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La Nasa J, Pizzimenti S, Nacci T, Coustet C, Lorenzetti G, Legnaioli S, Surak A, Ruchte B, Quilici J, Thoury M, Degano I, Modugno F. Integrated Chemical Mapping and Analytical Pyrolysis for Tracking the Evolution of Street Art Material. Chempluschem 2025:e2500130. [PMID: 40323153 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2025] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
The chemical investigation of modern art materials and synthetic paint materials has been a major focus of research in cultural heritage science over the past decade. Since the 1970s, street art has become an influential cultural movement with significant artistic and social impact in modern cities, and the conservation of relevant artworks related to urban neo-muralism has been increasingly recognized. Understanding these materials is critical to developing conservation strategies, as their composition continues to change with industrial innovation and regulatory changes. This study presents the application of an analytical approach that integrates chemical mapping based on spectroscopic approaches together with analytical pyrolysis, chromatography, and mass spectrometry to investigate two key case studies and provide insights into the evolution of street art materials over the past 30 years. This comprehensive approach provides a deeper understanding of the composition and transformation of urban art materials over time, overcoming the limitations of individual methods and revealing both organic and inorganic materials. This combined approach represents the state of the art in the study of synthetic paints used in modern art and provides new insights into the evolution of the formulation of materials used by street artists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- CISUP Centre for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Pizzimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nacci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chloë Coustet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- IPANEMA CNRS/MCC at Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Giulia Lorenzetti
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Legnaioli
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Surak
- IXRF Systems, 10421 Old Manchaca Rd., Ste. 620, Austin, USA
| | - Ben Ruchte
- IXRF Systems, 10421 Old Manchaca Rd., Ste. 620, Austin, USA
| | - Julia Quilici
- IXRF Systems, 10421 Old Manchaca Rd., Ste. 620, Austin, USA
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- IPANEMA CNRS/MCC at Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Ilaria Degano
- CISUP Centre for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- CISUP Centre for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Rigante ECL, Modugno F, La Nasa J, Pizzimenti S, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD. Unveiling the Secret Chemistry of Street Art by a Multitechnique Approach. Chempluschem 2025:e2500059. [PMID: 40260461 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202500059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
In recent years, graffiti and street art have gained recognition as legitimate art forms, deserving of the same care and attention as traditional art. As a result, conservators and restorers are now working to develop standardized guidelines for the cleaning, conservation, and restoration of these vibrant works. Our study takes a closer look at the materials used in street art, specifically the spray varnishes used by artists. Samples from two murals created in 2021 in Bari, Italy, are analyzed using a range of advanced techniques such as attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with UV-Vis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), and laser desorption ionization MS as well as pyrolysis-gas chromatography/MS. Acrylic, polyvinyl acetate, and styrene-acrylic resins are identified as the primary binders used in street art spray varnishes, along with common additives such as polyethylene and polypropylene glycol. The organic dyes and pigments, such as yellow (PY74), orange (PO36), red (rhodamine), and blue (phthalocyanine) hues used to create colorful images of street art, are also characterized. This study demonstrates the importance of a multitechnique approach in understanding the complex chemistry of modern spray varnishes used in street art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena C L Rigante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56121, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56121, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Pizzimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56121, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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3
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Jimenez-Relinque E, Rubiano FJ, Castellote M. Removal of graffiti paint from construction materials coated with TiO 2-based photocatalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2025; 32:10653-10665. [PMID: 39090293 PMCID: PMC11996951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Graffiti on construction materials has significant social and economic impacts, especially on artistic and historical artefacts. Anti-graffiti protective coatings are used to generate low surface energies that limit graffiti adhesion to the surface, thereby reducing surface damage and facilitating removal. The anti-graffiti properties of three commercial TiO2-based coatings were tested under outdoor exposure conditions using four colours of graffiti paint (red, blue, black, and white). Chemical removers were used to clean the stained surfaces to understand the impact of the photocatalytic coatings during the conventional cleaning procedure. The effectiveness of cleaning was assessed by visual observations, colour measurements, and the percentage of residual stain. The anti-graffiti efficacy was strongly dependent on the colour of the graffiti and characteristics of the TiO2 coating. The cleaning performance of TiO2-treated samples was likely related to the photocatalytic redox reactions that decompose the graffiti. Additionally, their hydrophilicity may also prevent the adhesion and/or penetration of graffiti paint on the surface and/or pore matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jimenez-Relinque
