1
|
Gulab H, Malik S. Polyethylene Terephthalate Conversion into Liquid Fuel by its Co-pyrolysis with Low and High Density Polyethylene Employing Scrape Aluminum as Catalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37326613 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2227389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe co-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out in a batch steel pyrolyzer in order to convert the PET into pyrolysis oil as its pyrolysis alone resulted in wax and gases. The study was also aimed to increase the aromatic content of pyrolysis oil by the interaction of degradation fragments of linear chains of LDPE and HDPE with the benzene ring of PET during the pyrolysis. The reaction conditions were optimized for higher yield of pyrolysis oil which were found to be 500 °C pyrolysis temperature with heating rate of 0.5 °Cs-1, 1 hour reaction time and 20 g of initial mass of polymer mixture having 20% PET, 40% LDPE and 40% HDPE. Waste aluminum particles were applied as economical catalyst in the process. The thermal co-pyrolysis yielded 8% pyrolysis oil, 32.3 wax and 20% coke while the catalytic co-pyrolysis produced 30.2% pyrolysis oil, 4.2% wax and 12% coke. The fractional distillation of catalytic oil resulted in 46% gasoline range oil, 31% kerosene range oil and 23% diesel range oil. These fractions showed resembled with the standard fuels in terms of their fuel properties as well as FT-IR spectra. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the catalytic co-pyrolysis favored formation of relatively short chain hydrocarbons with olefins and isoparaffins as major components while the thermal co-pyrolysis formed long chain paraffins. The naphthenes and aromatics were also found in higher amount in the catalytic oil as compared to the thermal oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Gulab
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Shahi Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orozco S, Lopez G, Suarez MA, Artetxe M, Alvarez J, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Oxidative Fast Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene on a Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:15791-15801. [PMID: 36507096 PMCID: PMC9727778 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative fast pyrolysis of plastics was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor with a fountain confiner and draft tube. An inexpensive fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) spent catalyst was proposed for in situ catalytic cracking in order to narrow the product distribution obtained in thermal pyrolysis. Suitable equivalence ratio (ER) values required to attain autothermal operation were assessed in this study, i.e., 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2. The experiments were carried out in continuous regime at 550 °C and using a space-time of 15 gcatalyst min gHDPE -1. The influence of an oxygen presence in the pyrolysis reactor was analyzed in detail, with special focus on product yields and their compositions. Operation under oxidative pyrolysis conditions remarkably improved the FCC catalyst performance, as it enhanced the production of gaseous products, especially light olefins, whose yields increased from 18% under conventional pyrolysis (ER = 0) to 30% under oxidative conditions (ER = 0.1 and 0.2). Thus, conventional catalytic pyrolysis led mainly to the gasoline fraction, whereas light olefins were the prevailing products in oxidative pyrolysis. Moreover, the oxygen presence in the pyrolysis reactor contributed to reducing the heavy oil fraction yield by 46%. The proposed strategy is of great relevance for the development of this process, given that, on one hand, oxygen cofeeding allows solving the heat supply to the reactor, and on the other hand, product distribution and reactor throughput are improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Orozco
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48009Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mayra Alejandra Suarez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jon Alvarez
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, 01006Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E48080Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Attique S, Batool M, Goerke O, Abbas G, Saeed FA, Din MI, Jalees I, Irfan A, Gregory DH, Tufail Shah A. Fe-POM/attapulgite composite materials: Efficient catalysts for plastic pyrolysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1433-1439. [PMID: 35243944 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221080084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene over attapulgite clay and iron substituted tungstophosphate/attapulgite clay (Fe-POM/attapulgite) composite materials to evaluate their suitability and performance for recycling of plastic waste into liquid fuel. The prepared catalysts enhanced the yield of liquid fuel (hydrocarbons) produced in cracking process. A maximum yield of 82% liquid oil fraction with a negligible amount of coke was obtained for 50% Fe-POM/attapulgite composite. Whereas, only 68% liquid oil fractions with a large amount of solid black residue was produced in case of non-catalytic pyrolysis. Moreover, Fe-POM/attapulgite clay composites showed higher selectivity towards lower hydrocarbons (C5-C12) with aliphatic hydrocarbons as major fractions. These synthesised composite catalysts significantly lowered the pyrolysis temperature from 375°C to 310°C. Hence, recovery of valuable fuel oil from polyethylene using these synthesised catalysts suggested their applicability for energy production from plastic waste at industrial level as well as for effective environment pollution control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Attique
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Batool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Oliver Goerke
- Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Technische Universität Berlin / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghayoor Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Imran Din
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Jalees
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duncan H Gregory
