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Liu Q, Li Y, Liu R, Chen Q, Chu Q. Hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate framework‑8 supported hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction of nine typical phenolic pollutants in water samples followed by electrophoretic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464264. [PMID: 37562106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical porous zeolitic imidazolate framework‑8 (HpZIF-8) have not only good chemical and thermal stability, but also pore structures of different sizes. In this work, HpZIF-8 supported hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HpZIF-8@HF-LPME) co-modified with tributyl phosphate and 2-nitroethyl benzene was firstly developed for purification and enrichment of nine typical phenolic pollutants followed by electrophoretic separation and amperometric detection (CE-AD). The key enrichment parameters were optimized by full factorial experimental and central composite designs. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum enrichment factors for the nine analytes were 479 (phenol), 249 (2-chlorophenol), 821 (4-chlorophenol), 1253 (3-methylphenol), 1376 (2,4-dichlorophenol), 1078 (2,4,6-trichlorophenol), 200 (pentachlorophenol), 614 (4-nitrophenol) and1827 times (bisphenol A), respectively. The limits of detection were 0.060-1.5 µg L-1 (S/N = 3) in real sample matrixes. This proposed method has been successfully applied to water samples with high ionic strength, and the average recoveries were in the range of 80.2-118.0%. This developed method of HpZIF-8@HF-LPME/CE-AD needs no desorption and derivatization, providing an alternative for monitoring typical phenolic pollutants in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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2
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Shi L, Chen M, Zhao G, Wang X, Fan M, Liu R, Xie F. Environmental Applications of Electromembrane Extraction: A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:705. [PMID: 37623766 PMCID: PMC10456692 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a miniaturized extraction technique that has been widely used in recent years for the analysis and removal of pollutants in the environment. It is based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) under the influence of an external electrical field between two aqueous compartments. Based on the features of the SLM and the electrical field, EME offers quick extraction, effective sample clean-up, and good selectivity, and limits the amount of organic solvent used per sample to a few microliters. In this paper, the basic devices (membrane materials and types of organic solvents) and influencing factors of EME are first introduced, and the applications of EME in the analysis and removal of environmental inorganic ions and organic pollutants are systematically reviewed. An outlook on the future development of EME for environmental applications is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue #100, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Meijuan Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruihong Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
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3
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A green microfluidic method for the simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar basic compounds in biological samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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4
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Nabizadeh H, Mohammadi A, Dolatabadi R, Nojavan S, Vahabizad F. Sensitive determination of ethosuximide in human fluids by electromembrane extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectroscopy. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nabizadeh
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Roshanak Dolatabadi
- Food and Drug Administration Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Fahimeh Vahabizad
- Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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5
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He Y, Miggiels P, Drouin N, Lindenburg PW, Wouters B, Hankemeier T. An automated online three-phase electro-extraction setup with machine-vision process monitoring hyphenated to LC-MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Santigosa E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Giménez-Gómez P, Muñoz M, Ramos-Payán M. A rapid and versatile microfluidic method for the simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar basic pharmaceuticals from human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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7
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Development of a fast, online three-phase electroextraction hyphenated to fast liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for analysis of trace-level acid pharmaceuticals in plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Hong C, Dong Y, Zhu R, Yan Y, Shen X, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C. Effect of sample matrices on supported liquid membrane: Efficient electromembrane extraction of cathinones from biological samples. Talanta 2021; 240:123175. [PMID: 34972062 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of sample matrix on electromembrane extraction (EME) was investigated for the first time using cathinones (log P < 1.0) as polar basic model analytes. Ten supported liquid membranes (SLMs) were tested for EME from spiked buffer solutions, urine, and