- Department of Construction, Research Group of Sustainable Interaction of Construction Materials With the Environment, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science, IETcc (CSIC), Serrano Galvache 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Jose Rubiano
- Department of Construction. Research Group of Structural Systems and Concrete, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science, IETcc (CSIC), Serrano Galvache 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Castellote
- Department of Construction, Research Group of Sustainable Interaction of Construction Materials With the Environment, Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Science, IETcc (CSIC), Serrano Galvache 4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
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Laetsch J, Carpenter M, Couch AN, Buzzini P, Davidson JT, Monjardez G. Evaluating the capabilities of DART-MS compared to FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDS for the analysis of architectural paint mixtures. Forensic Sci Int 2025; 368:112405. [PMID: 39961272 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
Architectural paint is a type of transferred trace material typically encountered by forensic laboratories, mostly in cases of forced entry. Forensic analysis of architectural paint generally consists of bright field microscopy followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Further characterization can be achieved using additional techniques such as scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of DART-MS compared to FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDS for the analysis of architectural paint analysis, as well as investigate how DART-MS could be incorporated into a paint analysis workflow. A total of 45 architectural mixed paint samples were obtained by preparing combinations of five base color paints as binary mixtures in known proportions. DART-MS detected multiple organic compounds, including tributyl citrate (TBC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), dioctyl maleate (DOM), and tert-butyldiethanolamine (TBDEA) which are common plasticizers, additives, and solvents in architectural paints. DART-MS also showed the ability to identify the black paint in mixed paints above 10 % at both 350 °C and 500 °C, unlike FTIR and SEM-EDS. Meanwhile, FTIR spectroscopy identified several organic and inorganic compounds in each of the base color paints, including binders, pigments, and extenders, and was generally able to determine which base color paints were present in a mixture. In addition to supporting the identification of the inorganic compounds detected using FTIR, SEM-EDS also demonstrated greater sensitivity for small concentrations of inorganic compounds in the mixed paints. Overall, the compounds detected through DART-MS analysis were not found with either FTIR or SEM-EDS, highlighting the complementary nature of these techniques. Furthermore, DART-MS demonstrated the capability to identify and monitor ions specific to the black base paint within mixed paint samples, supporting the adoption of a combined approach for enhanced architectural paint discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Laetsch
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Carpenter
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Alleigh N Couch
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Buzzini
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - J Tyler Davidson
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Geraldine Monjardez
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
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Rigante ECL, Calvano CD, Ventura G, Cataldi TRI. Look but don't touch: Non-invasive chemical analysis of organic paint binders - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2025; 1335:343251. [PMID: 39643288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
Diagnostics on historical art samples are decisive for assessing degradation and understanding the chemical composition of supports and polychromies. These investigations help us in uncovering the artist's style and techniques and provide invaluable information for restoration, preservation and conservation. In paint formulation, the binder, also known as medium, disperses insoluble pigments and creates a homogeneous, adhesive mixture. Various analytical techniques, often used in combination, are usually employed to characterize binders with infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies being the most common choices. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has gained prominence for its ability to allow detailed structural characterization and identification, thanks to soft ionization sources such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). However, MS typically requires micro-sampling, which is often prohibited for highly valuable artworks. This limitation has driven research toward the development of innovative minimally invasive sampling strategies like enzyme-functionalized gels applied to polychromies for in-situ protein digestion and peptide extraction. These quasi-non-invasive methods offer powerful solutions for extracting and characterizing organic painting binders, unlocking valuable insights into these elusive materials. This review aims to explore both the most common non-invasive analytical techniques used to characterize ancient and contemporary painting binders, and the most recent advancements in minimally invasive sampling strategies, which represent convenient and interesting approaches to enable the use of invasive analytical approaches while preserving the integrity of precious artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena C L Rigante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale "Laboratorio di ricerca per la Diagnostica dei Beni Culturali", University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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6
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Armetta F, Baublytė M, Lucia M, Ponterio RC, Giuffrida D, Saladino ML, Orecchio S. Chemistry of Street Art: Neural Network for the Spectral Analysis of Berlin Wall Colors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:35321-35328. [PMID: 39660736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
This research starts with the analysis of some fragments of the Berlin Wall street art for the characterization of the painting materials. The spectroscopic results provide a general description of the paint executive technique but more importantly open the way to a new advantage of Raman application to the analytic analysis of acrylic colors. The study highlights the correlation between peak intensity and compound percentage and explores the powerful application of deep learning for the quantification of a pigment mixture in the acrylic commercial products from Raman spectra acquired with hand-held equipment (BRAVO by Bruker). The study reveals the ability of the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm to analyze the spectra and predict the ratio between the coloring compounds. The reference materials for calibration and training were obtained by the dilution of commercial acrylic colors commonly practiced by street artists, using Schmincke brand paints. For the first time, Raman investigation provides valuable insights into calibrations for determining dye dilution in mixtures of commercial products, offering a new opportunity for analytical quantification with Raman hand-held spectrometers and contributing to a comprehensive understanding of artists' techniques and materials in street art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Armetta
- Department of Science and Technology Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical - STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, Palermo I-90128, Italy
- CNR, Institute for Physical Chemical Processes IPCF -Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina I-98158, Italy
| | - Monika Baublytė
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko g. 24, Vilnius LT-03225, Lithuania
| | - Martina Lucia
- Department of Science and Technology Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical - STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, Palermo I-90128, Italy
| | - Rosina Celeste Ponterio
- CNR, Institute for Physical Chemical Processes IPCF -Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina I-98158, Italy
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- CNR, Institute for Physical Chemical Processes IPCF -Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina I-98158, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Saladino
- Department of Science and Technology Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical - STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, Palermo I-90128, Italy
- CNR, Institute for Physical Chemical Processes IPCF -Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina I-98158, Italy
| | - Santino Orecchio
- Department of Science and Technology Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical - STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, Palermo I-90128, Italy
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Gil BC, Borsoi G, Parracha JL, Dionísio A, Veiga R, Flores-Colen I. Effectiveness and durability of anti-graffiti products applied on ETICS: towards a compatible and sustainable graffiti removal protocol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65160-65176. [PMID: 37079227 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) are widely used constructive solutions which aim at enhancing the building thermal performance. Nevertheless, ETICS can often present anomalies (e.g., stains and microcracks) throughout their service life, and vandalism actions, as in the case of graffiti, are rather common in urban areas. The removal of undesired graffiti is generally carried out through invasive chemical-mechanical methods, which may affect the durability of the ETICS. The adoption of anti-graffiti products can be a feasible protection method; however, no comprehensive studies were already addressed on these substrates. This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness, compatibility, and durability of three anti-graffiti products (with permanent, semi-permanent, and sacrificial properties) when applied on different ETICS. The removal of aerosol graffiti paints was carried out with a low-invasive and eco-friendly removal method (i.e., low-pressure steam jet). The water transport properties, as well as color, gloss, and roughness, were evaluated before and after graffiti removal. The durability of the anti-graffiti was also assessed by artificial aging cycles. Results showed that graffiti removal was rather efficient on ETICS with acrylic-based finishing coats and when using (semi) permanent anti-graffiti products (with ΔE*ab < 5, i.e., not macroscopically visible, when comparing cleaned and reference surfaces), although these products can reduce their effectiveness after aging. Conversely, unsatisfactory graffiti cleaning was observed on ETICS with lime-based or silicate-based finishing coats (with ΔE*ab > 5), with considerable alteration also of the water transport properties (reducing water absorption and slowing down the drying kinetic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Catita Gil
- DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Borsoi
- CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Buildings Department, LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. Do Brasil, 101, 1700-066, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Luís Parracha
- CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Buildings Department, LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. Do Brasil, 101, 1700-066, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amélia Dionísio
- CERENA, DER, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosário Veiga
- Buildings Department, LNEC, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Av. Do Brasil, 101, 1700-066, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Flores-Colen
- CERIS, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Marazioti V, Douvas AM, Katsaros F, Koralli P, Chochos C, Gregoriou VG, Boyatzis S, Facorellis Y. Chemical characterisation of artists' spray-paints: A diagnostic tool for urban art conservation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122375. [PMID: 36680833 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study the chemical characterisation of 24 commercial spray-paints in different colours as used in contemporary public murals, street art, and graffiti is presented. The analyses were focused on the identification of the binding media, pigments, and additives. In addition, four spray-paint samples were analysed in the form of bi-layered paint films to explore the possibility of determining the composition of multi-layered samples. The aim of the study was to provide a useful diagnostic tool for the conservation of spray-paints and the removal of overpaintings from both commissioned murals and any other form of cultural heritage. To achieve this goal, a multi-analytical approach was developed using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for the identification of the main binder, pigments, and fillers/extenders, while Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were used as complementary tools for the determination of organic and inorganic pigments, and fillers. Five kinds of binders were detected in this work: (1) acrylic resins combined with nitrocellulose, (2) acrylic resins modified with styrene and combined with nitrocellulose, (3) alkyd resins modified with styrene and combined with nitrocellulose, (4) combined acrylic and alkyd resins modified with styrene and blended with nitrocellulose, and (5) combined polystyrene and acrylic resins. Also, a wide variety of organic pigments and inorganic components were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Marazioti
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece.
| | - Antonios M Douvas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - Fotios Katsaros
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - Panagiota Koralli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Christos Chochos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Stamatios Boyatzis
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece
| | - Yorgos Facorellis
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece
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Mao S, He C, Zhao Z, Wang F, Chen X, Liu X, Wang D. Lurgi-Thyssen dust catalytic thermal desorption remediation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117138. [PMID: 36623387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fe2O3-assisted pyrolysis has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective thermal desorption (TD) technology. Lurgi-Thyssen dust (LTD) is a type of steel slag waste that contains a large amount of Fe2O3. In this study, to reduce energy consumption, LTD was added to contaminated soil to evaluate the feasibility of enhancing the TD removal efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The DEHP removal rate increased by 22.39% after adding 2% LTD at 200 °C for 20 min. Because of the catalytic pyrolysis of LTD, DEHP was pyrolyzed to form three types of short-chain esters: mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), di (2-methylbutyl) ester, and methyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate. The pyrolysis products of DEHP were less toxic and did not affect soil reuse. When the DEHP removal rate was 87.10%, LTD addition decreased the temperature and residence time of TD and alleviated the effect of TD on the soil physicochemical properties. Additionally, the desorption of DEHP from soil fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. Thus, the addition of LTD to contaminated soil enhanced the efficiency of TD remediation. Moreover, this study could provide a practical and economical strategy for LTD reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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10
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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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11
