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Hayashi N, Kuwamoto R, Okada M, Suzuki K, Hoketsu T, Kelava S, Ohari Y, Okamoto M, Yagi K, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Phylogenetic characterization of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Japan: implications for the enigmatic evolutionary history. Int J Parasitol 2025:S0020-7519(25)00071-2. [PMID: 40204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Taenia solium is a tapeworm of the family Taeniidae that causes neurocysticercosis, a serious zoonotic disease in humans. Its life cycle involves pigs and wild boars as intermediate hosts and humans as the sole definitive host. Since poor sanitation and free-roaming pigs contribute to maintaining its life cycle, cysticercosis is endemic in developing countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, while local transmission is generally absent in developed countries. However, we unexpectedly identified three cases of cysticercosis in wild boars in Japan between 2014 and 2023. Genetic analyses were performed on six cysticerci collected from two wild boars independently captured in 2023. Phylogenetic analysis using three nuclear DNA markers confirmed that the cysticerci were indeed T. solium. Mitogenome sequencing from these cysticerci yielded six complete mitogenomes, each 13,712 bp in length and identical to each other. Haplotype network analysis using mitochondrial cox1 and cob sequences revealed that the cysticerci in Japan possess a haplotype distinct from haplogroups in other endemic regions, i.e., haplogroups in Asia, Africa/America, and Bhutan, indicating that the T. solium population is divided into at least four haplogroups. Subsequent phylogenetic inference from the mitochondrial 12 protein-coding genes demonstrated that the Japanese haplotype diverged from both the Asian and African/American haplogroups before the divergence of these two major haplogroups in the Early to Middle Pleistocene. Our findings indicate that the T. solium life cycle can be maintained in regions generally considered non-endemic, highlighting an overlooked risk of local transmission in developed countries. Furthermore, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships revealed in this study may provide evidence for revisiting the "Out of Africa" hypothesis for T. solium. Comprehensive mitogenomic analyses based on additional specimens would hold the key to unraveling the evolutionary history of this tapeworm, which currently uses humans as its sole definitive host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Division of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Kuwamoto
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okada
- Nagano Prefectural College of Forestry, 4385-1 Shinkai, Kiso, Kiso-gun, Nagano 397-0002, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Takaya Hoketsu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Samuel Kelava
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Division of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Division of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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Jiménez-Avalos G, Soto-Obando A, Solis M, Gilman RH, Cama V, Gonzalez AE, García HH, Sheen P, Requena D, Zimic M. Assembly and phylogeographical analysis of novel Taenia solium mitochondrial genomes suggest stratification within the African-American genotype. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:349. [PMID: 37803424 PMCID: PMC10559519 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium is a parasite of public health concern, causing human taeniasis and cysticercosis. Two main genotypes have been identified: Asian and African-American. Although characterizing T. solium genotypes is crucial to understanding the genetic epidemiology of its diseases, not much is known about the differences between T. solium mitochondrial genomes from different genotypes. Also, little is known about whether genotypes are further subdivided. Therefore, this study aimed to identify a set of point mutations distributed throughout the T. solium mitochondrial genome that differentiate the African-American from the Asian genotype. Another objective was to identify whether T. solium main genotypes are further stratified. METHODS One Mexican and two Peruvian T. solium mitochondrial genomes were assembled using reads available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive and the reference genome from China as a template. Mutations with respect to the Chinese reference were identified by multiple genome alignment. Jensen-Shannon and Grantham scores were computed for mutations in protein-coding genes to evaluate whether they affected protein function. Phylogenies by Bayesian inference and haplotype networks were constructed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b from these genomes and other isolates to infer phylogeographical relationships. RESULTS A set of 31 novel non-synonymous point mutations present in all genomes of the African-American genotype were identified. These mutations were distributed across the mitochondrial genome, differentiating the African-American from the Asian genotype. All occurred in non-conserved protein positions. Furthermore, the analysis suggested a stratification of the African-American genotypes into an East African and a West African sublineage. CONCLUSIONS A novel set of 31 non-synonymous mutations differentiating the main T. solium genotypes was identified. None of these seem to be causing differences in mitochondrial protein function between parasites of the two genotypes. Furthermore, two sublineages within the African-American genotype are proposed for the first time. The presence of the East African sublineage in the Americas suggests an underestimated connection between East African and Latin American countries that might have arisen in the major slave trade between Portuguese Mozambique and the Americas. The results obtained here help to complete the molecular epidemiology of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Avalos
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alina Soto-Obando
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Maria Solis
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Vitaliano Cama
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Hector H García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Patricia Sheen
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - David Requena
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
- Bioinformatics Group in Multi-Omics and Immunology, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos. Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
