1
|
Wen Y, Jiang N, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Versatile whey acidic protein four-disulfide core domain proteins: biology and role in diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1459129. [PMID: 39296934 PMCID: PMC11408880 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1459129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Whey acidic protein four-disulfide core (WFDC) protein family consists of proteins with one or more WFDC domains which are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body of human and perform a wide range of functions, including antiprotease, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory functions. Aberrant expression of WFDC proteins is associated with human diseases. However, review on the WFDC protein family is limited and insufficient. Furthermore, a systematic summary of the underlying mechanisms of WFDC protein activity is lacking. In this review, we give a summary of the structural basis and molecular function of these proteins and review the immune regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways of WFDC proteins in the development of certain diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic potential of multiple WFDC proteins in the aforementioned conditions, as well as their prospective use. At last, we also discuss the progress of WFDC protein in clinical trials and put forward some research difficulties and the directions of follow-up research. Our review highlights the functional diversity and clinical significance of WFDC proteins family, while providing potential targets for drug development and innovative therapeutic strategies, this review lays the foundation and direction for future research on WFDC proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wen
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Meriggiola MC, Amory JK, Barratt CLR, Behre HM, Bremner WJ, Ferlin A, Honig S, Kopa Z, Lo K, Nieschlag E, Page ST, Sandlow J, Sitruk-Ware R, Swerdloff RS, Wu FCW, Goulis DG. Practice and development of male contraception: European Academy of Andrology and American Society of Andrology guidelines. Andrology 2023. [PMID: 37727884 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Despite a wide spectrum of contraceptive methods for women, the unintended pregnancy rate remains high (45% in the US), with 50% resulting in abortion. Currently, 20% of global contraceptive use is male-directed, with a wide variation among countries due to limited availability and lack of efficacy. Worldwide studies indicate that >50% of men would opt to use a reversible method, and 90% of women would rely on their partner to use a contraceptive. Additional reasons for novel male contraceptive methods to be available include the increased life expectancy, sharing the reproductive risks among partners, social issues, the lack of pharma industry involvement and the lack of opinion makers advocating for male contraception. AIM The present guidelines aim to review the status regarding male contraception, the current state of the art to support the clinical practice, recommend minimal requirements for new male contraceptive development and provide and grade updated, evidence-based recommendations from the European Society of Andrology (EAA) and the American Society of Andrology (ASA). METHODS An expert panel of academicians appointed by the EAA and the ASA generated a consensus guideline according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS Sixty evidence-based and graded recommendations were produced on couple-centered communication, behaviors, barrier methods, semen analysis and contraceptive efficacy, physical agents, surgical methods, actions before initiating male contraception, hormonal methods, non-hormonal methods, vaccines, and social and ethical considerations. CONCLUSION As gender roles transform and gender equity is established in relationships, the male contribution to family planning must be facilitated. Efficient and safe male-directed methods must be evaluated and introduced into clinical practice, preferably reversible, either hormonal or non-hormonal. From a future perspective, identifying new hormonal combinations, suitable testicular targets, and emerging vas occlusion methods will produce novel molecules and products for male contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The Lundquist Insitute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Meriggiola
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher L R Barratt
- Division of Systems and Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Hermann M Behre
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Medicine Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - William J Bremner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stanton Honig
- Division of Reproductive and Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zsolt Kopa
- Department of Urology, Andrology Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kirk Lo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eberhard Nieschlag
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jay Sandlow
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Regine Sitruk-Ware
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald S Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vickram S, Rohini K, Anbarasu K, Dey N, Jeyanthi P, Thanigaivel S, Issac PK, Arockiaraj J. Semenogelin, a coagulum macromolecule monitoring factor involved in the first step of fertilization: A prospective review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:951-962. [PMID: 35447263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human male infertility affects approximately 1/10 couples worldwide, and its prevalence is found more in developed countries. Along with sperm cells, the secretions of the prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis plays a major role in proper fertilization. Many studies have proven the functions of seminal vesicle secretions, especially semenogelin protein, as an optimiser for fertilization. Semenogelin provides the structural components for coagulum formation after ejaculation. It binds with eppin and is found to have major functions like motility of sperm, transporting the sperm safely in the immune rich female reproductive tract until the sperm cells reach the egg intact. The capacitation process is essential for proper fertilization and semenogelin involved in mediating capacitation in time. Also, it has control of events towards the first step in the fertilization process. It is a Zn ions binding protein, and Zn ions act as a cofactor that helps in the proper motility of sperm cells. Therefore, any imbalance in protein that automatically affect sperm physiology and fertility status. This review sheds a comprehensive and critical view on the significant functions of semenogelin in fertilization. This review can open up advanced proteomics research on semenogelin towards unravelling molecular mechanisms in fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karunakaran Rohini
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anbarasu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nibedita Dey
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivelu Jeyanthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vickram A, Dhama K, Thanigaivel S, Chakraborty S, Anbarasu K, Dey N, Karunakaran R. Strategies for successful designing of immunocontraceptive vaccines and recent updates in vaccine development against sexually transmitted infections - A Review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2033-2046. [PMID: 35531220 PMCID: PMC9073025 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - S. Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences &, Animal Husbandry, R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Pin- 799008, India
| | - K. Anbarasu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nibedita Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohini Karunakaran
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu J, He M, Wang W, Hou J, Chen X, Ding X, Zhang J. siRNA-mediated Eppin testicular silencing causes changes in sperm motility and calcium currents in mice. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100485. [PMID: 33607572 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) is differentially expressed in the reproductive tissues (such as testicles, outlet tubes, epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles). Its critical role in sperm function and male reproduction has shed light on EPPIN as a candidate target for male contraceptive vaccines. In this study, we endeavored to further reveal the mechanism through which EPPIN exerts its function. We created a mouse model of reduced Eppin expression by microinjecting small interfering RNA targeting Eppin expression into seminiferous tubules of mice. This mouse model was then used to explore the effects of low Eppin expression on sperm function, which was assessed by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis and patch clamp recording of T-type Ca2+ current in spermatogenic cells. We found that the sperm motility significantly declined when Eppin was downregulated. Further investigation demonstrated that Eppin downregulation significantly affected T-type Ca2+ currents and messenger RNA expression of three subtypes of T-type Ca2+ channels in spermatogenic cells. These findings indicate that low Eppin gene expression induces decreased T-type Ca2+ currents and mRNA expression, which in turn results in the reduced sperm motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengting He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Ding
