1
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Pang K, Fu F, Wang H, Ding S, Fang Y, Liu X. Sustainability-inspired upcycling of plastic waste into porous carbon nanobulks for water decontamination via peroxymonosulfate activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175242. [PMID: 39117214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
"White pollution" is regarded as one of the most serious problems in the natural environment. Thus greener recycling of plastic waste has attracted significant efforts in recent research. In this study, to kill two birds with one stone, a series of porous carbon nanobulks (PCNs) were synthesized from the pyrolysis of plastic waste (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and inorganic salt (including NaHCO3, Na2CO3, NaCl, and ZnCl2) for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. PCNs-1 (co-calcinated from PET and NaHCO3) with a large number of CO and COOH active sites, which were in favor of PMS activation and electron transfer during the catalytic process, had shown the best catalytic activity for SDZ degradation. Significantly, PCNs-1 exhibited excellent universality, adaptability, and stability. The degradation pathways of SDZ were identified by the total content of organic carbon (TOC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The possible mechanism was proposed according to the anion effect, quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical analysis, indicating that radical (OH, SO4-, O2-) and non-radical (1O2 and e) species were the catalytically active species for SDZ decomposition in the PCNs-1/PMS system. Moreover, Ecological Structure-Activity-Relationship Model (ECOSAR) program and wheat seed cultivation experiments clearly demonstrated that the biotoxicity of SDZ could be effectively reduced by the PCNs-1/PMS system. Here we successfully upcycled plastic waste into high-value materials for efficient water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Fangyu Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China; School of Sciences, Great Bay University, Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan 523000, China.
| | - Haoqi Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Shun Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Yanfen Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.
| | - Xiang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China; Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, China.
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2
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Che CA, Van Geem KM, Heynderickx PM. Enhancing sustainable waste management: Hydrothermal carbonization of polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene plastics for energy recovery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174110. [PMID: 38909789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of single plastic polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) has not yet been explored on a large scale, particularly their thermal behavior, chemical transformations under subcritical conditions, and the energy properties of the resultant hydrochar. This study investigated these aspects by employing techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental and calorific analysis. The results show that PET hydrochar has a superior energy densification (1.37) and energy yield (89 %) compared to PS hydrochar (1.13, 54 %). Hydrothermal carbonization modifies the chemical structure of the polymers by increasing the number of carbonyl groups (CO) in PET and forming new ones in PS, and by enhancing hydroxyl groups (OH) in PET while retaining them in PS. Both materials preserve their aromatic and aliphatic structures, with the introduction of alkenes groups (CC) in the PET hydrochar. PET hydrochar begins to decompose at lower temperatures (150-270 °C) than PS hydrochar (242-283 °C) but reaches higher peak temperatures (420-585 °C vs. 390-470 °C), with both types achieving similar burnout temperatures (650-800 °C). PET hydrochar recorded a higher activation energy (121-126 kJ/mol) than PS hydrochar (67-74 kJ/mol) with the Mampel first-order reaction model as the best fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Awah Che
- Center for Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology (GREAT), Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdo Munhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Philippe M Heynderickx
- Center for Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology (GREAT), Engineering of Materials via Catalysis and Characterization, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdo Munhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Li J, Wang Y, Xu C, Liu S, Dai J, Lan K. Bioplastic derived from corn stover: Life cycle assessment and artificial intelligence-based analysis of uncertainty and variability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174349. [PMID: 38944302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Exploring feasible and renewable alternatives to reduce dependency on traditional fossil-based plastics is critical for sustainable development. These alternatives can be produced from biomass, which may have large uncertainties and variabilities in the feedstock composition and system parameters. This study develops a modeling framework that integrates cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) with a rigorous process model and artificial intelligence (AI) models to conduct uncertainty and variability analyses, which are highly time-consuming to conduct using only the process model. This modeling framework examines polylactic acid (PLA) produced from corn stover in the U.S. An analysis of uncertainty and variability was conducted by performing a Monte Carlo simulation to show the detailed result distributions. Our Monte Carlo simulation results show that the mean life-cycle Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1 kg PLA is 4.3 kgCO2eq (P5-P95 4.1-4.4) for composting PLA with natural gas combusted for the biorefinery, 3.7 kgCO2eq (P5-P95 3.4-3.9) for incinerating PLA for electricity with natural gas combusted for the biorefinery, and 1.9 kgCO2eq (P5-P95 1.6-2.1) for incinerating PLA for electricity with wood pellets combusted for the biorefinery. Tradeoffs for different environmental impact categories were identified. Based on feedstock composition variations, two AI models were trained: random forest and artificial neural networks. Both AI models demonstrated high prediction accuracy; however, the random forest performed slightly better.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinqiao Wang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- SAS Institute, Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sipan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jiayi Dai
- College of Humanities and Social Science, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kai Lan
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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4
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de Sousa Felix M, Hagare D, Tahmasebi A, Sathasivan A, Arora M. Microwave pyrolysis of polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene, and catalytic gasification of waste coffee pods to hydrogen-rich gas. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 187:306-316. [PMID: 39089146 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Plastic waste poses a critical environmental challenge for the world. The proliferation of waste plastic coffee pods exacerbates this issue. Traditional disposal methods such as incineration and landfills are environmentally unfriendly, necessitating the exploration of alternative management strategies. One promising avenue is the pyrolysis in-line reforming process, which converts plastic waste into hydrogen. However, traditional pyrolysis methods are costly due to inefficiencies and heat losses. To address this, for the first time, our study investigates the use of microwave to enhance the pyrolysis process. We explored microwave pyrolysis for polypropylene (PP), high-density polypropylene (HDPE), and waste coffee pods, with the latter primarily comprising polypropylene. Additionally, catalytic ex-situ pyrolysis of coffee pod pyrolysis over a nickel-based catalyst was investigated to convert the evolved gas into hydrogen. The single-stage microwave pyrolysis results revealed the highest gas yield at 500 °C for HDPE, and 41 % and 58 % (by mass) for waste coffee pods and polypropylene at 700 °C, respectively. Polypropylene exhibited the highest gaseous yield, suggesting its readiness for pyrolytic degradation. Waste coffee pods uniquely produced carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases because of the oxygen present in their structure. Catalytic reforming of evolved gas from waste coffee pods using a 5 % nickel loaded activated carbon catalyst, yielded 76 % (by volume) hydrogen at 900 °C. These observed results were supported by elemental balance analysis. These findings highlight that two-stage microwave and catalysis assisted pyrolysis could be a promising method for the efficient management of waste coffee pods, particularly for producing clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Sousa Felix
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Dharmappa Hagare
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Arash Tahmasebi
- School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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5
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Lopes VFD, Alves JLF, da Silva ER, Marques JDAO, Melo DMDA, Melo MADF, Braga RM. Catalytic flash pyrolysis for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from electric cable residue using a low-cost natural catalyst: An analytical Py-GC/MS study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 186:188-197. [PMID: 38909442 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This investigation's novelty and objective reside in exploring catalytic flash pyrolysis of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) plastic residue in the presence of kaolin, with the perspective of achieving sustainable production of gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Through proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and heating value determination, this study also assessed the energy-related characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene plastic residue, revealing its potential as an energy source (44.58 MJ kg-1) and suitable raw material for pyrolysis due to its low ash content and high volatile matter content. To understand the performance as a low-cost catalyst in the flash pyrolysis of cross-linked