whole blood samples, respectively. For buffer solutions, SLMs containing aromatic solvents provided higher EME recovery than non-aromatic solvents, which confirmed the significance of cation-π interactions for EME of basic substances. Interestingly, when applied to urine and whole blood samples, aromatic SLMs were less efficient, while non-aromatic SLMs containing abundant hydrogen-bond acidity/basicity were efficient. These observations were explained by SLM fouling, and the antifouling property of the SLM was clearly dependent on the nature of the SLM solvent. Accordingly, a binary SLM containing aromatic 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene (ENB) and non-aromatic 1-undecanol (1:1 v/v) was developed. This binary SLM was not prone to fouling, and provided high recoveries of cathinones from urine and whole blood. EME based on this SLM was optimized and evaluated in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the linear ranges with R2 ≥ 0.9903 for cathinones in whole blood and urine were 5-200 ng/mL and 1-200 ng/mL, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of cathinones were ranged from 0.12 to 0.54 ng/mL and 0.38-1.78 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability and accuracy bias at three levels were ≤11% and within 10%, respectively. In addition, the matrix effect ranged from 88% to 118% was also in compliance with guidelines for bioanalytical method validation provided by the European Medicines Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Hong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yibo Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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10
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Bavlovič Piskáčková H, Nemeškalová A, Kučera R, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Najmanová V, Štěrbová-Kovaříková P, Kuchař M, Sýkora D. Advanced microextraction techniques for the analysis of amphetamines in human breast milk and their comparison with conventional methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114549. [PMID: 34998075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk analysis provides useful information about acute newborn exposure to harmful substances, such as psychoactive drugs abused by a nursing mother. Since breast milk represents a complex matrix with large amounts of interfering compounds, a comprehensive sample pre-treatment is necessary. This work focuses on determination of amphetamines and synthetic cathinones in human breast milk by microextraction techniques (liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction), and their comparison to more conventional treatment methods (protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction). The aim of this work was to optimize and validate all the extraction procedures and thoroughly assess their advantages and disadvantages with special regard to their routine clinical use. The applicability of the extractions was further verified by the analysis of six real samples collected from breastfeeding mothers suspected of amphetamine abuse. The membrane microextraction techniques turned out to be the most advantageous as they required low amounts of organic solvents but still provided efficient sample clean-up, excellent quantification limit (0.5 ng mL-1), and good recovery (81-91% and 40-89% for electromembrane extraction and liquid-phase microextraction, respectively). The traditional liquid-liquid extraction as well as the salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction showed comparable recoveries (41-85% and 63-88%, respectively), but higher quantification limits (2.5 ng mL-1 and 5 ng mL-1, respectively). Moreover, these methods required multiple operating steps and were time consuming. Protein precipitation was fast and simple, but it demonstrated poor sample clean-up, low recovery (56-58%) and high quantification limit (5 ng mL-1). Based on the overall results, microextraction methods can be considered promising candidates, even for routine laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Nemeškalová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Věra Najmanová
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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11
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Shang Q, Mei H, Feng X, Huang C, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Shen X. Ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction with supported semi-liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339038. [PMID: 34625271 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME), involving the migration of charged analytes across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) with an external power supply, is a promising sample preparation method in analytical chemistry. However, the presence of boundary double layers at the SLM/solution interfaces often restricts extraction efficiency. To avoid this, the current work proposed an ultrasound-assisted EME (UA-EME) method based on a novel type of supported semi-liquid membrane (SsLM). The characterizations showed that the SsLM was stable under ultrasound conditions. Ultrasound was found to reduce the boundary double layers and thus increase the mass transfer. Major operational parameters in UA-EME including ultrasound power density, temperature, applied voltage and extraction time were optimized with haloperidol, fluoxetine, and sertraline as model analytes. Under the optimal conditions, extraction recoveries of model analytes in water samples were in the range of 66.8%-91.6%. When this UA-EME method was coupled with LC-MS/MS for detection of the target analytes in human urine samples, the linear range of the analytical method was 10-1000 ng mL-1, with R2 > 0.997 for all analytes. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 1.7-2.1 ng mL-1 and 5.7-6.7 ng mL-1, respectively. The UA-EME expands the application field of ultrasound chemistry and will be very important in development of stable and fast sample preparation systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xinrui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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12