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathiew M, Dennis BM, Bennetts F, Su NNE, Nguyen N, Botteon A, Baell JB, Ventura S. Synthesis of 2-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline derivatives and screening for P2X1-purinoceptor antagonist activity in isolated preparations of rat vas deferens, for translation into a male contraceptive†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:323-332. [PMID: 32648904 PMCID: PMC7526726 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetically mediated contractions of smooth muscle cells in the vasa deferentia are mediated by neuronally released adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and noradrenaline, which stimulate P2X1-purinoceptors and α1A-adrenoceptors, respectively. This process is crucial for sperm transport, as demonstrated in knockout mouse studies where simultaneous genetic deletion of P2X1-purinoceptors and α1A-adrenoceptors resulted in male infertility. We hypothesize that dual pharmacological antagonism of these two receptors could inhibit sperm transport sufficiently to provide a novel nonhormonal method of male contraception. To generate a suitable P2X1-purinoceptor antagonist, substituents were introduced on the phenyl moiety of 2-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline to create a series of analogues that were tested for P2X1-purinoceptor antagonism in isolated preparations of rat vas deferens. Novel compounds were initially screened for their ability to attenuate contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS: 60 V, 0.5 ms, 0.2 Hz). The addition of polar substituents to the meta, but not ortho, position markedly increased the inhibition of contractions, as did the addition of both polar and aliphatic substituents to the para position. Di-substituted compounds were also synthesized and tested, resulting in a compound 31 (2-hydroxy, 4-fluoro), which exhibited the greatest potency, with an IC50 of 14 μM (95% confidence limits: 12–16 μM). Additionally, compound 31 noncompetitively antagonized contractions mediated by exogenously administered αß-methylene ATP (10 nM–30 μM) but had no inhibitory effect on contractions mediated by exogenously administered noradrenaline (30 nM–100 μM) or acetylcholine (30 nM–100 μM). These results have contributed to a structure–activity relationship profile for the P2X1-purinoceptor that will inform future designs of more potent antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Mathiew
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Belinda M Dennis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Felix Bennetts
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - N N Eunice Su
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Antony Botteon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| | - Sabatino Ventura
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim TH, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Cheon YP, Choi D. Expressions of Semenogelin Gene in Male Syrian Hamsters according to Photoperiod. Dev Reprod 2020; 23:355-365. [PMID: 31993541 PMCID: PMC6985293 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.4.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenetically matured spermatozoa (sperm) are generated in the testes by
the spermatogenesis. They travel male reproductive tract with many substances
secreted from the accessory reproductive organs. One of the substances is the
semenogelin (SEMG) released from the seminal vesicles that is involved in the
post-testicular maturation. The expression of SEMG gene was investigated in
seminal vesicle tissues of sexually matured and regressed male Syrian hamsters
by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The SEMG gene was
uniquely identified in the seminal vesicles of the matured Syrian hamsters and
compared to the genes reported previously. But the expression of SEMG gene was
not observed in reproductively and completely regressed testes of Syrian
hamsters. These results indicate that the expressions of the SEMG gene are
related to the reproductive capability in the male Syrian hamsters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hong Kim
- Dept of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Dept of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Div. of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Dept of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Unplanned pregnancies are an ongoing global burden, posing health and economic risks for women, children, and families. Advances in male contraception have been historically stymied by concerning failure rates, problematic side effects, and perceived market limitations. However, increased interest in reliable and reversible options for male contraception have resulted in resurgent efforts to introduce novel contraceptives for men. Hormonal male contraception relies on exogenous androgens and progestogens that suppress gonadotropin production, thereby suppressing testicular testosterone and sperm production. In many men, effective suppression of spermatogenesis can be achieved by androgen-progestin combination therapy. Small-scale contraceptive efficacy studies in couples have demonstrated effectiveness and reversibility with male hormonal methods, but side effects related to mood, sexual desire and cholesterol remain concerning. A number of novel androgens have reached clinical testing as potential contraceptive agents; many of these have both androgenic and progestogenic action in a single, modified steroid, thereby holding promise as single-agent contraceptives. Currently, these novel steroids hold promise as both a "male pill" and long-acting injections. Among non-hormonal methods, studies of reversible vaso-occlusive methods (polymers that block transport of sperm through the vas deferens) are ongoing, but reliable reversibility and long-term safety in men have not been established. Proteins involved in sperm maturation and motility are attractive targets, but to date both specificity and biologic redundancy have been challenges for drug development. In this review, we aim to summarize landmark studies on male contraception, highlight the most recent advances and future development in this important field of public health and medicine.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shan C, Li H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen Y, He W. Binding interactions of epididymal protease inhibitor and semenogelin-1: a homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7329. [PMID: 31404433 PMCID: PMC6686837 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) that is located on the sperm surface and specific to the male reproductive system is a non-hormonal contraceptive target, since the binding of EPPIN with the seminal plasma protein semenogelin-1 (SEMG1) causes a loss of sperm function. Here, we investigated the binding interactions between EPPIN and SEMG1 by homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Since no crystal structure was reported for EPPIN, its 3D structure was constructed by homology modeling and refined by dynamics simulation, illustrating the C-terminus domain of EPPIN could bind with its N-terminus domain through the residues 30–32 and 113–116. The binding interaction of SEMG110-8 peptide and EPPIN was investigated by Z-DOCK and dynamics simulation. After evaluating the models according to the calculated binding free energies, we demonstrated that C-terminus domain of EPPIN was important for the binding of SEMG1 via residues Tyr107, Gly112, Asn116, Gln118 and Asn122, while residue Arg32 in N-terminus domain also had contribution for their binding interaction. Additionally, the binding pocket of EPPIN was defined according to these key residues and verified by molecular docking with reported inhibitor EP055, suggesting that the pocket formed by Arg32, Asn114, Asn116, Phe117 and Asn122 could be important for the design of new ligands. This study might be helpful for the understanding of biological function of EPPIN and would encourage the discovery of non-hormonal contraceptive leads/drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
