1
|
Cledera-Castro M, Hueso-Kortekaas K, Sanchez-Mata C, Morales-Polo C, Calzada-Funes J, Delgado-Mellado N, Caro-Carretero R. An exploratory study of fibre microplastics pollution in different process stages of salt production by solar evaporation in Spain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31609. [PMID: 38828341 PMCID: PMC11140707 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of growing concern. Several studies have found microplastics in table salt worldwide in the last decade, although most have focused on already prepackaged salt. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research analysing the entire salt production process. In this study focused on solar evaporation salinas, brine and salt samples were obtained from each stage of production, starting with the entrance of seawater/brine until the final stage of ready-to-sell salt, in six sites in Spain. We extracted microplastics from each sample after 30 % H2O2 digestion and filtration through cellulose nitrate 5 μm pore filters. Microplastic fibres were optically analysed with an Olympus DSX1000. Results indicate that microplastics are present both in seawater and air, with atmospheric fallout identified as the primary source. Microplastic concentrations from the entrance to the salina till the inlet to the crystallizers ranges from 256 to 1500 items per liter and from 79 to 193 microplastics per kg for packaged salt were estimated. Artisanal salina F shows the highest content in microplastics. This study hopes to give insight into the origin and causes of microplastic pollution in solar evaporation salinas and contribute to preventing this form of pollution in food-grade salt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Cledera-Castro
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Group on Emerging Pollutants and Resource Recovery. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Technology, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Hueso-Kortekaas
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Group on Emerging Pollutants and Resource Recovery. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
- IPAISAL Network, Apartado de Correos 50, 28450, Collado Mediano, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Sanchez-Mata
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Morales-Polo
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Group on Emerging Pollutants and Resource Recovery. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Technology, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Calzada-Funes
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Group on Emerging Pollutants and Resource Recovery. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Delgado-Mellado
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Group on Emerging Pollutants and Resource Recovery. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera, 25, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Caro-Carretero
- ICAI School of Engineering. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto, Aguilera, 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra de Catástrofes Fundación AON España, Calle Alberto Aguilera, 23, 28015, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao H, Wang H, Wang Y, Lin Y, Yan J, Shen H. Identification and quantification of microplastics in salts by complementary approaches using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (Py-GC/QTOFMS) and laser direct infrared (LDIR) chemical imaging analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123820. [PMID: 38527583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have been suspected as contaminants in various foodstuffs, including salts, all over the world. Regarding the different sizes and polymer types, the mass concentrations of actual plastic particles in salt are not very clear. The purpose of this study is to develop a scalable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of MPs and NPs by using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Quadrupole-Time of Flight mass spectrometry (Py-GC/QTOFMS) to detect their mass concentrations in salt samples. The targeted and suspected lists of polymers in salts were compiled based on the combined results of the high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) full scanning with auxiliary MS dataset and the laser direct infrared (LDIR) chemical imaging analysis. The seven targeted MPs with polymer standards, i.e., polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polycarbonate (PC), were first subjected to a full MS scanning mode of the Py-GC/QTOFMS analysis. Subsequently, the parental masses of their pyrolysis compounds were used as the seeds to generate the related daughter masses. This process established both retention time and mass-pairs matching for the target MS/MS mode for enabling the identification and quantification of the particles. The suspected MPs with a matching degree >0.65 in the LDIR list were explored either by the full scan MS. Only PVC was identified, and PET was suspected. The Py-GC/QTOFMS result is complementary and comparable to the LDIR detection with the matching degree >0.85. We identified that PVC and PET (suspected) can be measured in both commercial and bulk sea salts, and their concentrations in sea salts are much higher than in rock salts, implying heavy contamination of the seawater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Yi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianbo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duncan TV, Khan SA, Patri AK, Wiggins S. Regulatory Science Perspective on the Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Human Food. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4343-4358. [PMID: 38452774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are increasingly reported, not only in the environment but also in a wide range of food commodities. While studies on microplastics in food abound, the current state of science is limited in its application to regulatory risk assessment by a continued lack of standardized definitions, reference materials, sample collection and preparation procedures, fit-for purpose analytical methods for real-world and environmentally relevant plastic mixtures, and appropriate quality controls. This is particularly the case for nanoplastics. These methodological challenges hinder robust, quantitative exposure assessments of microplastic and nanoplastic mixtures from food consumption. Furthermore, limited toxicological studies on whether microplastics and nanoplastics adversely impact human health are also impeded by methodology challenges. Food safety regulatory agencies must consider both the exposure and the risk of contaminants of emerging concern to ascertain potential harm. Foundational to this effort is access to and application of analytical methods with the capability to quantify and characterize micro- and nanoscale sized polymers in complex food matrices. However, the early stages of method development and application of early stage methods to study the distribution and potential health effects of microplastics and nanoplastics in food have largely been done without consideration of the stringent requirements of methods to inform regulatory activities. We provide regulatory science perspectives on the state of knowledge regarding the occurrence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food and present our general approach for developing, validating, and implementing analytical methods for regulatory purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Duncan
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Sadia Afrin Khan
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Anil K Patri
- Nanotechnology Core Facility, Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72029, United States
| | - Stacey Wiggins
- Division of Seafood Safety, Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu L, Kang Y, Ma M, Wu Z, Zhang L, Hu R, Xu Q, Zhu J, Gu X, An L. Tissue accumulation of microplastics and potential health risks in human. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170004. [PMID: 38220018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics have become ubiquitous throughout the environment. Humans constantly ingest and inhale microplastics, increasing concerns about the health risks of microplastic exposure. However, limited data impedes a full understanding of the internal exposure to microplastics. Herein, to evaluate microplastic exposure via the respiratory and digestive systems, we used laser direct infrared spectroscopy to identify microplastics >20 μm in size in different human tissues. Consequently, 20-100 μm microplastics were concentrated in all tissues, with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) being the dominant polymer. The highest abundance of microplastics was detected in lung tissue with an average of 14.19 ± 14.57 particles/g, followed by that in the small intestine, large intestine, and tonsil (9.45 ± 13.13, 7.91 ± 7.00, and 6.03 ± 7.37 particles/g, respectively). The abundance of microplastics was also significantly greater in females than in males (p < 0.05). Despite significant diversity, our estimation showed that the lungs accumulated the highest amounts of microplastic. Moreover, PVC particles may cause potential health risks because of their high polymer hazard index and maximal risk level. This study provides evidence regarding the occurrence of microplastics in humans and empirical data to support assessments of the health risks posed by microplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yulin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mindong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pneumology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Rongxuan Hu
- Department of Pneumology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Qiujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- Department of Pneumology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China.
