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Barroso Oquendo M, Siegel-Axel D, Gerst F, Lorza-Gil E, Moller A, Wagner R, Machann J, Fend F, Königsrainer A, Heni M, Häring HU, Ullrich S, Birkenfeld AL. Pancreatic fat cells of humans with type 2 diabetes display reduced adipogenic and lipolytic activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C1000-C1012. [PMID: 33788629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00595.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, especially visceral fat accumulation, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of T2D on the pancreatic fat depot. Pancreatic fat pads from 17 partial pancreatectomized patients (PPP) were collected, pancreatic preadipocytes isolated, and in vitro differentiated. Patients were grouped using HbA1c into normal glucose tolerant (NGT), prediabetic (PD), and T2D. Transcriptome profiles of preadipocytes and adipocytes were assessed by RNAseq. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by quantifying AKT phosphorylation on Western blots. Lipogenic capacity was assessed with oil red O staining, lipolytic activity via fatty acid release. Secreted factors were measured using ELISA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of preadipocytes and adipocytes indicates defective upregulation of genes governing adipogenesis (NR1H3), lipogenesis (FASN, SCD, ELOVL6, and FADS1), and lipolysis (LIPE) during differentiation of cells from T2D-PPP. In addition, the ratio of leptin/adiponectin mRNA was higher in T2D than in NGT-PPP. Preadipocytes and adipocytes of NGT-PPP were more insulin sensitive than T2D-PPP cells in regard to AKT phosphorylation. Triglyceride accumulation was similar in NGT and T2D adipocytes. Despite a high expression of the receptors NPR1 and NPR2 in NGT and T2D adipocytes, lipolysis was stimulated by ANP 1.74-fold in NGT cells only. This stimulation was further increased by the PDE5 inhibitor dipyridamole (3.09-fold). Dipyridamole and forskolin increased lipolysis receptor independently 1.88-fold and 1.48-fold, respectively, solely in NGT cells. In conclusion, the metabolic status persistently affects differentiation and lipolysis of pancreatic adipocytes. These alterations could aggravate the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Barroso Oquendo
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Siegel-Axel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Gerst
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Estela Lorza-Gil
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Moller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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Physical Exercise Affects Adipose Tissue Profile and Prevents Arterial Thrombosis in BDNF Val66Met Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080875. [PMID: 31405230 PMCID: PMC6721716 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue accumulation is an independent and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The recent CVD European Guidelines strongly recommend regular physical exercise (PE) as a management strategy for prevention and treatment of CVD associated with metabolic disorders and obesity. Although mutations as well as common genetic variants, including the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism, are associated with increased body weight, eating and neuropsychiatric disorders, and myocardial infarction, the effect of this polymorphism on adipose tissue accumulation and regulation as well as its relation to obesity/thrombosis remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that white adipose tissue (WAT) of humanized knock-in BDNFVal66Met (BDNFMet/Met) mice is characterized by an altered morphology and an enhanced inflammatory profile compared to wild-type BDNFVal/Val. Four weeks of voluntary PE restored the adipocyte size distribution, counteracted the inflammatory profile of adipose tissue, and prevented the prothrombotic phenotype displayed, per se, by BDNFMet/Met mice. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with the Pro-BDNFMet peptide well recapitulated the gene alterations observed in BDNFMet/Met WAT mice. In conclusion, these data indicate the strong impact of lifestyle, in particular of the beneficial effect of PE, on the management of arterial thrombosis and inflammation associated with obesity in relation to the specific BDNF Val66Met mutation.
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Baur DA, Willingham BD, Smith KA, Kisiolek JN, Morrissey MC, Saracino PG, Ragland TJ, Ormsbee MJ. Adipose Lipolysis Unchanged by Preexercise Carbohydrate Regardless of Glycemic Index. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:827-836. [PMID: 29166321 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effect of preexercise carbohydrate of different glycemic indices on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) metabolism and running performance. METHODS Ten trained male runners completed three experimental trials consisting of 30 min at 60% maximal oxygen consumption, 30 min at 75% maximal oxygen consumption, and a 5-km time trial. Thirty minutes before exercise, participants consumed one of three beverages: 1) 75 g low glycemic index modified starch supplement (UCAN), 2) 75 g high glycemic index glucose-based supplement (G), or 3) a flavor-matched noncaloric placebo (PL). SCAAT lipolysis was assessed via microdialysis. RESULTS Before exercise, blood glucose and insulin were elevated with G versus PL (+53.0 ± 21.3 mg·dL (mean ± SD), P < 0.0001; +33.9 ± 11.0 μU·mL, P < 0.0001) and G versus UCAN (+36.6 ± 24.9 mg·dL, P < 0.0001; +25.2 ± 11.0 μU·mL, P < 0.0001), respectively. Fat oxidation was attenuated, and carbohydrate oxidation increased before exercise with G versus PL (-0.06 ± 0.06 g·min, P = 0.005; +0.18 ± 0.07 g·min, P < 0.0001) and G versus UCAN (-0.06 ± 0.05 g·min, P = 0.004; +0.18 ± 0.14 g·min, P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in SCAAT lipolysis at rest or during running at either exercise intensity. Also, there was no effect of treatment on running performance. CONCLUSIONS Preexercise carbohydrate lowers fat oxidation and increases carbohydrate oxidation, and these effects are attenuated with low glycemic index carbohydrate. However, these changes are not the result of alterations in SCAAT lipolysis, nor do they affect running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Baur
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC
| | | | - Kyle A Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC.,Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC
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Verboven K, Hansen D, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Natriuretic peptides in the control of lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1243-1259. [PMID: 28901677 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides have long been known for their cardiovascular function. However, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the role of natriuretic peptides in human substrate and energy metabolism, thereby connecting the heart with several insulin-sensitive organs like adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. Obesity may be associated with an impaired regulation of the natriuretic peptide system, also indicated as a natriuretic handicap. Evidence points towards a contribution of this natriuretic handicap to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic complications, although the causal relationship is not fully understood. Nevertheless, targeting the natriuretic peptide pathway may improve metabolic health in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review will focus on current literature regarding the metabolic roles of natriuretic peptides with emphasis on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, it will be discussed how exercise and lifestyle intervention may modulate the natriuretic peptide-related metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verboven