SummarySpermatogenesis is a dynamic process that culminates in the production of mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of sexually mature animals. Although sperm leaving the testis are fully differentiated, they must further undergo two additional maturation steps before acquiring the capability to fertilize the egg. Such processes take place during the epididymal residency and transport in the seminal fluid during ejaculation and, after delivery into the female reproductive tract, during the journey aiming the encountering the egg in the oviduct. Throughout this trip, spermatozoa are exposed to different reproductive fluids whose molecular compositions regulate the progress towards obtaining a fertilized competent cell. This review summarizes the evidence obtained so far supporting the participation of male and female reproductive tract-derived proteins in the modulation of sperm fertilizing ability and discusses the mechanisms by which such regulation may be accomplished.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Today, a vast arsenal of contraceptive methods interfering at different levels of the female reproductive axis is available. This is not the case for men for whom, until now, there is no reliable male reversible method and for whom vasectomy, condom and withdrawal are the only options available. Despite this limited supply, more than one third of all contraceptive methods used worldwide rely on the cooperation of the male partner. Besides developing hormonal approaches to stop sperm production, there may be attractive approaches that will interfere with sperm functions rather than production. Sperm functions are primarily established during post-testicular maturation, with the epididymis accounting for the majority. The purpose of this review is to present some of the promising and/or already abandoned leads that emerge from research efforts targeting the epididymis and its activities as potential means to achieve male post-meiotic contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël R. Drevet
- Laboratoire GReD “Génétique, Reproduction & Développement”, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), 28-Place Henri Dunant, bâtiment CRBC, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park JI, Jeon BH, Kim TH, Kim HJ, Choi D. The Expressional Pattern of Epididymal Protease Inhibitor (EPPIN) in the Male Syrian Hamsters. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:253-262. [PMID: 30324162 PMCID: PMC6182231 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatozoa are generated in the
testes. The spermatozoa travel male reproductive tract during which they meet
many substances secreted from reproductive organs. One of the substances is
epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) that is involved in the post-testicular
maturation including capability of fertilizing the eggs. The expression of EPPIN
gene was investigated in various tissues of sexually mature and regressed male
Syrian hamsters by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The
EPPIN gene was identified in the testis and epididymis of the male Syrian
hamsters and compared to the genes reported previously. There was no expression
of EPPIN gene in reproductively and completely regressed testes of Syrian
hamster. These results suggest that the expressions of the EPPIN gene are
associated with the reproductive capability in the Syrian hamsters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong In Park
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Byung Hyun Jeon
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Tae Hong Kim
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Hyung June Kim
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Inhibition of sperm motility in male macaques with EP055, a potential non-hormonal male contraceptive. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195953. [PMID: 29672554 PMCID: PMC5908160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Men have two practical choices for contraception; the condom which has a high typical use failure rate or vasectomy. New male hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives are under development that target either the production of sperm (spermatogenesis) or the delivery of sperm. One particular target is the sperm protein EPPIN, which is present on the surface of human spermatozoa. EP055 is a small organic compound that targets EPPIN on the surface of sperm and inhibits motility. EP055 was tested in cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) males to determine its plasma half-life after intravenous (i.v.) infusion of a single dose and for binding to its target tissues. Our initial study demonstrated a plasma half-life for EP055 of 10.6 minutes. In a second study examination of macaque testis, epididymis, and plasma after i.v. infusion of a single dose of compound EP055 (63.25 mg/kg) demonstrated that EP055 was detected in testis and epididymis two hours and six hours post-infusion. We initiated a trial in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) males to assess the availability of EP055 in semen and its effect on sperm motility as a measure of the drug's efficacy. Four macaques were infused with a low dose (75–80 mg/kg) followed by a recovery period and a subsequent high dose (125–130 mg/kg) of EP055. After high dose administration, sperm motility fell to approximately 20% of pretreatment levels within 6 hours post-infusion; no normal motility was observed at 30 hours post-infusion. Recovery of sperm motility was obvious by 78 hours post-infusion; with full recovery in all animals by 18 days post-infusion. EP055 has the potential to be a male contraceptive that would provide a reversible, short-lived pharmacological alternative.
Collapse
|
14
|
O'Rand MG, Silva EJR, Hamil KG. Non-hormonal male contraception: A review and development of an Eppin based contraceptive. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:105-11. [PMID: 26593445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing a non-hormonal male contraceptive requires identifying and characterizing an appropriate target and demonstrating its essential role in reproduction. Here we review the development of male contraceptive targets and the current therapeutic agents under consideration. In addition, the development of EPPIN as a target for contraception is reviewed. EPPIN is a well characterized surface protein on human spermatozoa that has an essential function in primate reproduction. EPPIN is discussed as an example of target development, testing in non-human primates, and the search for small organic compounds that mimic contraceptive antibodies; binding EPPIN and blocking sperm motility. Although many hurdles remain before the success of a non-hormonal male contraceptive, continued persistence should yield a marketable product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G O'Rand
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Eppin Pharma Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States.
| | - Erick J R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of immunization against prostate- and testis-expressed (PATE) proteins on sperm function and fecundity in the rat. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 110:117-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Yan P, He W, Wu Y, Chen Z, He H, Ni B, Zhang J, Yang X, Shen Z, Fu X, Liang Z, Li J. Enhanced Suppression of Fertility Can be Achieved by Priming with FSHR and Eppin and Further Boosting with Their B-cell Epitope Peptides. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:156-68. [PMID: 25864521 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqiong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang He
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zigang Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva EJR, Hamil KG, O’Rand MG. Interacting proteins on human spermatozoa: adaptive evolution of the binding of semenogelin I to EPPIN. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82014. [PMID: 24312623 PMCID: PMC3846889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Semenogelin I (SEMG1) is found in human semen coagulum and on the surface of spermatozoa bound to EPPIN. The physiological significance of the SEMG1/EPPIN interaction on the surface of spermatozoa is its capacity to modulate sperm progressive motility. The present study investigates the hypothesis that the interacting surface of SEMG1 and EPPIN co-evolved within the Hominoidea time scale, as a result of adaptive pressures applied by their roles in sperm protection and reproductive fitness. Our results indicate that some amino acid residues of SEMG1 and EPPIN possess a remarkable deficiency of variation among hominoid primates. We observe a distinct residue change unique to humans within the EPPIN sequence containing a SEMG1 interacting surface, namely His92. In addition, Bayes Empirical Bayes analysis for positive selection indicates that the SEMG1 Cys239 residue underwent positive selection in humans, probably as a consequence of its role in increasing the binding affinity of these interacting proteins. We confirm the critical role of Cys239 residue for SEMG1 binding to EPPIN and inhibition of sperm motility by showing that recombinant SEMG1 mutants in which Cys239 residue was changed to glycine, aspartic acid, histidine, serine or arginine have reduced capacity to interact to EPPIN and to inhibit human sperm motility in vitro. In conclusion, our results indicate that EPPIN and SEMG1 rapidly co-evolved in primates due to their critical role in the modulation of sperm motility in the semen coagulum, providing unique insights into the molecular co-evolution of sperm surface interacting proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. R. Silva