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe, Technische Universität Berlin / Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang RX, Jan K, Chen CT, Chen WT, Wu KCW. Thermochemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuels, Chemicals, and Value-Added Materials: A Critical Review and Outlooks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200171. [PMID: 35349769 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an emerging environmental issue for our society. Critical action to tackle this problem is to upcycle plastic waste as valuable feedstock. Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste has received growing attention. Although thermochemical conversion is promising for handling mixed plastic waste, it typically occurs at high temperatures (300-800 °C). Catalysts can play a critical role in improving the energy efficiency of thermochemical conversion, promoting targeted reactions, and improving product selectivity. This Review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of catalytic thermochemical conversions of various types of plastic waste. First, general trends and recent development of catalytic thermochemical conversions including pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal processes, and chemolysis of plastic waste into fuels, chemicals, and value-added materials were reviewed. Second, the status quo for the commercial implementation of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste was summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of catalytic thermochemical conversion of plastic waste including the design of sustainable and robust catalysts were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xuan Yang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1 Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Kalsoom Jan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Ching-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yaqoob L, Noor T, Iqbal N. Conversion of Plastic Waste to Carbon-Based Compounds and Application in Energy Storage Devices. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13403-13435. [PMID: 35559169 PMCID: PMC9088909 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
At present, plastic waste accumulation has been observed as one of the most alarming environmental challenges, affecting all forms of life, economy, and natural ecosystems, worldwide. The overproduction of plastic materials is mainly due to human population explosion as well as extraordinary proliferation in the global economy accompanied by global productivity. Under this threat, the development of benign and green alternative solutions instead of traditional disposal methods such as conversion of plastic waste materials into cherished carbonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene, activated carbon, and porous carbon is of utmost importance. This critical review thoroughly summarizes the different types of daily used plastics, their types, properties, ways of accumulation and their effect on the environment and human health, treatment of waste materials, conversion of waste materials into carbon-based compounds through different synthetic schemes, and their utilization in energy storage devices particularly in supercapacitors, as well as future perspectives. The main purpose of this review is to help the targeted audience to design their futuristic study in this desired field by providing information about the work done in the past few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Yaqoob
- School
of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University
of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- School
of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Iqbal
- U.S.
-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gebre SH, Sendeku MG, Bahri M. Recent Trends in the Pyrolysis of Non-Degradable Waste Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1202-1226. [PMID: 34873881 PMCID: PMC8649616 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste plastics are non-degradable constituents that can stay in the environment for centuries. Their large land space consumption is unsafe to humans and animals. Concomitantly, the continuous engineering of plastics, which causes depletion of petroleum, poses another problem since they are petroleum-based materials. Therefore, energy recovering trough pyrolysis is an innovative and sustainable solution since it can be practiced without liberating toxic gases into the atmosphere. The most commonly used plastics, such as HDPE, LDPE (high- and low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), and, to some extent, PC (polycarbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PET (polyethylene terephthalate), are used for fuel oil recovery through this process. The oils which are generated from the wastes showed caloric values almost comparable with conventional fuels. The main aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the trends of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into valuable fuel products through manipulating the operational parameters that influence the quality or quantity of the recovered results. The properties and product distribution of the pyrolytic fuels and the depolymerization reaction mechanisms of each plastic and their byproduct composition are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Bahri
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Orozco S, Artetxe M, Lopez G, Suarez M, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Conversion of HDPE into Value Products by Fast Pyrolysis Using FCC Spent Catalysts in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4291-4300. [PMID: 34101378 PMCID: PMC8518826 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Continuous catalytic cracking of polyethylene over a spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was studied in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) with fountain confiner and draft tube. The effect of temperature (475-600 °C) and space-time (7-45 gcat min gHDPE -1 ) on product distribution was analyzed. The CSBR allows operating with continuous plastic feed without defluidization problems and is especially suitable for catalytic pyrolysis with high catalyst efficiency. Thus, high catalyst activity was observed, with waxes yield being negligible above 550 °C. The main product fraction obtained in the catalytic cracking was made up of C5 -C11 hydrocarbons, with olefins being the main components. However, its yield decreased as temperature and residence time were increased, which was due to reactions involving cracking, hydrogen transfer, cyclization, and aromatization, leading to light hydrocarbons, paraffins, and aromatics. The proposed strategy is of great environmental relevance, as plastics are recycled using an industrial waste (spent FCC catalyst).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Orozco