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - D Hansen
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - J W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Channaveerappa D, Lux JC, Wormwood KL, Heintz TA, McLerie M, Treat JA, King H, Alnasser D, Goodrow RJ, Ballard G, Decker R, Darie CC, Panama BK. Atrial electrophysiological and molecular remodelling induced by obstructive sleep apnoea. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2223-2235. [PMID: 28402037 PMCID: PMC5571519 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects 9-24% of the adult population. OSA is associated with atrial disease, including atrial enlargement, fibrosis and arrhythmias. Despite the link between OSA and cardiac disease, the molecular changes in the heart which occur with OSA remain elusive. To study OSA-induced cardiac changes, we utilized a recently developed rat model which closely recapitulates the characteristics of OSA. Male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 50-70 days, received surgically implanted tracheal balloons which were inflated to cause transient airway obstructions. Rats were given 60 apnoeas per hour of either 13 sec. (moderate apnoea) or 23 sec. (severe apnoea), 8 hrs per day for 2 weeks. Controls received implants, but no inflations were made. Pulse oximetry measurements were taken at regular intervals, and post-apnoea ECGs were recorded. Rats had longer P wave durations and increased T wave amplitudes following chronic OSA. Proteomic analysis of the atrial tissue homogenates revealed that three of the nine enzymes in glycolysis, and two proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, were down regulated in the severe apnoea group. Several sarcomeric and pro-hypertrophic proteins were also up regulated with OSA. Chronic OSA causes proteins changes in the atria which suggest impairment of energy metabolism and enhancement of hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry and Proteomics GroupDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson UniversityPotsdamNYUSA
| | - Jacob C. Lux
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Kelly L. Wormwood
- Biochemistry and Proteomics GroupDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson UniversityPotsdamNYUSA
| | - Timothy A. Heintz
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Meredith McLerie
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Jacqueline A. Treat
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Hannah King
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Donia Alnasser
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Robert J. Goodrow
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
| | - Glenn Ballard
- Electrical Engineering TechnologyMohawk Valley Community CollegeUticaNYUSA
| | - Robert Decker
- Electrical Engineering TechnologyMohawk Valley Community CollegeUticaNYUSA
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics GroupDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson UniversityPotsdamNYUSA
| | - Brian K. Panama
- Department of Experimental CardiologyMasonic Medical Research LaboratoryUticaNYUSA
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Attenuated atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated lipolysis in subcutaneous adipocytes of obese type 2 diabetic men. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1105-14. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with obesity seem to display a suboptimal exercise response, which might be due to hormonal disturbances. In the present study, we show the adipose tissue of obese subjects to be less sensitive to atrial natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone important during exercise.
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8
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Natriuretic peptide control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Biochimie 2016; 124:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schlueter N, de Sterke A, Willmes DM, Spranger J, Jordan J, Birkenfeld AL. Metabolic actions of natriuretic peptides and therapeutic potential in the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:12-27. [PMID: 24780848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are a group of peptide-hormones mainly secreted from the heart, signaling via c-GMP coupled receptors. NP are well known for their renal and cardiovascular actions, reducing arterial blood pressure as well as sodium reabsorption. Novel physiological functions have been discovered in recent years, including activation of lipolysis, lipid oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. Together, these responses promote white adipose tissue browning, increase muscular oxidative capacity, particularly during physical exercise, and protect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Exaggerated NP release is a common finding in congestive heart failure. In contrast, NP deficiency is observed in obesity and in type-2 diabetes, pointing to an involvement of NP in the pathophysiology of metabolic disease. Based upon these findings, the NP system holds the potential to be amenable to therapeutical intervention against pandemic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension. Various therapeutic approaches are currently under development. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the metabolic effects of the NP system and discusses potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schlueter
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita de Sterke
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana M Willmes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of natriuretic peptides (NPs) by de Bold et al. in 1981, the cardiovascular community has been well aware that they exert potent effects on vessels, heart remodeling, kidney function, and the regulation of sodium and water balance. Who would have thought that NPs are also able to exert metabolic effects and contribute to an original cross talk between heart, adipose tissues, and skeletal muscle? The attention on the metabolic role of NPs was awakened in the year 2000 with the discovery that NPs exert potent lipolytic effects mediated by the NP receptor type A/cGMP pathway in human fat cells and that they contribute to lipid mobilization in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the biological effects of NPs on the main tissues involved in the regulation of energy metabolism (i.e., white and brown adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas). These recent results on NPs are opening a new chapter into the physiological properties and therapeutic usefulness of this family of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Moro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/UPS UMR 1048-I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.
