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Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Rahlff J, Esser SP, Plewka J, Heinrichs ME, Soares A, Scarchilli C, Grigioni P, Wex H, Giebel HA, Probst AJ. Marine viruses disperse bidirectionally along the natural water cycle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6354. [PMID: 37816747 PMCID: PMC10564846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine viruses in seawater have frequently been studied, yet their dispersal from neuston ecosystems at the air-sea interface towards the atmosphere remains a knowledge gap. Here, we show that 6.2% of the studied virus population were shared between air-sea interface ecosystems and rainwater. Virus enrichment in the 1-mm thin surface microlayer and sea foams happened selectively, and variant analysis proved virus transfer to aerosols collected at ~2 m height above sea level and rain. Viruses detected in rain and these aerosols showed a significantly higher percent G/C base content compared to marine viruses. CRISPR spacer matches of marine prokaryotes to foreign viruses from rainwater prove regular virus-host encounters at the air-sea interface. Our findings on aerosolization, adaptations, and dispersal support transmission of viruses along the natural water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Rahlff
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 39231, Kalmar, Sweden.
- Aero-Aquatic Virus Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Sarah P Esser
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Plewka
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Mara Elena Heinrichs
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - André Soares
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudio Scarchilli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Grigioni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Heike Wex
- Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge-Ansgar Giebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Center for Marine Sensors (ZfMarS), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Alexander J Probst
- Group for Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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3
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Pedrosa de Macena LDG, Castiglia Feitosa R, Couto da Silva J, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Brandão MLL, Caldeira NGS, Couto JS, Coelho de Azevedo MG, Barbosa de Paula B, Miagostovich MP. Environmental assessment of sewage contamination in the surroundings of a marine outfall combining human mastadenovirus and fecal indicator bacteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115110. [PMID: 37307749 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the microbiological contamination of the marine area of a metropolitan region, where a marine outfall is used as a sanitary solution for domestic sewage. For human mastadenovirus (HAdV) quantification 134 water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation method and analyzed with qPCR and PMAxx-qPCR, being the latter to assess the capsid integrity viral. HAdV with intact capsids were detected in 10 % (16/102) of samples classified as suitable for bathing using at least one fecal bacterial indicator. Spatial analysis of the results showed that the drainage channels of the basin that flow into the sea are the main sources of microbiological contamination in the foreshore zone, where intact HAdV reached a concentration of up to 3 log genomic copies/L. HAdV serotypes A12, D, F40 and F41 were characterized. Our results suggest the use of intact HAdV as a complementary parameter to assess the quality of recreational waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Graça Pedrosa de Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Renato Castiglia Feitosa
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Jansen Couto da Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Department of Quality Control, Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Centro Administrativo Vinicius Fonseca - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonçalves Santos Caldeira
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jessica Soldani Couto
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonçalves Coelho de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Paula
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Dos Santos DRL, Silva-Sales M, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, Malta FC, Ferreira FC, Pimenta MM, Miagostovich MP. Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:21-31. [PMID: 36629977 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over the entire sampling period, PAdV was detected at a porcine breeding area and at Guarda River site, presenting high concentrations up to 2.6 × 109 genome copies per liter [GC/L], and viral concentrations ranging from 9.6 × 101 to 7.1 × 107, while BoPyV (1.5 × 104 GC/L-9.2 × 105 GC/L) was only detected in samples from the bovine breeding areas. The combination of human and animal virus circulation presents a potential impact in the environment due to raw sewage discharge from regional communities, as well as potential hazard to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Regina Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Institute of Public Health and Tropical Pathology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Maria Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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do Nascimento LG, Sarmento SK, Leonardo R, Gutierrez MB, Malta FC, de Oliveira JM, Guerra CR, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Bivalve Mollusks Collected in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112359. [PMID: 36366459 PMCID: PMC9695388 DOI: 10.3390/v14112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral bivalve contamination is a recognized food safety hazard. Therefore, this study investigated the detection rates, seasonality, quantification, and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in bivalve samples (mussels and oysters). We collected 97 shellfish samples between March 2018 and February 2020. The screening of samples by qPCR or RT-qPCR revealed the detection of norovirus (42.3%), rotavirus A (RVA; 16.5%), human adenovirus (HAdV; 24.7%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 13.4%). There was no detection of hepatitis A virus. In total, 58.8% of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, with 42.1% of positive samples contaminated with two or more viruses. Norovirus showed the highest median viral load (3.3 × 106 GC/g), followed by HAdV (median of 3.5 × 104 GC/g), RVA (median of 1.5 × 103 GC/g), and HBoV (median of 1.3 × 103 GC/g). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that norovirus strains belonged to genotype GII.12[P16], RVA to genotype I2, HAdV to types -C2, -C5, and -F40, and HBoV to genotypes -1 and -2. Our results demonstrate the viral contamination of bivalves, emphasizing the need for virological monitoring programs to ensure the quality and safety of shellfish for human consumption and as a valuable surveillance tool to monitor emerging viruses and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Gonçalves do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meylin Bautista Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1817
