the efficacy of novel and existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Visram
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taxiarchis V Kourelis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN United States.
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7
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O'Brien EM, Spiller KL. Pro-inflammatory polarization primes Macrophages to transition into a distinct M2-like phenotype in response to IL-4. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:989-1000. [PMID: 34643290 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is largely regulated by diverse Mϕ populations whose functions are timing- and context-dependent. The early phase of healing is dominated by pro-inflammatory Mϕs, also known as M1, followed by the emergence of a distinct and diverse population that is collectively referred to as M2. The extent of the diversity of the M2 population is unknown. M2 Mϕs may originate directly from circulating monocytes or from phenotypic switching of pre-existing M1 Mϕs within the site of injury. The differences between these groups are poorly understood, but have major implications for understanding and treating pathologies characterized by deficient M2 activation, such as chronic wounds, which also exhibit diminished M1 Mϕ behavior. This study investigated the influence of prior M1 activation on human Mϕ polarization to an M2 phenotype in response to IL-4 treatment in vitro. Compared to unactivated (M0) Mϕs, M1 Mϕs up-regulated several receptors that promote the M2 phenotype, including the primary receptor for IL-4. M1 Mϕs also up-regulated M2 markers in response to lower doses of IL-4, including doses as low as 10 pg/mL, and accelerated STAT6 phosphorylation. However, M1 activation appeared to also change the Mϕ response to treatment with IL-4, generating an M2-like phenotype with a distinct gene and protein expression signature compared to M2 Mϕs prepared directly from M0 Mϕs. Functionally, compared to M0-derived M2 Mϕs, M1-derived M2 Mϕs demonstrated increased migratory response to SDF-1α, and conditioned media from these Mϕs promoted increased migration of endothelial cells in transwell assays, although other common Mϕ-associated functions such as phagocytosis were not affected by prior polarization state. In summary, M1 polarization appears to prime Mϕs to transition into a distinct M2 phenotype in response to IL4, which leads to increased expression of some genes and proteins and decreased expression of others, as well as functional differences. Together, these findings indicate the importance of prior M1 activation in regulating subsequent M2 behavior, and suggest that correcting M1 behavior may be a therapeutic target in dysfunctional M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M O'Brien
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Wang X, Undi RB, Ali N, Huycke MM. It takes a village: microbiota, parainflammation, paligenosis and bystander effects in colorectal cancer initiation. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048793. [PMID: 33969420 PMCID: PMC10621663 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality. It arises from a complex milieu of host and environmental factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes in colon epithelial cells that undergo mutation, selection, clonal expansion, and transformation. The gut microbiota has recently gained increasing recognition as an additional important factor contributing to CRC. Several gut bacteria are known to initiate CRC in animal models and have been associated with human CRC. In this Review, we discuss the factors that contribute to CRC and the role of the gut microbiota, focusing on a recently described mechanism for cancer initiation, the so-called microbiota-induced bystander effect (MIBE). In this cancer mechanism, microbiota-driven parainflammation is believed to act as a source of endogenous mutation, epigenetic change and induced pluripotency, leading to the cancerous transformation of colon epithelial cells. This theory links the gut microbiota to key risk factors and common histologic features of sporadic CRC. MIBE is analogous to the well-characterized radiation-induced bystander effect. Both phenomena drive DNA damage, chromosomal instability, stress response signaling, altered gene expression, epigenetic modification and cellular proliferation in bystander cells. Myeloid-derived cells are important effectors in both phenomena. A better understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiota and mucosal immune effector cells that generate bystander effects can potentially identify triggers for parainflammation, and gain new insights into CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Nantong Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Nantong Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226018, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ram Babu Undi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark M. Huycke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Promoting musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration by biomaterial-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4096-4109. [PMID: 33997496 PMCID: PMC8091177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are common in clinical practice. Repairing critical-sized defects in musculoskeletal systems remains a challenge for researchers and surgeons, requiring the application of tissue engineering biomaterials. Successful application depends on the response of the host tissue to the biomaterial and specific healing process of each anatomical structure. The commonly-held view is that biomaterials should be biocompatible to minimize local host immune response. However, a growing number of studies have shown that active modulation of the immune cells, particularly macrophages, via biomaterials is an effective way to control immune response and promote tissue regeneration as well as biomaterial integration. Therefore, we critically review the role of macrophages in the repair of injured musculoskeletal system soft tissues, which have relatively poor regenerative capacities, as well as discuss further enhancement of target tissue regeneration via modulation of macrophage polarization by biomaterial-mediated immunomodulation (biomaterial properties and delivery systems). This active regulation approach rather than passive-evade strategy maximizes the potential of biomaterials to promote musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration and provides alternative therapeutic options for repairing critical-sized defects. Different phenotypes of macrophages play a crucial role in musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration. Biomaterials and biomaterial-based delivery systems can be utilized to modulate macrophage polarization. This review summarizes immunomodulatory biomaterials to spur musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration.
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10
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Cianci R, Franza L, Massaro MG, Borriello R, De Vito F, Gambassi G. The Interplay between Immunosenescence and Microbiota in the Efficacy of Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040636. [PMID: 33147686 PMCID: PMC7712068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are among the most effective medical procedures and have had an incredible impact on almost everyone’s life. One of the populations that can benefit the most from them are elderly people. Unfortunately, in this group, vaccines are less effective than in other groups, due to immunosenescence. The immune system ages like the whole body and becomes less effective in responding to infections and vaccinations. At the same time, immunosenescence also favors an inflammatory microenvironment, which is linked to many conditions typical of the geriatrics population. The microbiota is one of the key actors in modulating the immune response and, in this review, we discuss the current evidence on the role of microbiota in regulating the immune response to vaccines, particularly in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cianci
- General Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.B.); (F.D.V.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-7597; Fax: +39-06-3550-2775
| | - Laura Franza
- Emergency Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Massaro
- General Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.B.); (F.D.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Raffaele Borriello
- General Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.B.); (F.D.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesco De Vito
- General Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.B.); (F.D.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Gambassi
- General Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (M.G.M.); (R.B.); (F.D.V.); (G.G.)