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Macchia A, Schuberthan LM, Ferro D, Colasanti IA, Montorsi S, Biribicchi C, Barbaccia FI, La Russa MF. Analytical Investigations of XIX-XX Century Paints: The Study of Two Vehicles from the Museum for Communications of Frankfurt. Molecules 2023; 28:2197. [PMID: 36903443 PMCID: PMC10005574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the centuries, humans have developed different systems to protect surfaces from the influence of environmental factors. Protective paints are the most used ones. They have undergone considerable development over the years, especially at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Indeed, between the two centuries, new binders and pigments have been introduced in the constituent materials of paints. The years in which these compounds have been introduced and spread in the paint market allow them to be defined as markers for the dating of paints and painted artifacts. The present work is focused on the study of the paints of two vehicles of the Frankfurt Museum of Communication, i.e., a carriage and a cart, that was designed for the German Postal and Telecommunications Service roughly between 1880 and 1920. The characterization of the paints was performed through in situ non-invasive techniques, i.e., portable optical microscopy and multispectral imaging, and laboratory non-destructive techniques, i.e., FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and SEM-EDS. The analytical investigation and the comparison with the data reported in the literature allowed us to determine the historicity of the paints, which are all dated before the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU (Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Ferro
- YOCOCU (Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Angela Colasanti
- YOCOCU (Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Montorsi
- YOCOCU (Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Biribicchi
- YOCOCU (Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
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12
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Pagnin L, Calvini R, Sterflinger K, Izzo FC. Data Fusion Approach to Simultaneously Evaluate the Degradation Process Caused by Ozone and Humidity on Modern Paint Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1787. [PMID: 35566956 PMCID: PMC9100644 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the atmospheric degradation reactions affecting the stability of modern materials is still of current interest. In fact, environmental parameters, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and pollutant agents, often fluctuate due to natural or anthropogenic climatic changes. This study focuses on evaluating analytical and statistical strategies to investigate the degradation processes of acrylic and styrene-acrylic paints after exposure to ozone (O3) and RH. A first comparison of FTIR and Py-GC/MS results allowed to obtain qualitative information on the degradation products and the influence of the pigments on the paints' stability. The combination of these results represents a significant potential for the use of data fusion methods. Specifically, the datasets obtained by FTIR and Py-GC/MS were combined using a low-level data fusion approach and subsequently processed by principal component analysis (PCA). It allowed to evaluate the different chemical impact of the variables for the characterization of unaged and aged samples, understanding which paint is more prone to ozone degradation, and which aging variables most compromise their stability. The advantage of this method consists in simultaneously evaluating all the FTIR and Py-GC/MS variables and describing common degradation patterns. From these combined results, specific information was obtained for further suitable conservation practices for modern and contemporary painted films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagnin
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Rosalba Calvini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Francesca Caterina Izzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30174 Venice, Italy;
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13
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Assessing the (In)Stability of Urban Art Paints: From Real Case Studies to Laboratory Investigations of Degradation Processes and Preservation Possibilities. HERITAGE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage5020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Urban art as a shared expression of street art between artists, citizenship and municipalities has always had an important role in the social life and appearance of modern cities. However, the durability of urban and street artworks is susceptible to the degradation processes that the employed commercial paint formulations undergo once outdoors. These are complex mixtures of compounds, differently sensitive to environmental agents according to their chemical nature. Starting from the colorimetric analysis of murals created in 2010, 2011 and 2018 in Reggio Emilia, Italy, documenting their degradation already after a few months, this study aimed at understanding the stability of the most unstable paints used by the artists in these artworks. A multi-analytical approach evaluated the commercial products under the chemical point of view, after natural and accelerated ageing. Additionally, two manufactured anti-UV varnishes were evaluated for their possible use as coatings. The results pinpointed the weaknesses of the selected paints and highlighted how the application of an anti-UV coating might slightly affect the visual aspect of the artwork, though ensuring a greater resistance to the outdoor conditions due to their minor chemical sensitivity to environmental agents.