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Mayra Suarez
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUP.O. Box 64448080BilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dwivedi U, Naik SN, Pant KK. High quality liquid fuel production from waste plastics via two-step cracking route in a bottom-up approach using bi-functional Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 132:151-161. [PMID: 34333250 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is a serious menace to the world due to its fastest growth rate of ~ 5% per annum and requires efficient technologies for its safe disposal. Plastic liquefaction producing liquid hydrocarbons is an effective way to dispose waste plastics in an eco-friendly manner. In present study, high quality liquid fuel is produced from waste plastics via two-step bottom-up cracking approach. A comparative analysis of liquid products obtained in thermal and catalytic cracking performed at relatively lower temperature (350 °C) with minimal catalyst to plastic feed ratio (1:30) has been studied. Catalytic cracking via two-step bottom-up route provides higher fraction of fuel range hydrocarbons in comparison to the thermal cracking. Catalytic cracking is performed using two different catalysts; HZSM-5 and 5%Fe/HZSM-5 in which later results in higher liquid yield (76 wt%) than former (60 wt%) having comparable fuel characteristics. GC-MS results confirm that liquid product obtained via catalytic cracking contains higher fraction of fuel range hydrocarbons (C6-C20); 66.39% for 5%Fe/HZSM-5 and 47.33% for HZSM-5 which is comparatively higher than that obtained in thermal cracking (27.39%). FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies confirm that liquid hydrocarbons obtained via catalytic cracking have comparable chemical characteristics with fuel range hydrocarbons. Physiochemical properties of catalysts are studied using XRD, XPS, BET, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, NH3-TPD and H2-TPR techniques and correlated with activity results. Analysis of commercial diesel fuel is also incorporated to compare the fuel characteristics of liquid products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India; Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Naik
- Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
| | - K K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Improving the Conversion of Biomass in Catalytic Pyrolysis via Intensification of Biomass—Catalyst Contact by Co-Pressing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass pyrolysis is a promising technology for fuel and chemical production from an abundant renewable source. It takes place usually in two stages; non-catalytic pyrolysis with further catalytic upgrading of the formed pyrolysis oil. The direct catalytic pyrolysis of biomass reduces the pyrolysis temperature, increase the yield to target products and improves their quality. However, in such one-stage process the contact between biomass and solid catalyst particles is poor leading to an excessively high degree of pure thermal pyrolysis reactions. The aim of this study was to enhance the catalyst-biomass contact via co-pressing of biomass and catalyst particles as a pre-treatment method. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components with HY and USY zeolites was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as experiments in a pyrolysis reactor. The liquid and coke yields were characterized using gas chromatography, and TGA respectively. The TGA results showed that the degradation of the co-pressed cellulose occurred at lower temperatures compared to the pure thermal degradation, as well as catalytic degradation of non-pretreated cellulose. All biomass components produced better results using the co-pressing method, where the liquid yields increased while coke/char yields decreased. Bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with HY catalyst mainly produced heavier fractions, while in the presence of USY catalyst medium fraction was mainly produced within the gasoline range. For hemicellulose catalytic pyrolysis, the catalysts had similar effects in enhancing the lighter fraction, but specifically, HY showed higher selectivity to middle fraction while USY has produced higher percentage of lighter fraction. Using with both catalysts, co-pressing had the best effect of eliminating the heavier fraction and improving the gasoline range fraction. Spent catalyst from co-pressed sample had lower concentrations of coke/char components due to the shorter residence times of volatiles, which suppresses the occurrence of secondary reactions leading to coke/char formations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu S, Kots PA, Vance BC, Danielson A, Vlachos DG. Plastic waste to fuels by hydrocracking at mild conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabf8283. [PMID: 33883142 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastics impose an enormous environmental threat, but their recycling, especially of polyolefins, has been proven challenging. We report a direct method to selectively convert polyolefins to branched, liquid fuels including diesel, jet, and gasoline-range hydrocarbons, with high yield up to 85% over Pt/WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite in hydrogen at temperatures as low as 225°C. The process proceeds via tandem catalysis with initial activation of the polymer primarily over Pt, with subsequent cracking over the acid sites of WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite, isomerization over WO3/ZrO2 sites, and hydrogenation of olefin intermediates over Pt. The process can be tuned to convert different common plastic wastes, including low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, everyday polyethylene bottles and bags, and composite plastics to desirable fuels and light lubricants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibao Liu
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Pavel A Kots
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brandon C Vance
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Andrew Danielson
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA.