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11
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Pietrobon AJ, Teixeira FME, Sato MN. I mmunosenescence and Inflammaging: Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19 in Older People. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579220. [PMID: 33193377 PMCID: PMC7656138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Old individuals are more susceptible to various infections due to immunological changes that occur during the aging process. These changes named collectively as "immunosenescence" include decreases in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in addition to the exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines. This scenario of immunological dysfunction and its relationship with disease development in older people has been widely studied, especially in infections that can be fatal, such as influenza and, more recently, COVID-19. In the current scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infection, many mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in old individuals have been proposed. To better understand the dynamics of COVID-19 in this group, aspects related to immunological senescence must be well elucidated. In this article, we discuss the main mechanisms involved in immunosenescence and their possible correlations with the susceptibility of individuals of advanced age to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the more severe conditions of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abboud R, Choi J, Ruminski P, Schroeder MA, Kim S, Abboud CN, DiPersio JF. Insights into the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in graft- versus-host disease. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720914489. [PMID: 32537114 PMCID: PMC7268158 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720914489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (allo-HCT) is a curative therapy for a variety of hematologic malignancies, primarily through immune-mediated clearance of malignant cells. This graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect is mediated by alloreactive donor T-cells against recipient malignant cells. Unfortunately, graft versus host disease is a potentially lethal complication of this procedure, also mediated by alloreactive donor T-cells against recipient normal tissues. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a key contributor to nonrelapse mortality and long-term morbidity in patients undergoing allo-HCT. Reducing GVHD without interfering with - or ideally while enhancing - GvL, would improve outcomes and increase patient eligibility for allo-HCT. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway acts downstream of over 50 cytokines and is central to a wide variety of inflammatory pathways. These pathways play a role in the development and maintenance of GVHD throughout the disease process and within T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. Agents targeting JAK/STAT signaling pathways have shown clinical efficacy and gained US Food and Drug Administration approval for numerous diseases. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence for the role of JAK/STAT signaling in the development and maintenance of GVHD and the utility of blocking agents at preventing and treating GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Abboud
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaebok Choi
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Ruminski
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sena Kim
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Camille N Abboud
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John F DiPersio
- Virginia E. and Samuel J. Golman Professor, Chief, Division of Oncology, Deputy Director, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 66o S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8007, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Sequential drug delivery to modulate macrophage behavior and enhance implant integration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:85-94. [PMID: 31103451 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are major upstream regulators of the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials. Sequential functions of distinct macrophage phenotypes are essential to the normal tissue repair process, which ideally results in vascularization and integration of implants. Improper timing of M1 or M2 macrophage activation results in dysfunctional healing in the form of chronic inflammation or fibrous encapsulation of the implant. Thus, biphasic drug delivery systems that modulate macrophage behavior are an appealing approach to promoting implant integration. In this review, we describe the timing and roles of macrophage phenotypes in healing, then highlight current drug delivery systems designed to sequentially modulate macrophage behavior.
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Crooke SN, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Immunosenescence: A systems-level overview of immune cell biology and strategies for improving vaccine responses. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110632. [PMID: 31201918 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence contributes to a decreased capacity of the immune system to respond effectively to infections or vaccines in the elderly. The full extent of the biological changes that lead to immunosenescence are unknown, but numerous cell types involved in innate and adaptive immunity exhibit altered phenotypes and function as a result of aging. These manifestations of immunosenescence at the cellular level are mediated by dysregulation at the genetic level, and changes throughout the immune system are, in turn, propagated by numerous cellular interactions. Environmental factors, such as nutrition, also exert significant influence on the immune system during aging. While the mechanisms that govern the onset of immunosenescence are complex, systems biology approaches allow for the identification of individual contributions from each component within the system as a whole. Although there is still much to learn regarding immunosenescence, systems-level studies of vaccine responses have been highly informative and will guide the development of new vaccine candidates, novel adjuvant formulations, and immunotherapeutic drugs to improve vaccine responses among the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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15
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Alhamdi JR, Peng T, Al-Naggar IM, Hawley KL, Spiller KL, Kuhn LT. Controlled M1-to-M2 transition of aged macrophages by calcium phosphate coatings. Biomaterials 2019; 196:90-99. [PMID: 30075952 PMCID: PMC6336526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Older adults suffer from weakened and delayed bone healing due to age-related alterations in bone cells and in the immune system. Given the interaction between the immune system and skeletal cells, therapies that address deficiencies in both the skeletal and the immune system are required to effectively treat bone injuries of older patients. The sequence of macrophage activation observed in healthy tissue repair involves a transition from a pro-inflammatory state followed by a pro-reparative state. In older patients, inflammation is slower to resolve and impedes healing. The goal of this study was to design a novel drug delivery system for temporal guidance of the polarization of macrophages using bone grafting materials. A biomimetic calcium phosphate coating (bCaP) physically and temporally separated the pro-inflammatory stimulus interferon-gamma (IFNγ) from the pro-reparative stimulus simvastatin (SIMV). Effective doses were identified using a human monocyte line (THP-1) and testing culminated with bone marrow macrophages obtained from old mice. Sequential M1-to-M2 activation was achieved with both cell types. These results suggest that this novel immunomodulatory drug delivery system holds potential for controlling macrophage activation in bones of older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana R Alhamdi
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Iman M Al-Naggar
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, PA, USA
| | - Liisa T Kuhn
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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16
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Pilkington SM, Barron MJ, Watson REB, Griffiths CEM, Bulfone-Paus S. Aged human skin accumulates mast cells with altered functionality that localize to macrophages and vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive nerve fibres. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:849-858. [PMID: 30291626 PMCID: PMC6619242 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Skin health declines with age and this is partially attributed to immunosenescence. Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells that coordinate tissue immune responses integral to skin homeostasis and disease. Objectives To understand how MCs contribute to human skin ageing, we investigated how intrinsic ageing impacts MC phenotype and MC relationships with other immune cells and skin structures. Methods In photoprotected skin biopsies from young (≤ 30 years) and aged (≥ 75 years) individuals, immunostaining and spatial morphometry were performed to identify changes in MC phenotype, number, distribution and interaction with the vasculature and nerve fibres. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure changes in gene expression related to immune cell activity and neuropeptide signalling. Results Skin MCs, macrophages and CD8+ T cells increased in number in intrinsically aged vs. young skin by 40%, 44% and 90%, respectively (P < 0·05), while CD4+ T cells and neutrophils were unchanged. In aged skin, MCs were more numerous in the papillary dermis and showed a reduced incidence of degranulation (50% lower than in young, P < 0·01), a conserved tryptase–chymase phenotype and coexpression of granzyme B. In aged skin, MCs increased their association with macrophages (~ 48% vs. ~27%, P < 0·05) and nerve fibres (~29% vs. 16%, P < 0·001), while reducing their interactions with blood vessels (~34% vs. 45%, P < 0·001). Additionally, we observed modulation of gene expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; increased) and substance P (decreased) with age; this was associated with an increased frequency of VIP+ nerve fibres (around three times higher in aged skin, P < 0·05), which were strongly associated with MCs (~19% in aged vs. 8% in young, P < 0·05). Conclusions In photoprotected skin we observed an accumulation of MCs with increasing age. These MCs have both altered functionality and distribution within the skin, which supports a role for these cells in altered tissue homeostasis during ageing. What's already known about this topic? In aged skin, immunity becomes dysregulated leading to greater baseline inflammation and dampened adaptive immunity. Mast cells (MCs) are regarded as multifunctional regulators of tissue homeostasis and immunity and are known to increase in number in the skin with age.