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine G. Hamil
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael G. O’Rand
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Silva EJR, Patrão MTCC, Tsuruta JK, O'Rand MG, Avellar MCW. Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) is differentially expressed in the male rat reproductive tract and immunolocalized in maturing spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:832-42. [PMID: 23070980 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
EPPIN (epididymal protease inhibitor; SPINLW1), an antimicrobial cysteine-rich protein containing both Kunitz and whey acidic protein (WAP)-type four disulfide core protease inhibitor consensus sequences, is a target for male contraception because of its critical role in sperm motility. Here, we characterized EPPIN's expression and cellular distribution in rat tissues and its in vivo regulation by androgens in the epididymis. EPPIN (mRNA and protein) was abundantly expressed in the rat testis and epididymis; we also found that the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and brain were novel sites of EPPIN expression. PCR studies demonstrated that in addition to Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells expressed Eppin mRNA. EPPIN was immunolocalized in Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids) and in epithelial cells and spermatozoa from efferent ductules and epididymis. EPPIN staining was observed on the middle and principal pieces of the flagellum of testicular spermatozoa. Epididymal spermatozoa had more intense EPPIN staining on the flagellum, and the EPPIN staining became apparent on the head and neck regions. This suggested that the EPPIN found on maturing spermatozoa was secreted primarily by the epithelial cells of the epididymis. Surgical castration down-regulated EPPIN expression levels (mRNA and protein) in the caput and cauda epididymis, an effect reversed by testosterone replacement. Altogether, our data suggested that EPPIN expression in rats is more widespread than in humans and mice, and is androgen-dependent in the epididymis. This species could be used as an experimental model to further study EPPIN's role in male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick J R Silva
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Contraception is an accepted route for the control of population explosion in the world. Traditionally hormonal contraceptive methods have focused on women. Male contraception by means of hormonal and non hormonal methods is an attractive alternative. Hormonal methods of contraception using testosterone have shown good results. Non hormonal reversible methods of male contraception like reversible inhibition of sperm under guidanceare very promising. In this article we have reviewed the current available options for male contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mathew
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Silva EJR, Hamil KG, Richardson RT, O'Rand MG. Characterization of EPPIN's semenogelin I binding site: a contraceptive drug target. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:56. [PMID: 22699487 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epididymal protease inhibitor (EPPIN) is found on the surface of spermatozoa and works as a central hub for a sperm surface protein complex (EPPIN protein complex [EPC]) that inhibits sperm motility on the binding of semenogelin I (SEMG1) during ejaculation. Here, we identify EPPIN's amino acids involved in the interactions within the EPC and demonstrate that EPPIN's sequence C102-P133 contains the major binding site for SEMG1. Within the same region, the sequence F117-P133 binds the EPC-associated protein lactotransferrin (LTF). We show that residues Cys102, Tyr107, and Phe117 in the EPPIN C-terminus are required for SEMG1 binding. Additionally, residues Tyr107 and Phe117 are critically involved in the interaction between EPPIN and LTF. Our findings demonstrate that EPPIN is a key player in the protein-protein interactions within the EPC. Target identification is an important step toward the development of a novel male contraceptive, and the functionality of EPPIN's residues Cys102, Tyr107, and Phe117 offers novel opportunities for contraceptive compounds that inhibit sperm motility by targeting this region of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick J R Silva
- The Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7090, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Les approches épididymaires de la contraception masculine. Basic Clin Androl 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12610-012-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Résumé
L’offre en matière de moyens contraceptifs masculins est limitée et, en particulier, à ce jour il n’existe pas de contraception hormonale masculine sur le marché. L’épididyme, dans lequel les spermatozoïdes acquièrent leurs capacités fécondantes et où ils sont stockés, s’avère être un site intéressant à cibler. Cette revue vise à présenter de façon synthétique les quelques pistes prometteuses qui ont émergé ces dernières années.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seminal plasma proteins in prostatic carcinoma: increased nuclear semenogelin I expression is a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1991-2000. [PMID: 22617231 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Semenogelins and eppin are seminal plasma proteins that form a complex and inhibit sperm motility. However, the role of these proteins in prostate cancer is poorly understood. We immunohistochemically stained for semenogelins I and II and eppin in 291 radical prostatectomy specimens. We then evaluated the association between their expressions in nuclei, cytoplasms, or intraluminal secretions of benign/high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma cells and clinicopathologic profile available for our patient cohort. Stains were positive in 32%/77%/84% (nuclear semenogelin I), 87%/94%/84% (nuclear semenogelin II), 56%/64%/37% (nuclear eppin), 7%/15%/11% (cytoplasmic semenogelin I), 6%/11%/9% (cytoplasmic semenogelin II), 68%/74%/95% (cytoplasmic eppin), 97%/98%/13% (secreted semenogelin I), 98%/97%/11% (secreted semenogelin II), and 97%/98%/48% (secreted eppin) of benign/prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma, respectively. The levels of nuclear semenogelin I/cytoplasmic eppin were significantly higher in carcinoma than in benign (P<.001/P<.001) or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (P<.001/P<.001) and in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia than in benign (P<.001/P=.006). Significantly higher nuclear semenogelin II expression was found in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia than in benign (P<.001) or carcinoma (P<.001). Significantly lower nuclear eppin expression was seen in carcinoma than in benign (P<.001) or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (P<.001). Secreted semenogelin I, secreted semenogelin II, and secreted eppin were all significantly lower in carcinoma than in benign (P<.001) or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (P<.001). There were no statistically significant correlations between each stain and clinicopathologic features except significantly lower nuclear eppin expression in Gleason score 8 or higher tumors. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that patients with nuclear semenogelin I-positive tumor had a significantly higher risk for biochemical recurrence (P=.046). Multivariate Cox model showed a trend toward significance (P=.093) in nuclear semenogelin I positivity as an independent predictor for recurrence. These results suggest that nuclear semenogelin I expression could be a reliable prognosticator in men who undergo radical prostatectomy.