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Ramlal PS, Lin J, Buckley CA, Stenström TA, Amoah ID. An assessment of the health risks associated with shared sanitation: a case study of the community ablution blocks in Durban, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:166. [PMID: 35142880 PMCID: PMC9035208 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shared sanitation facilities have been hailed as an innovative approach to solve the challenge with sanitation access. However, these facilities may act as hotspots for disease transmission due to unhygienic conditions. In this study we used quantitative (based on Escherichia coli contamination) techniques to assess the health risks associated with the use of community ablution blocks (CABs). The most contaminated surfaces were the cistern handle (5.7 Log10 cfu/cm2) and internal pull latch (5.8 Log10 cfu/cm2). Based on the E. coli contamination, at least two people out of 100 CAB users might be potentially infected when they touch "hot" surfaces. These risks were modelled assuming transfer of potentially pathogenic E. coli from these surfaces to the mouth. The incorporation of risk-reduction measures, such as wiping of these surfaces or washing of hands, could potentially result in significant reduction of infection risks. The most significant risk-reduction intervention was determined to be wiping of the contact surfaces, especially twice prior to contact. A combination of risk-reduction interventions could further reduce the risks. This study shows that contamination of contact surfaces within shared CABs could lead to increased risks of infections, requiring measures aimed at reducing the associated risks. The risk assessment framework used in this study could therefore be applied in similar settings to estimate associated health risks with the use of such facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshod S Ramlal
- eThekwini Municipality Health Department, 9 Archie Gumede Place, 4001, Durban, South Africa.
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christopher A Buckley
- WASH Research and Development Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac D Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Vasquez-García A, Mejia-Ballesteros JE, de Godoy SHS, Barbieri E, de Sousa RLM, Fernandes AM. Norovirus GII and astrovirus in shellfish from a mangrove region in Cananéia, Brazil: molecular detection and characterization. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:317-326. [PMID: 34661887 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, annual cases of gastroenteritis have been reported in the world at high rates, suggesting an association with the consumption of shellfish with enteric viruses in their tissues. Anthropic activities are considered a source of environmental pollution and the main responsible for contamination by pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by RT-semi-nested PCR, the presence of astrovirus (AstV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) in mussels (Mytella falcata) and oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) collected in two sites of the Lagunar Complex of Cananéia, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 150 samples of mussels and oysters (75 samples each) were analyzed. AstV was not identified in any shellfish sample. NoV GII was detected in 21 samples (14%), 8 mussel samples (38%), and 13 oyster samples (62%). From the 21 positive samples, 16 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing. The molecular characterization revealed that Brazilian samples were grouped into clades along with other sequences from Brazil, Japan, and Mexico. There was 93.8-100% amino acid sequence similarity among the samples in this study and > 94.9% when compared with the strains isolated from clinical cases in Brazil. The screening of shellfish for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses can help prevent outbreaks among consumers and contribute to the improvement of the estuarine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vasquez-García
- Faculdade de Zootecnia E Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.,Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnología E Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Abierta Y a Distancia, 763532, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Julian Eduardo Mejia-Ballesteros
- Faculdade de Zootecnia E Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.,Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias Pecuarias Y del Medio Ambiente,, Universidad Nacional Abierta Y a Distancia, 763532, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Silvia Helena Seraphin de Godoy
- Faculdade de Zootecnia E Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Edison Barbieri
- Instituto de Pesca - APTA-SAA/SP. Prof, Besnard s/n, Cananéia, SP, 11990-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Moro de Sousa
- Faculdade de Zootecnia E Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Faculdade de Zootecnia E Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Moraes DFDSD, Mesquita JR, Dutra V, Nascimento MSJ. Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082290. [PMID: 34438747 PMCID: PMC8388429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide. Originally identified in epidemics associated with flooding in Asia, it nowadays shows very distinct genetic and epidemiological patterns. While HEV genotypes (HEV-) 1 and 2 are associated with the original outbreaks (waterborne diseases), HEV-3 and HEV-4 present a zoonotic pattern (associated with consumption of meat from infected animals), HEV-5 and 6 have been found only in wild boar in Japan, and HEV-7 and 8 have been detected in camels and dromedary seldom affecting humans. Brazil, with a precarious sanitary structure and being an important world meat producer, was the focus of this study in order to identify patterns of occurrence of HEV. After reviewing scientific studies, it was identified that the only genotype found in Brazil is HEV-3 and the area where there were more reports was the South region of the country. This is the region that produces more pork. These results indicate that HEV-3 is widespread in the country and sanitary surveillance is essential in the national production of pigs, as well as the implementation of monitoring protocols in hospitals. Abstract Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
- Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso (SEMA), Cuiabá 78050-970, Brazil
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on contact surfaces within shared sanitation facilities. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113807. [PMID: 34265632 PMCID: PMC8270751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of contact surfaces with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported as a potential route for the transmission of COVID-19. This could be a major issue in developing countries where access to basic sanitation is poor, leading to the sharing of toilet facilities. In this study, we report SARS-CoV-2 contamination of key contact surfaces in shared toilets and the probabilistic risks of COVID-19 infections based on detection and quantification of the nucleic acid on the surfaces. We observed that 54-69% of the contact surfaces were contaminated, with SARS-CoV-2 loads ranging from 28.1 to 132.7 gene copies per cm2. Toilet seats had the highest contamination, which could be attributed to shedding of the virus in feces and urine. We observed a significant reduction in viral loads on the contaminated surfaces after cleaning, showing the potential of effective cleaning on the reduction of contamination. The pattern of contamination indicates that the most contaminated surfaces are those that are either commonly touched by users of the shared toilets or easily contaminated with feces and urine. These surfaces were the toilet seats, cistern handles and tap handles. The likelihood (probability) of infection with COVID-19 on these surfaces was highest on the toilet seat (1.76 × 10-4(1.58 × 10-6)) for one time use of the toilet. These findings highlight the potential risks for COVID-19 infections in the event that intact infectious viral particles are deposited on these contact surfaces. Therefore, this study shows that shared toilet facilities in densely populated areas could lead to an increase in risks of COVID-19 infections. This calls for the implementation of risk reduction measures, such as regular washing of hands with soap, strict adherence to wearing face masks, and effective and regular cleaning of shared facilities.
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10
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 PMCID: PMC7468340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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11
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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12
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Functionalized Surfaces as a Tool for Virus Sensing: A Demonstration of Human mastadenovirus Detection in Environmental Waters. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to apply magnetic bead surface functionalization in the form of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (IMS-qPCR) to detect Human mastadenovirus species C (HAdV-C) and F (HAdV-F) in water samples. The technique efficiency was compared to a nonfunctionalized method (ultracentrifugation) followed by laboratory detection. Tests were carried out to standardize IMS parameters followed by tests on 15 water samples concentrated by IMS and ultracentrifugation. Microscopic analyses detected a successful beads–antibody attachment. HAdV was detected up to dilutions of 10−6 by IMS-qPCR, and samples concentrated by IMS were able to infect cell cultures. In water samples, HAdV-C was detected in 60% (monoclonal) and 47% (polyclonal) by IMS-qPCR, while 13% of samples concentrated by ultracentrifugation gave a positive result. HAdV-F was positive in 27% of samples by IMS-qPCR (polyclonal) and ultracentrifugation and 20% by IMS-qPCR (monoclonal). The rate of detection varied from 4.55 × 102 to 5.83 × 106 genomic copies/L for IMS-qPCR and from 2.00 × 102 to 2.11 × 103 GC/L for ultracentrifugation. IMS showed to be a more effective concentration technique for HAdV than ultracentrifugation, improving the assessment of infectious HAdV in water resources.
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Roveri V, Guimarães LL, Correia AT, Demoliner M, Spilki FR. Occurrence of human adenoviruses in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1249-1254. [PMID: 32281699 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along the coastal zone of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, diffuse discharges that flow directly to tourist beaches are responsible for introducing various pathogens into recreational waters. The objective of this study was to analyze, for the first time, the presence of protozoa (Cryptosporidium ssp and Giardia ssp), as well as human mastadenoviruses (HAdV-species C and F) and other species of adenoviruses (AdV) in beach drainage channels of Enseada and Perequê, municipality of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Protozoa were not detected in any sample over the course of the 11-month study. In relation to HAdVs, 100% (n = 22) of the water samples presented contamination by at least one type of virus (C, D, or F species), suggesting potential risks to the public health following recreational exposure of beach users to these waters. PRACTITIONER POINTS: First report on the presence of human adenoviruses in urban drainage channels in the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Urban surface water runoff is responsible for introducing human adenoviruses linked to disease outbreaks in areas of intense recreation. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were below the limit of detection for all analyzed samples. However, all sites were positive for at least one of the viral species (HAdV-C, HAdV-D, or HAdV-F). Viral loads found in the water were similar to those commonly found in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Roveri
- Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, PPG em Sustentabilidade de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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