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Thompson D, Karpe F, Lafontan M, Frayn K. Physical activity and exercise in the regulation of human adipose tissue physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:157-91. [PMID: 22298655 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise are key components of energy expenditure and therefore of energy balance. Changes in energy balance alter fat mass. It is therefore reasonable to ask: What are the links between physical activity and adipose tissue function? There are many complexities. Physical activity is a multifaceted behavior of which exercise is just one component. Physical activity influences adipose tissue both acutely and in the longer term. A single bout of exercise stimulates adipose tissue blood flow and fat mobilization, resulting in delivery of fatty acids to skeletal muscles at a rate well-matched to metabolic requirements, except perhaps in vigorous intensity exercise. The stimuli include adrenergic and other circulating factors. There is a period following an exercise bout when fatty acids are directed away from adipose tissue to other tissues such as skeletal muscle, reducing dietary fat storage in adipose. With chronic exercise (training), there are changes in adipose tissue physiology, particularly an enhanced fat mobilization during acute exercise. It is difficult, however, to distinguish chronic "structural" changes from those associated with the last exercise bout. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of training per se and negative energy balance. Epidemiological observations support the idea that physically active people have relatively low fat mass, and intervention studies tend to show that exercise training reduces fat mass. A much-discussed effect of exercise versus calorie restriction in preferentially reducing visceral fat is not borne out by meta-analyses. We conclude that, in addition to the regulation of fat mass, physical activity may contribute to metabolic health through beneficial dynamic changes within adipose tissue in response to each activity bout.
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Date T, Yamane T, Yamashita S, Matsuo S, Matsushima M, Inada K, Taniguchi I, Yoshimura M. Paradoxical clearance of natriuretic peptide between pulmonary and systemic circulation: a pulmonary mechanism of maintaining natriuretic peptide plasma concentration in obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E14-21. [PMID: 22049176 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although it has been reported that obese patients have low levels of natriuretic peptide, the metabolism of natriuretic peptide in this population remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the effects of body mass index on the natriuretic peptide clearance rate from the pulmonary and systemic circulation. DESIGN We conducted a prospective observational cohort study. SETTING/PATIENTS Thirty patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing pulmonary vein isolation in single center participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We measured pulmonary and systemic atrial/brain natriuretic peptide clearance and clinical parameters including body mass index and pulmonary oxygen levels. RESULTS Significantly lower atrial natriuretic peptide levels were found in all pulmonary veins when compared with the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary atrial natriuretic peptide clearance rate was negatively correlated with body mass index. In contrast, the systemic atrial natriuretic peptide clearance rate was positively correlated with the body mass index. A reciprocal relationship therefore exists between pulmonary and systemic atrial natriuretic peptide clearance. Regional pulmonary atrial natriuretic peptide clearances in the inferior lung were significantly negatively correlated to oxygen pressure in the inferior pulmonary veins. There was a similar tendency for brain natriuretic peptide, but the differences between the pulmonary artery and each pulmonary vein were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Overweight patients have higher systemic atrial natriuretic peptide clearance, whereas they show a lower pulmonary atrial natriuretic peptide clearance, which might be related to pulmonary tissue hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Date
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Polak J, Kotrc M, Wedellova Z, Jabor A, Malek I, Kautzner J, Kazdova L, Melenovsky V. Lipolytic effects of B-type natriuretic peptide 1-32 in adipose tissue of heart failure patients compared with healthy controls. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:1119-25. [PMID: 21884948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to examine the role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in lipolysis regulation in heart failure (HF) patients. BACKGROUND Enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis can contribute to myocardial lipid overload, insulin resistance, and cachexia in advanced HF. Natriuretic peptides were recently recognized to stimulate lipolysis in healthy subjects. METHODS Ten nondiabetic HF patients (New York Heart Association functional class III, 50% nonischemic etiology) and 13 healthy subjects (control subjects) of similar age, sex, and body composition underwent a microdialysis study of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Four microdialysis probes were simultaneously perfused with 0.1 μM BNP(1-32,) 10 μM BNP(1-32), 10 μM norepinephrine (NE) or Ringer's solution. Outgoing dialysate glycerol concentration (DGC) was measured as an index of lipolysis. RESULTS Spontaneous lipolysis was higher in HF patients compared with control subjects (DGC: 189 ± 37 μmol/l vs. 152 ± 35 μmol/l, p < 0.01). Response to NE was similar (p = 0.35) in HF patients and control subjects (DGC increase of 1.7 ± 0.2-fold vs. 1.7 ± 0.4-fold). BNP(1-32) 10 μM markedly increased lipolysis in both HF patients and control subjects (DGC increase of 2.8 ± 0.5-fold vs. 3.2 ± 0.3-fold), whereas the response to 0.1 μM BNP(1-32) was more pronounced in HF patients (p = 0.02). In HF patients, spontaneous lipolysis positively correlated with insulin resistance and the response to BNP(1-32) negatively correlated with adiposity. CONCLUSIONS BNP(1-32) exerts strong lipolytic effects in humans. Despite marked elevation of plasma immunoreactive BNP, the responsiveness of adipose tissue to BNP(1-32) is not attenuated in HF, possibly reflecting a deficiency of endogenous bioactive BNP. Lipolytic effects of BNP can contribute to excessive fatty acid mobilization in advanced HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Polak
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, IKEM, Videnska 1958/9, Prague, Czech Republic