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olivera M, Musso M, De León A, Volonterio E, Amaya A, Tancredi N, Bussi J. Catalytic assessment of solid materials for the pyrolytic conversion of low-density polyethylene into fuels. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05080. [PMID: 33024865 PMCID: PMC7527577 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis techniques provide an interesting way of recycling plastic wastes (PW) by transforming them into liquid fuels with high calorific values. Catalysts are employed in PW pyrolysis in order to favor cracking reactions; in that regard, cheap and abundant natural resources are being investigated as potential catalyst precursors. This article explores the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in a semibatch reactor under a reduced pressure of 300 torr and temperatures in the range of 370 °C-430 °C. Three different solid materials, an activated carbon (AC1), a commercial Fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) and an aluminum- pillared clay (Al-PILC), were tested as catalysts for the pyrolysis process. Thermogravimetric analyzes were previously performed to select the most catalytically active materials. AC1 displayed very low catalytic activity while FCC and Al-PILC displayed high activity and conversion to liquid products. Hydrocarbons ranging from C5 to C28 were identified in the liquid products as well as significant changes in their composition when FCC and Al-PILC catalyst were used. Differences in the catalytic activity of the 3 solid materials are ascribed mainly to differences in their acid properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Olivera
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Musso
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea De León
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Elisa Volonterio
- Área Grasas y Aceites, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Amaya
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Udelar, By pass Ruta 8 y Ruta 101 s/n, Pando, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Nestor Tancredi
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Udelar, By pass Ruta 8 y Ruta 101 s/n, Pando, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Juan Bussi
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica de Superficies, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Performance of Different Catalysts for the In Situ Cracking of the Oil-Waxes Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Film Waste. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, society is facing a great environmental problem, due to the large amount of plastic waste generated, most of which is not subjected to any type of treatment. In this work, polyethylene film waste from the non-selectively collected fraction was catalytically pyrolyzed at 500 °C, 20 °C/min for 2 h, in a discontinuous reactor using nitrogen as an inert gas stream. The main objective of this paper is to find catalysts that decrease the viscosity of the liquid fraction, since this property is quite meaningful in thermal pyrolysis. For this purpose, the three products of catalytic pyrolysis, the gaseous fraction, the solid fraction and the liquid fraction, were separated, obtaining the yield values. After that, the aspect of the liquid fraction was studied, differentiating which catalysts produced a larger quantity of waxy fraction and which ones did not. The viscosity of these samples was measured in order to confirm the catalysts that helped to obtain a less waxy fraction. The results showed that the zeolites Y and the zeolites β used in this study favor the obtaining of a compound with a smaller amount of waxes than for example catalysts such as FCC, ZSM-5 or SnCl2.