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Ito A, Budke CM. Genetic Diversity of Taenia solium and its Relation to Clinical Presentation of Cysticercosis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:343-349. [PMID: 34211353 PMCID: PMC8223547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this perspectives paper, we discuss fertilization strategies for Taenia saginata and Taenia saginata asiatica as well as heterogeneity in Taenia solium, the causative agent of human cysticercosis. Two different genotypes of T. solium (Asian and Afro/American) were confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis approximately two decades ago. Since then, outcrossings of the two genotypes have been identified in Madagascar where the two genotypes are distributed sympatrically. Outcrossings were confirmed by the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Since multiple tapeworm infections are common in endemic areas, outcrossing events likely occur quite frequently. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA from T. solium specimens collected from humans and pigs in endemic areas should be analyzed. If variations are found between specimens, nuclear DNA analysis should be performed to confirm the presence of discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Additional outcrossings likely add complexity to understanding the existing genetic diversity. Serological surveys are also recommended since serodiagnostic glycoprotein can also differentiate between the two genotypes. Viable eggs from different genotypes or from hybrids of two different genotypes should be used for experimental infection of pigs or dogs in order to observe any pathological heterogeneity in cysticercosis development. Although genetic diversity of T. solium is expected to result in clinical heterogeneity of cysticercosis in humans and pigs, there is currently no evidence showing that this occurs. There are also no comparative experimental studies on this topic. Therefore, studies evaluating the link between parasite heterogeneity and clinical outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical
University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christine M. Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX, USA
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Yanagida T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Sako Y, Wandra T, Ito A, Okamoto M. Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua, Indonesia. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102285. [PMID: 33486126 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 1677-1, Japan
| | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia; Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan.
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Ito A, Li T, Wandra T, Dekumyoy P, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Budke CM. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia: A review with emphasis on molecular approaches and local lifestyles. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105075. [PMID: 31295430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taeniasis is an important parasitic condition in Asia, especially since all three human-infecting Taenia spp., Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica are found in this region. These three species are believed to be sympatrically distributed, with the largest disease burden found in remote and rural areas where people raise pigs and cattle in a traditional manner. Recent studies revealed that T. asiatica and T. saginata are genetically-related sister species that are not completely reproductively isolated from each other. Current evidence indicates that most T. asiatica adult worms are hybrid-derived descendants. Moving forward, nuclear DNA analysis will be critical in further assessing the species circulating locally. Lifestyle choices, such as the consumption of undercooked meat, are important in maintaining the life cycles of these parasites. In addition, poor hygiene and sanitation, in highly endemic areas, make disease control difficult, resulting in the need for sustainable education programs. An overview of the present situation of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia is provided, followed by a discussion of molecular approaches to species assessment and the impact of human lifestyles on parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory of NTDs, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Tiaoying Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Molecular analyses reveal two geographic and genetic lineages for tapeworms, Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, from Ecuador using mitochondrial DNA. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:49-56. [PMID: 27769720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tapeworms Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are the causative agents of taeniasis/cysticercosis. These are diseases with high medical and veterinary importance due to their impact on public health and rural economy in tropical countries. The re-emergence of T. solium as a result of human migration, the economic burden affecting livestock industry, and the large variability of symptoms in several human cysticercosis, encourage studies on genetic diversity, and the identification of these parasites with molecular phylogenetic tools. Samples collected from the Ecuadorian provinces: Loja, Guayas, Manabí, Tungurahua (South), and Imbabura, Pichincha (North) from 2000 to 2012 were performed under Maximum Parsimony analyses and haplotype networks using partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH subunit I (NDI), from Genbank and own sequences of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata from Ecuador. Both species have shown reciprocal monophyly, which confirms its molecular taxonomic identity. The COI and NDI genes results suggest phylogenetic structure for both parasite species from south and north of Ecuador. In T. solium, both genes gene revealed greater geographic structure, whereas in T. saginata, the variability for both genes was low. In conclusion, COI haplotype networks of T. solium suggest two geographical events in the introduction of this species in Ecuador (African and Asian lineages) and occurring sympatric, probably through the most common routes of maritime trade between the XV-XIX centuries. Moreover, the evidence of two NDI geographical lineages in T. solium from the north (province of Imbabura) and the south (province of Loja) of Ecuador derivate from a common Indian ancestor open new approaches for studies on genetic populations and eco-epidemiology.