What does this study add? This study shows that the increase in MCs in aged skin is localized to the papillary dermis, where these cells are in closer proximity to macrophages but have reduced interaction with the microvasculature and other immune populations. We show that in aged skin, MCs also exhibit lower amounts of degranulation and form closer interactions with macrophages and vasoactive intestinal peptide‐positive nerve fibres while lessening their association with the dermal vasculature.
What is the translational message? Alterations in MC frequency, functionality and distribution may contribute to the immunosenescent skin phenotype associated with intrinsic ageing. The changes in MC behaviour may also play a role in neurogenic inflammation and could provide a therapeutic target for age‐associated pruritus.
Respond to this article
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pilkington
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K
| | - M J Barron
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K
| | - R E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K
| | - C E M Griffiths
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K
| | - S Bulfone-Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K
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17
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Gardner JK, Cornwall SMJ, Musk AW, Alvarez J, Mamotte CDS, Jackaman C, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Elderly dendritic cells respond to LPS/IFN-γ and CD40L stimulation despite incomplete maturation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195313. [PMID: 29652910 PMCID: PMC5898732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) undergo age-related changes that modulate their function with their key role being priming antigen-specific effector T cells. This occurs once DCs develop into antigen-presenting cells in response to stimuli/danger signals. However, the effects of aging on DC responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ and CD40 ligand (CD40L) have not yet been systematically evaluated. We examined responses of blood myeloid (m)DC1s, mDC2s, plasmacytoid (p)DCs, and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) from young (21–40 years) and elderly (60–84 years) healthy human volunteers to LPS/IFN-γ or CD40L stimulation. All elderly DC subsets demonstrated comparable up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and/or CD86), intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and/or IL-12), and/or secreted cytokine levels (IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12) to their younger counterparts. Furthermore, elderly-derived LPS/IFN-γ or CD40L-activated MoDCs induced similar or increased levels of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell proliferation, and similar T cell functional phenotypes, to their younger counterparts. However, elderly LPS/IFN-γ-activated MoDCs were unreliable in their ability to up-regulate chemokine (IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) and IL-6 secretion, implying an inability to dependably induce an inflammatory response. A key age-related difference was that, unlike young-derived MoDCs that completely lost their ability to process antigen, elderly-derived MoDCs maintained their antigen processing ability after LPS/IFN-γ maturation, measured using the DQ-ovalbumin assay; this response implies incomplete maturation that may enable elderly DCs to continuously present antigen. These differences may impact on the efficacy of anti-pathogen and anti-tumour immune responses in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K. Gardner
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia (WA), Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Scott M. J. Cornwall
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia (WA), Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Cyril D. S. Mamotte
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia (WA), Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia (WA), Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- School of Medicine, University of WA, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J. Nelson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia (WA), Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Macrophage-based therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 122:74-83. [PMID: 28526591 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that therapeutic cell and drug delivery strategies designed to actively harness the regenerative potential of the inflammatory response have great potential in regenerative medicine. In particular, macrophages have emerged as a primary target because of their critical roles in regulating multiple phases of tissue repair through their unique ability to rapidly shift phenotypes. Herein, we review macrophage-based therapies, focusing on the translational potential for cell delivery of ex vivo-activated macrophages and delivery of molecules and biomaterials to modulate accumulation and phenotype of endogenous macrophages. We also review current obstacles to progress in translating basic findings to therapeutic applications, including the need for improved understanding of context-dependent macrophage functions and the myriad factors that regulate macrophage phenotype; potential species-specific differences (e.g. humans versus mice); quality control issues; and the lack of standardized procedures and nomenclature for characterizing macrophages. Looking forward, the inherent plasticity of macrophages represents a daunting challenge for harnessing these cells in regenerative medicine therapies but also great opportunity for improving patient outcomes in a variety of pathological conditions.
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19
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Jackaman C, Tomay F, Duong L, Abdol Razak NB, Pixley FJ, Metharom P, Nelson DJ. Aging and cancer: The role of macrophages and neutrophils. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:105-116. [PMID: 28390891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune function has been implicated in the declining health and higher incidence of cancer in the elderly. However, age-related changes to immunity are not completely understood. Neutrophils and macrophages represent the first line of defence yet their ability to phagocytose pathogens decrease with aging. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in eliminating tumors, but T cell function is also compromised with aging. T cell responses can be regulated by macrophages and may depend on the functional phenotype macrophages adopt in response to microenvironmental signals. This can range from pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic M1 to anti-inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. Macrophages in healthy elderly adipose and hepatic tissue exhibit a more pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype compared to young hosts whilst immunosuppressive M2 macrophages increase in elderly lymphoid tissues, lung and muscle. These M2-like macrophages demonstrate altered responses to stimuli. Recent studies suggest that neutrophils also regulate T cell function and, like macrophages, neutrophil function is modulated with aging. It is possible that age-modified tissue-specific macrophages and neutrophils contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with dysregulated macrophage-mediated immunosuppression, which together are responsible for development of multiple pathologies, including cancer. This review discusses recent advances in macrophage and neutrophil biology in healthy aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Federica Tomay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Lelinh Duong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Norbaini Bintu Abdol Razak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pat Metharom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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20
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Pattabiraman G, Palasiewicz K, Galvin JP, Ucker DS. Aging-associated dysregulation of homeostatic immune response termination (and not initiation). Aging Cell 2017; 16:585-593. [PMID: 28371013 PMCID: PMC5418197 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a state of unbalanced immune responsiveness, characterized by a diverse repertoire of seemingly discreet and paradoxical alterations in all aspects of immunity arising in an aging‐associated manner. We asked whether aging‐associated alterations in the ability of apoptotic cells to elicit immunomodulatory responses (innate apoptotic immunity; IAI) or in IAI responses themselves might underlie the confounding aging‐associated anomalies of immunosenescence. We explored this question by examining, as a function of animal age, responsiveness of murine macrophages on the single cell level. We monitored the expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines cytofluorimetrically in response to pro‐inflammatory Toll‐like receptor (TLR) stimulation and anti‐inflammatory treatment with apoptotic cells. While we found no alterations with age in the potency of apoptotic cells or in the initiation and magnitude of IAI responses, we did identify a cell‐intrinsic deficiency in anti‐inflammatory IAI response termination linked with age and preceding manifestations of immunosenescence. Further, we found that an aging‐associated deficiency in response termination also is evident following TLR stimulation. These surprising observations reveal that a loss of homeostatic immune control with animal age results from the dysregulation of response termination (as distinct from response initiation) and is exerted on the level of transcription. We suggest that, with advancing age, cells become locked into relatively longer‐lived response states. Aging‐associated immune dysfunctions may reflect a diminution in the cellular nimbleness of immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - John P. Galvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - David S. Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; Chicago IL 60612 USA