polyethylene plastic residue, natural kaolin was subjected to characterization through thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Cross-linked polyethylene plastic residue was subjected to thermal and catalytic pyrolysis in an analytical microreactor coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS system), operating at 500 °C, to characterize the distribution and composition of volatile reaction products. The application of kaolin as a catalyst resulted in a decline of the relative concentration of hydrocarbons in the diesel range (C8-C24) from approximately 87 % to 28 %, and a reduction in lubricating oils (C14-C50) from about 70 % to 13 %, while concomitantly increasing the relative concentration of lighter hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (C8-C12) from around 28 % to 87 %. Therefore, catalytic flash pyrolysis offers the potential for converting this plastic waste into a new and abundant chemical source of gasoline-range hydrocarbons. This process can be deemed viable and sustainable for managing and valorizing cross-linked polyethylene plastic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Fernandes Dias Lopes
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Francisco Alves
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Renewable Energy Engineering (DEER), Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Edyjancleide Rodrigues da Silva
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Júlio de Andrade Oliveira Marques
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Agricultural School of Jundiaí (EAJ), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59280-000 Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Dulce Maria de Araújo Melo
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Antônio de Freitas Melo
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Renata Martins Braga
- Environmental Technology Laboratory (LabTam), Primary Processing and Reuse of Produced Water and Residues Center (NUPPRAR), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59075-000 Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Agricultural School of Jundiaí (EAJ), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59280-000 Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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6
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Razzak SA. Municipal Solid and Plastic Waste Co-pyrolysis Towards Sustainable Renewable Fuel and Carbon Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400307. [PMID: 38880993 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The substantial rise in global energy demand, propelled by industrial expansion, population growth, and transportation needs, poses a formidable challenge. The concurrent urbanization places pressure on the disposal of solid municipal solid waste and the management of plastic waste. Addressing the global waste crisis requires innovative and sustainable garbage disposal solutions with an environmentally friendly approach. This review tackles the challenges of worldwide waste management, focusing on renewable and sustainable fuels and waste recycling through the exploration of co-pyrolysis as an innovative method. It explores the characteristics and environmental impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) and plastic waste (PW), delving into pyrolysis fundamentals, processes, and challenges. The primary emphasis is on co-pyrolysis, elucidating its integration of municipal and plastic waste, synergistic effects, and advantages. The manuscript thoroughly analyzes reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and the feasibility of co-pyrolysis for energy recovery. It also delves into the synthesis of renewable fuels and valuable chemical intermediates, considering optimization of product distribution. Environmental and economic sustainability aspects, including impact assessment, greenhouse gas emissions, life cycle analysis, and cost analysis of co-pyrolysis processes, are comprehensively investigated. The review underscores the economic benefits of renewable fuel and chemical materials synthesis. The conclusion addresses challenges, proposes future directions, outlines limitations, technical challenges, environmental considerations, and recommends further exploration and integration with other waste management techniques. The manuscript emphasizes the ongoing importance of research in this critical field, aiming to contribute to the development of effective solutions for the escalating global waste management crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Abdur Razzak