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhatia SK, Kumar G, Yang YH. Understanding microplastic pollution: Tracing the footprints and eco-friendly solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169926. [PMID: 38199349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has emerged as a critical environmental issue with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human health. These are plastic particles measuring <5 mm and are categorized as primary and secondary based on their origin. Primary MPs are used in various products like cosmetics, scrubs, body wash, and toothpaste, while secondary MPs are generated through the degradation of plastic products. These have been detected in seas, rivers, snow, indoor air, and seafood, posing potential risks to human health through the food chain. Detecting and quantifying MPs are essential to understand their distribution and abundance in the environment. Various microscopic (fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy) and spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) have been reported to analyse MPs. Despite the challenges in scalable removal methods, biological systems have emerged as promising options for eco-friendly MPs remediation. Algae, bacteria, and fungi have shown the potential to adsorb and degrade MPs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) offering hope for mitigating this global crisis. This review examines the sources, impacts, detection, and biological removal of MPs, highlighting future directions in this crucial field of environmental conservation. By fostering global collaboration and innovative research a path towards a cleaner and healthier planet for future generations can be promised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li P, Liu J. Micro(nano)plastics in the Human Body: Sources, Occurrences, Fates, and Health Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38315819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global attention on micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) is a result of their ubiquity in the water, air, soil, and biosphere, exposing humans to MNPs on a daily basis and threatening human health. However, crucial data on MNPs in the human body, including the sources, occurrences, behaviors, and health risks, are limited, which greatly impedes any systematic assessment of their impact on the human body. To further understand the effects of MNPs on the human body, we must identify existing knowledge gaps that need to be immediately addressed and provide potential solutions to these issues. Herein, we examined the current literature on the sources, occurrences, and behaviors of MNPs in the human body as well as their potential health risks. Furthermore, we identified key knowledge gaps that must be resolved to comprehensively assess the effects of MNPs on human health. Additionally, we addressed that the complexity of MNPs and the lack of efficient analytical methods are the main barriers impeding current investigations on MNPs in the human body, necessitating the development of a standard and unified analytical method. Finally, we highlighted the need for interdisciplinary studies from environmental, biological, medical, chemical, computer, and material scientists to fill these knowledge gaps and drive further research. Considering the inevitability and daily occurrence of human exposure to MNPs, more studies are urgently required to enhance our understanding of their potential negative effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Janani R, Bhuvana S, Geethalakshmi V, Jeyachitra R, Sathishkumar K, Balu R, Ayyamperumal R. Micro and nano plastics in food: A review on the strategies for identification, isolation, and mitigation through photocatalysis, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117666. [PMID: 37984787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, it has become increasingly evident that microplastic pollutant heavily contaminates water sources, posing a potential threat to both human and wildlife. These plastic pollutants do not get degraded efficiently by natural processes and the existing traditional treatment methods are incapable of fully eradicating them. In this regard, degradation of microplastic contaminants through photocatalytic methods has emerged as a powerful technique. Unfortunately, only a limited number of investigations have been reported in the field of photocatalytic degradation of microplastics. This comprehensive assessment focuses on the detailed analysis of the latest cutting edge engineered technologies aimed at efficiently separating, identifying microplastic contaminants present in food samples and degrading them through photocatalysis. Moreover, detailed information on various instrumental techniques that can be adopted to analyze the isolated micro sized plastic particles has been discussed. The assessment and degradation of these micro contaminants through photocatalytic methods is still in juvenile stage and there are lot of rooms to be explored. The need for profound contemplation on methods to degrade them through photocatalytic approaches as well as their possible health risks to humans motivated us to bring out this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Janani
- Department of Physics, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, 641402, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Bhuvana
- Department of Physics, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, 641048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Geethalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Jeyachitra
- Department of Physics, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - Ranjith Balu
- Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Ayyamperumal
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siddique MAM, Uddin A, Hossain MS, Rahman SMA, Rahman MS, Kibria G, Malafaia G. "Microplastic seasoning": A study on microplastic contamination of sea salts in Bangladesh. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115863. [PMID: 38039574 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated microplastics (MPs) in commercial sea salts from Bangladesh. The presence of MPs in the 18 sea salt bands was 100 %, where the mean MPs abundance was 471.67 MPs/kg, ranging between 300 and 670 MPs/kg. The maximum number of MPs in the 300-1500 μm size class was significantly higher than the 1500-3000 μm and 3000-5000 μm size class. The most dominant color was black. Fibers and foams were the dominant shapes. The highest number of MPs was 41 %, obtained from coarse salt grains. Four types of polymers were mainly identified from the analyzed samples: PP, PE, PET, and PA. The mean polymer risk index value among these sea salts was 539 to 1257. The findings of this study can be helpful for consumers, salt industries, and policymakers to be aware of or reduce MP contamination levels in sea salts during production and consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Momin Siddique
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrogenases, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Azad Uddin
- Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Soliman Hossain
- Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Md Arifur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh; Department of Natural Resource and Society, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, G.O., Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taghipour H, Ghayebzadeh M, Mousavi SMS, Sharifi H, Payandeh A. Incidence and exposure to microplastics in table salt present in the Iran market. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:129-140. [PMID: 37520774 PMCID: PMC10372495 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics and microplastics (MPs) are toxic, pervasive and threatening the biotic and abiotic components of the earth, and they threaten food safety and food security by moving in the food chain. In this study, the amounts and characteristics of 40 table salt samples with different brands, including sea salt (No = 13), rock (No = 13), bulk (No = 8) and non-standard (No = 6), were investigated with a combination of sieving, filtration, observation and FTIR, Micro-Raman and SEM techniques. The results showed that all the salts were contaminated with MPs. In general, the abundance range of detected particles was 700-5470 MPs/kg. The abundance of MPs was higher in counterfeit and non-standard salts (1825 ± 1808 MPs/kg). Investigating the relationship between the effect of the purification process (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.841), the type of packaging (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.609), and the type of salt (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.942), on the abundance of MPs using a comparison test Kruskal-Wallis was not significant. However, the numerical difference was recognizable. The most identified polymer in the salts was cellulose acetate, which probably causes by unmanaged plastic litter in the environment (especially cigarette butts). The dominant form of particles was fragment-shaped, which is the most abundant form of identified MPs in the environment. Both environmental pollution and secondary pollution (during production and packaging), respectively, contribute to the contamination of salts with MPs. The estimated human dietary intake (EDI) and the amount of estimated annual intake (EAI) for different ages in Iran were obtained EDI = 5-59 MPs/capita/day and EAI = 1967-21563 MPs/capita/year. The surface morphology of the particles showed that the MPs were affected by continuous weathering, mechanical fracture and oxidation. MPs are a threat to human health due to the absorption and transmission of dangerous pollutants and their inherent toxicity. Therefore, a solution must be thought of to prevent the contamination of the food chain through salts by MPs, (with protective measures at the salt source, and by improving its production processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Taghipour
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghayebzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Seyed Mousavi
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamze Sharifi
- Health and Environment Research Center, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abolfazl Payandeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahmed M, Phukan B, Talukdar A, Ahmed I, Sarma J, Ali A, Gogoi R, Borah K, Xavier M. Assessment of microplastic contamination in the gastrointestinal tracts of indigenous fishes from north eastern hill regions of Bhogdoi, a tributary of River Brahmaputra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121124-121137. [PMID: 37950117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution in freshwater environments has drawn considerable attention over the decades due to the risk posed by MPs to the aquatic fauna and human health. In this study, the occurrence of MPs was assessed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of indigenous fishes from Bhogdoi River, a tributary of River Brahmaputra, northeast hill region, Assam, India. All the fish species (n = 180) analysed showed 100% occurrence of MPs sampled from three stations of River Bhogdoi. A total of 488 microplastic particles were recorded from GIT of fishes collected. The mean abundance of MPs was highest in Station-II (7.64 ± 2.77 numbers individual-1) with lowest in S-I (3.17 ± 0.99 numbers individual-1). The MP size of 100-500 μm, MP shape of fibre (43.33%) and fragments (35.33%), blue colour MPs (26-37%) and polymer type PA (23-30%) were most prevalent in fishes analysed from River Bhogdoi. The mean abundance of MPs was higher in herbivore fishes (8.52 ± 1.22 numbers individual-1) as compared to carnivorous and omnivorous fish species with highest abundance in Labeo rohita (12.11 ± 2.13 numbers individual-1). Fibre and fragments with size range of 100-500 μm were dominant among all the feeding habits. Blue and black colour MPs were abundant among herbivore and carnivore fishes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed that polyamide and polypropylene were the most abundant MP polymer in the fishes analysed. The present study provides baseline information of MPs in River Bhogdoi, Assam, for its future monitoring and assessment of contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ahmed
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Bipul Phukan
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India.