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21
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Stanojević S, Ćuruvija I, Blagojević V, Petrović R, Vujić V, Dimitrijević M. Strain-dependent response to stimulation in middle-aged rat macrophages: A quest after a useful indicator of healthy aging. Exp Gerontol 2016; 85:95-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Albright JM, Dunn RC, Shults JA, Boe DM, Afshar M, Kovacs EJ. Advanced Age Alters Monocyte and Macrophage Responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:805-815. [PMID: 27357201 PMCID: PMC5107740 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE With the growing population of baby boomers, there is a great need to determine the effects of advanced age on the function of the immune system. Recent Advances: It is universally accepted that advanced age is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is referred to as inflamm-aging, which alters the function of both immune and nonimmune cells. Mononuclear phagocytes play a central role in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation in multiple organ systems and exhibit marked changes in phenotype and function in response to environmental cues, including the low levels of pro-inflammatory mediators seen in the aged. CRITICAL ISSUES Although we know a great deal about the function of immune cells in young adults and there is a growing body of literature focusing on aging of the adaptive immune system, much less is known about the impact of age on innate immunity and the critical role of the mononuclear phagocytes in this process. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this article, there is a focus on the tissue-specific monocyte and macrophage subsets and how they are altered in the aged milieu, with the hope that this compilation of observations will spark an expansion of research in the field. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 805-815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn M Albright
- 1 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,2 Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois
| | - Robert C Dunn
- 2 Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,3 Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jill A Shults
- 1 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,2 Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois
| | - Devin M Boe
- 4 Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Majid Afshar
- 2 Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,3 Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,5 Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois.,6 Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus , Maywood, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- 4 Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
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23
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Pattabiraman G, Palasiewicz K, Ucker DS. Toll-like Receptor function of murine macrophages, probed by cytokine induction, is biphasic and is not impaired globally with age. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 157:44-59. [PMID: 27453067 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a waning of normal immune function. This "immunosenescence" is characterized by a diverse repertoire of seemingly discreet and unbalanced immune alterations. A number of studies have suggested that aging-associated alterations in innate immune responsiveness, especially responsiveness dependent on Toll-like Receptor (TLR) engagement, are causally involved. We find, however, that the magnitude and dose-dependency of responsiveness to TLR engagement (assessed with respect to cytokine production) in distinct populations of murine macrophages are not altered generally with animal age or as a consequence of immunosenescence. Responses elicited with a wide array of TLR agonists were examined by extensive functional analyses, principally on the level of the individual cell. These studies reveal an intriguing "all-or-nothing" response behavior of macrophages, independent of animal age. Although reports to the contrary have been cited widely, aging-associated immune decline cannot be attributed to widespread alterations in the extents of TLR-dependent innate immune macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - David S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Lee-Chang C, Bodogai M, Moritoh K, Chen X, Wersto R, Sen R, Young HA, Croft M, Ferrucci L, Biragyn A. Aging Converts Innate B1a Cells into Potent CD8+ T Cell Inducers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3385-97. [PMID: 26983789 PMCID: PMC4821757 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cell dysregulation in aging is thought to mostly occur in conventional B2 cells without affecting innate B1 cells. Elderly humans and mice also accumulate 4-1BBL(+)MHC class-I(Hi)CD86(Hi)B cells of unknown origin. In this article, we report that these cells, termed 4BL cells, are activated murine and possibly human B1a cells. The activation is mediated by aging human monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages. They induce expression and activation of 4-1BBL and IFN-γR1 on B1a cells to subsequently upregulate membrane TNF-α and CD86. As a result, activated B1a/4BL cells induce expression of granzyme B in CD8(+)T cells by targeting TNFR2 via membrane TNF-α and providing costimulation with CD86. Thus, for the first time, to our knowledge, these results indicate that aging affects the function of B1a cells. Upon aging, these cells lose their tumor-supporting activity and become inducers of potentially antitumor and autoimmune CD8(+)T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Lee-Chang
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224; INSERM UMR995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kanako Moritoh
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert Wersto
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21244
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224;
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25
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Aging affects the responsiveness of rat peritoneal macrophages to GM-CSF and IL-4. Biogerontology 2015; 17:359-71. [PMID: 26463212 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages undergo significant functional alterations during aging. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes of rat macrophage functions and response to M1/M2 polarization signals with age. Therefore, resident and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from young (3-month-old) and aged (18-19-month-old) rats were tested for phagocytic capacity and ability to secrete inflammatory mediators following in vitro stimulation with LPS and GM-CSF, and IL-4, prototypic stimulators for classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, respectively. Aging increased the frequency of monocyte-derived (CCR7+ CD68+) and the most mature (CD163+ CD68+) macrophages within resident and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, respectively. The ability to phagocyte zymosan of none of these two cell subsets was affected by either LPS and GM-CSF or IL-4. The upregulated production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 and downregulated that of TGF-β was observed in response to LPS in resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from rats of both ages. GM-CSF elevated production of IL-1β and IL-6 in resident macrophages from aged rats and in thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from young rats. Unexpectedly, IL-4 augmented production of proinflammatory mediators, IL-1β and IL-6, in resident macrophages from aged rats. In both resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages aging decreased NO/urea ratio, whereas LPS but not GM-SCF, shifted this ratio toward NO in the macrophages from animals of both ages. Conversely, IL-4 reduced NO/urea ratio in resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from young rats only. In conclusion, our study showed that aging diminished GM-CSF-triggered polarization of elicited macrophages and caused paradoxical IL-4-driven polarization of resident macrophages toward proinflammatory M1 phenotype. This age-related deregulation of macrophage inflammatory mediator secretion and phagocytosis in response to M1/M2 activators may lead to the deficient control of infectious and/or inflammatory diseases in advanced age.