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338959. [PMID: 34602190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile solvents are excellent extraction media for liquid-liquid extractions. However, their use in supported liquid membranes (SLMs) is limited by their evaporation from SLM and thus poor SLM stability and they have never been considered truly useful for electromembrane extraction (EME). In this contribution, volatile solvents were systematically investigated as liquid membranes for EME and their extraction characteristics were comprehensively examined for the first time. A short plug of a water immiscible volatile solvent (a free liquid membrane (FLM)) was sandwiched between two aqueous plugs (donor and acceptor solutions) in a narrow-bore polymeric tubing. Evaporation of the volatile FLM was thus completely avoided and excellent stability of the phase interface was ensured. Suitability of volatile FLMs for EMEs was justified by μ-EMEs of nortriptyline, haloperidol, loperamide and papaverine as model non-polar basic drugs. Extraction performance of μ-EME through ethyl acetate was comparable or better to that through standard non-volatile EME solvents and a high extraction selectivity was achieved for nortriptyline and haloperidol extracted through chloroform. μ-EMEs through the volatile FLMs were characterized by high extraction recoveries (62%-99% for standards and 40-89% for body fluids), low electric currents (10-1380 nA), no susceptibility to matrix ions and suitability for pretreatment of raw body fluids (human urine and serum). Resulting extracts were analysed by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (CE/UV). Repeatability of the μ-EME-CE/UV method was excellent with intra-day and inter-day RSD values 0.8-3.2% and 1.8-4.6%, respectively. Further experiments demonstrated additional advantages of volatile FLMs by nearly exhaustive μ-EMEs of atenolol as the polar basic drug with no need for FLM modification by ionic carriers. The presented comprehensive examination of volatile solvents has broadened the range of liquid membranes suitable for EME and it is believed that this proof-of-concept study will stimulate further interest in a deeper investigation of volatile phase interfaces in EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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13
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He Y, Miggiels P, Wouters B, Drouin N, Guled F, Hankemeier T, Lindenburg PW. A high-throughput, ultrafast, and online three-phase electro-extraction method for analysis of trace level pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1149:338204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. WITHDRAWN: Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Hansen FA, Santigosa-Murillo E, Ramos-Payán M, Muñoz M, Leere Øiestad E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Asadi S, Nojavan S, Behpour M, Mahdavi P. Electromembrane extraction based on agarose gel for the extraction of phenolic acids from fruit juices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122401. [PMID: 33126069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of polar acidic compounds is a challenging task in electromembrane extraction. In this study, gel-electromembrane extraction was employed for the extraction of phenolic acids as the polar acidic compounds from fruit juices. For this aim, the extraction of phenolic acids from the juice samples (4 mL, pH = 6.0) was carried out across the agarose gel membrane (concentration of agarose; 3% (w/v), pH of gel; 10.0, and thickness of membrane: 3 mm) into the acceptor solution (100 μL, pH = 12.0). Also, this extraction process was conducted by applying the optimum potential (25 V) for 15 min to the extraction system. Under the optimized condition, acceptable linearity (R2 ≥ 0.993) over a concentration range of 10.0-2500 ng mL-1 was achieved. The limits of detection were between 3.0 and 15.2 ng mL-1, while the corresponding repeatabilities ranged from 5.3 to 11.4% (n = 4). The recoveries achieved for the extraction of target compounds were ranged from 26.8 to 74.4%. The proposed method was used for the extraction of phenolic acids from orange, apple and kiwi juices, and the obtained relative recoveries in the range of 78.0-104.2% and RSDs in the range of 6.3 to 11.3% indicated successful extraction of phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Asadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box, 5 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box, 5 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Behpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box, 5 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mahdavi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box, 5 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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Bavlovič Piskáčková H, Øiestad EL, Váňová N, Lengvarská J, Štěrbová-Kovaříková P, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of anthracyclines from plasma: Comparison with conventional extraction techniques. Talanta 2020; 223:121748. [PMID: 