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Rand MG, Widgren EE. Loss of calcium in human spermatozoa via EPPIN, the semenogelin receptor. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:55. [PMID: 22075473 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a new male contraceptive requires a transition from animal model to human and an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the target's inhibition of human spermatozoan fertility. We now report that semenogelin (SEMG1) and anti-EPPIN antibodies to a defined target site of 21 amino acids on the C terminal of EPPIN cause the loss of intracellular calcium, as measured by Fluo-4. The loss of intracellular calcium explains our previous observations of an initial loss of progressive motility and eventually the complete loss of motility when spermatozoa are treated with SEMG1 or anti-EPPIN antibodies. Thimerosal can rescue the effects of SEMG1 on motility, implying that internal stores of calcium are not depleted. Additionally, SEMG1 treatment of spermatozoa decreases the intracellular pH, and motility can be rescued by ammonium chloride. The results of this study demonstrate that EPPIN controls sperm motility in the ejaculate by binding SEMG1, resulting in the loss of calcium, most likely through a disturbance of internal pH and an inhibition of uptake mechanisms. However, the exact steps through which the EPPIN-SEMG1 complex exerts its effect on internal calcium levels are unknown. Anti-EPPIN antibodies can substitute for SEMG1, and, therefore, small-molecular weight compounds that mimic anti-EPPIN binding should be able to substitute for SEMG1, providing the basis for a nonantibody, nonhormonal male contraceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G O'Rand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Our laboratory has characterized EPPIN [epididymal protease inhibitor; SPINLW1] as a novel gene on human chromosome 20q12-13.2, which encodes a cysteine-rich protein of 133 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15.283 kDa, containing both Kunitz-type and WAP (whey acidic protein)-type four-disulfide core consensus sequences. Eppin is secreted by Sertoli cells in the testis and epididymal epithelial cells; it is predominantly a dimer, although multimers often exist, and in its native form eppin is found on the human sperm surface complexed with LTF (lactotransferrin) and clusterin. During ejaculation SEMG (semenogelin) from the seminal vesicles binds to the eppin protein complex, initiating a series of events that define eppin's function. Eppin's functions include (i) modulating PSA (prostate-specific antigen) enzyme activity, (ii) providing antimicrobial protection and (iii) binding SEMG thereby inhibiting sperm motility. As PSA hydrolyses SEMG in the ejaculate coagulum, spermatozoa gain progressive motility. We have demonstrated that eppin is essential for fertility because immunization of male monkeys with recombinant eppin results in complete, but reversible, contraception. To exploit our understanding of eppin's function, we are developing compounds that inhibit eppin–SEMG interaction and mimic anti-eppin, inhibiting sperm motility. These compounds should have potential as a male contraceptive.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rajesh A, Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Identification and characterization of Wfdc
gene expression in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:633-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Izumi K, Zheng Y, Miyamoto H. Eppin expression in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2011; 59:1071-2. [PMID: 21392882 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Tiwari AK, Pragya P, Ravi Ram K, Chowdhuri DK. Environmental chemical mediated male reproductive toxicity: Drosophila melanogaster as an alternate animal model. Theriogenology 2011; 76:197-216. [PMID: 21356551 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals have increased the human health risk. Recent epidemiological studies raised a concern for male reproduction given their observations of reduced sperm counts and altered semen quality. Interestingly, environmental factors that include various metals, pesticides and their metabolites have been causally linked to such adversities by their presence in the semen at levels that correlate to infertility. The epidemiological observations were further supported by studies in animal models involving various chemicals. Therefore, in this review, we focused on male reproductive toxicity and the adverse effects of different environmental chemicals on male reproduction. However, it is beyond the scope of this review to provide a detailed appraisal of all of the environmental chemicals that have been associated with reproductive toxicity in animals. Here, we provided the evidence for reproductive adversities of some commonly encountered chemicals (pesticides/metals) in the environment. In view of the recent thrust for an alternate to animal models in research, we subsequently discussed the contributions of Drosophila melanogaster as an alternate animal model for quick screening of toxicants for their reproductive toxicity potential. Finally, we emphasized the genetic and molecular tools offered by Drosophila for understanding the mechanisms underlying the male reproductive toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Tiwari
- Embryotoxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng CY, Mruk DD. New frontiers in nonhormonal male contraception. Contraception 2010; 82:476-82. [PMID: 20933122 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is nearing 6.8 billion, and we are in need of a male contraceptive that is safe, effective, reversible and affordable. Hormonal approaches, which employ different formulations of testosterone administered in combination with other hormones, have shown considerable promise in clinical trials, and they are currently at the forefront of research and development. However, the long-term effects of using hormones throughout a male's reproductive life for contraception are unknown, and it may take decades before this information becomes available. Because of this, many investigators are aiming to bring a nonhormonal male contraceptive to the consumer market. Indeed, there are several distinct but feasible avenues in which fertility can be regulated without affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis. In this review, we discuss several approaches for fertility control involving the testis that one day may lead to the development of a nonhormonal male contraceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun LL, Li JT, Wu YZ, Ni B, Long L, Xiang YL, He W, Liang ZQ. Screening and identification of dominant functional fragments of human epididymal protease inhibitor. Vaccine 2010; 28:1847-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
The epididymis is an excellent target for the development of a male contraceptive. This is because the process of sperm maturation occurs in this organ; spermatozoa become motile and are able to recognise and fertilise an egg once they have traversed the epididymal duct. However, a number of attempts to interfere in sperm maturation and epididymal function or both have not been successful. The use of transgenic animals has proved useful in identifying a few epididymal targets but has yet to open the doors for drug development. Continuous focus on identifying additional epididymal targets and sperm-specific and epididymal-specific drugs is key to bringing a male contraceptive acting on the epididymis to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Harper MJK. Family planning: today and in the future. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:225-258. [PMID: 20839094 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02062-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the state of contraceptive development noting new entries in the clinic (mainly steroidal and different delivery methods) and novel leads for nonsteroidal female- and male-methods in the pipeline. The time taken to market and the absence of partnerships with industry are stressed as major factors for the slow progress in their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J K Harper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 1911 N. Fort Meyer Drive, Suite 900, Arlington, VA 22209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mitra A, Richardson RT, O'Rand MG. Analysis of recombinant human semenogelin as an inhibitor of human sperm motility. Biol Reprod 2009; 82:489-96. [PMID: 19889947 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eppin (epididymal protease inhibitor [SPINLW1]) is present in a protein complex on the human sperm surface that contains lactotransferrin, clusterin, and semenogelin (SEMG1). During ejaculation the presence of semenogelin inhibits sperm progressive motility until semenogelin is hydrolyzed by prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Although eppin binds all three components in its protein complex, the binding of semenogelin to eppin appears to be critical for the inhibition of progressive motility. The effect of the originally identified seminal plasma motility inhibitor fragment has not been clearly defined on live spermatozoa. Therefore, we have used recombinant semenogelin (rSEMG1) and its fragments, including a semenogelin mutant in which cysteine 239 was changed to glycine, coupled with a computer assisted sperm analysis assay to study the motility inhibitory properties of semenogelin. Each