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Identification of a possible role for atrial natiuretic peptide in MDMA-induced hyperthermia. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:234-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bao Y, Shang X, Zhou L, Hu R, Li Y, Ding W. Relationship between N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels and metabolic syndrome. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:247-56. [PMID: 22291764 PMCID: PMC3258734 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that obese individuals have reduced natriuretic peptide levels. But conflicting data exist on the relation of natriuretic peptide levels to other metabolic risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated the relationship between plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic risk factors in 469 patients free of heart failure. Two hundred thirty diagnosed MetS cases and 239 non-MetS cases were included in this study. Echocardiography examinations were performed and left ventricular mass index was calculated according to the Devereux correction formula. NT-proBNP was measured by electrochemiluminescence. The log-transformed NT-proBNP levels were used for abnormal distribution. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between levels of NT-proBNP and metabolic factors. Covariance analysis was used for group comparisons. RESULTS Log NT-proBNP levels were independently related to age, gender, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, left ventricular mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction in multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). Adjusted log NT-proBNP levels were lower in persons with MetS compared with those without MetS (p < 0.05). Individuals with hyperlipidaemia, elevated body mass index, diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose had lower levels of log NT-proBNP than those without MetS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between metabolic components and lower plasma NT-proBNP concentration. These findings raise the possibility that reduced plasma NT-proBNP levels are a manifestation of MetS, which might possess significant clinical and pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- These first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiliang Shang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- These first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Linuo Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renming Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Beleigoli A, Diniz M, Nunes M, Barbosa M, Fernandes S, Abreu M, Ribeiro A. Reduced brain natriuretic peptide levels in class III obesity: the role of metabolic and cardiovascular factors. Obes Facts 2011; 4:427-32. [PMID: 22248992 PMCID: PMC6444748 DOI: 10.1159/000335174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has potent lipolytic action and, probably, a role in the biological mechanisms of obesity. Clinically, high levels are found in subjects with heart failure (HF). Low levels and inverse relation to BMI lead to questioning of its clinical utility in obese subjects, but heterogeneous results are found in severe obesity. METHODS In order to describe BNP behavior and its metabolic and cardiovascular determinants in class III obesity, we performed BNP measurement as well as clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of 89 subjects from two public hospitals in Brazil. Multivariate logistic ordinal regression with BNP tertiles as the dependent variable was performed. RESULTS Mean (± SD) age and BMI (± SD) was 44 ± 11.5 years and 53.2 ± 7.9 kg/m(2), respectively. 72 (81%) participants were women, and 18 (20%) had HF. Median BNP was 9.5 pg/ml(Q1 4.9; Q3 21.2 pg/ml). 30% of BNP values were below the detection limit of the method. In multivariate analysis, left atrial volume (LAV) was the only determinant of BNP levels (p 0.002) with odds-ratio of 1.1 (95% CI 1.03-1.16). CONCLUSION BNP levels are low in severe obesity, even in subjects with HF. LAV, which marks diastolic dysfunction, determines BNP levels, but not BMI and metabolic abnormalities.
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Hebert TL, Wu X, Yu G, Goh BC, Halvorsen YDC, Wang Z, Moro C, Gimble JM. Culture effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on cryopreserved human adipose-derived stromal/stem cell proliferation and adipogenesis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 3:553-61. [PMID: 19670348 DOI: 10.1002/term.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that EGF and bFGF maintain the stem cell properties of proliferating human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) in vitro. While the expansion and cryogenic preservation of isolated hASCs are routine, these manipulations can impact their proliferative and differentiation potential. This study examined cryogenically preserved hASCs (n = 4 donors), with respect to these functions, after culture with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) at varying concentrations (0-10 ng/ml). Relative to the control, cells supplemented with EGF and bFGF significantly increased proliferation by up to three-fold over 7-8 days. Furthermore, cryopreserved hASCs expanded in the presence of EGF and bFGF displayed increased oil red O staining following adipogenic induction. This was accompanied by significantly increased levels of several adipogenesis-related mRNAs: aP2, C/EBPalpha, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), PPARgamma and PPARgamma co-activator-1 (PGC1). Adipocytes derived from EGF- and bFGF-cultured hASCs exhibited more robust functionality based on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-stimulated lipolysis. These findings indicate that bFGF and EGF can be used as culture supplements to optimize the proliferative capacity of cryopreserved human ASCs and their adipogenic differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddi L Hebert
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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18
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Moro C, Pasarica M, Elkind-Hirsch K, Redman LM. Aerobic exercise training improves atrial natriuretic peptide and catecholamine-mediated lipolysis in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2579-86. [PMID: 19366845 PMCID: PMC5393377 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the impact of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on the regulation of lipolysis by catecholamine and for the first time atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) before and after 16 wk of aerobic training. PATIENTS Eight hyperandrogenic obese women with PCOS [age, 25 +/- 1 yr; body mass index (BMI), 32.0 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2)] and seven healthy BMI-matched controls participated. Studies were performed before and after a 16-wk exercise training program in women with PCOS and cross-sectionally in a group of BMI-matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lipolysis was measured in vitro in isolated adipocytes and in vivo by microdialysis of sc abdominal adipose tissue before and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS In vitro, baseline and maximal ANP- and isoproterenol-induced lipolysis was markedly reduced in PCOS women. Baseline (P < 0.001) and ANP-(P < 0.01) and isoproterenol-(P < 0.001) mediated lipolysis, however, was remarkably increased after training, independent of changes in body weight and sex hormones. These functional improvements were supported by an increased 1) lipolytic sensitivity for ANP (1.3-fold; P < 0.05); 2) lipolytic responsiveness for isoproterenol (1.7-fold; P < 0.01); and 3) postreceptor-acting agent dibutyryl-cAMP (activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase) (2.1-fold; P < 0.05). In vivo, the lipolytic responsiveness to isoproterenol was also reduced in PCOS and tended to increase after exercise training. The insulin suppression of lipolysis during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was also reduced in PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data show that the regulation of lipolysis by the main endocrine hormones is impaired in women with PCOS. These lipolytic defects can be partly reversed by aerobic exercise training independent of changes in body fat mass and sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Moro
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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19