33298272 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) of the polar zwitterionic drugs, anthracyclines (ANT, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol), from rabbit plasma was investigated. The optimized EME was compared to conventional sample pretreatment techniques such as protein precipitation (PP) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), mainly in terms of extraction reliability, recovery and matrix effect. In addition, phospholipids profile in the individual extracts was evaluated. The extracted samples were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The method was validated within the concentration range of 0.25-1000 ng/mL for all tested ANT. Compared with PP and LLE, the EME provided high extraction recovery (more than 80% for all ANT) and excellent sample clean-up (matrix effect were 100 ± 10% with RSD values lower than 4% for all ANT). Furthermore, only negligible amounts of phospholipids were detected in the EME samples. Finally, practical applicability of EME was proved by analysis of plasma samples taken from a pilot in vivo study in rabbits. Consistent results were obtained when using both EME and LLE to extract the plasma prior to the analysis, which further confirmed high reliability of EME. This study clearly showed that EME is a simple, rapid, repeatable technique for extraction of ANT from plasma and it is an up to date alternative to routine conventional extraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nela Váňová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Júlia Lengvarská
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wu S, Zhu R, Dong Y, Huang C, Shen X. Electromembrane extraction of barbiturates using tributyl phosphate as an efficient supported liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Restan MS, Skjærvø Ø, Martinsen ØG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Towards exhaustive electromembrane extraction under stagnant conditions. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1104:1-9. [PMID: 32106938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) in small, stagnant and chip-like devices has the potential for future in-field operation. Literature briefly discuss such systems, but performance suffered from evaporative losses of sample and acceptor. To address this, the current paper reports electromembrane extraction (EME) of five basic drugs (model analytes) from aqueous buffer solutions and whole blood samples under stagnant conditions in a completely closed system. A laboratory-made polyoxymethylene (POM) well plate served as compartment for the sample solution, while a commercially available well filter plate was used to immobilize 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as supported liquid membrane (SLM) and as closed compartment for the acceptor solution. Major design parameters (sample compartment and electrode geometry) and operational parameters (sample volume, voltage and extraction time) were investigated and optimized. Electrode geometry was not very critical, but extraction efficiency increased with decreasing sample volume. Extraction from 50 μL aqueous buffer solution for 60 min and with a voltage of 75 V was considered exhaustive (sample was depleted), with recoveries ranging between 75% and 87% for loperamide, haloperidol, methadone, nortriptyline, and pethidine (RSD: 2-12%). Extraction from whole blood samples under optimized conditions yielded slightly lower recoveries, ranging between 57 and 96% (RSD: 3-12%). Stagnant EME was evaluated in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as a highly specific instrumental method, and provided evaluation data on methadone from blood samples in accordance with regulatory requirements (LOD: 0.4 ng/mL, LOQ: 1.4 ng/mL, RSD: 6-20%). This work has improved upon the design of stagnant EME, moving it further towards a viable in-field operation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Saed Restan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Skjærvø
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ørjan G Martinsen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Abstract
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In
this paper, we report the first example of employing a sacrificial
electrode in the acceptor solution during electromembrane extraction
(EME). The electrode was based on a silver wire with a layer of silver
chloride electroplated onto the surface. During EME, the electrode
effectively inhibited electrolysis of water in the acceptor compartment,
by accepting the charge transfer across the SLM, which enabled the
application of 500 μA current without suffering gas formation
or pH changes from electrolysis of water. The electroplating strategy
was optimized with a design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology that
provided optimal conditions of electroplating. With an optimized electrode,
1 cm of the electrode in contact with the acceptor solution inhibited
electrolysis of water for approximately 30 min at 500 μA current
(redox capacity). Further, the redox capacity of the electrode was
found to increase through multiple uses. The advantage of the electrode
was demonstrated by extracting polar analytes at high-current conditions
in a standard EME system comprising 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE)
as SLM and 10 mM HCl as sample/acceptor solutions. Application of
high current enabled significantly higher recoveries than could otherwise
be obtained at 100 μA. Sacrificial electrodes were also tested
in μ-EME and were found beneficial by eliminating detrimental
bubble formation. Thus, the sacrificial electrodes improved the stability