| | - Avinash Talukdar
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Jiten Sarma
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Ayub Ali
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Rinku Gogoi
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Kankana Borah
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, AAU, Raha, Assam, 782103, India
| | - Martin Xavier
- Department of Quality Assurance and Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Coachin-682029, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jafarova M, Grifoni L, Renzi M, Bentivoglio T, Anselmi S, Winkler A, Di Lella LA, Spagnuolo L, Aherne J, Loppi S. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black Locust) Leaflets as Biomonitors of Airborne Microplastics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1456. [PMID: 38132282 PMCID: PMC10740701 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigate the suitability of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) leaflets as a novel biomonitor of airborne microplastics (MPs) including tyre wear particles (TWPs). Leaflets were collected from rural roadside locations (ROs, n = 5) and urban parks (UPs, n = 5) in Siena, Italy. MPs were removed by washing, identified by stereomicroscope, and analysed for polymer type by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Daily MP deposition was estimated from leaf area. The mass magnetic susceptibility and the bioaccumulation of traffic-related potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were also analysed. The total number of MPs at ROs was significantly higher at 2962, dominated by TWPs, compared with 193 in UPs, where TWPs were not found. In contrast, total microfibres were significantly higher in UPs compared with ROs (185 vs. 86). Daily MP deposition was estimated to range from 4.2 to 5.1 MPs/m2/d across UPs and 29.9-457.6 MPs/m2/d across ROs. The polymer types at ROs were dominated by rubber (80%) from TWPs, followed by 15% polyamide (PA) and 5% polysulfone (PES), while in UPs the proportion of PES (44%) was higher than PA (22%) and polyacrylonitrile (11%). The mean mass magnetic susceptibility, a proxy of the bioaccumulation of traffic-related metallic particles, was higher at ROs (0.62 ± 0.01 10-8 m3/kg) than at UPs (-0.50 ± 0.03 10-8 m3/kg). The content of PTEs was similar across sites, except for significantly higher concentrations of Sb, a tracer of vehicle brake wear, at ROs (0.308 ± 0.008 µg/g) compared with UPs (0.054 ± 0.006 µg/g). Our results suggest that the waxy leaflets and easy determination of surface area make Robinia an effective biomonitor for airborne MPs including TWPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehriban Jafarova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.J.); (L.G.); (L.A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Lisa Grifoni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.J.); (L.G.); (L.A.D.L.); (S.L.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (A.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Tecla Bentivoglio
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello, Italy; (T.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Serena Anselmi
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello, Italy; (T.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Aldo Winkler
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (A.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Luigi Antonello Di Lella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.J.); (L.G.); (L.A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Lilla Spagnuolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (A.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Julian Aherne
- School of Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.J.); (L.G.); (L.A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazumder D, Quader MFB, Saha S, Islam MA, Sarker RH, Chowdhury AM. An investigation on the prevalence of microplastic in commercial and open pan salts obtained from Cox's Bazar and Maheshkhali region of Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh). Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5283-5295. [PMID: 37701207 PMCID: PMC10494635 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrestrained utilization of plastic has reached an intemperate state, menacing environment and human lives. The preliminary focus of this research was to investigate and divulge the contemporary status of microplastics (MPs) in commercialized and open pan salts from Cox's Bazar and Maheshkhali channels. A total of 27 samples were obtained. The samples were analyzed for the prevalence of MPs by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (RS); the prevailing amount, color, size, and shapes were analyzed by stereomicroscope and SEM. The abundance of high-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were detected by FTIR, meanwhile exuberance of cellulose acetate, polypropylene, PET, LDPE, and Nylon 6 were identified by RS. The average quantifications of MPs in Cox's Bazar, Maheshkhali, and packaged salts were found to be 6851.11 ± 538.18, 5638.89 ± 1001.18, and 3405.56 ± 638.57 per kg, respectively. ANOVA resulted in highly significant association between MPs and sampling sites (p = .001*). Post hoc Tukey's test revealed prominent link between commercialized and open pan salts based on the amount of MPs (p = .001*). The most prevalent colors were purple (28%) and blue (27%). The most frequent shapes were fibrous (79%) and fragmented (19.9%) MPs. The smallest MP was detected in commercial salt (1.55 μm), nearly identical and closer to the size of nanoplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Mazumder
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical TechnologyChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Md. Fahad Bin Quader
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical TechnologyChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Suvanker Saha
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical TechnologyChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical TechnologyChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | | | - Arpan Mitra Chowdhury
- One Health InstituteChattogram veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Urrutia-Pereira M, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Chong-Neto HJ, Solé D. Microplastics exposure and immunologic response. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:57-65. [PMID: 37695231 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i5.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of microplastics (MPs) on human health. DATA SOURCE The authors conducted a non-systematic review of articles published in English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish in the last decade in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and SciELO. The keywords used were: microplastics OR nanoplastics OR marine litter OR toxicology OR additives AND human health OR children OR adults. DATA SUMMARY MPs are a group of emerging contaminants that have attracted scientific interest and societal attention in the last decade due to their ubiquitous detection in all environments. Humans can primarily be exposed to MPs and nanoplastics via oral and inhalation routes, but dermal contact cannot be overlooked, especially in young children. The possible toxic effects of plastic particles are due to their potential toxicity, often combined with that of leachable additives and adsorbed contaminants. CONCLUSIONS Unless the plastic value chain is transformed over the next two decades, the risks to species, marine ecosystems, climate, health, economy, and communities will be unmanageable. However, along with these risks are the unique opportunities to help transition to a more sustainable world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Herberto José Chong-Neto
- Department of Pediatrics, Divison of Allergy and Pneumology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dewika M, Markandan K, Irfan NA, Mohd Abdah MAA, Ruwaida JN, Sara YY, Khalid M. Review of microplastics in the indoor environment: Distribution, human exposure and potential health impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138270. [PMID: 36878370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of microplastics (MPs) pollution as a global environmental concern has attracted significant attention in the last decade. The majority of the human population spends most of their time indoors, leading to increased exposure to MPs contamination through various sources such as settled dust, air, drinking water and food. Although research on indoor MPs has intensified significantly in recent years, comprehensive reviews on this topic remain limited. Therefore, this review comprehensively analyses the occurrence, distribution, human exposure, potential health impact and mitigation strategies of MPs in the indoor air environment. Specifically, we focus on the risks associated with finer MPs that can translocate into the circulatory system and other organs, emphasizing the need for continued research to develop effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with MPs exposure. Our findings suggest that indoor MPs impose potential risk to human health, and strategies for mitigating exposure should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dewika
- Centre of American Education, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kalaimani Markandan
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Ahmad Irfan
- Centre of American Education, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - J Nor Ruwaida
- Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, 54100, UTM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Sara
- Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thiele CJ, Grange LJ, Haggett E, Hudson MD, Hudson P, Russell AE, Zapata-Restrepo LM. Microplastics in European sea salts - An example of exposure through consumer choice and of interstudy methodological discrepancies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114782. [PMID: 36934543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern, not least due to their global presence in marine surface waters. Unsurprisingly, microplastics have been reported in salts harvested from numerous locations. We extracted microplastics from 13 European sea salts through 30% H2O2 digestion and filtration over 5-µm filters. Filters were visually inspected at magnifications to x100. A subsample of potential microplastics was subjected to Raman spectroscopy. Particle mass was estimated, and human dose exposure calculated. After blank corrections, median concentrations were 466 ± 152 microplastics kg-1 ranging from 74 to 1155 items kg-1. Traditionally harvested salts contained fewer microplastics than most industrially harvested ones (t-test, p < 0.01). Approximately 14 µg of microplastics (< 12 particles) may be absorbed by the human body annually, of which a quarter may derive from a consumer choosing sea salt. We reviewed existing studies, showing that targeting different particle sizes and incomplete filtrations hinder interstudy comparison, indicating the importance of method harmonisation for future studies. Excess salt consumption is detrimental to human health; the hazardousness of ingesting microplastics on the other hand has yet to be shown. A portion of microplastics may enter sea salts through production processes rather than source materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Thiele
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Laura J Grange
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK; Currently at School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Emily Haggett
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Malcolm D Hudson
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philippa Hudson
- Philippa Hudson, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Andrea E Russell
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lina M Zapata-Restrepo