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Linehan E, Fitzgerald DC. Ageing and the immune system: focus on macrophages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:14-24. [PMID: 25883791 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi-d-14-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fully functioning immune system is essential in order to maintain good health. However, the immune system deteriorates with advancing age, and this contributes to increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer in the older population. Progress has been made in identifying age-related defects in the adaptive immune system. In contrast, relatively little research has been carried out on the impact of ageing on the innate immune response. This area requires further research as the innate immune system plays a crucial role in protection against infection and represents a first line of defence. Macrophages are central effector cells of the innate immune system and have many diverse functions. As a result, age-related impairments in macrophage function are likely to have important consequences for the health of the older population. It has been reported that ageing in macrophages impacts on many processes including toll-like receptor signalling, polarisation, phagocytosis, and wound repair. A detailed understanding of the impact of ageing on macrophages is required in order to develop therapeutics that will boost immune responses in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Linehan
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - D C Fitzgerald
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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27
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Linehan E, Dombrowski Y, Snoddy R, Fallon PG, Kissenpfennig A, Fitzgerald DC. Aging impairs peritoneal but not bone marrow-derived macrophage phagocytosis. Aging Cell 2014; 13:699-708. [PMID: 24813244 PMCID: PMC4326936 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging results in deterioration of the immune system, which is associated with increased susceptibility to infection and impaired wound healing in the elderly. Phagocytosis is an essential process in both wound healing and immune defence. As such, age-related impairments in phagocytosis impact on the health of the elderly population. Phagocytic efficiency in peritoneal macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages and bone marrow monocytes from young and old mice was investigated. Aging significantly impaired phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. However, bone marrow-derived macrophages and bone marrow monocytes did not exhibit age-related impairments in phagocytosis, suggesting no intrinsic defect in these cells. We sought to investigate underlying mechanisms in age-related impairments in phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. We hypothesized that microenvironmental factors in the peritoneum of old mice impaired macrophage phagocytosis. Indeed, macrophages from young mice injected into the peritoneum of old mice exhibited impaired phagocytosis. Proportions of peritoneal immune cells were characterized, and striking increases in numbers of T cells, B1 and B2 cells were observed in the peritoneum of old mice compared with young mice. In addition, B cell-derived IL-10 was increased in resting and LPS-activated peritoneal cell cultures from old mice. These data demonstrate that aging impairs phagocytosis by tissue-resident peritoneal macrophages, but not by bone marrow-derived macrophages/monocytes, and suggest that age-related defects in macrophage phagocytosis may be due to extrinsic factors in the tissue microenvironment. As such, defects may be reversible and macrophages could be targeted therapeutically in order to boost immune function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Linehan
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland
| | - Yvonne Dombrowski
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland
| | - Rachel Snoddy
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; St. James's Hospital; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre; Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin; Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland
| | - Denise C. Fitzgerald
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AE Northern Ireland
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Goh J, Ladiges WC. Exercise enhances wound healing and prevents cancer progression during aging by targeting macrophage polarity. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 139:41-8. [PMID: 24932991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, which can include regular and repetitive exercise training, has been shown to decrease the incidence of age-related diseases. Aging is characterized by aberrant immune responses, including impaired wound healing and increased cancer risk. The behavior and polarized phenotype of tissue macrophages are distinct between young and old organisms. The balance of M1 and M2 macrophages is altered in the aged tissue microenvironment, with a tilt towards an M2-dominant macrophage population, as well as its associated signaling pathways. These M2-type responses may result in unresolved inflammation and create an environment that impairs wound healing and is favorable for cancer growth. We discuss the concept that exercise training can improve the regulation of macrophage polarization and normalize the inflammatory process, and thereby exert anticancer effects and enhance wound healing in older humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorming Goh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren C Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Suchy D, Łabuzek K, Bułdak Ł, Szkudłapski D, Okopień B. Comparison of chosen activation markers of human monocytes/macrophages isolated from the peripheral blood of young and elderly volunteers. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:759-65. [PMID: 25149978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system of humans is strongly affected by the processes of aging and what is called immunosenescence and inflammaging. Aging processes are also associated with altered macrophage functions and their ability to undergo differential activation. As a result, the risk of macrophage-related disorders like atherosclerosis is increased in the elderly. METHODS Human monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from young and elderly healthy volunteers were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), and the expression of classical and alternative activation markers was assessed. The concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-1β were measured in addition to the expression of genes and relevant proteins of inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-1β, arginase-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1. RESULTS We showed that the macrophages isolated from the young generally demonstrated higher responsiveness to introduced stimuli and balanced the classical activation state. The cells from the elderly showed stronger generation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to stress and damage reactions. CONCLUSIONS The changes observed in the macrophages isolated from the elderly indicate that these cells could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders like atherosclerosis and diabetes. The cells from the young volunteers are less likely to present such properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Suchy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Łabuzek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Szkudłapski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Hinojosa CA, Akula Suresh Babu R, Rahman MM, Fernandes G, Boyd AR, Orihuela CJ. Elevated A20 contributes to age-dependent macrophage dysfunction in the lungs. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:58-66. [PMID: 24440463 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (i.e. inflamm-aging) and poor macrophage function that includes a weak pro-inflammatory cytokine response to bacteria and diminished phagocytosis (i.e. age-dependent macrophage dysfunction [ADMD]). One reason for this is that ADMD is associated with poor NFκB and MAPK activation following Toll-like receptor stimulation. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that inflamm-aging induces production of A20, a cytosolic and homeostatic suppressor of the NFκB and MAPK signaling cascades that deubiquitinates (i.e. inactivates) the common upstream signaling molecule TRAF6, and this is responsible for ADMD. Western blots and immunohistochemistry comparing tissues from young, mature, and aged C57BL/6 mice indicated that A20 was strongly elevated in the lungs of aged mice but not in other tissues. Elevated A20 was also detected in alveolar macrophages (AM) from aged mice. In contrast CYLD, a second deubiquitinase that also negatively regulates the NFκB pathway was decreased with aging. Following co-incubation of AM with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, TRAF6 polyubiquitination was diminished in AM isolated from aged versus young mice. A20 production was inducible in the J774A.1 macrophage cell line and C57BL/6AM by overnight incubation with TNFα but not IL-6. Retrovirus-induced expression of A20 in J774A.1 cells resulted in their diminished production of IL-6 following exposure to S. pneumoniae but had no effect on levels of phagocytosis. Overnight incubation of AM from young mice with TNFα also resulted in a dampened IL-6 response to S. pneumoniae. Finally, dietary supplementation of aged mice with anti-inflammatory n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the form of fish oil lowered lung A20 levels and enhanced resistance, including a 100-fold reduction in bacterial titers in the lungs, to experimental challenge with S. pneumoniae. We conclude that elevated A20 due to TNFα partially explains the ADMD phenotype and that ADMD is potentially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Hinojosa