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Wang L, Luo X, Hou J, Guo A, Zhang S, Li H, Cai X. Infection of Taenia asiatica in a Bai Person in Dali, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:67-70. [PMID: 26951981 PMCID: PMC4792321 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here a human case of Taenia asiatica infection which was confirmed by genetic analyses in Dali, China. A patient was found to have symptoms of taeniasis with discharge of tapeworm proglottids. By sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, we observed nucleotide sequence identity of 99% with T. asiatica and 96% with T. saginata. Using the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, 99% identity with T. asiatica and 96% identity with T. saginata were found. Our findings suggest that taeniasis of people in Dali, China may be mainly caused by T. asiatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Junling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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Rangel-Gamboa L, Martínez-Hernandez F, Maravilla P, Arenas-Guzmán R, Flisser A. Update of phylogenetic and genetic diversity of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. Med Mycol 2015; 54:248-55. [PMID: 26591010 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato causes subcutaneous mycosis. In this article we analysed its phylogeny and genetic diversity using calmodulin DNA sequences deposited in GenBank database. Population genetics indices were calculated, plus phylogenetic and haplotype network trees were built. Five clades with high values of posterior probability, 47 haplotypes and high diversity in the complex were found. Analysis of partial calmodulin sequences alignment revealed conserved and polymorphic regions that could be used as reference for taxonomic identification. The use of population genetics analysis allowed understanding the phylogenetic proximity of S. schenckii s. str. and S. brasiliensis; scarce genetic flow among them with low migration index and high ancestry coefficient was found. Similarly, S. globosa, S. mexicana and S. pallida sequences showed highly differentiated species with no genetic exchange. The phylogenetic tree suggests that S. mexicana shared a common ancestor with S. pallida; while S. globosa and S. brasiliensis are more related to S. schenckii s. str. and showed less haplotype diversity and restrictions in geographic distribution. In the haplotype network tree S. schenckii s. str. species displayed worldwide distribution without dispersion centres; while S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, exhibited Brazil and Euro-Asia as dispersion centres, respectively. Our data suggest that S. schenckii complex has been submitted to a divergent evolution process, probably due to the pressure of the environment and of the host. In contrast, S. brasiliensis could have been submitted to purifying selection or expansion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas-Guzmán
- Servicio de Micologia, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Zhang X, Wang H, Cui J, Jiang P, Fu GM, Zhong K, Zhang ZF, Wang ZQ. Characterisation of the relationship between Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Diphyllobothrium species using complete cytb and cox1 genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kabululu ML, Ngowi HA, Kimera SI, Lekule FP, Kimbi EC, Johansen MV. Risk factors for prevalence of pig parasitoses in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:460-4. [PMID: 26324243 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine risk factors for prevalence of common endo- and ectoparasites of pigs kept by smallholder farmers in Mbozi and Mbeya (Rural) districts of Mbeya Region, in Tanzania. A total of 482 pigs from 220 households of 16 villages, eight in each district were randomly selected and examined. Prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis was 11.5%, gastrointestinal nematodes 63.7% and ectoparasites 21.2% based on Ag-ELISA, McMaster technique and full body searches/ear scrapings, respectively. Nematode eggs identified were strongyles (Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.), Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis and Strongyloides ransomi with prevalence of 57.4%, 17.5%, 5.3% and 1.1%, respectively. Four groups of ectoparasites were identified, i.e. lice (Haematopinus suis), ticks (Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp., Haemaphysalis spp. and Boophilus spp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) and mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis and Demodex phylloides), with prevalence of 19.1%, 2.1%, 0.4%, and 1.2%, respectively. Pigs in Mbeya (Rural) District had higher odds for porcine cysticercosis (OR=2.63, 95% CI: [1.22-5.55]). Poor pen hygiene and infrequent antiparasitic treatment were identified to be risk factors for prevalence of nematode infections (OR=1.95 [1.09-3.52] and OR=1.78 [1.06-2.94], respectively). The odds for high nematode burdens increased in cases of poor pen hygiene (OR=4.20 [2.54-6.62]) and poor feed quality (OR=3.7 [1.66-8.33]). Pigs not treated with antiparasitic drugs within the last three months had higher odds for ectoparasite (OR=4.0 [1.78-9.09]) and lice infestations (OR=8.33 [1.96-14.28]) than treated pigs. This study has shown that parasitoses constitute a major burden for smallholder pigs in Mbeya Region and major risk factors included infrequent antiparasitic treatment, poor pen hygiene and poor feed quality. Cost-effective intervention strategies are needed to improve pork production, secure pig welfare and ensure safe pork for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwemezi Lutakyawa Kabululu
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI)-Uyole, P. O. Box 6191, Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Helena Aminiel Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faustin Paul Lekule