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Cho SH, Park J, Lee D, Cho H, Lee J, Kwon EE. Recovery of gaseous fuels through CO 2-mediated pyrolysis of thermosetting polymer waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142892. [PMID: 39025313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers are used in a wide range of applications due to their robust mechanical strength and superior flame retardancy. Despite these technical benefits, recycling of thermosetting polymers has been challenging because of their crosslinking nature. Moreover, their disposal through conventional methods (landfill and combustion) poses environmental concerns, such as microplastics and air pollutants. To address these issues, this study introduces a thermo-chemical disposal platform for thermosetting polymer wastes that employs carbon dioxide (CO2) as a reactive medium. In this work, melamine-formaldehyde was used as model compound of thermosetting polymers. In single-stage pyrolysis, it was revealed that CO2 plays a crucial role in controlling in the compositional matrices of pyrolytic gases, liquid products, and wax. These compositional changes were attributed to the homogeneous reactions between CO2 and the volatile compounds released from the thermolysis of MF. To enhance the thermal cracking of the MF, a double-stage pyrolysis process was tested, which increased the production of pyrolytic gases and eliminated wax formation. However, the slow kinetics governing the reactivity of CO2 limits the occurrence of homogeneous reactions. A nickel-based catalyst was used to accelerate reaction kinetics. The catalytic pyrolysis under CO2 conditions led to substantial increases in syngas (H2 and CO) production of 880% and 460%, respectively, compared with double-stage pyrolysis. These findings demonstrate that thermosetting polymer wastes can be valorized into gaseous fuels through thermo-chemical process, and CO2 enhances the recovery of energy and chemicals. Therefore, this study presents an innovative technical platform to convert thermosetting polymer wastes and CO2 into syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Heon Cho
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungtae Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Sun J, Dong J, Gao L, Zhao YQ, Moon H, Scott SL. Catalytic Upcycling of Polyolefins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9457-9579. [PMID: 39151127 PMCID: PMC11363024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The large production volumes of commodity polyolefins (specifically, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride)), in conjunction with their low unit values and multitude of short-term uses, have resulted in a significant and pressing waste management challenge. Only a small fraction of these polyolefins is currently mechanically recycled, with the rest being incinerated, accumulating in landfills, or leaking into the natural environment. Since polyolefins are energy-rich materials, there is considerable interest in recouping some of their chemical value while simultaneously motivating more responsible end-of-life management. An emerging strategy is catalytic depolymerization, in which a portion of the C-C bonds in the polyolefin backbone is broken with the assistance of a catalyst and, in some cases, additional small molecule reagents. When the products are small molecules or materials with higher value in their own right, or as chemical feedstocks, the process is called upcycling. This review summarizes recent progress for four major catalytic upcycling strategies: hydrogenolysis, (hydro)cracking, tandem processes involving metathesis, and selective oxidation. Key considerations include macromolecular reaction mechanisms relative to small molecule mechanisms, catalyst design for macromolecular transformations, and the effect of process conditions on product selectivity. Metrics for describing polyolefin upcycling are critically evaluated, and an outlook for future advances is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jinhu Dong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Lijun Gao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Yu-Quan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Hyunjin Moon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
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9
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Charitopoulou MA, Vouvoudi EC, Achilias DS. Isoconversional Analysis of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of ABS, HIPS, PC and Their Blends with PP and PVC. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2299. [PMID: 39204518 PMCID: PMC11360199 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastics in the presence of catalysts is often employed to facilitate the degradation of polymers. The choice of the catalyst is polymer-oriented, while its selection becomes more difficult in the case of polymeric blends. The present investigation studies the catalytic pyrolysis of polymers abundant in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), including poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) (PC), along with their blends with polypropylene (PP) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The aim is to study the kinetic mechanism and estimate the catalysts' effect on the activation energy of the degradation. The chosen catalysts were Fe2O3 for ABS, Al-MCM-41 for HIPS, Al2O3 for PC, CaO for Blend A (comprising ABS, HIPS, PC and PP) and silicalite for Blend B (comprising ABS, HIPS, PC, PP and PVC). Thermogravimetric experiments were performed in a N2 atmosphere at several heating rates. Information on the degradation mechanism (degradation steps, initial and final degradation temperature, etc.) was attained. It was found that for pure (co)polymers, the catalytic degradation occurred in one-step, whereas in the case of the blends, two steps were required. For the estimation of the activation energy of those degradations, isoconversional kinetic models (integral and differential) were employed. In all cases, the catalysts used were efficient in reducing the estimated Eα, compared to the values of Eα obtained from conventional pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelia C. Vouvoudi