- Center for Airway Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ramya Akula Suresh Babu
- Center for Airway Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Md M Rahman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Gabriel Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Angela R Boyd
- Center for Airway Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Center for Airway Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL, van Riel D, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:83-112. [PMID: 24581932 PMCID: PMC7094469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses that emerge in the human population may cause high morbidity and mortality, as well as concern about pandemic spread. Examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and novel variants of influenza A virus, such as H5N1 and pandemic H1N1. Different animal models are used to develop therapeutic and preventive measures against such viruses, but it is not clear which are most suitable. Therefore, this review compares animal models of SARS and influenza, with an emphasis on non-human primates, ferrets and cats. Firstly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza are compared. Both diseases are similar in that they affect mainly the respiratory tract and cause inflammation and necrosis centred on the pulmonary alveoli and bronchioles. Important differences are the presence of multinucleated giant cells and intra-alveolar fibrosis in SARS and more fulminant necrotizing and haemorrhagic pneumonia in H5N1 influenza. Secondly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza in man and experimental animals are compared. Host species, host age, route of inoculation, location of sampling and timing of sampling are important to design an animal model that most closely mimics human disease. The design of appropriate animal models requires an accurate pathological description of human cases, as well as a good understanding of the effect of experimental variables on disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhou H, Huang B, Han Y, Jin R, Chen S. Probucol inhibits JAK2−STAT pathway activation and protects human glomerular mesangial cells from tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced premature senescence. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:671-9. [PMID: 23984931 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human mesangial cells (HMCs) have a finite lifespan and eventually enter irreversible growth arrest known as cellular senescence, which is thought to contribute to kidney ageing and age-related kidney disorders such as chronic kidney disease. The JAK2−STAT pathway plays a pivotal role in transmitting cytokine signals, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, but whether it could regulate HMC senescence still remains to be explored. In our study, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced cells accelerated HMC senescence, as judged by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase stained positive cells, morphological changes, and G0−G1 cell cycle arrest. STAT1 and STAT3 activity were increased in tBHP-induced cells. After tBHP treatment, Bcl-2 protein expression decreased and Bax protein expression increased. Blocking the JAK2−STAT pathway with AG490 and using probucol significantly inhibited the progression of HMC senescence. Bax protein expression decreased, but Bcl-2 protein expression increased after AG490 and probucol treatment. Our results indicated that the JAK2−STAT pathway might mediate tBHP-induced HMC senescence through the Bcl-2−Bax pathway, and that probucol could attenuate HMC senescence by regulating STATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No. 2, Section 5, RenMin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No. 2, Section 5, RenMin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, P. R. China
| | - Yarong Han
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No. 2, Section 5, RenMin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, P. R. China
| | - Ruixia Jin
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No. 2, Section 5, RenMin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No. 2, Section 5, RenMin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, P. R. China
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Paletta-Silva R, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Adenosine and immune imbalance in visceral leishmaniasis: the possible role of ectonucleotidases. J Trop Med 2011; 2012:650874. [PMID: 22007242 PMCID: PMC3189589 DOI: 10.1155/2012/650874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is responsible for most Leishmania-associated deaths. VL represents a serious public health problem that affects many countries. The immune response in leishmaniasis is very complex and is poorly understood. The Th1 versus Th2 paradigm does not appear to be so clear in visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting that other immunosuppressive or immune-evasion mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of VL. It has been demonstrated that generation of adenosine, a potent endogenous immunosuppressant, by extracellular enzymes capable to hydrolyze adenosine tri-nucleotide (ATP) at the site of infection, can lead to immune impairment and contribute to leishmaniasis progression. In this regard, this paper discusses the unique features in VL immunopathogenesis, including a possible role for ectonucleotidases in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paletta-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The relationship between advanced age and immunologic deficits is becoming an area of rapidly advancing research. Many of the clinical hurdles in the elderly population result from dysregulation of the immune system leading to the inability of the elderly to swiftly combat infection and to the increased incidence of chronic disease states and autoimmune conditions. Herein, we address the crucial alterations in the innate immune system that occur with advancing age. Specifically, we discuss how the effects of advanced age may lead to functional changes in the neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cell, natural killer cell, and natural killer T cell populations in human and murine models that translate into aberrant innate immune responses. Furthermore, we elucidate how these changes may contribute to documented deficits in adaptive immunity as well as the pathological conditions and the increased morbidity and mortality seen in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shegufta Mahbub
- The Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Interleukin-6 contributes to age-related alteration of cytokine production by macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:475139. [PMID: 20671912 PMCID: PMC2910493 DOI: 10.1155/2010/475139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we studied in vitro cytokine production by splenic macrophages obtained from young and aged BALB/c wild type (WT) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6 KO) mice. Relative to macrophages obtained from young WT mice given lipopolysaccharide (LPS), those from aged WT mice had decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, when compared to macrophages from young IL-6 KO mice, LPS stimulation yielded higher levels of these cytokines by cells from aged IL-6 KO mice. Aging or IL-6 deficiency did not affected the percentage of F4/80+ macrophages, or the surface expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and components of the IL-6 receptor. Overall, our results indicate that IL-6 plays a role in regulating the age-related defects in macrophages through alteration of proinflammatory cytokines, adding to the complexity of IL-6-mediated impairment of immune cell function with increasing age.