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Coral-Almeida M, Gabriël S, Abatih EN, Praet N, Benitez W, Dorny P. Taenia solium Human Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of Sero-epidemiological Data from Endemic Zones around the World. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003919. [PMID: 26147942 PMCID: PMC4493064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium cysticercosis is a zoonotic neglected disease responsible for severe health disorders such as seizures and death. Understanding the epidemiology of human cysticercosis (HCC) in endemic regions will help to expose critical information about the transmission of the disease, which could be used to design efficient control programs. This review gathered serological data on apparent prevalence of T. solium circulating antigens and/or seroprevalence of T. solium antibodies, apparent prevalence of human taeniasis and risk factors for HCC from endemic communities in order to understand the differences in exposure to the parasite and active infections with T. solium metacestodes in endemic areas around the world. Methods Three databases were used to search sero-epidemiological data from community-based studies conducted between 1989 and 2014 in cysticercosis endemic communities worldwide. The search focused on data obtained from T. solium circulating antigen detection by monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA and/or T. solium antibody seroprevalence determined by Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB). A meta-analysis was performed per continent. Principal Findings A total of 39,271 participants from 19 countries, described in 37 articles were studied. The estimates for the prevalence of circulating T. solium antigens for Africa, Latin America and Asia were: 7.30% (95% CI [4.23–12.31]), 4.08% (95% CI [2.77–5.95]) and 3.98% (95% CI [2.81–5.61]), respectively. Seroprevalence estimates of T. solium antibodies were 17.37% (95% CI [3.33–56.20]), 13.03% (95% CI [9.95–16.88]) and 15.68% (95% CI [10.25–23.24]) respectively. Taeniasis reported prevalences ranged from 0 (95% CI [0.00–1.62]) to 17.25% (95% CI [14.55–20.23]). Significance A significant variation in the sero-epidemiological data was observed within each continent, with African countries reporting the highest apparent prevalences of active infections. Intrinsic factors in the human host such as age and immunity were main determinants for the occurrence of infections, while exposure was mostly related to environmental factors which varied from community to community. Human cysticercosis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium. This disease is responsible for severe health disorders such as seizures, and in some cases even death. T. solium cysticercosis is endemic in countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia where conditions such as inadequate hygiene, poor sanitary conditions, open defecation, free roaming pigs and poverty permit the transmission of the disease. Diagnostic tools are capable of detecting exposure to eggs and infection levels in a population through antibody and antigen detection, respectively. This review focused on gathering epidemiological data from endemic communities in Africa, Latin America and Asia in order to understand the causes of the observed variations in exposure/infection patterns in endemic regions. Similar antibody seroprevalences were observed worldwide while infection prevalences varied significantly within each region. Intrinsic factors such as age and immunity were determining factors for the occurrence of infections, while exposure was related to environmental factors which varied from region to region. Understanding the epidemiology of cysticercosis in endemic regions will help expose information on the transmission, which could in turn be used to design appropriate control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coral-Almeida
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Centro Internacional de Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad de las Américas, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Nji Abatih
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Praet
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Washington Benitez
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Centro Internacional de Zoonosis (CIZ), Ciudadela Universitaria, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudadela Universitaria, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Zhang X, Cui J, Liu LN, Jiang P, Wang H, Qi X, Wu XQ, Wang ZQ. Genetic structure analysis of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei isolates from central and southern China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119295. [PMID: 25793277 PMCID: PMC4368571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sparganosis caused by invasion of the plerocercoid larvae (spargana) of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei have increased in recent years in China. However, the population genetic structure regarding this parasite is still unclear. In this study, we used the sequences of two mitochondrial genes cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) to analyze genetic variation and phylogeographic structure of the S. erinaceieuropaei populations. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 88 S. erinaceieuropaei isolates were collected from naturally infected frogs in 14 geographical locations of China. The complete cytb and cox1 genes of each sample was amplified and sequenced. Total 61 haplotypes were found in these 88 concatenated sequences. Each sampled population and the total population have high haplotype diversity (Hd), accompanied by very low nucleotide diversity (Pi). Phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes revealed two distinct clades (HeN+HuN+GZ-AS clade and GX+HN+GZ-GY clade) corresponding two sub-networks yielded by the median-joining network. Pairwise FST values supported great genetic differentiation between S. erinaceieuropaei populations. Both negative Fu’s FS value of neutrality tests and unimodal curve of mismatch distribution analyses supported demographic population expansion in the HeN+HuN+GZ-AS clade. The BEAST analysis showed that the divergence time between the two clades took place in the early Pleistocene (1.16 Myr), and by Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) an expansion occurred after about 0.3 Myr ago. Conclusions S. erinaceieuropaei from central and southern China has significant phylogeographic structure, and climatic oscillations during glacial periods in the Quaternary may affect the demography and diversification of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