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pham DT, Kim J, Lee SH, Kim J, Kim D, Hong S, Jung J, Kwon JH. Analysis of microplastics in various foods and assessment of aggregate human exposure via food consumption in korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121153. [PMID: 36709032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of microplastics in humans has recently been demonstrated. The primary route of human exposure to microplastics is consumption of contaminated food and water. However, quantitative estimations of exposure to microplastics are limited, which hinders human health risk assessments. In this study, abundances of microplastics were measured in eight food types, comprising 90 products of table salts, soy sauces, fish sauces, salted seafood, seaweed, honey, beer, and beverage. Aggregate human exposure to microplastics via food consumption was assessed based on the number and mass of microplastics, using deterministic calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. The determinations revealed that average adult Koreans likely ingest 1.4 × 10-4 and 3.1 × 10-4 g of microplastics per week, respectively. These results are orders of magnitude smaller than earlier estimates of 0.1-5 g of microplastics per week that likely chose experimental outliers. Therefore, careful selection of literature data and estimation methods is needed to provide more realistic exposure estimations from microplastic counts. This study extends our understanding of MP occurrence in food and provides a more thorough estimate of aggregate microplastic exposure via food consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dat Thanh Pham
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwa Lee
- FITI Testing & Research Institute, 21 Yangcheong 3-gil, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyang Kim
- Korea Institute of Analytical Science and Technology, 99 Seongsuil-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Analytical Science and Technology, 99 Seongsuil-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonki Hong
- FITI Testing & Research Institute, 21 Yangcheong 3-gil, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28115, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehak Jung
- Korea Institute of Analytical Science and Technology, 99 Seongsuil-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siddiqui SA, Khan S, Tariq T, Sameen A, Nawaz A, Walayat N, Oboturova NP, Ambartsumov TG, Nagdalian AA. Potential risk assessment and toxicological impacts of nano/micro-plastics on human health through food products. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:361-395. [PMID: 36863839 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The problem of environmental pollution with plastic is becoming more and more acute every year. Due to the low rate of decomposition of plastic, its particles get into food and harm the human body. This chapter focuses on the potential risks and toxicological effects of both nano and microplastics on human health. The main places of distribution of various toxicants along with the food chain have been established. The effects of some examples of the main sources of micro/nanoplastics on the human body are also emphasised. The processes of entry and accumulation of micro/nanoplastics are described, and the mechanism of accumulation that occurs inside the body is briefly explained. Potential toxic effects reported from studies on various organisms are highlighted as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Sipper Khan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tropics and Subtropics Group, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tayyaba Tariq
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Sameen
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Nawaz
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Noman Walayat
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hassoun A, Pasti L, Chenet T, Rusanova P, Smaoui S, Aït-Kaddour A, Bono G. Detection methods of micro and nanoplastics. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:175-227. [PMID: 36863835 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastics and related contaminants (including microplastics; MPs and nanoplastics; NPs) have become a serious global safety issue due to their overuse in many products and applications and their inadequate management, leading to possible leakage into the environment and eventually to the food chain and humans. There is a growing literature reporting on the occurrence of plastics, (MPs and NPs) in both marine and terrestrial organisms, with many indications about the harmful impact of these contaminants on plants and animals, as well as potential human health risks. The presence of MPs and NPs in many foods and beverages including seafood (especially finfish, crustaceans, bivalves, and cephalopods), fruits, vegetables, milk, wine and beer, meat, and table salts, has become popular research areas in recent years. Detection, identification, and quantification of MPs and NPs have been widely investigated using a wide range of traditional methods, such as visual and optical methods, scanning electron microscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but these methods are burdened with a number of limitations. In contrast, spectroscopic techniques, especially Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and other emerging techniques, such as hyperspectral imaging are increasingly being applied due to their potential to enable rapid, non-destructive, and high-throughput analysis. Despite huge research efforts, there is still an overarching need to develop reliable analytical techniques with low cost and high efficiency. Mitigation of plastic pollution requires establishing standard and harmonized methods, adopting holistic approaches, and raising awareness and engaging the public and policymakers. Therefore, this chapter focuses mainly on identification and quantification techniques of MPs and NPs in different food matrices (mostly seafood).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France; Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Polina Rusanova
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA) - Marine Biology and Fisheries Laboratory of Fano (PU), University of Bologna (BO), Bologna, Italy
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Gioacchino Bono
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Makhdoumi P, Pirsaheb M, Amin AA, Kianpour S, Hossini H. Microplastic pollution in table salt and sugar: occurrence, qualification and quantification and risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
20
|
Di Fiore C, Sammartino MP, Giannattasio C, Avino P, Visco G. Microplastic contamination in commercial salt: An issue for their sampling and quantification. Food Chem 2023; 404:134682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
21
|
Islam MS, Hasan MR, Islam Z. Abundance, characteristics, and spatial-temporal distribution of microplastics in sea salts along the Cox's Bazar coastal area, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19994-20005. [PMID: 36242671 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), together with microfibers, have emerged as a contaminant of concern all around the globe. MPs have been detected in freshwater, seawater, sediment, and aquatic species among others. As suggested by several recent investigations, sea salts, a daily intake item by humans, are also contaminated by MPs. The current article describes MPs' occurrence, distribution, type, and timeline variation in raw sea salts from Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. MPs have been detected in every collected salt sample, and quantity varied from 28.53 ± 2.43 to 93.53 ± 4.21 particles per kg, which was about 52.48 ± 1.72 to 67.46 ± 3.81 µg/kg of raw salt. Microfibers were MPs' dominant shape category, and the plastic types were mainly polyester or nylon. Other types of MPs were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyurethane (PU), and polystyrene (PS) in decreasing amounts. The majority of the MPs in the sea salts were in the size range of ˂ 3-1 mm. The total amount of MPs and plastic-type variation due to sampling location (p ˃ 0.05) and because of the time period (p ˃ 0.05) was found insignificant. Acetaldehyde, a volatile toxic substance produced by the degradation of polyester polymer chains, was detected in MPs in the range of 0.37 to 1.72 µg/g by headspace GC-MS analysis. Hence, the sea salts contaminated with MPs pose a public health hazard. Microplastics extraction from sea salts and their characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saiful Islam
- Fiber and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Rashed Hasan
- Fiber and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Zahidul Islam
- Fiber and Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adegoke KA, Adu FA, Oyebamiji AK, Bamisaye A, Adigun RA, Olasoji SO, Ogunjinmi OE. Microplastics toxicity, detection, and removal from water/wastewater. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114546. [PMID: 36640497 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The world has witnessed massive and preeminent microplastics (MPs) pollution in water bodies due to the inevitable continuous production of plastics for various advantageous chemical and mechanical features. Plastic pollution, particularly contamination by MPs (plastic particles having a diameter lesser than 5 mm), has been a rising environmental concern in recent years due to the inappropriate disposal of plastic trash. This study presents the recent advancements in different technologies for MPs removal in order to gain proper insight into their strengths and weaknesses, thereby orchestrating the preparation for innovation in the field. The production, origin, and global complexity of MPs were discussed. This study also reveals MPs' mode of transportation, its feedstock polymers, toxicities, detection techniques, and the conventional removal strategies of MPs from contaminated systems. Modification of conventional methods vis-à-vis new materials/techniques and other emerging technologies, such as magnetic extraction and sol-gel technique with detailed mechanistic information for the removal of MPs are presented in this study. Conclusively, some future research outlooks for advancing the MPs removal technologies/materials for practical realization are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Adesina Adegoke
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Folasade Abimbola Adu
- Discipline of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Abel Kolawole Oyebamiji
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi Bamisaye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Rasheed Adewale Adigun
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, P. M. B. 4491, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sewwandi M, Wijesekara H, Rajapaksha AU, Soysa S, Vithanage M. Microplastics and plastics-associated contaminants in food and beverages; Global trends, concentrations, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120747. [PMID: 36442819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics has become a global concern due to their ubiquitous presence which poses unavoidable human exposure risks. Geographical distribution and yearly trends of research on microplastics, food, and beverages do not exist. Thus, no overall account is available regarding the presence of microplastics and plastics-associated contaminants in food and beverages. Hence, this attempt is to review the geographical distribution of studies through a brief bibliometric analysis and the plastics-associated contaminants including plasticizers and microplastics in food and beverages. Estimated microplastic consumption has been listed for the pool of publications reviewed here. Further, this review discusses the ingestion potency of micropollutants associated with microplastics, possible health impacts, and existing challenges. Global trend in research exponentially increased after 2018 and China is leading. Studies on microplastics were limited to a few beverages and food; milk, beer, tea, refreshing drinks, salt, sugar, honey, etc., whereas seafood and drinking water have been extensively studied. Publications on plastic-additives were reported in two ways; migration of plastic-additives from packaging by leaching and the presence of plastic-additives in food and beverages. Bisphenol A and bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most frequently reported both in food and beverages. Exposure of packaging material to high temperatures predominantly involves plastic-additive contamination in food and beverages. Microplastics-bound micropollutants can also be ingested through food and beverages; however, a lack of knowledge exists. The complex matrix of food or beverages and the absence of standard procedures for analysis of microplastics and micropollutants exist as challenges. More investigations on the presence of microplastics and plastic-additives in food and beverage are urgent needs to a better assessment of potential human exposure and human health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madushika Sewwandi