Collapse
|
13
|
Attique S, Batool M, Yaqub M, Goerke O, Gregory DH, Shah AT. Highly efficient catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene waste to derive fuel products by novel polyoxometalate/kaolin composites. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:689-695. [PMID: 32026752 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19899718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report here alumina-substituted Keggin tungstoborate/kaolin clay composite materials (KAB/kaolin) as polyethylene cracking catalysts. KAB/kaolin composites with varying concentrations of KAB (10-50 wt.%) were synthesized by the wet impregnation method and successfully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analytical techniques. Use of KAB loaded kaolin composites as the catalyst for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) cracking exhibited a higher percentage of polymer conversion (99%), producing 84 wt.% of fuel oil and negligible amount (˂ 1 wt.%) of solid residue while thermal cracking produced ~22 wt.% residue. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of oil obtained by non-catalytic cracking exhibited a high selectivity to high molecular weight hydrocarbons (C13-C23) compared to the catalytic cracking where 70 mol.% of gasoline range hydrocarbons (C5-C12) were produced. We propose that higher cracking ability of our prepared catalysts might ensue from both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites (from KAB and kaolin respectively), which enhanced the yield of liquid fuel products and reduced the cracking temperature of LDPE. These findings suggest that the prepared composites were cost-effective and excellent cracking catalysts that could be recommended for highly efficient conversion of waste plastic materials to petrochemicals at an industrial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Attique
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Pakistan
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeeha Batool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Pakistan
| | - Mustansara Yaqub
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Oliver Goerke
- Department of Ceramic Materials, Faculty III: Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin
| | | | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
- Department of Ceramic Materials, Faculty III: Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mangesh VL, Padmanabhan S, Tamizhdurai P, Narayanan S, Ramesh A. Combustion and emission analysis of hydrogenated waste polypropylene pyrolysis oil blended with diesel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121453. [PMID: 31928791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-based plastic pyrolysis oil contains unsaturated compounds, and the presence of these compounds makes the produced fuel unsuitable for combustion in diesel engines. Hydrogenation of pyrolysis oil is performed to convert unsaturated compounds to saturated compounds. Past studies have shown that hydrogenation of petroleum-based plastic pyrolysis oil is viable; however, its combustion and emissions analysis in diesel engines has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the combustion, performance, and emissions of hydrogenated polypropylene pyrolysis oil (HPPO) blended with diesel. Polypropylene (PP) was converted to pyrolysis oil using ZSM-5 as the catalyst. The hydrogenation of polypropylene pyrolysis oil (PPO) was conducted at pressure of 70 bar, and the reaction temperature was maintained at 350 °C. Ni metal impregnated on the ZSM-5 base support was used as the catalyst of choice. The produced HPPO possessed physicochemical properties that match the EN590 standards(European diesel fuel standards). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies of PPO and HPPO showed the effectiveness of hydrogenation for the complete conversion of alkenes to alkanes, and hydrocracking resulted in cracking higher carbon number alkanes to lower values. HPPO was blended with diesel in ratios of 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, and 40 wt.%. The diesel engine performance results for the blended fuel showed combustion, performance, and emissions on par with pure diesel fuel for blending ratios up to 20 wt.%. As is known, plastic solid waste (PSW) materials pose serious hazards to the environment. Our HPPO physicochemical properties matched the EN590 standards for diesel fuel. The combustion of HPPO in diesel engines can provide an option for environmentally cleaner disposal of PSW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Mangesh
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai, 600119, India; Department of Marine Engineering, Coimbatore Marine College, Coimbatore, 641032, India.
| | - S Padmanabhan
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - P Tamizhdurai
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - S Narayanan
- Sriram College of Arts and Science, Perumalpattu, Veppampattu, Tiruvallur, Tamilnadu, 602024, India
| | - A Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Almustapha MN, Farooq M, Mohammed ML, Farhan M, Imran M, Andresen JM. Modification of acidic and textural properties of a sulphated zirconia catalyst for efficient conversion of high-density polyethylene into liquid fuel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:55-65. [PMID: 30972673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of plastic has a rapid increase of about 8% per annum and reached to 400 million per tonnes approximately, where about 50% of plastic was disposed after using only once. Different techniques for treating this increased waste faced a number of issues related to cost and environmental and sustainable development. Catalytic conversion has been found as one of the most viable solutions to solve this problem. Sulphated zirconia (SZ) catalyst modified with calcium carbide (CC) was found to improve high-density polyethylene (HDPE) conversion into liquid fuel. The liquid content was improved from 39.0wt% to 66.0wt% at 410 °C. HDPE was converted 100% by weight using, SZ/CC with 66wt% liquid yield as compared to the conversion of approximately 98wt% with about 40wt% only liquid yield for the pure SZ. The composition of hydrocarbon liquid product was significantly changed from paraffin (16%) and aromatic (58%) to olefin (74%) and naphthenic (23%) compounds. This significant increase in liquid was related to changes in the acidic and textural characteristics of the new hybrid catalyst, SZ/CC where the total ammonia desorption of 337.0 μm NH3/g for the SZ was modified to 23.4 μm NH3/g for the SZ/CC. Both SZ and SZ/CC catalysts showed characteristics of mesoporous material, where the internal pore volume of SZ had reduced from 0.21 mL/g for SZ to 0.04 mL/g for SZ/CC. Furthermore, XRD analysis indicated the presence of a new compound, CaZrO3 in the SZ/CC, which confirmed a chemical interaction between the SZ and CC through sintering of ZrO2 and CaO. Therefore, the SZ/CC catalyst improves the liquid yield significantly and the selectivity towards olefinic and naphthenic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Almustapha