of μ-EME systems. The findings of this paper are important for
development of stable and robust systems for EME operated at high
voltage/current and for EME performed in narrow channels/tubing where
bubble formation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Restan MS, Skottvoll FS, Jensen H, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of sodium dodecyl sulfate from highly concentrated solutions. Analyst 2020; 145:4957-4963. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This fundamental work investigated the removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from highly concentrated samples by electromembrane extraction (EME).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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Mahdavi P, Nojavan S, Asadi S. Sugaring-out assisted electromembrane extraction of basic drugs from biological fluids: Improving the efficiency and stability of extraction system. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ryšavá L, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. The effect of membrane thickness on supported liquid membrane extractions in-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis for analyses of complex samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:226-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Drouin N, Kubáň P, Rudaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Schappler J. Electromembrane extraction: Overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Dvořák M, Kubáň P. In-line coupling of supported liquid membrane extraction across nanofibrous membrane to capillary electrophoresis for analysis of basic drugs from undiluted body fluids. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2398-2406. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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26
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Electromembrane extraction—looking into the future. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:1687-1693. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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27
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Tahmasebi Z, Davarani SSH, Ebrahimzadeh H, Asgharinezhad AA. Ultra-trace determination of Cr (VI) ions in real water samples after electromembrane extraction through novel nanostructured polyaniline reinforced hollow fibers followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Rahimi A, Nojavan S. Electromembrane extraction of verapamil and riluzole from urine and wastewater samples using a mixture of organic solvents as a supported liquid membrane: Study on electric current variations. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:566-573. [PMID: 30371989 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the application of a mixture of organic solvents as a supported liquid membrane for improving the efficiency of the electromembrane extraction procedure was investigated. The extraction process was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of two model drugs (verapamil and riluzole). In this research, four organic solvents, including 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, and 2-ethyl hexanol, were selected as model solvents and different binary mixtures (v/v 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2) were used as the supported liquid membrane. The mixture of 2-ethyl hexanol and 1-otanol (v/v, 2:1) improved the extraction efficiency of model drugs by 1.5 to 12 times. It was found that extraction efficiency is greatly influenced by the level of electric current. In this study, for various mixtures of organic solvents, the electric current fluctuated between 50 and 2500 μA, and the highest extraction efficiencies were obtained with low and stable electric currents. Finally, the optimized extraction condition was validated and applied for the determination of model drugs in urine and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atyeh Rahimi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction across free liquid membrane for determination of acidic drugs in complex samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1048:58-65. [PMID: 30598158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic two-phase micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) using electrically induced transfer of charged analytes directly into free liquid membrane (FLM) is proposed as a novel technique for improving enrichment capabilities of μ-EME. The presented set-up employs aqueous sample as donor solution and water immiscible organic solvent (1-octanol) as FLM, which form the two-phase μ-EME system for efficient extraction of model acidic drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) from standard solutions, human urine, human serum and wastewater samples. The FLM eliminates migration of matrix components from the complex samples and simultaneously it acts as an acceptor solution for selective trapping and enrichment of the analyte ions. Electrodes are immersed directly into the sample and the FLM and replenishment of analyte ions at the sample/FLM phase interface is accomplished by stirring the sample solution using a conventional laboratory stirrer. At optimized two-phase μ-EME conditions (100 V, 15 min, 1000 rpm) and optimized volume ratio of sample to FLM (480:16 μL), extraction recoveries of 60-97% and enrichment factors up to 29.1 were achieved. Determination of the acidic drugs in resulting FLMs was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection with good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9998) and low limits of detection (4-20 ng/mL).