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Sasimali Soysa
- Department of Physical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ramsperger AFRM, Bergamaschi E, Panizzolo M, Fenoglio I, Barbero F, Peters R, Undas A, Purker S, Giese B, Lalyer CR, Tamargo A, Moreno-Arribas MV, Grossart HP, Kühnel D, Dietrich J, Paulsen F, Afanou AK, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Eriksen Hammer S, Kringlen Ervik T, Graff P, Brinchmann BC, Nordby KC, Wallin H, Nassi M, Benetti F, Zanella M, Brehm J, Kress H, Löder MGJ, Laforsch C. Nano- and microplastics: a comprehensive review on their exposure routes, translocation, and fate in humans. NANOIMPACT 2023; 29:100441. [PMID: 36427812 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with nano-and microplastic particles (NMPs) and its putative adverse effects on organisms, ecosystems, and human health is gaining increasing scientific and public attention. Various studies show that NMPs occur abundantly within the environment, leading to a high likelihood of human exposure to NMPs. Here, different exposure scenarios can occur. The most notable exposure routes of NMPs into the human body are via the airways and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) through inhalation or ingestion, but also via the skin due to the use of personal care products (PCPs) containing NMPs. Once NMPs have entered the human body, it is possible that they are translocated from the exposed organ to other body compartments. In our review article, we combine the current knowledge on the (1) exposure routes of NMPs to humans with the basic understanding of the potential (2) translocation mechanisms into human tissues and, consequently, their (3) fate within the human body. Regarding the (1) exposure routes, we reviewed the current knowledge on the occurrence of NMPs in food, beverages, personal care products and the air (focusing on indoors and workplaces) and found that the studies suggest an abundant presence of MPs within the exposure scenarios. The overall abundance of MPs in exposure matrices relevant to humans highlights the importance of understanding whether NMPs have the potential for tissue translocation. Therefore, we describe the current knowledge on the potential (2) translocation pathways of NMPs from the skin, GIT and respiratory systems to other body compartments. Here, particular attention was paid to how likely NMPs can translocate from the primary exposed organs to secondary organs due to naturally occurring defence mechanisms against tissue translocation. Based on the current understanding, we conclude that a dermal translocation of NMPs is rather unlikely. In contrast, small MPs and NPs can generally translocate from the GIT and respiratory system to other tissues. Thus, we reviewed the existing literature on the (3) fate of NMPs within the human body. Based on the current knowledge of the contamination of human exposure routes and the potential translocation mechanisms, we critically discuss the size of the detected particles reported in the fate studies. In some cases, the particles detected in human tissue samples exceed the size of a particle to overcome biological barriers allowing particle translocation into tissues. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of critically reading and discussing the presented results of NMP in human tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja F R M Ramsperger
- Animal Ecology I & BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Ruud Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Purker
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Giese
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina R Lalyer
- Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences (ISR), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alba Tamargo
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dana Kühnel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Dietrich
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Pål Graff
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Section of Air Pollution and Noise, Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Håkan Wallin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Julian Brehm
- Animal Ecology I & BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Animal Ecology I & BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cesarano C, Aulicino G, Cerrano C, Ponti M, Puce S. Marine beach litter monitoring strategies along Mediterranean coasts. A methodological review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114401. [PMID: 36462417 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine beach litter (MBL) represents a serious issue for marine life, coastal ecosystems, human health and several economical activities. The Mediterranean Sea is a semi enclosed basin particularly vulnerable to this problem. Its coasts are threatened by critical anthropogenic pressures that sum up with intensive fishing and shipping, and the slow turnover of its waters. In the last decades, several scientific and participative initiatives have been conducted to study, monitor and clean-up shorelines. These studies were generally characterized by differences in timing and frequency of the surveys, as well as in litter sampling, classification and analysis. This paper presents a systematic review of current literature concerning MBL monitoring strategies along the Mediterranean coasts. Scopus indexed studies are analysed to identify discrepancies and similarities among the applied protocols, understand where current gaps lie, and point out what would be needed to develop a basin-scale efficient monitoring for the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cesarano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aulicino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Reef Check Italia onlus, Ancona, Italy; Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy; Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Ponti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Reef Check Italia onlus, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Puce
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kuttykattil A, Raju S, Vanka KS, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Vincent SGT, Raja S, Palanisami T. Consuming microplastics? Investigation of commercial salts as a source of microplastics (MPs) in diet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:930-942. [PMID: 35907067 PMCID: PMC9813175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The omnipresence of microplastics (MPs) in marine and terrestrial environments as a pollutant of concern is well established and widely discussed in the literature. However, studies on MP contamination in commercial food sources like salts from the terrestrial environment are scarce. Thus, this is the first study to investigate various varieties of Australian commercial salts (both terrestrial and marine salts) as a source of MPs in the human diet, and the first to detect MPs in black salt. Using Nile red dye, the MPs were detected and counted under light microscopy, further characterised using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Of all the 90 suspected particles, 78.8% were identified as MPs with a size ranging between 23.2 µm and 3.9 mm. The fibres and fragments constituted 75.78% and 24.22% respectively. Among the tested samples, Himalayan pink salt (coarse) from terrestrial sources was found to have the highest MP load, i.e. 174.04 ± 25.05 (SD) particle/kg, followed by black salt at 157.41 ± 23.13 particle/kg. The average concentration of detected MPs in Australian commercial salts is 85.19 ± 63.04 (SD) per kg. Polyamide (33.8%) and polyurethane (30.98%) were the dominant MP types. Considering the maximum recommended (World Health Organization) salt uptake by adults daily at 5 g, we interpret that an average person living in Australia may be ingesting approximately 155.47 MPs/year from salt uptake. Overall, MP contamination was higher in terrestrial salts (such as black and Himalayan salt) than the marine salt. In conclusion, we highlight those commercial salts used in our daily lives serve as sources of MPs in the diet, with unknown effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Kuttykattil
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Subash Raju
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kanth Swaroop Vanka
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle/Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Geetika Bhagwat
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Maddison Carbery
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Sudhakaran Raja
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Thava Palanisami
- Environmental Plastics Innovation Cluster (EPIC), Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterial (GICAN), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Islam MR, Ruponti SA, Rakib MA, Nguyen HQ, Mourshed M. Current scenario and challenges of plastic pollution in Bangladesh: a focus on farmlands and terrestrial ecosystems. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 17:66. [PMID: 36589210 PMCID: PMC9793393 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-023-1666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is considered one of the most indispensable commodities in our daily life. At the end of life, the huge ever-growing pile of plastic waste (PW) causes serious concerns for our environment, including agricultural farmlands, groundwater quality, marine and land ecosystems, food toxicity and human health hazards. Lack of proper infrastructure, financial backup, and technological advancement turn this hazardous waste plastic management into a serious threat to developing countries, especially for Bangladesh. A comprehensive review of PW generation and its consequences on environment in both global and Bangladesh contexts is presented. The dispersion routes of PW from different sources in different forms (microplastic, macroplastic, nanoplastic) and its adverse effect on agriculture, marine life and terrestrial ecosystems are illustrated in this work. The key challenges to mitigate PW pollution and tackle down the climate change issue is discussed in this work. Moreover, way forward toward the design and implementation of proper PW management strategies are highlighted in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Raihanul Islam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Akter Ruponti
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdur Rakib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science of Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Huy Quoc Nguyen
- Faculty of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, Danang, 550000 Vietnam
| | - Monjur Mourshed
- Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, 6204 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ujjaman Nur AA, Hossain MB, Banik P, Choudhury TR, Liba SI, Umamaheswari S, Albeshr MF, Senapathi V, Arai T, Yu J. Microplastic contamination in processed and unprocessed sea salts from a developing country and potential risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136395. [PMID: 36096307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, microplastics (MPs) are pervasive which could have a considerable negative impact on the environment, organisms and pose a risk to human health. However, knowledge about the exposure and ecological risk of MPs in the coastal ecosystems of developing countries is limited. In this study, we analyzed salt samples from five commonly consumed processed and unprocessed sea salts of different commercial brands originated from 15 salt pans in Bangladesh to assess the abundance, characteristics and potential risks of MPs. The quantities of MPs in unprocessed salts (average 195 ± 56 item/kg) were higher than those in the processed salts (average 157 ± 34 item/kg). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant (p < 0.05) differences among the average numbers of MPs in both processed and unprocessed salts. MP levels in this study were 2-3 times higher than those reported from some other countries. Fiber-shaped and transparent MPs were dominant in both cases. MPs less than 0.5 mm in size were the most abundant in both unprocessed (58.2%) and processed (62.2%) salts. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed five types of polymers, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET-35%), polypropylene (PP-27.5%), polyethylene (PE-25%), polystyrene (PS-10%), and Nylon (2.5%) in the studied salts. The sea salts were classified as potential hazard index (PHI) levels IV to V, indicating serious MP contamination, whereas potential ecological risk factor (Ei), potential ecological risk index (RI), and pollutant load index (PLI) indicated moderate levels of pollution of MPs. Domestic and municipal wastewater effluents to Bay of Bengal and fishing activities may attributed to presence of MPs in the sea salt. These findings can be used by consumers, salt industries and policy makers to reduce MPs levels during consumption, production and policymaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- As-Ad Ujjaman Nur
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - M Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Partho Banik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - Tasrina Rabia Choudhury
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Samia Islam Liba
- Materials Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Umamaheswari
- Department of Zoology, Thanthai Periyar Government Arts and Science College, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Fahad Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Takaomi Arai
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Jala Tungku Link, Gadong BE, 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lin Q, Zhao S, Pang L, Sun C, Chen L, Li F. Potential risk of microplastics in processed foods: Preliminary risk assessment concerning polymer types, abundance, and human exposure of microplastics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114260. [PMID: 36343455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) has been widely reported in human foodstuffs, and their potential negative effects on human health have been brought into focus. Processed foods are more susceptible to MPs as contamination can be introduced during processing and packaging. However, the risk posed by MPs in processed foods remained unclear. This work aims to critically review the available data for MPs in 11 types of possessed foods and to conduct a preliminary risk assessment of MPs in processed foods. For a comprehensive evaluation, three indicators were selected and determined, namely chemical risk, pollution load, and estimated daily intake (EDI). Our results suggest that nori has the highest chemical risk, followed by canned fish, beverages, table salt, and other food items. In the case of pollution load, nori and milk fall into the risk category of Ⅳ and Ⅲ respectively. Table salts, bottled water, and sugar exhibited lower MPs pollution load (risk category of Ⅱ), whereas the pollution loads of other foods were calculated to be category Ⅰ. Moreover, a correlation between the pollution load of sea salts and MPs pollution level in ambient seawater was found. Regarding EDI of MPs from different processed foods, MPs intakes through bottled water (14.3 ± 3.4 n kg-1 d-1) and milk (6.6 ± 2.4 n kg-1 d-1) are significantly higher than that of the other foods (< 1 n kg-1 d-1). The probabilistic estimation of MPs daily intake indicated that children (19.7 n kg-1 d-1) are at a higher health risk than adults (female: 17.6 n kg-1 d-1, male: 12.6 n kg-1 d-1). Nevertheless, the exposure dose used in toxicological studies was about 10 times higher than the MPs intake via processed foods. Therefore, we argued that MPs in processed foods only carry limited risk. Overall, this study would provide the basis for risk management of MPs in processed food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Lin
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cuizhu Sun
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Fengmin Li
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China; Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Y, Shi Q, Liu X, Wang L, He Y, Tang J. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) enhanced polystyrene particles uptake by human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157640. [PMID: 35907536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are widely distributed in the environment and can be transferred to human body through food chain, their potential impact on human health is of great concern. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is persistent, bioaccumulative and can be adsorbed by MNPs. However, there are few studies on the combined human health effects of MNPs with PFOS. In this study, the effects of polystyrene (PS) particles and PFOS on human colon adenocarcinoma cell Caco-2 were investigated in vitro to explore the combined toxicity from cellular level, and the toxic mechanism was further illustrated. Results showed that the presence of PFOS significantly increased the cell uptake of PS nanoparticles by >30 %, which is related to variations of the surface properties of PS particles, including the decrease of hydration kinetic diameter, the rise of surface potential and the adsorption of hydrophobic PFOS molecules. The toxic effect of PFOS was weakened in the presence of PS particles under low PFOS concentration (10 μg/mL), which is because the bioavailability of PFOS was reduced after adsorption. PS particles with small particle size (20 nm) showed higher cell uptake and ROS production, while PS particles with large particle size (1 μm) led to higher lipid oxidation degree and related membrane damage as well as mitochondrial stress. This study provides the first evaluation of combined toxicity of MNPs and PFOS on human intestinal cells, in order to support the risk assessment of combined pollution of MNPs and PFOS on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qingying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nithin A, Sundaramanickam A, Iswarya P, Babu OG. Hazard index of microplastics contamination in various fishes collected off Parangipettai, Southeast coast of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136037. [PMID: 35995186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The authors of the present research aimed to assess microplastics (MPs) contamination in the gills and gut of selected fishes from various aquatic zones and also to bring out the risks of the identified polymers. Accordingly, about 200 fish specimens of 10 different species were collected from the landing center at Parangipettai, southeast coast of India. The fishes were dissected to investigate MPs contamination in their gills and gut. The dissected tissues were acid digested and filtered to observe its microplastic contamination using a stereozoom microscope. In gills, Cynoglossus arel had the least contamination (0.4 ± 0.01 particles/ind) and Mugil cephalus had highest microplastic contamination (1.7 ± 0.01 particles/ind). In gut, C. arel had the minimum contamination (0.7 ± 0.09 particles/ind) and Rastrelliger kanagurta had maximum contamination (2.3 ± 0.26 particles/ind). The size of microplastics isolated from the present study ranged from 100 to 1000 μm. Among microplastic shapes, fibers (97%) and pellets (3%) were observed. About eight colours of microplastics were observed in the fishes among which black was dominant. Three polymers such as LDPE, PP and PS were identified by μFTIR, among which LDPE (57%) was dominant. Polymer Hazard Index denotes that LDPE (6.27), PP (3.4) and PS (2.7) have a PHI score of 1-10 classifying them in the hazard category II which has a medium risk. These polymers may directly enter the human body when consumed and cause health implications which require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Nithin
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Iswarya
- Centre of Advance Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Maine Sciences, Annamalai University Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - O Ganesh Babu
- Department of Civil, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Microplastics and nanoplastics in food, water, and beverages, part II. Methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
33
|
Occurrence and exposure to microplastics in salt for human consumption, present on the Lebanese market. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
34
|
Development and validation of analytical methods for detecting and identifying microplastics in salts, soy sauce, and salted pollock roe. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Kumar R, Manna C, Padha S, Verma A, Sharma P, Dhar A, Ghosh A, Bhattacharya P. Micro(nano)plastics pollution and human health: How plastics can induce carcinogenesis to humans? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134267. [PMID: 35301996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are key indicators of the plasticine era, widely spread across different ecosystems. MPs and NPs become global stressors due to their inherent physicochemical characteristics and potential impact on ecosystems and humans. MPs and NPs have been exposed to humans via various pathways, such as tap water, bottled water, seafood, beverages, milk, fish, salts, fruits, and vegetables. This paper highlights MPs and NPs pathways to the food chains and how these plastic particles can cause risks to human health. MPs have been evident in vivo and vitro and have been at health risks, such as respiratory, immune, reproductive, and digestive systems. The present work emphasizes how various MPs and NPs, and associated toxic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), impact human health. Polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are common MPs and NPs, reported in human implants via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure, which can cause carcinogenesis, according to Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) reports. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure-response cause genotoxicity, cell division and viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction, metabolism disruption, DNA damage, inflammation, and immunological responses in humans. Lastly, this review work concluded with current knowledge on potential risks to human health and knowledge gaps with recommendations for further investigation in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803116, India
| | - Camelia Manna
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Shaveta Padha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Anurag Verma
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803116, India
| | - Prabhakar Sharma
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803116, India.