| | - Li Na Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Qi Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
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Palafox-Fonseca H, Zúñiga G, Bobes RJ, Govezensky T, Piñero D, Texco-Martínez L, Fleury A, Proaño J, Cárdenas G, Hernández M, Sciutto E, Fragoso G. Genetic variation in the Cytb gene of human cerebral Taenia solium cysticerci recovered from clinically and radiologically heterogeneous patients with neurocysticercosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:914-20. [PMID: 24271046 PMCID: PMC3970634 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NC) is a clinically and radiologically heterogeneous parasitic disease caused by the establishment
of larval Taenia solium in the human central nervous system. Host and/or parasite variations may be related to this observed heterogeneity. Genetic differences between pig and human-derived T. solium cysticerci have been reported previously. In this study, 28 cysticerci were surgically removed from 12 human NC patients, the mitochondrial gene that encodes cytochrome b was amplified from the cysticerci and genetic variations that may be related to NC heterogeneity were characterised. Nine different haplotypes (Ht), which were clustered in four haplogroups (Hg), were identified. Hg 3 and 4 exhibited a tendency to associate with age and gender, respectively. However, no significant associations were found between NC heterogeneity and the different T. solium cysticerci Ht or Hg. Parasite variants obtained from patients with similar NC clinical or radiological features were genetically closer than those found in groups of patients with a different NC profile when using the Mantel test. Overall, this study establishes the presence of genetic differences in the Cytb gene of T. solium isolated from human cysticerci and suggests that parasite variation could contribute to NC heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Palafox-Fonseca
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, MéxicoDF, México
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Zarlenga DS, Hoberg E, Rosenthal B, Mattiucci S, Nascetti G. Anthropogenics: Human Influence on Global and Genetic Homogenization of Parasite Populations. J Parasitol 2014; 100:756-72. [DOI: 10.1645/14-622.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Genetics of the pig tapeworm in madagascar reveal a history of human dispersal and colonization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109002. [PMID: 25329310 PMCID: PMC4198324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An intricate history of human dispersal and geographic colonization has strongly affected the distribution of human pathogens. The pig tapeworm Taenia solium occurs throughout the world as the causative agent of cysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. Discrete genetic lineages of T. solium in Asia and Africa/Latin America are geographically disjunct; only in Madagascar are they sympatric. Linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence has indicated that the people in Madagascar have mixed ancestry from Island Southeast Asia and East Africa. Hence, anthropogenic introduction of the tapeworm from Southeast Asia and Africa had been postulated. This study shows that the major mitochondrial haplotype of T. solium in Madagascar is closely related to those from the Indian Subcontinent. Parasitological evidence presented here, and human genetics previously reported, support the hypothesis of an Indian influence on Malagasy culture coinciding with periods of early human migration onto the island. We also found evidence of nuclear-mitochondrial discordance in single tapeworms, indicating unexpected cross-fertilization between the two lineages of T. solium. Analyses of genetic and geographic populations of T. solium in Madagascar will shed light on apparently rapid evolution of this organism driven by recent (<2,000 yr) human migrations, following tens of thousands of years of geographic isolation.
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Villalobos G, Orozco-Mosqueda GE, Lopez-Perez M, Lopez-Escamilla E, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Rangel-Gamboa L, Olivo-Diaz A, Romero-Valdovinos M, Maravilla P, Martinez-Hernandez F. Suitability of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) as markers for the population genetic structure of Blastocystis spp. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:461. [PMID: 25274498 PMCID: PMC4203911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic variation and differentiation of Blastocystis subtypes (STs) recovered from symptomatic children by analysing partial sequences of the small subunit rDNA gene region (SSUrDNA) and internal transcribed spacers (1 and 2) plus the 5.8S region (ITS, ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) and comparing with isolates from other countries. Findings Faecal samples from 47 Blastocystis-infected children with gastrointestinal symptoms and negative for pathogenic enterobacteria were analysed. PCR was performed on DNA from all the samples to identify Blastocystis STs, amplifying a fragment of SSUrDNA and the ITS region. The amplicons were purified and sequenced, and consensus sequences were submitted to GenBank; afterwards, SSUrDNA sequences were analysed for genetic diversity according to geographic area. Regarding the Blastocystis STs found, 51% were ST1, 23% ST2, 19% ST3 and 2% ST7. For ITS, a haplotype network tree and Bayesian inference revealed the presence of two novel variants of ST1, clustering some sequences into ST1A and ST1B. The values of nucleotide diversity (π) and haplotype polymorphism (θ) for ST1, ST2 and ST3 ranged from 0 to 1, whereas the ratio of genetic differentiation (FST)/migration index (Nm) showed the highest differentiation between Libya and Thailand-Philippines for ST2 (0.282/0.63). In contrast, a high flow gene was observed between Czech Republic-Denmark-Holland-Spain and USA-Mexico-Colombia for ST1 (0.003/84). Conclusion Our data on genetic differentiation and gene flow might explain the differences for the prevalence of Blastocystis STs. Moreover, the ITS region could be used as a genetic marker to assess genetic variation in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Maravilla
- Hospital General "Dr, Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Mexico 14080, DF, Mexico.