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14
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Zeb J, Tahir H, Othman A, Habeebullah TM, Sayqal A, Assaggaf HM, Ahmed OB, Sultan M, Mohiuddin S, Masood SS, Mirza AZ, Hajira B. Geo-environmental approach to assess heavy metals around auto-body refinishing shops using bio-monitors. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08809. [PMID: 35111986 PMCID: PMC8790620 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vehicular industry is looking for continuous challenges to develop the sustainability of its manufacturing, maintenance processes, and vehicle emissions due to marketability, environmental, economic, and policy concerns. The present study focuses on the impact of these processes on the environment. In Pakistan, most of the auto-body refinishing processes are carried out in an open atmosphere. The shades of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) are generally used for the outdoor practice of scrapping, grinding, and painting in auto-body refinishing shops of Pakistan. Azadirachta indica leaves were selected as bio-indicator. For the present work, 26 affected sites and 10 control sites were selected from Karachi city, which is the financial hub and biggest city of Pakistan. Concentrations of different metals (Fe, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to present the variation in concentrations within Karachi city. The only positive correlation was observed in Pb and Mn (0.750). Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to identify the anthropogenic effect between auto-body refinishing areas and control areas. Almost all analyzed metals show higher concentration at affected sites but Pb (87.14 mg/kg), Mn (46.47 mg/kg) and Fe (146.95 mg/kg) were leading the values, as compared to their concentration at control sites, Pb (48.83 mg/kg), Mn (15.23 mg/kg) and Fe (43.07 mg/kg). All analyzed metals are frequently present in different color pigments, whereas Pb, Mn, and Fe may also come from other sources, like the anti-knocking agent, vehicular exhaust, and scraping of car surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajira Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Othman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Umm-Al-Qura University, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Habeebullah
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sayqal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza M Assaggaf
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.,The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research at Al-Madinah Branch, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar B Ahmed
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Bibi Hajira
- Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
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15
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Macchia A, Capriotti S, Rivaroli L, Ruffolo SA, La Russa MF. Protection of Urban Art Painting: A Laboratory Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010162. [PMID: 35012184 PMCID: PMC8747301 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban art is a form of artistic visual expression and communication that is created in the street and generally in the public dimension of urban spaces. Often these kinds of artworks are in outdoor environments, and they usually suffer from atmospheric weathering and anthropic vandalism. Recently, several strategies have been used to limit or remove the effects of such vandalism. Currently, the use of quartz paints is growing among artists; such paints after setting are more porous and rough on the surface with respect to regular paints. The aim of the study is to assess the performance of anti-graffiti coatings on quartz artworks paints. Two anti-graffiti products were chosen, and their behaviors were assessed in the laboratory by means of contact angle measurement, water capillary test, colorimetric analysis, and optical and electron microscopy. Results showed good water repellence efficacy of the tested products, demonstrating that they are suitable for the protection of urban art, but at least two applications on the surface are needed to achieve good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU), Via T. Tasso n.108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Sara Capriotti
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU), Via T. Tasso n.108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Rivaroli
- Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU), Via T. Tasso n.108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
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16
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Sharma S, Chophi R, Kaur C, Singh R. Chemometric analysis on ATR-FT-IR spectra of spray paint samples for forensic purposes. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2190-2200. [PMID: 34296756 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forensic investigation of cases involving spray paints requires comparison of paint such as those recovered from graffiti with the references sample seized from the suspect's possession site. This study describes the use of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy for nondestructive analysis of 20 red spray paints of different manufactures, which could be encountered at a crime scene, particularly in case of vandalism. Spray paints could be encountered on a number of different substrates, and therefore, the samples were placed on simulated substrates and were analyzed in order to check the effect of substrates on sample analysis. Results showed that all samples could be successfully differentiated using ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy assisted with principal component analysis. Analysis of spray paints on a paper and fabric substrate resulted in poor spectra and hampered the comparative examination between the spray paint deposited on fabric/paper surface and the control sample. In case of sample deposited on cemented wall, the substrate got scraped out along with the sample and caused interferences in the spectrum. On the other hand, for sample deposited on the floor, gloves, metal, plastic, leather shoes, tile, wood, and hair substrates, all the significant peaks were observed to be present and hence it was concluded that comparative studies can be done between neat spray paint and spray paint deposited on the aforesaid substrates. Additionally, blind validation test was conducted and it resulted in linking the blind samples with the source or origin with 100% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Sharma
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rito Chophi
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjeet Kaur
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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17
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Cattò C, Sanmartín P, Gulotta D, Troiano F, Cappitelli F. Bioremoval of graffiti using novel commercial strains of bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144075. [PMID: 33280882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have provided evidence that bioremediation deals a novel approach to graffiti removal, thereby overcoming well-known limitations of current cleaning methods. In the present study eight bacteria aerobic, mesophilic and culturable from the American ATCC and the German DSMZ collections of microorganisms, some isolated from car paint waste, colored deposits in a pulp dryer and wastewater from dye works, were tested in the removal of silver and black graffiti spray paints using immersion strategies with glass slides. Absorbance at 600 nm and live/dead assays were performed to estimate bacterial density and activity in all samples. Also, pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements in the liquid media were made, as well as, thickness, colorimetric and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements in graffiti paint layers were used to evaluate the presence of the selected bacteria in the samples and the graffiti bioremoval capacity of bacteria. Data demonstrated that of the eight bacteria studied, Enterobacter aerogenes, Comamonas sp. and a mixture of Bacillus sp., Delftia lacustris, Sphingobacterium caeni, and Ochrobactrum anthropi were the most promising for bioremoval of graffiti. According to significant changes in FTIR spectra, indicating an alteration of the paint polymeric structure, coupled with the presence of a consistent quantity of live bacteria in the medium as well as a significant increase of DIC (a measure of metabolic activity) and a change in paint color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Davide Gulotta
- Getty Conservation Institute, Science Department, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA.