- Laboratory of Polymers and Colours Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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10
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Ha DT, Tong HD, Trinh TT. Insights into hydro thermal gasification process of microplastic polyethylene via reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18771. [PMID: 39138243 PMCID: PMC11322303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics have become a pressing environmental issue due to their widespread presence in our ecosystems. Among various plastic components, polyethylene (PE) is a prevalent and persistent contaminant. Hydrothermal gasification (HTG), a promising technology for converting PE into syngas, holds great promise for mitigating the microplastic problem. In this study, we employ ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the HTG process of PE, shedding light on the intricate relationships between temperature, water content, carbon conversion efficiency, and product distributions. The results reveal that hydrothermal gasification of PE is a complex process involving multiple reaction pathways. Consistently with experimental findings, the calculations indicate that the gas phase exhibits a substantial hydrogen fraction, reaching up to 70%. Interestingly, our simulations reveal a dual role of water content in the HTG process. On one hand, water enhances hydrogen production by promoting the gas formation. On the other hand, it elevates the activation energy required for PE decomposition. Depending on the water content, the calculated activation energies range from 176 to 268 kJ/mol, which are significantly lower than those reported for thermal gasification (TG). This suggests that HTG may be a more efficient route for PE conversion. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of optimizing both temperature and water content in HTG systems to achieve high yields of hydrogen-rich syngas. The results obtained from our ReaxFF MD simulations demonstrate the robustness of this computational methodology in elucidating complex chemical reactions under extreme conditions. Our findings offer critical insights into the design of advanced waste management strategies for microplastics and contribute to the development of sustainable practices for resource recovery. This work underscores the potential of HTG as a key technology for addressing the global challenge of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Tuong Ha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Hien Duy Tong
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese-German University (VGU), Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thuat T Trinh
- Porelab, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
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11
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Zhu W, He J, Wang Q, Zhang D, Qi G, Cai X, Li P, Zhang J. Activated Carbon Based on Recycled Epoxy Boards and Their Adsorption toward Methyl Orange. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1648. [PMID: 38931998 PMCID: PMC11207575 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the swift progress of the electronics industry, discarded circuit boards have become an important source of non-degradable waste. In this work, discarded epoxy resin was collected as a precursor to prepare activated carbon (AC) through stepwise carbonization/activation methods. The rough carbon materials with a certain graphite and amorphous structure reveal the multiple oxygen-containing groups on their surface. In the process of studying the adsorption of methyl orange by activated carbon, it is found that the adsorption is in accordance with the quasi-secondary kinetic model, and equilibrium adsorption amounts can reach 41.051 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm of AC is more in line with the Langmuir model, and the saturation adsorption amount at three different temperatures is 23.137 mg/g, 30.358 mg/g, and 37.202 mg/g, respectively. The enthalpy (ΔH) is 17.30 KJ/mol in the adsorption process, which indicates that is a physical process with heat-absorbing capabilities. This work is of great significance with regard to the recycling of waste to reduce pollution and in terms of gaining economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, Tubular Goods Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an 710077, China; (D.Z.); (G.Q.); (X.C.)
| | - Jiacheng He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianxi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Dongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, Tubular Goods Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an 710077, China; (D.Z.); (G.Q.); (X.C.)
| | - Guoquan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, Tubular Goods Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an 710077, China; (D.Z.); (G.Q.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuehua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, Tubular Goods Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an 710077, China; (D.Z.); (G.Q.); (X.C.)
| | - Peipei Li
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China;
| | - Jiaoxia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China; (J.H.); (Q.W.)