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Genetic similarity between Taenia solium cysticerci collected from the two distant endemic areas in North and North East India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:436-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang D, Ren Y, Fu Y, Xie Y, Nie H, Nong X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Yang G. Genetic variation of Taenia pisiformis collected from Sichuan, China, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:449-52. [PMID: 24039288 PMCID: PMC3770876 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Taenia pisiformis is one of the most important parasites of canines and rabbits. T. pisiformis cysticercus (the larval stage) causes severe damage to rabbit breeding, which results in huge economic losses. In this study, the genetic variation of T. pisiformis was determined in Sichuan Province, China. Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) (922 bp) gene were amplified in 53 isolates from 8 regions of T. pisiformis. Overall, 12 haplotypes were found in these 53 cytb sequences. Molecular genetic variations showed 98.4% genetic variation derived from intra-region. FST and Nm values suggested that 53 isolates were not genetically differentiated and had low levels of genetic diversity. Neutrality indices of the cytb sequences showed the evolution of T. pisiformis followed a neutral mode. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no correlation between phylogeny and geographic distribution. These findings indicate that 53 isolates of T. pisiformis keep a low genetic variation, which provide useful knowledge for monitoring changes in parasite populations for future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Abstract
Human cysticercosis, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of Taenia solium, is one of the most pathogenic helminthiases and is listed among the 17 WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases. Controlling the life-cycle of T. solium between humans and pigs is essential for eradication of cysticercosis. One difficulty for the accurate detection and identification of T. solium species is the possible co-existence of two other human Taenia tapeworms (T. saginata and T. asiatica, which do not cause cysticercosis in humans). Several key issues for taeniasis/cysticercosis (T/C) evidence-based epidemiology and control are reviewed: (1) advances in immunological and molecular tools for screening of human and animals hosts and identification of Taenia species, with a focus on real-time detection of taeniasis carriers and infected animals in field community screenings, and (2) spatial ecological approaches that have been used to detect geospatial patterns of case distributions and to monitor pig activity and behaviour. Most recent eco-epidemiological studies undertaken in Sichuan province, China, are introduced and reviewed.
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Abstract
Two unusual occurrences of pleural trichomonosis due to a new Tetratrichomonas species previously reported but not named were confirmed. In one patient, Trichomonas tenax and a Tetratrichomonas species were also detected in the oral cavity by molecular methods. We suggest that this new Tetratrichomonas species be named Tetratrichomonas empyemagena.
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Mwanjali G, Kihamia C, Kakoko DVC, Lekule F, Ngowi H, Johansen MV, Thamsborg SM, Willingham AL. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human Taenia solium infections in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2102. [PMID: 23516650 PMCID: PMC3597471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis is emerging as a serious public health and economic problem in many developing countries. This study was conducted to determine prevalence and risk factors of human T. solium infections in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. Methods and Findings A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 13 villages of Mbozi district in 2009. Sera of 830 people (mean 37.9±11.3 years (SD); 43% females) were tested for circulating cysticerci antigen (Ag-ELISA) and antibody (Ab-ELISA). A subset of persons found seropositive by Ag-ELISA underwent computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain for evidence of neurocysticercosis. Stool samples from 820 of the same participants were tested for taeniosis by copro-antigens (copro-Ag-ELISA) and formol-ether concentration technique. Cases of T. solium taeniosis were confirmed serologically by EITB assay (rES38). A questionnaire was used for identification of risk factors. Active cysticercosis by positive Ag-ELISA was found in 139 (16.7%) persons while anti-cysticercal antibodies were detected in 376 (45.3%) persons by Ab-ELISA. Among 55 persons positive for Ag-ELISA undergoing CT scan, 30 (54.6%) were found to have structures in the brain suggestive of neurocysticercosis. Using faecal analysis, 43 (5.2%) stool samples tested positive for taeniosis by copro-Ag-ELISA while Taenia eggs were detected in 9 (1.1%) stool samples by routine coprology. Antibodies specifically against adult T. solium were detected in 34 copro-Ag-ELISA positive participants by EITB (rES38) indicating T. solium taeniosis prevalence of 4.1%. Increasing age and hand washing by dipping in contrast to using running water, were found associated with Ag-ELISA seropositivity by logistic regression. Gender (higher risk in females) and water source were risk factors associated with Ab-ELISA seropositivity. Reported symptoms of chronic severe headaches and history of epileptic seizures were found associated with positive Ag-ELISA (p≤0.05). Conclusion The present study indicates T. solium infection in humans is highly endemic in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Cysticercosis caused by the zoonotic pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is emerging as a serious public health and agricultural problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Surveys have shown cysticercosis in pigs to be highly prevalent in multiple foci in Tanzania, and a hospital-based study in the northern highlands indicated neurocysticercosis as an important cause of epileptic seizures in humans. We present here a cross-sectional community-based survey on the prevalence and risk factors of human cysticercosis and taeniosis conducted in the southern highlands – the major pig-producing area of the country. The most striking findings were that more than 15% of people surveyed were found to have active cysticercosis and nearly half of them were found to have been exposed to larval T. solium indicating a high level of environmental contamination with T. solium eggs. This was supported by finding over 4% of people having had T. solium tapeworms. A subset of persons found positive serologically for active cysticercosis underwent brain scanning and more than half of them were found to have neurocysticercosis. This strong evidence that T. solium cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis/taeniosis is highly endemic in the southern highlands of Tanzania demands urgent attention of regional and national authorities to combat the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mwanjali