| | - Federica Troiano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Tiessen M, Stock NL, Stotesbury T. Untargeted SPME-GC-MS Characterization of VOCs Released from Spray Paint. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:103-111. [PMID: 33147617 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Paints are a common form of physical evidence encountered at crime scenes. This research presents an optimized method for the untargeted analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spray paint using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The presence and persistence of VOCs were monitored in 30 minute intervals, over a 4 hour period, in a triplicate time study. As predicted, spray paint solvents are lost to the environment readily, whereas few VOCs remained present in the headspace in low concentrations beyond 4 hours. The VOCs that were observed to have the highest persistence in the headspace were aromatic compounds and those with longer hydrocarbon chains. We present this study in a forensic science context and suggest that the interpretation of the results may be useful for forensic applications in establishing a time since deposition of a spray-painted surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Tiessen
- Forensic Science Undergraduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Naomi L Stock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Theresa Stotesbury
- Forensic Science Undergraduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.,Faculty of Science, Forensic Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
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19
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Overcoming Challenges in Street Art Murals Conservation: A Comparative Study on Cleaning Approach and Methodology. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Street art, and its preservation, has become one of the most discussed and still open topics in the field of conservation. The absence of a sharable conservation protocol in terms of cleaning and protection is a delicate subject to deal with. The cleaning of contemporary murals and urban artworks stained by graphical vandalism is a real challenge, due to the similar chemical composition of the materials involved. In this work two different approaches to the cleaning of street art murals, namely chemical methods and laser cleaning, are reported and compared with the aim of identifying a suitable conservation practice. Ad hoc concrete mock-ups coated with a paint layer and a simulated vandalism on top have been prepared and used for the testing and analytical assessment of the cleaning procedures.