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Misbahu L Mohammed
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M Andresen
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dwivedi P, Mishra P, Mondal MK, Srivastava N. Non-biodegradable polymeric waste pyrolysis for energy recovery. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02198. [PMID: 32368634 PMCID: PMC7184634 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, increasing population, widespread urbanization, rise in living standards together with versatile use of polymers have caused non-biodegradable polymeric wastes affecting the environment a chronic global problem, simultaneously, the existing high energy demand in our society is a matter of great concern. Hence forth, this review article provides an insight into the technological approach of pyrolysis emphasizing catalytic pyrolysis for conversion of polymeric wastes into energy products and presents an alternative waste management technique which is a leap towards developing sustainable environment. Pyrolysis of waste non-biodegradable polymer materials involves controlled thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen, cracking their macromolecules into lower molecular weight ones, resulting into the formation of a wide range of products from hydrogen, hydrocarbons to coke. Nanocatalyzed pyrolysis is a recommended solution to the low thermal conductivity of polymers, promoting faster reactions in breaking the C-C bonds at lower temperatures, denoting less energy consumption and enabling enhancement in the process selectivity, whereby higher value added products are generated with increased yield. Nanotechnology plays an indispensable role in academic research as well as in industrial applications. Existing reviews illustrate that one of the oldest application field of nanotechnology is in the arena of nanocatalysis. Nanocatalysis closes the gap between homo and heterogeneous catalyses while combines their advantageous characteristics and positive aspects, reducing the respective drawbacks. During the current nanohype, nanostructured catalysts are esteemed materials and their exploration provide promising solutions for challenges from the perspective of cost and factors influencing catalytic activity, due to their featured high surface area to volume ratio which render enhanced properties with respect to the bulk catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poushpi Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, India
| | - P.K. Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Salem SM, Antelava A, Constantinou A, Manos G, Dutta A. A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 197:177-198. [PMID: 28384612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic plays an important role in our daily lives due to its versatility, light weight and low production cost. Plastics became essential in many sectors such as construction, medical, engineering applications, automotive, aerospace, etc. In addition, economic growth and development also increased our demand and dependency on plastics which leads to its accumulation in landfills imposing risk on human health, animals and cause environmental pollution problems such as ground water contamination, sanitary related issues, etc. Hence, a sustainable and an efficient plastic waste treatment is essential to avoid such issues. Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical plastic waste treatment technique which can solve such pollution problems, as well as, recover valuable energy and products such as oil and gas. Pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW) has gained importance due to having better advantages towards environmental pollution and reduction of carbon footprint of plastic products by minimizing the emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide compared to combustion and gasification. This paper presents the existing techniques of pyrolysis, the parameters which affect the products yield and selectivity and identify major research gaps in this technology. The influence of different catalysts on the process as well as review and comparative assessment of pyrolysis with other thermal and catalytic plastic treatment methods, is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Salem
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - A Antelava
- Division of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - A Constantinou
- Division of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WCIE 7JE, UK
| | - G Manos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WCIE 7JE, UK
| | - A Dutta
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mangesh VL, Padmanabhan S, Ganesan S, PrabhudevRahul D, Kumar Reddy TD. Prospects of pyrolysis oil from plastic waste as fuel for diesel engines: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/197/1/012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
Hazrat M, Rasul M, Khan M. A Study on Thermo-catalytic Degradation for Production of Clean Transport Fuel and Reducing Plastic Wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Ahmad I, Ismail Khan M, Ishaq M, Khan H, Gul K, Ahmad W. Catalytic efficiency of some novel nanostructured heterogeneous solid catalysts in pyrolysis of HDPE. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
21
|
Sarker M, Rashid MM, Molla M. Waste polypropylene plastic conversion into liquid hydrocarbon fuel for producing electricity and energies. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:2709-2721. [PMID: 23437672 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.676075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal degradation of polypropylene (PP) waste plastic is batched process studied for the purpose of converting waste PP into liquid hydrocarbon fuel and useful chemicals. The stainless steel reactor is used for conversion to fuel; this reactor chamber has a diameter of 6 inches, height of 18 inches and a temperature input capacity of 500 degrees C. The temperature of 150-370 degrees C was used for PP conversion into fuel. We have also used 1 kg PP waste plastic for conversion into fuel and HZSM-5 catalyst of 5% by preference was used by total weight of sample. Yield percentages obtained from PP to fuel are 92%, 2% light gas and 6% residue. Experimental finish time was 5.25 hours. By gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry instrumental analysis, the PP to fuel carbon range is found to be C3-C25,and the low sulfur level is detected by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test method to be <1.0 ppm.