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Frieman MB, Chen J, Morrison TE, Whitmore A, Funkhouser W, Ward JM, Lamirande EW, Roberts A, Heise M, Subbarao K, Baric RS. SARS-CoV pathogenesis is regulated by a STAT1 dependent but a type I, II and III interferon receptor independent mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000849. [PMID: 20386712 PMCID: PMC2851658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection often caused severe end stage lung disease and organizing phase diffuse alveolar damage, especially in the elderly. The virus-host interactions that governed development of these acute end stage lung diseases and death are unknown. To address this question, we evaluated the role of innate immune signaling in protection from human (Urbani) and a recombinant mouse adapted SARS-CoV, designated rMA15. In contrast to most models of viral pathogenesis, infection of type I, type II or type III interferon knockout mice (129 background) with either Urbani or MA15 viruses resulted in clinical disease outcomes, including transient weight loss, denuding bronchiolitis and alveolar inflammation and recovery, identical to that seen in infection of wildtype mice. This suggests that type I, II and III interferon signaling play minor roles in regulating SARS pathogenesis in mouse models. In contrast, infection of STAT1-/- mice resulted in severe disease, high virus titer, extensive pulmonary lesions and 100% mortality by day 9 and 30 post-infection with rMA15 or Urbani viruses, respectively. Non-lethal in BALB/c mice, Urbani SARS-CoV infection in STAT1-/- mice caused disseminated infection involving the liver, spleen and other tissues after day 9. These findings demonstrated that SARS-CoV pathogenesis is regulated by a STAT1 dependent but type I, II and III interferon receptor independent, mechanism. In contrast to a well documented role in innate immunity, we propose that STAT1 also protects mice via its role as an antagonist of unrestrained cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alan Whitmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Funkhouser
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Surgical Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jerrold M. Ward
- Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elaine W. Lamirande
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Exacerbated innate host response to SARS-CoV in aged non-human primates. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000756. [PMID: 20140198 PMCID: PMC2816697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viral respiratory pathogens with pandemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and influenza A H5N1, urges the need for deciphering their pathogenesis to develop new intervention strategies. SARS-CoV infection causes acute lung injury (ALI) that may develop into life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with advanced age correlating positively with adverse disease outcome. The molecular pathways, however, that cause virus-induced ALI/ARDS in aged individuals are ill-defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-infected aged macaques develop more severe pathology than young adult animals, even though viral replication levels are similar. Comprehensive genomic analyses indicate that aged macaques have a stronger host response to virus infection than young adult macaques, with an increase in differential expression of genes associated with inflammation, with NF-κB as central player, whereas expression of type I interferon (IFN)-β is reduced. Therapeutic treatment of SARS-CoV-infected aged macaques with type I IFN reduces pathology and diminishes pro-inflammatory gene expression, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, without affecting virus replication in the lungs. Thus, ALI in SARS-CoV-infected aged macaques developed as a result of an exacerbated innate host response. The anti-inflammatory action of type I IFN reveals a potential intervention strategy for virus-induced ALI. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection causes acute lung injury that may develop into the life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mostly elderly individuals. Although SARS-CoV infection can be fatal, most patients recover, suggesting that protective host responses are operational to combat the viral infection. Therefore, we used age as predisposing factor to obtain insight into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV. In this study, we show that SARS-CoV-infected aged macaques developed significantly more pathology than young adult animals, which could not be contributed to differences in viral replication. Using comparative microarray analyses, it was shown that although the nature of the host response to SARS-CoV infection was similar in aged and young adult macaques, the severity was significantly different, with aged macaques displaying an increase in differential expression of genes associated with inflammation. Interestingly, type I IFN-β mRNA levels correlated negatively with gross pathology. Therapeutic treatment of aged macaques with type I IFN reduced pathology without affecting virus replication. However, pro-inflammatory gene expression was significantly diminished. Thus, modulation of the host response by type I IFNs provides a promising outlook for novel intervention strategies.
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Aging is associated with altered dendritic cells subset distribution and impaired proinflammatory cytokine production. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Risher JF, Todd GD, Meyer D, Zunker CL. The elderly as a sensitive population in environmental exposures: making the case. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 207:95-157. [PMID: 20652665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The US population is aging. CDC has estimated that 20% of all Americans will be 65 or older by the year 2030. As a part of the aging process, the body gradually deteriorates and physiologic and metabolic limitations arise. Changes that occur in organ anatomy and function present challenges for dealing with environmental stressors of all kinds, ranging from temperature regulation to drug metabolism and excretion. The elderly are not just older adults, but rather are individuals with unique challenges and different medical needs than younger adults. The ability of the body to respond to physiological challenge presented by environmental chemicals is dependent upon the health of the organ systems that eliminate those substances from the body. Any compromise in the function of those organ systems may result in a decrease in the body's ability to protect itself from the adverse effects of xenobiotics. To investigate this issue, we performed an organ system-by-organ system review of the effects of human aging and the implications for such aging on susceptibility to drugs and xenobiotics. Birnbaum (1991) reported almost 20 years ago that it was clear that the pharmacokinetic behavior of environmental chemicals is, in many cases, altered during aging. Yet, to date, there is a paucity of data regarding recorded effects of environmental chemicals on elderly individuals. As a result, we have to rely on what is known about the effects of aging and the existing data regarding the metabolism, excretion, and adverse effects of prescription medications in that population to determine whether the elderly might be at greater risk when exposed to environmental substances. With increasing life expectancy, more and more people will confront the problems associated with advancing years. Moreover, although proper diet and exercise may lessen the immediate severity of some aspects of aging, the process will continue to gradually degrade the ability to cope with a variety of injuries and diseases. Thus, the adverse effects of long-term, low-level exposure to environmental substances will have a longer time to be manifested in a physiologically weakened elderly population. When such exposures are coupled with concurrent exposure to prescription medications, the effects could be devastating. Public health officials must be knowledgeable about the sensitivity of the growing elderly population, and ensure that the use of health guidance values (HGVs) for environmental contaminants and other substances give consideration to this physiologically compromised segment of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Risher
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology (F-32), Toxicology Information Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Reactive oxygen intermediate-induced pathomechanisms contribute to immunosenescence, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:564-87. [PMID: 19632262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) resulting in either too high or too low concentrations are commonly recognized to be at least in part responsible for many changes associated with aging. This article reviews ROI-dependent mechanisms critically contributing to the decline of immune function during physiologic - or premature - aging. While ROI serve important effector functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and host defence, their fine-tuned generation declines over time, and ROI-mediated damage to several cellular components and/or signalling deviations become increasingly prevalent. Although distinct ROI-associated pathomechanisms contribute to immunosenescence of the innate and adaptive immune system, mutual amplification of dysfunctions may often result in hyporesponsiveness and immunodeficiency, or in chronic inflammation with hyperresponsiveness/deregulation, or both. In this context, we point out how imbalanced ROI contribute ambiguously to driving immunosenescence, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Although ROI may offer a distinct potential for therapeutic targeting along with the charming opportunity to rescue from deleterious processes of aging and chronic inflammatory diseases, such modifications, owing to the complexity of metabolic interactions, may carry a marked risk of unforeseen side effects.
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Aging and innate immunity in the mouse: impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:319-24. [PMID: 19541536 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging affects every innate immune cell, including changes in cell numbers and function. Defects in the function of some cells are intrinsic, whereas for other cells, defects are extrinsic and possibly the consequence of the complex interactions with other cell types or the environmental milieu that is altered with aging. Abnormal function contributes to worsened outcomes after injury or infection and leads to diseases observed in the elderly. Knowing the mechanisms responsible for the aberrant function of innate immune cells might lead to the development of therapeutic strategies designed to improve innate immunity in aged individuals. Herein, advances in the field of innate immunity and aging with a focus on neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells in laboratory animals are discussed.