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Perez-Matute P, Neville MJ, Tan GD, Frayn KN, Karpe F. Transcriptional control of human adipose tissue blood flow. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:681-8. [PMID: 19165164 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is highly vascularized and expresses several genes involved in vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive regulation. We took a transcriptional approach to study the relationships between adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) and genes involved in vasoactive processes. As ATBF is impaired in obesity, we tested whether body weight interfered with the transcriptional regulation of ATBF. The mRNA content (real-time PCR) of 26 genes was quantified in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from 28 healthy men with a wide range of BMI. ATBF was measured by 133Xe washout. None of the transcripts was related to fasting ATBF (ATBFF). However, the expression levels of two transcripts involved in vasodilation (natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate cyclase A (NPRA) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)) were positively associated with postprandial ATBF (r = 0.53 and r = 0.55, P < 0.01, respectively). Although BMI was negatively related to the mRNA content of NPRA and eNOS (r = -0.78 and r = -0.63, P < 0.01, respectively), the strong associations found between postprandial ATBF and the two transcripts were not affected by obesity. Several genes were subject to coordinated regulation of expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that ATBF responsiveness to nutrient intake is related to the transcription of two genes expressed in adipose tissue and directly involved in vasodilatory actions (eNOS and NPRA), suggesting that part of the regulation of ATBF is at a transcriptional level. Interestingly, these associations were not secondary to changes in BMI. We also found that certain genes involved in the regulation of ATBF are subject to coordinate regulation of expression suggesting physiological autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Perez-Matute
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Renin-angiotensin system, natriuretic peptides, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension: an integrated view in humans. J Hypertens 2008; 26:831-43. [PMID: 18398321 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f624a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic is closely related to hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue plays a key role in the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of being overweight. The pathophysiological link between visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic complications focuses on insulin sensitivity, sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and, only recently, on cardiac natriuretic peptide system (CNPS). RAAS and CNPS are endogenous antagonistic systems on sodium balance, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. The circulating RAAS is dysregulated in obese patients, and adipose tissue has a full local renin-angiotensin system that is active at local and systemic level. Adipocyte biology and metabolism are influenced by local renin-angiotensin system, with angiotensin II acting as a 'growth factor' for adipocytes. CNPS induces natriuresis and diuresis, reduces blood pressure, and, moreover, has powerful lipolytic and lipomobilizing activity in humans but not in rodents. In obesity, lower plasmatic natriuretic peptides levels with increasing BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome have been documented. Thus, reduced CNPS effects coupled with increased RAAS activity have a central role in obesity and its deadly complications. We propose herein an integrated view of the dysregulation of these two antagonistic systems in human obesity complicated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and increased cardiovascular risk.
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22
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Lafontan M, Moro C, Berlan M, Crampes F, Sengenes C, Galitzky J. Control of lipolysis by natriuretic peptides and cyclic GMP. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:130-7. [PMID: 18337116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human fat cell lipolysis was, until recently, thought to be mediated exclusively by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-regulated pathway under the control of catecholamines and insulin. We have shown that atrial- and B-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP respectively) stimulate lipolysis in human fat cells through a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway independent of cAMP production and PKA activity. Pharmacological or physiological (exercise) increases in plasma ANP levels stimulate lipid mobilization in humans. This pathway becomes important during chronic treatment with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, which inhibit catecholamine-induced lipolysis but enhance cardiac ANP release. These findings have metabolic implications and point to potential problems when natriuretic peptide secretion is altered or during therapeutic use of recombinant BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lafontan
- Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U858, I2MR-Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, BP 84225, Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
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23
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Yu J, Jeong YJ, Kwon KB, Kim SZ, Kim SH, Park JW, Yu HC, Park BH. A Comparison of the Lipolytic Activity of Different Natriuretic Peptides on Human Adipocytes. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Belo NO, Sairam MR, Dos Reis AM. Impairment of the natriuretic peptide system in follitropin receptor knockout mice and reversal by estradiol: implications for obesity-associated hypertension in menopause. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1399-406. [PMID: 18063689 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is considered a major regulator of adipose tissue in females. Estrogen increases circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone with renal and cardiovascular effects. The aim of this study was to determine the status of the natriuretic peptide system in female follitropin-receptor knockout (FORKO) mice that could be associated with obesity and hypertension observed in these mutants. Furthermore, estradiol treatment was used to reverse alterations observed. FORKO and wild-type (WT) mice received daily injections of estradiol for 4 d. On the fifth day, blood was collected for determination of plasma ANP levels, and selected tissues were collected for determination of ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor type-A (NPR-A) and type-C (NPR-C) gene expression by RT-PCR and binding of [(125)I]ANP by autoradiography. At 5 months of age, FORKO mice were heavier and had more adipose tissue than WT mice. FORKO mice had lower plasma ANP levels and atrial ANP gene expression and higher renal and adipocyte NPR-C gene expression than WT mice. Estradiol treatment reduced weight gain and increased atrial ANP synthesis as well as decreased ANP clearance NPR-C receptors, resulting in elevation of circulating ANP level. In conclusion, this study shows that FORKO females have an impaired natriuretic peptide system, which may contribute to the susceptibility of FORKO mice to developing age-related hypertension previously shown in these animals. This study establishes a relation between estrogen, adipose tissue, and ANP, which may have important implications in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najara O Belo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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25