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Kihamia
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Faustin Lekule
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Parasite epidemiology in a changing world: can molecular phylogeography help us tell the wood from the trees? Parasitology 2012; 139:1924-38. [PMID: 22917112 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Molecular phylogeography has revolutionised our ability to infer past biogeographic events from cross-sectional data on current parasite populations. In ecological parasitology, this approach has been used to address fundamental questions concerning host-parasite co-evolution and geographic patterns of spread, and has raised many technical issues and problems of interpretation. For applied parasitologists, the added complexity inherent in adding population genetic structure to perceived parasite distributions can sometimes seem to cloud rather than clarify approaches to control. In this paper, we use case studies firstly to illustrate the potential extent of cryptic diversity in parasite and parasitoid populations, secondly to consider how anthropogenic influences including movement of domestic animals affect the geographic distribution and host associations of parasite genotypes, and thirdly to explore the applied relevance of these processes to parasites of socio-economic importance. The contribution of phylogeographic approaches to deeper understanding of parasite biology in these cases is assessed. Thus, molecular data on the emerging parasites Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs and wild canids, and the myiasis-causing flies Lucilia spp. in sheep and Cochliomyia hominovorax in humans, lead to clear implications for control efforts to limit global spread. Broader applications of molecular phylogeography to understanding parasite distributions in an era of rapid global change are also discussed.
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Leles D, Gardner SL, Reinhard K, Iñiguez A, Araujo A. Are Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum a single species? Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:42. [PMID: 22348306 PMCID: PMC3293767 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original description and naming of Ascaris lumbricoides from humans by Linnaeus in 1758 and later of Ascaris suum from pigs by Goeze 1782, these species have been considered to be valid. Four hypotheses relative to the conspecificity or lack thereof (and thus origin of these species) are possible: 1) Ascaris lumbricoides (usually infecting humans) and Ascaris suum (recorded mostly from pigs) are both valid species, with the two species originating via a speciation event from a common ancestor sometime before the domestication of pigs by humans, or 2) Ascaris lumbricoides in humans is derived directly from the species A. suum found in pigs with A. suum then existing as a persistent ancestor after formation of A. lumbricoides, or 3) Ascaris suum is derived directly from A. lumbricoides with the persistent ancestor being A. lumbricoides and A. suum being the newly derived species, and finally, 4) Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are the same species, this hypothesis being supported by studies showing both low morphological and low genetic divergence at several genes. We present and discuss paleoparasitological and genetic evidence that complement new data to evaluate the origin and evolution of Ascaris spp. in humans and pigs, and the uniqueness of the species in both hosts. Finally, we conclude that Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are a single species and that the name A. lumbricoides Linnaeus 1758 has taxonomic priority; therefore A. suum Goeze 1782 should be considered a synonym of A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leles
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, MIP-UFF, Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Scott L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology W 529 Nebraska Hall University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514 USA
| | - Karl Reinhard
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 6940 Van Dorn Street Ste 105, Lincoln, Nebraska 68506, USA
| | - Alena Iñiguez
- Intituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adauto Araujo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
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Barcelos ISDC, Souza MA, Pena JDDO, Machado GA, Moura LGMD, Costa-Cruz JM. Genetic polymorphism in Taenia solium metacestodes from different Brazilian geographic areas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:24-30. [PMID: 22310532 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate genetic polymorphisms in Taenia solium metacestodes from different Brazilian geographical areas and to relate them to antibody recognition in serum samples of neurocysticercosis (NC) patients. Metacestodes were obtained from the Distrito Federal (DF), Bahia, Minas Gerais (MG) and São Paulo (SP) regions of Brazil. Samples of human sera from 49 individuals with NC, 68 individuals with other helminthiasis and 40 healthy volunteers were analysed (157 individuals in total). Antigens were prepared and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting assays to detect specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Genetic distances between metacestode populations were analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Our results show that there was a higher frequency of reactivity in the DF region in the sera from NC patients (p < 0.05), while discrimination between active and inactive NC was seen only in extracts from the MG and SP regions (p < 0.05). Using RAPD, the sample from the DF region presented a greater increase compared to the other regions. A relationship between genetic polymorphisms among T. solium metacestodes from different areas in Brazil and the differences in antibody detection in patients with NC were established.