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Woods JA, Vieira VJ, Keylock KT. Exercise, Inflammation, and Innate Immunity. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29:381-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gorczynski RM, Terzioglu E. Aging and the immune system. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40:1117-25. [PMID: 18683074 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with many physiological changes in a variety of organ systems. Nevertheless, considerable interest has centred on the possibility that age-related immunological changes may play a key "master" role in regulating many, if not all, subsequent events. A growing body of data, some of it highlighted in this review, supports the notion that host resistance in general is changed in both a qualitative and quantitative manner with age, though the biochemical mechanism(s) underlying such changes are not unique to the immune system per se. Moreover, interventions designed to explore treatments which may reverse some or all of those age-related changes have pointed out a fundamentally important role for nutrition, and the way(s) in which this impacts on host resistance mechanism(s), as having a hitherto unappreciated importance in immunosenescence in general.
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Dace DS, Apte RS. Effect of senescence on macrophage polarization and angiogenesis. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:177-85. [PMID: 18279031 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that as the immune system ages, a progressive deterioration in normal function occurs. Termed immunosenescence, aging impacts both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the age-related alterations in the innate immune system, with a specific focus on macrophages. The downstream effect of altered macrophage function on aberrant angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of age-related eye disease is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru S Dace
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Gomez CR, Nomellini V, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ. Innate immunity and aging. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:718-28. [PMID: 18586079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with defects in all of the cells of the innate immune system, including numbers, function, and early stages of activation. This review, presents the current state of the field on the impact of age on the innate immune system. The analysis of the literature suggests that a dysfunctional innate immune system is a contributing factor to aberrant outcomes after injury or infection and to the development of many of the diseases observed in the elderly. Gaining an understanding of the nature of the defects in innate immune cells may allow the development of therapeutic strategies aimed to restore innate immune function in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Gomez
- The Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Bates JT, Honko AN, Graff AH, Kock ND, Mizel SB. Mucosal adjuvant activity of flagellin in aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:271-81. [PMID: 18367233 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of flagellin, a highly effective mucosal adjuvant in mice and non-human primates, to promote mucosal innate and adaptive immunity in aged mice. We found that intratracheal instillation of flagellin induced a stronger respiratory innate response in aged mice than in young mice, and that intranasal instillation of flagellin was equally effective at triggering recruitment of T and B lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes of young and aged mice. Intranasal immunization of aged mice with flagellin and the Yersinia pestis protein F1 promoted specific IgG and IgA production, but at lower levels and lower avidities than in young mice. Although intranasal instillation of flagellin and F1 antigen increased germinal center formation and size in young mice, it did not do so in aged mice. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that flagellin can promote adaptive immune responses in aged mice, but at a less robust level than in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on ischemia/reperfusion-induced injuries in the heart: STAT1 silencing flavonoid. GENES AND NUTRITION 2007; 2:307-10. [PMID: 18850185 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of naturally occurring flavonoids in health is believed to be due to their strong antioxidant activity. However, recent laboratory evidence indicates the involvement of a more specific action. Here, we present evidence that, among a number of catechins present in green tea extract, only epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exerts a strong inhibitory action on interferon-gamma-elicited activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Protective action of EGCG in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart and the molecular mechanism of action, which has nothing to do with its anti-oxidant capacity are described.
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Opal SM, Girard TD, Ely EW. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 41 Suppl 7:S504-12. [PMID: 16237654 DOI: 10.1086/432007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent among the numerous events that contribute to the enhanced susceptibility of elderly patients to infection is the decline of immune function that accompanies aging. Elderly patients experience a marked decline in cell-mediated immune function and reduced humoral immune function. Age-dependent defects in T and B cell function are readily demonstrable in elderly patients, yet the essential elements of innate immunity are remarkably well preserved. The cytokine and chemokine signaling networks are altered in elderly patients and tends to favor a type 2 cytokine response over type 1 cytokine responses. The induction of proinflammatory cytokines after septic stimuli is not adequately controlled by anti-inflammatory mechanisms in elderly persons. This immune dysregulation is accompanied by a more pronounced procoagulant state in older patients. These molecular events function in concert to render elderly patients at excess risk for mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Opal
- Infectious Disease Division, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Abstract
Regular exercise is protective against several chronic diseases ranging from physiologic diseases such as cardiovascular disease to neurologic diseases such as dementia and depression. Exciting recent research points to chronic inflammation as an underlying contributor to many age-related chronic diseases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in animals and humans have shown both an acute and a chronic anti-inflammatory effect. Because innate immunity is a key regulator of inflammatory processes, and chronic inflammation contributes to many illnesses, the effect of regular exercise on innate immunity, most importantly macrophages, holds much promise in terms of defining these mechanisms. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise have not been elucidated. This article presents several compelling potential mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise, including loss of body fat, reductions in macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, altered macrophage phenotype in adipose tissue, exercise-induced muscle production of IL-6, or alterations in the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Further investigation to confirm or reject these testable hypotheses will allow better application of exercise therapy to treat and prevent illnesses associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 6180, USA.
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Keylock KT, Lowder T, Leifheit KA, Cook M, Mariani RA, Ross K, Kim K, Chapman-Novakofski K, McAuley E, Woods JA. Higher antibody, but not cell-mediated, responses to vaccination in high physically fit elderly. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:1090-8. [PMID: 17095638 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00790.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether cardiovascular fitness, independent of confounding factors, was associated with immune responsiveness to clinically relevant challenges in older adults (60-76 yr). Thirteen sedentary, low-fit (LF; maximal O(2) uptake = 21.1 +/- 1.1 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) and 13 physically active, high-fit (HF; maximal O(2) uptake = 46.8 +/- 3.4 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) older adults participated in this study. Dietary intake was assessed, and a battery of psychosocial tests was administered. In vivo antibody and ex vivo proliferative and cytokine responses to influenza (Fluzone) and tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests were performed. HF elderly individuals displayed a higher antibody response to two of the three strains included in the Fluzone vaccine as measured by hemagluttination inhibition, but there was no difference between groups in influenza-specific ex vivo proliferation or IFN-gamma or IL-10 production. HF elderly individuals exhibited a lower IgG(1) response and a tendency for a higher IgG(2) response to the TT vaccine. There were, however, no differences in TT-specific ex vivo proliferation or IFN-gamma or IL-10 production. In contrast, HF subjects had higher proliferative responses to phytohemagluttinin. In addition, there were no differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to fungal antigens between groups. These results suggest that, after accounting for confounding factors, HF elderly individuals have higher antibody responses to Fluzone vaccine and a Th2 skewing of the antibody response to TT. There was little evidence that HF mounted better cell-mediated immune responses to the Fluzone or TT vaccine measured in peripheral blood cells or to other recall antigens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Todd Keylock
- Depatment of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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