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12
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Li J, Ma HP, Zhao G, Huang G, Sun W, Peng C. Plastic Waste Conversion by Leveraging Renewable Photo/Electro-Catalytic Technologies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301352. [PMID: 38226954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Plastics have revolutionized our lives; however, the exponential growth of their usage has led to a global crisis. More sustainable strategies are needed to address this dilemma and transform the plastics economy from a linearity to a circular model. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent progress in renewable energy-driven plastic conversion strategies, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and their integration. By introducing the significant works, the design principles, mechanisms, and system regulations, we decipher and compare the various aspects of plastic conversion. These approaches show high reactivity and selectivity under environmentally benign conditions and provide alternative reaction pathways for plastic conversion. Plastic upcycling as a chemical feedstock can yield value-added chemicals and fuels, contributing to the establishment of a sustainable and circular economy. Additionally, several innovations in reaction engineering and system designs are presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of sustainable energy-driven plastic conversion technologies are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Tiandi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Peng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaan Xi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Zhejiang Tiandi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Guangfa Huang
- Zhejiang Tiandi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Chong Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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13
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Papuga S, Savković J, Djurdjevic M, Ciprioti SV. Effect of Feed Mass, Reactor Temperature, and Time on the Yield of Waste Polypropylene Pyrolysis Oil Produced via a Fixed-Bed Reactor. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1302. [PMID: 38794495 PMCID: PMC11125430 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of investigations into the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene in a laboratory fixed-bed batch reactor. The experiments were designed and verified in such a way as to allow the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) in the development of an empirical mathematical model that quantifies the impacts mentioned above. The influence of the mass of the raw material (50, 100, and 150 g) together with the reactor temperature (450, 475, and 500 °C) and the reaction time (45, 50 and 75 min) was examined. It has been shown that the mass of the raw material, i.e., the filling volume of the reactor, has a significant influence on the pyrolysis oil yield. This influence exceeds the influence of reactor temperature and reaction time. This was explained by observing the temperature change inside the reactor at three different spots at the bottom, middle, and top of the reactor. The recorded temperature diagrams show that, with greater masses of feedstock, local overheating occurs in the middle part of the reactor, which leads to the overcracking of volatile products and, from there, to an increased formation of non-condensable gases, i.e., a reduced yield of pyrolytic oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Papuga
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Jelena Savković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Milica Djurdjevic
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Kumar M, Bhujbal SK, Kohli K, Prajapati R, Sharma BK, Sawarkar AD, Abhishek K, Bolan S, Ghosh P, Kirkham MB, Padhye LP, Pandey A, Vithanage M, Bolan N. A review on value-addition to plastic waste towards achieving a circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171106. [PMID: 38387564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plastic and mixed plastic waste (PW) has received increased worldwide attention owing to its huge rate of production, high persistency in the environment, and unsustainable waste management practices. Therefore, sustainable PW management and upcycling approaches are imperative to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Numerous recent studies have shown the application and feasibility of various PW conversion techniques to produce materials with better economic value. Within this framework, the current review provides an in-depth analysis of cutting-edge thermochemical technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, carbonization, and photocatalysis that can be used to value plastic and mixed PW in order to produce energy and industrial chemicals. Additionally, a thorough examination of the environmental impacts of contemporary PW upcycling techniques and their commercial feasibility through life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economical assessment are provided in this review. Finally, this review emphasizes the opportunities and challenges accompanying with existing PW upcycling techniques and deliver recommendations for future research works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.
| | - Sachin Krushna Bhujbal
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kirtika Kohli
- Distillate and Heavy Oil Processing Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Ravindra Prajapati
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Brajendra K Sharma
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, 600 E. Mermaid Ln., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Ankush D Sawarkar
- Department of Information Technology, Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology (SGGSIET), Nanded, Maharashtra 431 606, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bihar, Patna, India
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee Dae Ro 26, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226029, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia.