| | - Anjali Dhar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Ashok Ghosh
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Phulwarisharif, Patna, 801505, Bihar, India; Bihar Pollution Control Board, Patna, 800010, Bihar, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vitali C, Peters R, Janssen HG, W.F.Nielen M. Microplastics and nanoplastics in food, water, and beverages; part I. Occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
37
|
Toxic Chemicals and Persistent Organic Pollutants Associated with Micro-and Nanoplastics Pollution. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
38
|
Llorca M, Farré M. Current Insights into Potential Effects of Micro-Nanoplastics on Human Health by in-vitro Tests. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:752140. [PMID: 35295102 PMCID: PMC8915894 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.752140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs) through inhalation, ingestion and, to a lesser extent, dermal contact. In recent years, new insights indicate the potential of MNPLs to cause damages to human health. Particle toxicity can include oxidative stress, inflammatory lesions, and then increased internalization or translocation through tissues. On the other hand, plastic additives are used in plastic particles, once internalized, can release toxic substances. It is noteworthy that the potential effects of MNPLs encompass a wide range of polymers and chemical additives, showing various physicochemical and toxicological properties, and the size, shape and surface properties are other variables influencing their effects. In spite of the research carried out recently, MNPLs research is in its early stages, and further investigation is required. In this review article, the knowledge of human exposure routes and the recent results on the toxicological effects of MNPLs in human health are presented and discussed. Finally, the current limitations and the main gaps in the body of knowledge are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gündogdu S, Rathod N, Hassoun A, Jamroz E, Kulawik P, Gokbulut C, Aït-Kaddour A, Özogul F. The impact of nano/micro-plastics toxicity on seafood quality and human health: facts and gaps. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6445-6463. [PMID: 35152807 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2033684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of the food and especially marine environment with nano/micro-plastic particles has raised serious concern in recent years. Environmental pollution and the resulting seafood contamination with microplastic (MP) pose a potential threat to consumers. The absorption rate of the MP by fish is generally considered low, although the bioavailability depends on the physical and chemical properties of the consumed MP. The available safety studies are inconclusive, although there is an indication that prolonged exposure to high levels of orally administered MP can be hazardous for consumers. This review details novel findings about the occurrence of MP, along with its physical and chemical properties, in the marine environment and seafood. The effect of processing on the content of MP in the final product is also reviewed. Additionally, recent findings regarding the impact of exposure of MP on human health are discussed. Finally, gaps in current knowledge are underlined, and the possibilities for future research are indicated in the review. There is an urgent need for further research on the absorption and bioavailability of consumed MP and in vivo studies on chronic exposure. Policymakers should also consider the implementation of novel legislation related to MP presence in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Gündogdu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nikheel Rathod
- Department of Post Harvest Management of Meat, Poultry and Fish, Post Graduate Institute of Post-harvest Management (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Dapoli, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ewelina Jamroz
- Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Karakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Kulawik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Adnan Menderes, Isikli Koyu, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Gokbulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Balikesir University, Cagis Campus, Balikesir, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ageel HK, Harrad S, Abdallah MAE. Occurrence, human exposure, and risk of microplastics in the indoor environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:17-31. [PMID: 34842877 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are a group of emerging contaminants that have attracted increasing scientific and societal attention over the past decade due to their ubiquitous detection in all environmental compartments. So far, most studies on MPs focus on characterizing their occurrence, fate, and impact in the aquatic environment. Therefore, very little is known about the magnitude, patterns, and associated risks of human exposure to MPs, particularly indoors. This is a significant research gap given that people spend most of their time (up to 90%) indoors, which is exacerbated over the past year by COVID-19 lockdown measures. Critical evaluation of the existing literature revealed the presence of MPs at higher concentrations in indoor air and dust (from homes and offices) compared to outdoors. This was attributed to several factors including: indoor MPs sources (e.g. furniture, textiles), increased deposition of atmospheric MPs indoors, and less atmospheric mixing and dilution compared to outdoor air. Current understanding is that indoor human exposure to MPs occurs via a combination of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Dietary intake was considered the major pathway of human exposure to MPs until recent studies revealed potential high exposure via inhalation. Moreover, exposure via inadvertent dust ingestion and dermal contact cannot be neglected, particularly for young children. This is alarming due to the potential toxic implications of MPs exposure. Early toxicological evidence indicates that small MPs (<20 µm) can cause oxidative stress and inflammation, while particles <5 µm can be engulfed by cells and translocated to accumulate in different organs. Also, there is increasing concern over potential leaching of toxic chemicals used as plastic additives (e.g. plasticizers and flame retardants) upon exposure to MPs due to their large surface area. However, MPs exposure and risk assessment in humans is still in its infancy and more research is necessary to provide the knowledge base required for regulations to protect human health and environment against MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Khalid Ageel
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Uddin S, Fowler SW, Habibi N, Behbehani M. Micro-Nano Plastic in the Aquatic Environment: Methodological Problems and Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030297. [PMID: 35158621 PMCID: PMC8833669 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic research has become a buzz word. It is seen as one of the most pressing issues of Anthropocene contamination. There is certainly no doubt about the ubiquitous presence of microplastic (MP) in almost all environmental matrices. However, the validity of considering them as a vector for contaminants needs some reconsideration, there are other more potent pathways. Their effect on marine biota also calls for some realistic experiments with environmental concentrations of MP and nanoplastic (NP). It has been observed that in most published literature, polymer characterization is performed. Is it necessary to do, or will merely finding and confirming the particle as plastic suffice for environmental research? Harmonization of protocols is necessary, and there is likely a need for some inter-laboratory comparison exercises in order to produce comparable data and reliable assessments across regions. Samples collected from the same area using different techniques show an order of magnitude difference in MP concentration. The issue of nanoplastic is more contentious; are we technologically ready to identify NP in environmental samples?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saif Uddin
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (N.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +965-24989224
| | - Scott W. Fowler
- School of Maine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA;
- Institute Bobby, 8 Allée des Orangers, 06320 Cap d’Ail, France
| | - Nazima Habibi
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Montaha Behbehani
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Microplastics as Emerging Food Contaminants: A Challenge for Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031174. [PMID: 35162198 PMCID: PMC8834762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been identified as emerging environmental pollutants classified as primary or secondary based on their source. Composition, shape, size, and colour, among other characteristics, are associated with their capacity to access the food chain and their risks. While the environmental impact of MPs has received much attention, the risks for humans derived from their dietary exposure have not been yet assessed. Several institutions and researchers support that the current knowledge does not supply solid data to complete a solid risk characterization of dietary MPs. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge about MPs in foods and to discuss the challenges and gaps for a risk analysis. The presence of MPs in food and beverages has been worldwide observed, but most authors considered the current data to be not only insufficient but of questionable quality mainly because of the outstanding lack of consensus about a standardized quantifying method and a unified nomenclature. Drinking water, crustaceans/molluscs, fish, and salt have been identified as relevant dietary sources of MPs for humans by most published studies. The hazard characterization presents several gaps concerning the knowledge of the toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, and toxicity of MPs in humans that impede the estimation of food safety standards based on risk. This review provides a tentative exposure assessment based on the levels of MPs published for drinking water, crustaceans and molluscs, fish, and salt and using the mean European dietary consumption estimates. The intake of 2 L/day of water, 70.68 g/day of crustaceans/molluscs, 70.68 g/day of fish, and 9.4 g/day of salt would generate a maximum exposure to 33,626, 212.04, 409.94 and 6.40 particles of MPs/day, respectively. The inexistence of reference values to evaluate the MPs dietary intake prevents the dietary MPs risk characterization and therefore the management of this risk. Scientists and Food Safety Authorities face several challenges but also opportunities associated to the occurrence of MPs in foods. More research on the MPs characterization and exposure is needed bearing in mind that any future risk assessment report should involve a total diet perspective.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kapukotuwa RWMGK, Jayasena N, Weerakoon KC, Abayasekara CL, Rajakaruna RS. High levels of microplastics in commercial salt and industrial salterns in Sri Lanka. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113239. [PMID: 34953262 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first analysis and quantification of MPs in salt products in Sri Lanka. Commercial table salt brands, rock salt, lab-grade NaCl and raw salt from three salterns were analysed using microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All salt samples were contaminated with MPs: in commercial salts products it ranged from 11 to 193 items/kg, rock salts had 64 items/kg and lab grade NaCl had 253 ± 8.9 items/kg. The MP levels in salterns varied significantly: Hambantota 3345.7 ± 311.4 items/kg, Puttalam 272.3 ± 10.6 items/kg, and Elephant Pass 36.3 ± 4.5 items/kg. Predominantly, MPs were presented as fibres, followed by fragments. Of the 23 polymer types identified; low-density polyethylene (LDPE; 17%), resin dispersion (15%) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE; 12%) were notable. This study provides the first comparison of MPs in raw salt and commercial salt. This information is important to trace the pollutant sources and then to take steps to eliminate MPs in food products consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W M G K Kapukotuwa
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - N Jayasena
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - K C Weerakoon
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - C L Abayasekara
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R S Rajakaruna
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rakib MRJ, Al Nahian S, Alfonso MB, Khandaker MU, Enyoh CE, Hamid FS, Alsubaie A, Almalki ASA, Bradley DA, Mohafez H, Islam MA. Microplastics pollution in salt pans from the Maheshkhali Channel, Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23187. [PMID: 34848770 PMCID: PMC8632905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) were recognized as an emergent pollution problem due to their ubiquitous nature and bioaccumulative potential. Those present in salt for consumption could represent a human exposure route through dietary uptake. The current study, conducted in Bangladesh, reports microplastics contamination in coarse salt prepared for human consumption. Sea salt samples were collected from eight representative salt pans located in the country's largest salt farming area, in the Maheshkhali Channel, along the Bay of Bengal. Microplastics were detected in all samples, with mean concentrations ranging from 78 ± 9.33 to 137 ± 21.70 particles kg-1, mostly white and ranging in size from 500-1000 µm. The prevalent types were: fragments (48%) > films (22%) > fibers (15%) > granules and lines (both 9%). Fourier transform mid-IR and near-IR spectra (FT-MIR-NIR) analysis registered terephthalate (48%), polypropylene (20%), polyethylene (17%), and polystyrene (15%) in all samples. These results contribute to the MP's pollution knowledge in sea salts to understand and reduce this significant human exposure route and environmental pollution source in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.