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Michelet L, Dauga C. Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:731-41. [PMID: 22321512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex is included in the list of neglected zoonotic diseases by the World Health Organization due to its significant impact on public health in tropical areas. Cysticercosis is still endemic in many regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Long absent in Europe and in other developed countries, cysticercosis has recently re-emerged in the United States and Canada, due to immigration, travel and local transmission. This has encouraged the use of molecular data to understand better the influence of animal and human hosts on the emergence and spread of Taenia species. The increasing number of mitochondrial sequences now available from human tapeworms and recent advances in computational tools has enabled reconstruction of the biogeography and evolutionary history of these organisms. New molecular data have provided insights into the biogeography of T. solium, T. asiatica and T. saginata. A Bayesian statistical framework using variable evolutionary rates from lineage to lineage has allowed an improved timescale analysis of human tapeworms. The dates of divergence obtained were compared to the timing of evolutionary events in the history of their hosts, based on the hypothesis that Taenia spp. and their hosts share a common history. Herein, we review changes in the definitive and secondary hosts and human interactions that underlie the differentiation and evolution of tapeworms. Species diversification of Taenia seems to be closely linked with the evolution of intermediate hosts in response to climatic events during the Pleistocene. Different genotypes of T. solium emerged when European and Asian wild boar Sus spp. populations diverged. Taenia saginata emerged when wild cattle Bos primigenius evolved and when zebu Bos indicus and taurine Bos taurus ancestors separated. Humans through migrations and later with the development of farming and animal husbandry may have had a significant impact on the spread and diversification of tapeworms. Migrations of Homo erectus from Africa to Asia and later of Homo sapiens facilitated the diversification and dispersal of T. solium and T. saginata populations. The development of animal husbandry, making Sus scrofa and Bos taurus preferential intermediate hosts, led to the worldwide distribution of parasites. New molecular data combined with an innovative dating method allow us to explain the ways in which ancient human migrations promoted the emergence and spread of taeniasis and cysticercosis around the world. Another intriguing phenomenon explained better by our approach is the influence of human settlement on the spread of these parasites in recently inhabited areas. The diverse nature of T. solium currently observed in Madagascar may correspond to multiple imports of the parasite during Austronesian migrations, while in Mexico a recent influence of humans during the colonial period is more likely. Human activities, especially food preparation and husbandry methods, remain responsible for the transmission and persistence of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Michelet
- EA3174 NETEC Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale et Comparée, Faculté de Médécine, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France.
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Advances in the study of helminth mitochondrial genomes and their associated applications. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN. A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:22-40. [PMID: 21846580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic zoonoses are common and widely distributed in the Southeast Asian region. However, the interactions between parasites, hosts and vectors are influenced by environmental, socio-cultural and livestock production changes that impact on the distribution, prevalence and severity of disease. In this review we provide an update on new knowledge in the context of ongoing changes for the food-borne pig associated zoonoses Taenia solium and Trichinella spp., the food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, the water-borne trematodes Schistosoma spp., the vector-borne zoonotic protozoa Plasmodium knowlesi and Leishmania spp. and the soil-borne zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. These various changes need to be considered when assessing or developing regional control programs or devising new research initiatives in a changing SE Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Conlan
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
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Martinez-Hernandez F, Jimenez-Gonzalez DE, Martinez-Flores A, Villalobos-Castillejos G, Vaughan G, Kawa-Karasik S, Flisser A, Maravilla P, Romero-Valdovinos M. What happened after the initial global spread of pandemic human influenza virus A (H1N1)? A population genetics approach. Virol J 2010; 7:196. [PMID: 20727188 PMCID: PMC2936310 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral population evolution dynamics of influenza A is crucial for surveillance and control. In this paper we analyzed viral genetic features during the recent pandemic caused by the new influenza human virus A H1N1, using a conventional population genetics approach based on 4689 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences available in GenBank submitted between March and December of 2009. This analysis showed several relevant aspects: a) a scarce initial genetic variability within the viral isolates from some countries that increased along 2009 when influenza was dispersed around the world; b) a worldwide virus polarized behavior identified when comparing paired countries, low differentiation and high gene flow were found in some pairs and high differentiation and moderate or scarce gene flow in others, independently of their geographical closeness, c) lack of positive selection in HA and NA due to increase of the population size of virus variants, d) HA and NA variants spread in a few months all over the world being identified in the same countries in different months along 2009, and e) containment of viral variants in Mexico at the beginning of the outbreak, probably due to the control measures applied by the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martinez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Diego Emiliano Jimenez-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Arony Martinez-Flores
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos-Castillejos
- Departamanto de Parasitologia Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Prolongación Carpio s/n, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vaughan
- Departamento de Investigaciones Inmunologicas, Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, Carpio 470 SSA, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Simon Kawa-Karasik
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Av. Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patogenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, DF 14080, Mexico
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Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Knapp J, Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Ito A. State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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