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Moro C, Klimcakova E, Lafontan M, Berlan M, Galitzky J. Phosphodiesterase-5A and neutral endopeptidase activities in human adipocytes do not control atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated lipolysis. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1102-10. [PMID: 17906676 PMCID: PMC2095109 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates lipolysis in human adipocyte through a cGMP signalling pathway, the regulation of which is poorly known. Since phosphodiesterases (PDE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) play a major role in the regulation of the biological effects of natriuretic peptides in the cardiovascular and renal systems, we investigated whether these mechanisms could regulate cGMP signalling and ANP-mediated lipolysis in human adipocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The presence of cGMP-specific PDE and NEP in differentiated pre-adipocytes and in mature adipocytes was evaluated by real-time qPCR and Western blot. The effect of non-selective and selective inhibition of these enzymes on ANP-mediated cGMP signalling and lipolysis was determined in isolated mature adipocytes. KEY RESULTS PDE-5A was expressed in both pre-adipocytes and adipocytes. PDE-5A mRNA and protein levels decreased as pre-adipocytes differentiated (10 days). PDE-5A is rapidly activated in response to ANP stimulation and lowers intracellular cGMP levels. Its selective inhibition by sildenafil partly prevented the decline in cGMP levels. However, no changes in baseline- and ANP-mediated lipolysis were observed under PDE-5 blockade using various inhibitors. In addition, NEP mRNA and protein levels gradually increased during the time-course of pre-adipocyte differentiation. Thiorphan, a selective NEP inhibitor, completely abolished NEP activity in human adipocyte membranes but did not modify ANP-mediated lipolysis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Functional PDE-5A and NEP activities were present in human adipocytes, however these enzymes did not play a major role in the regulation of ANP-mediated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moro
- INSERM, U858, Obesity Research Laboratory Toulouse, France
- Louis Bugnard Institute IFR31, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
| | - E Klimcakova
- INSERM, U858, Obesity Research Laboratory Toulouse, France
- Louis Bugnard Institute IFR31, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
| | - M Lafontan
- Louis Bugnard Institute IFR31, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Avenir Team 1 Toulouse, France
| | - M Berlan
- INSERM, U858, Obesity Research Laboratory Toulouse, France
- Louis Bugnard Institute IFR31, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology Toulouse, France
| | - J Galitzky
- Louis Bugnard Institute IFR31, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
- INSERM, U858, Avenir Team 1 Toulouse, France
- Author for correspondence:
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Birkenfeld AL, Boschmann M, Jordan J. Metabolic regulation: effects of natriuretic peptide interactions. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:607-614. [PMID: 30736123 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.5.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their well-established effects on blood pressure and volume homeostasis, natriuretic peptides have complex effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In vivo, pharmacological and physiological concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptides induce lipolysis in a concentration-dependent manner and increase the lipid oxidation rate. The response appears to be mediated through the stimulation of natriuretic peptide receptor-A. More recent studies suggest that natriuretic peptides also affect the production of several adipokines. These mechanisms may be relevant, as natriuretic peptide availability is altered in numerous physiological and pathological conditions, including physical exercise, congestive heart failure and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Birkenfeld
- a Franz-Volhard Clinical Research Center, Haus 129, Charité Campus Buch, Wiltbergstr. 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Boschmann
- a Franz-Volhard Clinical Research Center, Haus 129, Charité Campus Buch, Wiltbergstr. 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- b Franz-Volhard Clinical Research Center, Haus 129, Charité Campus Buch, Wiltbergstr. 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Polak J, Moro C, Klimcakova E, Kovacikova M, Bajzova M, Vitkova M, Kovacova Z, Sotornik R, Berlan M, Viguerie N, Langin D, Stich V. The atrial natriuretic peptide- and catecholamine-induced lipolysis and expression of related genes in adipose tissue in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E246-51. [PMID: 17389707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00688.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is associated with several abnormalities in intermediary metabolism, including impairment of lipolytic response to catecholamines in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a powerful lipolytic peptide; however, the role of ANP-mediated lipolysis in thyroid disease has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of thyroid hormones in the regulation of ANP-induced lipolysis as well as in the gene expression of hormone-sensitive lipase, phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), natriuretic peptide receptor type A, and beta(2)-adrenergic receptor in SCAAT of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Gene expression in SCAAT was studied in 13 hypothyroid and 11 hyperthyroid age-matched women before and 2-4 mo after the normalization of their thyroid status. A microdialysis study was performed on a subset of nine hyperthyroid and 10 hypothyroid subjects. ANP- and isoprenaline-induced lipolyses were higher in hyperthyroid subjects, with no differences between the groups following treatment. Hormone-sensitive lipase gene expression was higher in hyperthyroid compared with hypothyroid subjects before treatment, whereas no difference was observed following treatment. No differences in gene expression of other genes were observed between the two groups. Following treatment, the gene expression of UCP2 decreased in hyperthyroid, whereas the expression of PDE3B decreased in hypothyroid subjects. We conclude that thyroid hormones regulate ANP- and isoprenaline-mediated lipolysis in human SCAAT in vivo. Increased lipolytic subcutaneous adipose tissue response in hyperthyroid patients may involve postreceptor signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polak