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Tabani H, Nojavan S, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:244-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. New supported liquid membrane for electromembrane extraction of polar basic endogenous metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:53-59. [PMID: 29980019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of polar endogenous compounds remains an important issue in bioanalysis although different techniques have been evaluated. Among them, electromembrane extraction (EME) is a relevant approach but supported liquid membranes (SLMs) dedicated to polar molecules are still lacking. In this study 22 organic solvents were evaluated as SLMs on a set of 45 polar basic metabolites (log P from -5.7 to 1.5) from various biochemical families. To investigate a large variety of organic solvents, a parallel electromembrane extraction device was used and a constant current approach was applied to circumvent the heterogeneous conductivities of the different SLMs. Among the tested organic solvents, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) appeared the most efficient SLM with the extraction of a large variety of polar cationic metabolites, high extraction yields, and low extraction variabilities. The applied current and the composition of the acceptor and donor solutions were also evaluated and 300 μA per well and acetic acid 1% (v/v), both as acceptor and donor compartments, were the most efficient conditions. The new SLM and the optimized experimental parameters were successfully applied to the extraction of precipitated plasma samples. Although the extraction recovery decreased for most compounds in the biological matrix, process efficiency (PE) up to 90% and low extraction variability (RSD between 2 and 18%) were obtained for several very polar compounds such as choline or acetylcholine, emphasizing the potential of EME for polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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32
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Fashi A, Salarian AA, Zamani A. Solvent-stir bar microextraction system using pure tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as supported liquid membrane: A new and efficient design for the extraction of malondialdehyde from biological fluids. Talanta 2018; 182:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Electromembrane extraction of substances with weakly basic properties: a fundamental study with benzodiazepines. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:769-781. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Electromembrane extraction (EME) of weakly basic benzodiazepines was investigated (-1.47 < pKa < 5.01). Materials & Methods: 96-well EME was performed with strongly acidic conditions in the acceptor solution using 250-mM trifluoroacetic acid to maximize ionization. Results & Conclusion: Recoveries more than 80% were obtained for analytes with pKa > 2, whereas EME was less efficient for substances with pKa < 2. The latter was trapped in the supported liquid membrane due to less acidic pH conditions in the acceptor solution close to the supported liquid membrane. EME followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis was evaluated from human plasma, and the results were in compliance with EMA guidelines. Both electrokinetic migration and passive diffusion contributed to mass transfer when performing EME of weakly basic analytes.
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Tributyl phosphate assisted hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction of short-chain fatty acids in microbial degradation fluid using capillary electrophoresis-contactless coupled conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:191-197. [PMID: 29550708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A tributyl phosphate assisted hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis-contactless coupled conductivity detection (HF-LPME/CE-C4D) method has been developed for trace analysis of common short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) without derivatization. Under the optimum conditions, ten SCFAs including a pair of isomers were well separated from their homologous FAs and the main coexisting inorganic anions within 40 min. Tributyl phosphate assisted HF-LPME produced excellent purification and enrichment for the model sample with high-salt matrix, microbial degradation fluid, and the limits of detection could reach 0.072-0.67 ng/mL (S/N = 3). Owing to its high sensitivity, good linearity, and acceptable recovery, this proposed method provided a sensitive and environment-friendly alternative for trace analysis of SCFAs in complicated samples.
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Sedehi S, Tabani H, Nojavan S. Electro-driven extraction of polar compounds using agarose gel as a new membrane: Determination of amino acids in fruit juice and human plasma samples. Talanta 2018; 179:318-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Huang C, Shen X, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Investigation of alternative supported liquid membranes in electromembrane extraction of basic drugs from human plasma. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Synergistic extraction of gold(I) from aurocyanide solution with the mixture of primary amine N1923 and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfoxide in supported liquid membrane. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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39
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Restan MS, Jensen H, Shen X, Huang C, Martinsen ØG, Kubáň P, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Comprehensive study of buffer systems and local pH effects in electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Sun H, Yao J, Li D, Li Q, Liu B, Liu S, Cong H, van Agtmaal S, Feng C. Removal of phenols from coal gasification wastewater through polypropylene hollow fiber supported liquid membrane. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Huang C, Gjelstad A. Electromembrane extraction-Recent trends and where to go. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:141-147. [PMID: 29404030 PMCID: PMC5790682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is an analytical microextraction technique, where charged analytes (such as drug substances) are extracted from an aqueous sample (such as a biological fluid), through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) comprising a water immiscible organic solvent, and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The driving force for the extraction is an electrical potential (dc) applied across the SLM. In this paper, EME is reviewed. First, the principle for EME is explained with focus on extraction of cationic and anionic analytes, and typical performance data are presented. Second, papers published in 2016 are reviewed and discussed with focus on (a) new SLMs, (b) new support materials for the SLM, (c) new sample additives improving extraction, (d) new technical configurations, (e) improved theoretical understanding, and (f) pharmaceutical new applications. Finally, important future research objectives and directions are defined for further development of EME, with the aim of establishing EME in the toolbox of future analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Gjelstad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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