fragment and the mutant were tested for their effects on motility. Recombinant semenogelin significantly inhibited sperm progressive motility in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The C-terminal semenogelin fragment (amino acids 164-283) containing cysteine 239 significantly inhibited sperm progressive motility, whereas the N-terminal fragment (amino acids 24-163), a short C-terminal fragment (amino acids 172-215) without cysteine 239, and the mutant fragment (amino acids 24-283 with glycine 239) did not inhibit motility. After treatment with recombinant semenogelin, spermatozoa could be washed and treated with PSA, partially reversing the inhibition of progressive motility. Cysteine 239 of rSEMG1 appears to be the critical amino acid for both binding to eppin and inhibiting sperm motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mitra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang J, Ding X, Bian Z, Xia Y, Lu C, Wang S, Song L, Wang X. The effect of anti-eppin antibodies on ionophore A23187-induced calcium influx and acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:29-36. [PMID: 19801569 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before a spermatozoon can fertilize an oocyte it must undergo a cascade of biochemical and physiological changes that facilitate its binding and penetration into the oocyte. Epididymal protease inhibitor (eppin) has been found to play a critical role in male fertility through an immunological approach. METHODS In this study, we used an anti-eppin antibody to clarify the effect of eppin on human sperm functions during fertilization. Immunofluorescence studies were performed on ejaculated human spermatozoa in uncapacitated, capacitated and ionophore-treated states. Human spermatozoa were incubated in the presence or absence of anti-eppin antibody under capacitating conditions and with A23187. The effects of the antibody were evaluated on sperm motility, protein phosphotyrosine content and free intracellular calcium. RESULTS Immunofluorescence results demonstrated that eppin is located on the acrosome and tail. After the acrosome reaction eppin is found on the equatorial segment and tail. We found that blocking eppin with antibodies significantly inhibited the human sperm acrosome reaction induced by A23187 in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, fluo-3 analysis demonstrated that the A23187-induced elevation of sperm intracellular calcium concentration was markedly reduced after incubation with anti-eppin antibody. However, the tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins did not change. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that eppin can modulate intracellular calcium concentrations and subsequently affect the calcium ionophore A23187-induced acrosome reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
A network of interactions among seminal proteins underlies the long-term postmating response in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15384-9. [PMID: 19706411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902923106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of seminal proteins in fertility and their capacity to alter mated females' physiology, the molecular pathways and networks through which they act have not been well characterized. Drosophila seminal fluid includes proteins that fall into biochemical classes conserved from insects to mammals, making it an excellent model with which to address this question. Drosophila seminal fluid also contains a "sex peptide" (SP, Acp70A) that plays a major role in regulating egg production and mating behavior in females for several days after mating. This long-term postmating response (LTR) initially requires the association of SP with sperm. The LTR also requires members of the conserved seminal protein classes (two lectins, a protease, and a cysteine-rich secretory protein). Here, we show that these seminal proteins function interdependently, regulating a three-step cascade (first, at the level of seminal protein transfer to the female; second, at the level of stability; and third, at the level of localization within females), leading to the normal localization of SP to sperm-storage organs. This localization is, in turn, necessary for successful induction of the LTR. The requirements for manifestation of the LTR in Drosophila establish the paradigm that multiple seminal proteins can exert their actions through a multistep, multicomponent network of interactions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Guyonnet B, Marot G, Dacheux JL, Mercat MJ, Schwob S, Jaffrézic F, Gatti JL. The adult boar testicular and epididymal transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:369. [PMID: 19664223 PMCID: PMC2738690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalians gamete production takes place in the testis but when they exit this organ, although spermatozoa have acquired a specialized and distinct morphology, they are immotile and infertile. It is only after their travel in the epididymis that sperm gain their motility and fertility. Epididymis is a crescent shaped organ adjacent to the testis that can be divided in three gross morphological regions, head (caput), body (corpus) and tail (cauda). It contains a long and unique convoluted tubule connected to the testis via the efferent ducts and finished by joining the vas deferens in its caudal part. Results In this study, the testis, the efferent ducts (vas efferens, VE), nine distinct successive epididymal segments and the deferent duct (vas deferens, VD) of four adult boars of known fertility were isolated and their mRNA extracted. The gene expression of each of these samples was analyzed using a pig generic 9 K nylon microarray (AGENAE program; GEO accession number: GPL3729) spotted with 8931 clones derived from normalized cDNA banks from different pig tissues including testis and epididymis. Differentially expressed transcripts were obtained with moderated t-tests and F-tests and two data clustering algorithms based either on partitioning around medoid (top down PAM) or hierarchical clustering (bottom up HCL) were combined for class discovery and gene expression analysis. Tissue clustering defined seven transcriptomic units: testis, vas efferens and five epididymal transcriptomic units. Meanwhile transcripts formed only four clusters related to the tissues. We have then used a specific statistical method to sort out genes specifically over-expressed (markers) in testis, VE or in each of the five transcriptomic units of the epididymis (including VD). The specific regional expression of some of these genes was further validated by PCR and Q-PCR. We also searched for specific pathways and functions using available gene ontology information. Conclusion This study described for the first time the complete transcriptomes of the testis, the epididymis, the vas efferens and the vas deferens on the same species. It described new genes or genes not yet reported over-expressed in these boar tissues, as well as new control mechanisms. It emphasizes and fulfilled the gap between studies done in rodents and human, and provides tools that will be useful for further studies on the biochemical processes responsible for the formation and maintain of the epididymal regionalization and the development of a fertile spermatozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Guyonnet
- UMR85 Physiologie de Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wolfner MF. Battle and ballet: molecular interactions between the sexes in Drosophila. J Hered 2009; 100:399-410. [PMID: 19349638 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varied and fascinating interactions occur between males and females to lead to the production of progeny. Interactions between the sexes continue even after the act of mating-but at the molecular and cellular level instead of between individual animals. Molecules transferred from males to females during mating (via the seminal fluid) exert potent effects on females' physiology and (at least in some animals) on behavior. Taking advantage of genetic, genomic, and biochemical tools for Drosophila, we investigate molecular interactions that underlie this form of chemical communication. Recent data show that molecules and cells from both sexes participate in this "ballet," facilitating the mutually beneficial outcome of increased progeny production. Examples to be presented include the storage and utilization of sperm in the mated female, and a proteolytic pathway that begins in the male but ends in the female and involves both male and female contributions. Despite the joint benefit of increased progeny production, the "interests" of the mating male can differ from those of his mate. Over evolutionary time this disconnect can, in theory, precipitate a "battle" between the sexes, potentially leading to the rapid sequence changes that have been observed for some seminal proteins across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, 423 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sipilä P, Jalkanen J, Huhtaniemi IT, Poutanen M. Novel epididymal proteins as targets for the development of post-testicular male contraception. Reproduction 2009; 137:379-89. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apart from condoms and vasectomy, modern contraceptive methods for men are still not available. Besides hormonal approaches to stop testicular sperm production, the post-meiotic blockage of epididymal sperm maturation carries lots of promise. Microarray and proteomics techniques and libraries of expressed sequence tags, in combination with digital differential display tools and publicly available gene expression databases, are being currently used to identify and characterize novel epididymal proteins as putative targets for male contraception. The data reported indicate that these technologies provide complementary information for the identification of novel highly expressed genes in the epididymis. Deleting the gene of interest by targeted ablation technology in mice or using immunization against the cognate protein are the two preferred methods to functionally validate the function of novel genesin vivo. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of several epididymal proteins shown eitherin vivoorin vitroto be involved in the epididymal sperm maturation. These proteins include CRISP1, SPAG11e, DEFB126, carbonyl reductase P34H, CD52, and GPR64. In addition, we introduce novel proteinases and protease inhibitor gene families with potentially important roles in regulating the sperm maturation process. Furthermore, potential contraceptive strategies as well as delivery methods will be discussed. Despite the progress made in recent years, further studies are needed to reveal further details in the epididymal sperm maturation process and the factors involved, in order to facilitate the development of new epididymal contraceptives.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen Z, He W, Liang Z, Yan P, He H, Tang Y, Zhang J, Shen Z, Ni B, Wu Y, Li J. Protein prime–peptide boost as a new strategy induced an Eppin dominant B-cell epitope specific immune response and suppressed fertility. Vaccine 2009; 27:733-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
40
|
Wang YF, Handelsman DJ. Notice of duplicate publication. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:946. [PMID: 18958359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wang
- Asian Journal of Andrology, Room 404, Building 31B, 319 Yue-Yang Rd, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
O'Rand MG, Widgren EE, Beyler S, Richardson RT. Inhibition of human sperm motility by contraceptive anti-eppin antibodies from infertile male monkeys: effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:279-85. [PMID: 18945989 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.072942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epididymal protease inhibitor (eppin [official symbol, SPINLW1]) is of interest as a male contraceptive target because of its specificity and location on the human sperm surface. We have examined the effect of anti-eppin antibodies from infertile male monkeys and the effect of recombinant human semenogelin on human sperm motility. Anti-eppin antibodies significantly decreased the progressive motility of human spermatozoa as measured by decreased total distance traveled, decreased straight-line distance, and decreased velocity. Anti-eppin treatment of spermatozoa significantly increased the amount of cAMP present in nonprogressive spermatozoa; however, approximately 25% of antibody-treated spermatozoa could be rescued by the addition of cAMP-acetoxymethyl ester, indicating that anti-eppin-treated spermatozoa have a compromised ability to utilize cAMP. Addition of recombinant human semenogelin has a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on progressive motility (increased tortuosity and decreased velocity). We tested the hypothesis that anti-eppin antibodies bound to eppin would subsequently block semenogelin binding to eppin. Anti-eppin antibodies from infertile monkeys inhibited eppin from binding to semenogelin. Addition of affinity-purified antibodies made to the dominant C-terminal epitope of eppin had an inhibitory effect on progressive motility (increased tortuosity, decreased velocity, and straight distance). Our results suggest that the eppin-semenogelin binding site is critical for the removal of semenogelin in vivo during semen liquefaction and for the initiation of progressive motility. We conclude that the eppin-semenogelin binding site on the surface of human spermatozoa is an ideal target for a nonsteroidal male contraceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G O'Rand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang ZJ, Zhang W, Feng NH, Song NH, Wu HF, Sui YG. Molecular mechanism of epididymal protease inhibitor modulating the liquefaction of human semen. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:770-5. [PMID: 18645681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the molecular mechanism of epididymal protease inhibitor (Eppin) modulating the process of prostate specific antigen (PSA) digesting semenogelin (Sg). METHODS Human Sg cDNA (nucleotides 82-849) and Eppin cDNA (nucleotides 70-723) were generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pET-100D/TOPO. Recombinant Eppin and Sg (rEppin and rSg) were produced by BL21 (DE3). The association of Eppin with Sg was studied by far-western immunoblot and radioautography. In vitro the digestion of rSg by PSA in the presence or absence of rEppin was studied. The effect of anti-Q20E (N-terminal) and C-terminal of Eppin on Eppin-Sg binding was monitored. RESULTS Eppin binds Sg on the surface of human spermatozoa with the C-terminal of Eppin (amino acids 75-133). rSg was digested with PSA and many low molecular weight fragments were produced. When rEppin is bound to rSg, then digested by PSA, incomplete digestion and a 15-kDa fragment results. Antibody binding to the N-terminal of rEppin did not affect rSg digestion. Addition of antibodies to the C-terminal of rEppin inhibited the modulating effect of rEppin. CONCLUSION Eppin protects a 15-kDa fragment of rSg from hydrolysis by PSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Thimon V, Calvo E, Koukoui O, Légaré C, Sullivan R. Effects of Vasectomy on Gene Expression Profiling along the Human Epididymis1. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:262-73. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.066449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
44
|
Abstract
Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point to the devastating environmental impacts that population pressures have caused, including global warming from the developed world and hunger and disease in less developed areas. Moreover, almost half of all pregnancies are still unwanted or unplanned. Clearly, there is a need for expanded, reversible, contraceptive options. Multicultural surveys demonstrate the willingness of men to participate in contraception and their female partners to trust them to do so. Notwithstanding their paucity of options, male methods including vasectomy and condoms account for almost one third of contraceptive use in the United States and other countries. Recent international clinical research efforts have demonstrated high efficacy rates (90-95%) for hormonally based male contraceptives. Current barriers to expanded use include limited delivery methods and perceived regulatory obstacles, which stymie introduction to the marketplace. However, advances in oral and injectable androgen delivery are cause for optimism that these hurdles may be overcome. Nonhormonal methods, such as compounds that target sperm motility, are attractive in their theoretical promise of specificity for the reproductive tract. Gene and protein array technologies continue to identify potential targets for this approach. Such nonhormonal agents will likely reach clinical trials in the near future. Great strides have been made in understanding male reproductive physiology; the combined efforts of scientists, clinicians, industry and governmental funding agencies could make an effective, reversible, male contraceptive an option for family planning over the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Page
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aitken RJ, Baker MA, Doncel GF, Matzuk MM, Mauck CK, Harper MJK. As the world grows: contraception in the 21st century. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1330-43. [PMID: 18382745 DOI: 10.1172/jci33873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraceptives that are readily available and acceptable are required in many poorer countries to reduce population growth and in all countries to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality arising from unintended pregnancies. Most available methods use hormonal steroids or are variations of barrier methods. Reports from several fora over the last 12 years have emphasized the number of unwanted pregnancies and resultant abortions, which indicate an unmet need for safe, acceptable, and inexpensive contraceptive methods. This unmet need can be assuaged, in part, by development of new nonhormonal contraceptive methods. This Review addresses the contribution that the "omic" revolution can make to the identification of novel contraceptive targets, as well as the progress that has been made for different target molecules under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R John Aitken