| | - Sultan Al Nahian
- Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - María B Alfonso
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO-CONICET-UNS), Florida 8000, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christian Ebere Enyoh
- Group Research in Analytical Chemistry, Environment and Climate Change (GRACE & CC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imo State University Owerri, P. M. B 2000, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Fauziah Shahul Hamid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Alsubaie
- Department of Physics, College of Khurma, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Hamidreza Mohafez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim SK, Song NS. Microplastics in edible salt: a literature review focusing on uncertainty related with measured minimum cutoff sizes. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects. TOXICS 2021; 9:224. [PMID: 34564375 PMCID: PMC8473407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies on microplastics (MPs) have increased rapidly due to the growing awareness of the potential health risks related to their occurrence. The first part of this review is devoted to MP occurrence, distribution, and quantification. MPs can be transferred from the environment to humans mainly through inhalation, secondly from ingestion, and, to a lesser extent, through dermal contact. As regards food web contamination, we discuss the microplastic presence not only in the most investigated sources, such as seafood, drinking water, and salts, but also in other foods such as honey, sugar, milk, fruit, and meat (chickens, cows, and pigs). All literature data suggest not-negligible human exposure to MPs through the above-mentioned routes. Consequently, several research efforts have been devoted to assessing potential human health risks. Initially, toxicological studies were conducted with aquatic organisms and then with experimental mammal animal models and human cell cultures. In the latter case, toxicological effects were observed at high concentrations of MPs (polystyrene is the most common MP benchmark) for a short time. Further studies must be performed to assess the real consequences of MP contamination at low concentrations and prolonged exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Ylenia Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), “S. Francesco di Assisi Hospital”, 84020 Oliveto Citra, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM. Microplastics in aquatic environments: A review on occurrence, distribution, toxic effects, and implications for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146551. [PMID: 33773347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are fragments, fibers, granules, flakes and spheres with a diameter or length of less than 5 mm. These may eventually end up in the aquatic environment by the progressive breakdown of larger plastics or via domestic and industrial sewage spillage. In order to better understand the current knowledge in this field, we carried out and extensive literature research to retrieve articles mainly focusing on the occurrence and distribution of MPs in aquatic matrix as well as their impacts on aquatic organisms and human derived cells. Once in the environment, MPs may be transported via wind and water movement, affecting their spatial distribution. Furthermore, density may also affect the buoyancy and vertical distribution of these pollutants. Consequently, MPs are ubiquitously distributed in fresh- and marine- water systems, posing a real threat to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, trophic transfer and biomagnification processes represent a viable route for the input of MPs to humans. This paper focuses on (1) Outline the occurrence of MPs in worldwide aquatic ecosystems; (2) Investigate the factors affecting the abundance and distribution of MPs in aquatic ecosystems; (3) Provide an in-depth discussion about the harmful effects that MPs poses to aquatic organisms; (4) Summarizes the possible mechanisms by which MPs may induce toxic effects on humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jin M, Wang X, Ren T, Wang J, Shan J. Microplastics contamination in food and beverages: Direct exposure to humans. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2816-2837. [PMID: 34146409 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since microplastics (MPs) bring the potential risks to human health when plastics are ingested, more needs to be known about the presence and abundance of human ingestion of MPs. To address these issues, we reviewed 108 publications in Web of Science concerning abundances, sources, and analytical methods of MPs in human daily intake including fish, salt, drinking water, beverages, package food, and other food. The results demonstrate that aquatic food products (fish and bivalves) present a wide range of 0-10.5 items/g for bivalves and 0-20 items/individual for fish. Salt data in literatures present a concentration of 0-13,629 particles/kg. Drinking water is also a pathway of MPs exposure to human, presenting a concentration range from 0 to 61 particles/L for tap water and 0 to 6292 MPs/L for bottled water. Besides, MPs have been found in beverages, package food, sugar, honey, vegetables, and fruits. Therefore, human intake of MPs via ingestion is a nonnegligible exposure route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Jin
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Ren
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jiajia Shan
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dwiyitno D, Sturm MT, Januar HI, Schuhen K. Influence of various production methods on the microplastic contamination of sea salt produced in Java, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30409-30413. [PMID: 33991299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extensive research on microplastics (MPs) in the last years has shown that it is not just an environmental problem anymore. As it can also be found in human food, it poses a potential risk for human health and food safety. Especially sea salt, which is produced by the evaporation of seawater, including its microplastic contamination, has been reported with different levels of MP contamination. Therefore, in this preliminary study, we investigated if different solar evaporation methods (traditional, geomembrane, and tunnel) influence the concentration of microplastic particles in sea salt production in Indonesia, one of the countries with the highest estimated level of plastic waste input into the ocean. The results show a significantly higher MP contamination in sea salt produced traditionally compared to the geomembrane and tunnel methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwiyitno Dwiyitno
- Research and Development Center for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and Biotechnology, Jl. KS Tubun Petamburan VI, Jakarta, 10260, Indonesia
| | - Michael Toni Sturm
- Wasser 3.0 gGmbH, Neufeldstr. 17a-19a, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- abcr GmbH, Im Schlehert 10, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut (EBI), Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hedi Indra Januar
- Research and Development Center for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and Biotechnology, Jl. KS Tubun Petamburan VI, Jakarta, 10260, Indonesia
| | - Katrin Schuhen
- Wasser 3.0 gGmbH, Neufeldstr. 17a-19a, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Impacts of Plastic-Made Packaging on Marine Key Species: Effects Following Water Acidification and Ecological Implications. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the impacts of 16 different leachates of plastic-made packaging on marine species of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, echinoderms). Standard ecotoxicological endpoints (inhibition of bioluminescence, inhibition of growth, embryo-toxicity) and alterations of ecologically significant parameters (i.e., echinoderms’ body-size) were measured following exposure under different pH water conditions: marine standard (pH 8.1) and two increasingly acidic conditions (pH 7.8 and 7.5) in order to evaluate possible variations induced by ocean acidification. The results obtained in this study evidence that the tested doses are not able to significantly affect bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) and algae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum). On the contrary, Paracentrotus lividus larvae were significantly affected by several packaging types (13 out of 16) with meaningless differences between pH conditions.
Collapse
|