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20
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21
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Nasa JL, Biale G, Ferriani B, Trevisan R, Colombini MP, Modugno F. Plastics in Heritage Science: Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques Applied to Objects of Design. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071705. [PMID: 32276409 PMCID: PMC7180901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first synthetic polymers were introduced as constituents of everyday life, design objects, and artworks at the end of the 19th century. Since then, the history of design has been strictly connected with the 20th century evolution of plastic materials. Objects of design from the 20th century are today a precious part of the cultural heritage. They raise specific conservation issues due to the degradation processes affecting synthetic polymer-based plastics. Museums and collections dealing with the conservation of design objects and modern materials need to base their conservation strategies on compositional data that reveal the formulations of historical plastics and their decay processes. Specific and specifically optimized analytical tools are thus needed. We employed flash analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) to characterize “historic polymeric materials” (HIPOMS) and heritage plastics at the molecular level with high chemical detail. This approach complements non-invasive spectroscopic diagnosis whenever it fails to obtain significant or complete information on the nature and the state of preservation of the materials under study. We determined the composition of several 20th century design objects (1954–1994) from the Triennale Design Museum of Milan (Triennale Milano - Museo del Design Italiano), which for different morphological, chemical, or physical reasons were unsuitable for characterization by non-invasive spectroscopy. EGA-MS proved capable for the study of the different fractions constituting heterogeneous micro-samples and for gaining an insight into their degradation processes from the contextual interpretation of thermal and mass-spectrometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Greta Biale
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | | | - Rafaela Trevisan
- Conservation Laboratory at Triennale Milano, Museo del Design Italiano, 20121 Milano, Italy;
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (J.L.N.); (G.B.); (M.P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2219303
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22
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Almirall J, Trejos T, Lambert K. Interpol review of glass and paint evidence 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:404-415. [PMID: 33385139 PMCID: PMC7770445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in paint and glass evidence from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC4- 316, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121, USA
| | - Katelyn Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Research in Forensic Science, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC4- 316, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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23
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Bosi A, Ciccola A, Serafini I, Guiso M, Ripanti F, Postorino P, Curini R, Bianco A. Street art graffiti: Discovering their composition and alteration by FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 225:117474. [PMID: 31454690 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paints used in street art are modern materials subjected to degradation processes, which are very complex and difficult to predict without taking into account of several factors. This study investigates three outdoor murals in Lazio, - namely "graffiti", a word now used to indicate a spontaneous street art tendency consisting in images and writings realized by spray paints in public spaces to provoke passersby -with the aim to discover materials application techniques and chemical composition and figure out whether alteration phenomena occurred. Twenty-two samples were collected, and their stratigraphy was studied by optical microscopy. Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify binders and their degradation products in paints and preparatory layers, while for characterization of organic pigments used in all different stratigraphy layers of samples micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses was carried out. Furthermore, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed to study an unusual patina formed on the surface of a pink paint. This information is useful for artists as well as for conservators, who must face numerous issues related to the preservation of this modern and labile kind of artistic expression, very fashionable nowadays but often created without care for materials duration. Conservation issues were also deepened by interviews with several contemporary mural authors. Artists underlined how contemporary murals are a very heterogeneous means of expression. Different cultural tendencies coexisting result in different attitude towards conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Bosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Guiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ripanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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24
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Costa TG, da Silva BFP, de Mattos LP, Escorteganha MR, Ritcher FA, de M. Correia MD, Alexandre Siebert D, Spudeit DA, Micke GA. Analysis of the constituent materials of 19th century paintings attributed to Louis-Auguste Moreaux belonging to the Historical Museum of Santa Catarina – Florianópolis, Brazil. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fikiet MA, Khandasammy SR, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Forensics: evidence examination via Raman spectroscopy. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Forensic science can be broadly defined as the application of any of the scientific method to solving a crime. Within forensic science there are many different disciplines, however, for the majority of them, five main concepts shape the nature of forensic examination: transfer, identification, classification/individualization, association, and reconstruction. The concepts of identification, classification/individualization, and association rely greatly on analytical chemistry techniques. It is, therefore, no stretch to see how one of the rising stars of analytical chemistry techniques, Raman spectroscopy, could be of use. Raman spectroscopy is known for needing a small amount of sample, being non-destructive, and very substance specific, all of which make it ideal for analyzing crime scene evidence. The purpose of this chapter is to show the state of new methods development for forensic applications based on Raman spectroscopy published between 2015 and 2017.
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Mistek E, Fikiet MA, Khandasammy SR, Lednev IK. Toward Locard's Exchange Principle: Recent Developments in Forensic Trace Evidence Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:637-654. [PMID: 30404441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mistek
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Marisia A Fikiet
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
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Mello TDSD, Diniz MF, Dutra RDCL. UATR and NIRA evaluation in the quantification of ATBC in NC blends. POLIMEROS 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.16816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Khandasammy SR, Fikiet MA, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Bloodstains, paintings, and drugs: Raman spectroscopy applications in forensic science. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Chen TH, Wu SP. Forensic applications of direct analysis in real time (DART) coupled to Q-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry for the in situ analysis of pigments from paint evidence. Forensic Sci Int 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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