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Moro C, Pillard F, de Glisezinski I, Crampes F, Thalamas C, Harant I, Marques MA, Lafontan M, Berlan M. Atrial natriuretic peptide contribution to lipid mobilization and utilization during head-down bed rest in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R612-7. [PMID: 17553844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00162.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Head-down bed rest (HDBR) increases plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and decreases norepinephrine levels. We previously demonstrated that ANP promotes lipid mobilization and utilization, an effect independent of sympathetic nervous system activation, when infused into lean healthy men at pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that a physiological increase in ANP contributes to lipid mobilization and oxidation in healthy young men. Eight men were positioned for 4 h in a sitting (control) or in a HDBR position. Indexes of lipid mobilization and hormonal changes were measured in plasma. Extracellular glycerol, an index of lipolysis, was determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) with a microdialysis technique. A twofold increase in plasma ANP concentration was observed after 60 min of HDBR, and a plateau was maintained thereafter. Plasma norepinephrine decreased by 30-40% during HDBR, while plasma insulin and glucose levels did not change. The level of plasma nonesterified fatty acids was higher during HDBR. SCAT lipolysis, as reflected by interstitial glycerol, as well as interstitial cGMP, the second messenger of the ANP pathway, increased during HDBR. This was associated with an increase in blood flow observed throughout HDBR. Significant changes in respiratory exchange ratio and percent use of lipid and carbohydrate were seen only after 3 h of HDBR. Thus the proportion of lipid oxidized increased by 40% after 3 h of HDBR. The rise in plasma ANP during HDBR was associated with increased lipolysis in SCAT and whole body lipid oxidation. In this physiological setting, independent of increasing catecholamines, our study suggests that ANP contributes to lipid mobilization and oxidation in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Moro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U858, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Obésités, Toulouse, France
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Bülow J, Gjeraa K, Enevoldsen LH, Simonsen L. Lipid mobilization from human abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue is independent of sex during steady-state exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2006; 26:205-11. [PMID: 16836692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2006.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to elucidate whether there are sex differences of significant biological importance in the human abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid metabolism when studied by Fick's Principle during rest and exercise in steady-state conditions. The net mobilization of fatty acids and glycerol from the abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue was measured by arterio-venous catheterizations and simultaneous measurements of adipose tissue blood flow with the local Xe-clearance technique in 16 healthy, young normal weight men and women during rest, during 1 h of exercise at moderate intensity, and for another 60 min during post-exercise recovery. The results show that there are not significant sex differences with respect to the steady-state fatty acid and glycerol mobilizations neither during resting condition nor during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NP) are essential in mammals to regulate blood volume and pressure. The functional roles of NP are not limited to natriuresis and diuresis. Several peripheral and central actions of the peptides have been characterized. Studies on transgenic mice have revealed their key function in the regulation of cardiomyocyte growth. Plasma NP levels increase in patients with cardiovascular disorders and heart failure. They represent useful clinical markers for clinicians to diagnose heart diseases. The recent discovery of their potent lipolytic action in adipose tissue is a breakthrough in cardiovascular medicine. This new function of NP in the regulation of lipid metabolism offers interesting questions in the field of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review will briefly describe the effects of NP on the cardiovascular system and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Moro
- Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse, France.
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Höcht C, Opezzo JAW, Taira CA. Applicability of reverse microdialysis in pharmacological and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2006; 55:3-15. [PMID: 16567112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent application of microdialysis is the introduction of a substance into the extracellular space via the microdialysis probe. The inclusion of a higher amount of a drug in the perfusate allows the drug to diffuse through the microdialysis membrane to the tissue. This technique, actually called as reverse microdialysis, not only allows the local administration of a substance but also permits the simultaneous sampling of the extracellular levels of endogenous compounds. Local effects of exogenous compounds have been studied in the central nervous system, hepatic tissue, dermis, heart and corpora luteae of experimental animals by means of reverse microdialysis. In central nervous studies, reverse microdialysis has been extensively used for the study of the effects on neurotransmission at different central nuclei of diverse pharmacological and toxicological agents, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonians, hallucinogens, drugs of abuse and experimental drugs. In the clinical setting, reverse microdialysis has been used for the study of local effects of drugs in the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and dermis. The aim of this review is to describe the principles of the reverse microdialysis, to compare the technique with other available methods and finally to describe the applicability of reverse microdialysis in the study of drugs properties both in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Höcht
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Joubert S, Jossart C, McNicoll N, De Léan A. Atrial natriuretic peptide-dependent photolabeling of a regulatory ATP-binding site on the natriuretic peptide receptor-A. FEBS J 2005; 272:5572-83. [PMID: 16262696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) is composed of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane-spanning domain, a kinase homology domain (KHD) and a guanylyl cyclase domain. Because the presence of ATP or adenylylimidodiphosphate reduces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding and is required for maximal guanylyl cyclase activity, a direct interaction of ATP with the receptor KHD domain is plausible. Therefore, we investigated whether ATP interacts directly with a binding site on the receptor by analyzing the binding of a photoaffinity analog of ATP to membranes from human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the NPR-A receptor lacking the guanylyl cyclase moiety (DeltaGC). We demonstrate that this receptor (NPR-A-DeltaGC) can be directly labeled by 8-azido-3'-biotinyl-ATP and that labeling is highly increased following ANP treatment. The mutant receptor DeltaKC, which does not contain the KHD, is not labeled. Photoaffinity labeling of the NPR-A-DeltaGC is reduced by 50% in the presence of 550 microm ATP, and competition curve fitting studies indicate a Hill slope of 2.2, suggestive of cooperative binding. This approach demonstrates directly that the interaction of ANP with its receptor modulates the binding of ATP to the KHD, probably through a conformational change in the KHD. In turn, this conformational change is essential for maximal activity. In addition, the ATP analog, 8-azido-adenylylimidodiphosphate, inhibits guanylyl cyclase activity but increases ANP binding to the extracellular domain. These results suggest that the KHD regulates ANP binding and guanylyl cyclase activity independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joubert