Collapse
|
22
|
Elordi G, Olazar M, Castaño P, Artetxe M, Bilbao J. Polyethylene Cracking on a Spent FCC Catalyst in a Conical Spouted Bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3018274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Elordi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Castaño
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Serrano DP, Aguado J, Escola JM. Developing Advanced Catalysts for the Conversion of Polyolefinic Waste Plastics into Fuels and Chemicals. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs3003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Serrano
- IMDEA Energy Institute, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935, Móstoles, Madrid,
Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Punčochář M, Ruj B, Chatterj P. Development of Process for Disposal of Plastic Waste Using Plasma Pyrolysis Technology and Option for Energy Recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Elordi G, Olazar M, Lopez G, Artetxe M, Bilbao J. Continuous Polyolefin Cracking on an HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst in a Conical Spouted Bed Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Elordi
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Group of Catalytic Processes and Residue Valorization), University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Olazar
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Group of Catalytic Processes and Residue Valorization), University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gartzen Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Group of Catalytic Processes and Residue Valorization), University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Artetxe
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Group of Catalytic Processes and Residue Valorization), University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Bilbao
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Group of Catalytic Processes and Residue Valorization), University of the Basque Country, P. O. Box 644, E48080 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sarathy S, Wallis MD, Bhatia SK. Effect of catalyst loading on kinetics of catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene: Experiment and modelling. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Gulab H, Jan MR, Shah J, Manos G. Plastic catalytic pyrolysis to fuels as tertiary polymer recycling method: effect of process conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:908-915. [PMID: 20419587 DOI: 10.1080/10934521003709206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents results regarding the effect of various process conditions on the performance of a zeolite catalyst in pyrolysis of high density polyethylene. The results show that polymer catalytic degradation can be operated at relatively low catalyst content reducing the cost of a potential industrial process. As the polymer to catalyst mass ratio increases, the system becomes less active, but high temperatures compensate for this activity loss resulting in high conversion values at usual batch times and even higher yields of liquid products due to less overcracking. The results also show that high flow rate of carrier gas causes evaporation of liquid products falsifying results, as it was obvious from liquid yield results at different reaction times as well as the corresponding boiling point distributions. Furthermore, results are presented regarding temperature effects on liquid selectivity. Similar values resulted from different final reactor temperatures, which are attributed to the batch operation of the experimental equipment. Since polymer and catalyst both undergo the same temperature profile, which is the same up to a specific time independent of the final temperature. Obviously, this common temperature step determines the selectivity to specific products. However, selectivity to specific products is affected by the temperature, as shown in the corresponding boiling point distributions, with higher temperatures showing an increased selectivity to middle boiling point components (C(8)-C(9)) and lower temperatures increased selectivity to heavy components (C(14)-C(18)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Gulab
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Coelho A, Costa L, Marques MDM, Fonseca I, Lemos MA, Lemos F. Using simultaneous DSC/TG to analyze the kinetics of polyethylene degradation—catalytic cracking using HY and HZSM-5 zeolites. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-009-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Aguado J, Serrano DP, Escola JM. Fuels from Waste Plastics by Thermal and Catalytic Processes: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800393w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. P. Serrano
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Escola
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|