- Discipline of Biological Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Flori F, Ermini L, La Sala GB, Nicoli A, Capone A, Focarelli R, Rosati F, Giovampaola CD. The GPI-anchored CD52 antigen of the sperm surface interacts with semenogelin and participates in clot formation and liquefaction of human semen. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:326-35. [PMID: 17624925 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD52 is a human glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored antigen exclusively expressed in leukocytes and epididymal cells. It is also present in sperm, being inserted in their plasma membrane as they pass through the epididymis. In a previous paper we identified a new CD52 form without GPI anchor by fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractionation of semen components. The form has a lower negative charge than the GPI-anchored form and occurs as the only CD52 form in prostasome-free seminal plasma. It was also found associated with the ejaculated sperm, but in contrast to the GPI-anchored one, it is lost during the capacitation process. In this paper we indicate that (1) the GPI-anchored CD52 of the sperm surface serves as receptor for semenogelin I during clot formation, (2) liquefaction involves cleavage of the GPI anchor from certain CD52 molecules, releasing sperm from the clot and the soluble antigen bound to semenogelin fragments into the seminal plasma and (3) the clot is a sponge-like structure housing sperm. Soluble CD52 was immunopurified from the soluble CD52-containing FPLC fraction using CAMPATH-1G and was found to be complexed with a semenogelin-derived peptide of the carboxyl terminal portion of semenogelin I, having the sequence SQTEKLVAGKQI and starting from amino acid 376. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses using CAMPATH-1G and anti-semenogelin as immunoprecipitating antibodies and anti-gp20 and anti-semenogelin as immunoblot detectors of the corresponding antigens, confirmed that the soluble CD52 formed a complex with semenogelin. The semenogelin-CD52 soluble form was found to be a direct consequence of the liquefaction process since only the GPI-anchored CD52 was recovered in uniquefied semen after recovering sperm and seminal plasma by urea solubilization of the clot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Flori
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McCrudden MTC, Dafforn TR, Houston DF, Turkington PT, Timson DJ. Functional domains of the human epididymal protease inhibitor, eppin. FEBS J 2008; 275:1742-50. [PMID: 18331357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eppin has two potential protease inhibitory domains: a whey acid protein or four disulfide core domain and a Kunitz domain. The protein is also reported to have antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Eppin and its whey acid protein and Kunitz domains were expressed in Escherichia coli and their ability to inhibit proteases and kill bacteria compared. The Kunitz domain inhibits elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) to a similar extent as intact eppin, whereas the whey acid protein domain has no such activity. None of these fragments inhibits trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) or chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) at the concentrations tested. In a colony forming unit assay, both domains have some antibacterial activity against E. coli, but this was not to the same degree as intact eppin or the two domains together. When bacterial respiratory electron transport was measured using a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assay, eppin and its domains caused an increase in the rate of respiration. This suggests that the mechanism of cell killing may be partly through the permeablization of the bacterial inner membrane, resulting in uncoupling of respiratory electron transport and consequent collapse of the proton motive force. Thus, we conclude that although both of eppin's domains are involved in the protein's antibacterial activity, only the Kunitz domain is required for selective protease inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maelíosa T C McCrudden
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang Z, Widgren EE, Richardson RT, O'Rand MG. Characterization of an eppin protein complex from human semen and spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:476-84. [PMID: 17567961 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eppin (SPINLW1; serine peptidase inhibitor-like with Kunitz and WAP domains 1 (eppin); epididymal protease inhibitor) coats the surface of human ejaculate spermatozoa and originates from Sertoli and epididymal epithelial cells. In this study, we have isolated native eppin from ejaculate supernatants (seminal plasma) and washed ejaculate spermatozoa using column chromatography and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, and identified by mass spectrometry and Western blots an eppin protein complex (EPC) containing lactotransferrin (LTF; also known as lactoferrin), clusterin (CLU), and semenogelin (SEMG1). To confirm the association of eppin with LTF, CLU, and SEMG1, antibodies to CLU and LTF were used to immunoprecipitate CLU and LTF from human sperm lysates. In both cases identical results were obtained, namely, the immunoprecipitate of the EPC. Additionally, we localized eppin, LTF, and CLU in human Sertoli cells and on human testicular and ejaculate spermatozoa, implying that the EPC is present on spermatozoa from the time they leave the seminiferous tubule. On ejaculate spermatozoa eppin, LTF, and CLU colocalize on the tail. The identification of the EPC components suggests that LTF, CLU, and/or eppin receptors may function as sperm plasma membrane receptors for the EPC, implicating the complex as a central player in a network of protein-protein interactions on the human sperm surface. The EPC may provide a surface network with microbicidal properties that protects spermatozoa as well as regulates the sperm's transition to a motile, capacitated sperm.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Clusterin/chemistry
- Clusterin/isolation & purification
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lactoferrin/chemistry
- Lactoferrin/isolation & purification
- Male
- Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory/chemistry
- Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory/isolation & purification
- Semen/chemistry
- Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins/chemistry
- Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins/isolation & purification
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Spermatozoa/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengjun Wang
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ravi Ram K, Wolfner MF. Seminal influences: Drosophila Acps and the molecular interplay between males and females during reproduction. Integr Comp Biol 2007; 47:427-45. [PMID: 21672851 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful reproduction requires contributions from both the male and the female. In Drosophila, contributions from the male include accessory gland proteins (Acps) that are components of the seminal fluid. Upon their transfer to the female, Acps affect the female's physiology and behavior. Although primary sequences of Acp genes exhibit variation among species and genera, the conservation of protein biochemical classes in the seminal fluid suggests a conservation of functions. Bioinformatics coupled with molecular and genetic tools available for Drosophila melanogaster has expanded the functional analysis of Acps in recent years to the genomic/proteomic scale. Molecular interplay between Acps and the female enhances her egg production, reduces her receptivity to remating, alters her immune response and feeding behavior, facilitates storage and utilization of sperm in the female and affects her longevity. Here, we provide an overview of the D. melanogaster Acps and integrate the results from several studies that bring the current number of known D. melanogaster Acps to 112. We then discuss several examples of how the female's physiological processes and behaviors are mediated by interactions between Acps and the female. Understanding how Acps elicit particular female responses will provide insights into reproductive biology and chemical communication, tools for analyzing models of sexual cooperation and/or sexual conflict, and information potentially useful for strategies for managing insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Ram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Huyghe E, Nohra J, Vezzosi D, Bennet A, Caron P, Mieusset R, Bujan L, Plante P. Contraceptions masculines non déférentielles : revue de la littérature. Prog Urol 2007; 17:156-64. [PMID: 17489310 DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(07)92254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the state of progress of the various male contraceptive methods (with the exception of deferential methods). MATERIAL AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed by using the key words: male/contraception, limiting the search to original articles in English and French. Articles on vasectomy and the other deferential methods of contraception are not considered in the present review. RESULTS Three methods of male contraception are widely used at the present time: withdrawal, male condom and vasectomy, although other types of male contraception have been shown to be effective, including hormonal contraception, which appears to be the most promising technique and the subject of the majority of research. Other contraceptive methods (immunological, thermal...) could constitute possible alternatives. CONCLUSION Male contraception remains under-used, as only male condoms are commonly used (apart from withdrawal and vasectomy). Consequently, new research protocols in the field of male contraception must be strongly encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huyghe
- Service d'Urologie et Andrologie, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|