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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33
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Polak J, Moro C, Klimcakova E, Hejnova J, Majercik M, Viguerie N, Langin D, Lafontan M, Stich V, Berlan M. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity and functional balance between adrenergic alpha 2A and beta pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2631-40. [PMID: 16273345 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate whether dynamic strength training modifies the control of lipolysis, with particular attention paid to the involvement of the antilipolytic adrenergic alpha 2A receptor (ADRA2A) pathway. METHODS Twelve obese men (age: 47.4+/-2.8 years; BMI: 32.7+/-0.9) were investigated during a 210-min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp conducted before and after 3 months of dynamic strength training. Before and during the third hour of the clamp, the lipolytic effect of a perfusion of isoproterenol or adrenaline (epinephrine) alone or associated with the ADRA2A antagonist phentolamine was evaluated using the microdialysis method of measuring extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). In addition, biopsies of SCAAT were carried out before and after training to determine mRNA levels RESULTS The training increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. The decrease of EGC was more pronounced during the clamp conducted after the training period than during the clamp done in pre-training conditions. Before and after the training, catecholamines induced an increase in EGC, the increase being lower during the clamp on each occasion. The isoproterenol-induced increase in EGC was higher after the training. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was potentiated by phentolamine after but not before the training. There were no training-induced changes in mRNA levels of key genes of the lipolytic pathway in SCAAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In obese subjects, dynamic strength training improves whole-body and adipose tissue insulin responsiveness. It increases responsiveness to the adrenergic beta receptor stimulation of lipolysis and to the antilipolytic action of catecholamines mediated by ADRA2As.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/physiology
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adult
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Epinephrine/pharmacology
- Exercise/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Glycerol/analysis
- Glycerol/blood
- Humans
- Insulin/physiology
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipolysis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Phentolamine/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Sterol Esterase/genetics
- Sterol Esterase/physiology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/chemistry
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polak
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U586) and 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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34
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Olsen MH, Hansen TW, Christensen MK, Gustafsson F, Rasmussen S, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnsen K, Ibsen H, Jørgensen T, Hildebrandt P. N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide Is Inversely Related to Metabolic Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome. Hypertension 2005; 46:660-6. [PMID: 16129819 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000179575.13739.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We wanted to investigate the relationship of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) to metabolic and hemodynamic cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in the general population. From a population-based sample of 2656 people 41, 51, 61, or 71 years of age, we selected 2070 patients without previous stroke or myocardial infarction who did not receive any CV, antidiabetic, or lipid-lowering treatment in 1993 to 1994. Traditional CV risk factors, 24-hour blood pressures, left ventricular (LV) mass, and ejection fraction by echocardiography, pulse wave velocity, urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), and serum Nt-proBNP were measured in 1993 to 1994. The metabolic syndrome was defined in accordance with the definition of the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Higher log(Nt-proBNP) was in multiple regression analysis related to female gender (beta=-0.37), older age (beta=0.32), higher clinic pulse pressure (beta=0.20), lower serum total cholesterol (beta=-0.15), lower LVEF (beta=-0.08, all P<0.001), lower log(serum insulin) (beta=-0.07), lower log(plasma glucose) (beta=-0.06, both P<0.01, lower log(serum triglyceride) (beta=-0.06), lower body mass index (beta=-0.05); lower heart rate (beta=-0.05), higher logUACR (beta=0.04, all P<0.05) and higher log(LV mass index) (beta=0.04, P=0.07), adjusted R2=0.35, P<0.001). The metabolic syndrome was associated with lower Nt-proBNP (35 pg/mL versus 48 pg/mL; P<0.001) and shifted the positive relationship between pulse pressure and Nt-proBNP to the right (ie, higher blood pressure for a given level of Nt-proBNP). The metabolic syndrome was associated with lower Nt-proBNP levels and shifted the positive relationship between Nt-proBNP and pulse pressure to the right, creating a possible link between the metabolic syndrome and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Olsen
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Lafontan M, Moro C, Sengenes C, Galitzky J, Crampes F, Berlan M. An Unsuspected Metabolic Role for Atrial Natriuretic Peptides. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2032-42. [PMID: 16123323 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000183728.14712.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In normal and obese humans, lipid mobilization and systemic nonesterified fatty acid levels are thought to be acutely controlled by catecholamines (ie, epinephrine and norepinephrine) and insulin. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are known to play a key role in the regulation of salt and water balance and blood pressure homeostasis. They are involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and heart failure. NPs have recently been found to exert potent lipolytic effects (ie, activating the breakdown of stored triacylglycerols) in isolated human fat cells and to promote lipid mobilization in vivo. Atrial natriuretic peptide increases the intracellular 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration which activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase leading to perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation and lipolysis. NPs promote lipid mobilization when administered intravenously. NPs are also responsible for the residual lipid-mobilizing action observed under oral beta-blockade in subjects performing physical exercise. NPs are therefore novel factors which may open promising research pathways to explain the control of lipid mobilization in physiological and pathological conditions. The metabolic impact of altered production and circulation of NPs remains to be established. The potential influence of NPs on the development of lipid disorders, obesity-related cardiovascular events, and cardiac cachexia will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lafontan
- IFR-31, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm U586, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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