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15
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Soundararajan G, Chidambaranathan B, Rajendran AK, Venugopal D, Devarajan Y. Plastic pyrolytic oils as renewable fuel: improving its physical properties and ignition patterns by waste renewable source-an experimental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26497-26509. [PMID: 38446296 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The increase in plastic products and disposal poses a severe environmental challenge because of their poor biodegradability and undesirable disposal by landfilling. Recycling is the best possible solution to the environmental challenges implemented by the plastic industry. Pyrolysis is a process that converts waste plastics into pyrolytic oil, and it can be used as fuel in a blended form. The viscosity and lubricity of the LDWP (low-density waste polyethylene) pyrolytic oil were lower than standard diesel. Capparis spinosa methyl ester (CME) is blended and experimented with to overcome the lubricity issue of pyrolytic oil. In this investigation, 5%, 10%, and 15% CME were blended with PD20 (20% LDWP oil + 80% diesel) blend on a volume basis. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of CME on combustion, performance, and emissions using the combination of CME and PD20 blend tested at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% loading conditions. All three ternary mixtures showed enhanced combustion performance and increased NOx and smoke emissions. Due to better combustion, the efficiency of the blend PCD10 (10% CME + 20% LDWP oil + 70% diesel) was higher than the PD20 blend and significantly closer to diesel. Hence, PCD10 is suggested as an alternative to diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Soundararajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bibin Chidambaranathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, RMD Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dillibabu Venugopal
- Department of Automobile Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yuvarajan Devarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Valizadeh S, Valizadeh B, Seo MW, Choi YJ, Lee J, Chen WH, Lin KYA, Park YK. Recent advances in liquid fuel production from plastic waste via pyrolysis: Emphasis on polyolefins and polystyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118154. [PMID: 38218520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The management of plastic waste (PW) has become an indispensable worldwide issue because of the enhanced accumulation and environmental impacts of these waste materials. Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis has been proposed as an emerging technology for the valorization of PW into value-added liquid fuels. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of the latest advances in thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of PW for liquid fuel generation, by emphasizing polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. To this end, the current strategies of PW management are summarized. The various parameters affecting the thermal pyrolysis of PW (e.g., temperature, residence time, heating rate, pyrolysis medium, and plastic type) are discussed, highlighting their significant influence on feed reactivity, product yield, and carbon number distribution of the pyrolysis process. Optimizing these parameters in the pyrolysis process can ensure highly efficient energy recovery from PW. In comparison with non-catalytic PW pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis of PW is considered by discussing mechanisms, reaction pathways, and the performance of various catalysts. It is established that the introduction of either acid or base catalysts shifts PW pyrolysis from the conventional free radical mechanism towards the carbonium ion mechanism, altering its kinetics and pathways. This review also provides an overview of PW pyrolysis practicality for scaling up by describing techno-economic challenges and opportunities, environmental considerations, and presenting future outlooks in this field. Overall, via investigation of the recent research findings, this paper offers valuable insights into the potential of thermo-catalytic pyrolysis as an emerging strategy for PW management and the production of liquid fuels, while also highlighting avenues for further exploration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea; School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea.
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17
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Hu M, Huang Y, Liu L, Ren L, Li C, Yang R, Zhang Y. The effects of Micro/Nano-plastics exposure on plants and their toxic mechanisms: A review from multi-omics perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133279. [PMID: 38141304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plastic pollution has become a global environmental problem, posing a potential threat to agricultural ecosystems and human health, and may further exacerbate global food security problems. Studies have revealed that exposure to micro/nano-plastics (MPs/NPs) might cause various aspects of physiological toxicities, including plant biomass reduction, intracellular oxidative stress burst, photosynthesis inhibition, water and nutrient absorption reduction, cellular and genotoxicity, seed germination retardation, and that the effects were closely related to MP/NP properties (type, particle size, functional groups), exposure concentration, exposure duration and plant characteristics (species, tissue, growth stage). Based on a brief review of the physiological toxicity of MPs/NPs to plant growth, this paper comprehensively reviews the potential molecular mechanism of MPs/NPs on plant growth from perspectives of multi-omics, including transcriptome, metabolome, proteome and microbiome, thus to reveal the role of MPs/NPs in plant transcriptional regulation, metabolic pathway reprogramming, protein translational and post-translational modification, as well as rhizosphere microbial remodeling at multiple levels. Meanwhile, this paper also provides prospects for future research, and clarifies the future research directions and the technologies adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangu Hu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yongxiang Huang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Lei Ren
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chengyong Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - Rongchao Yang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yueqin Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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18
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Ulagarjun U, Varma VV, Menon AK, Gobinath N, Palanivelrajan AR, Yunus Khan TM, Baig RU, Almakayeel N, M F. Investigation on effect of cerium oxide additive in waste plastic oil fueled CI engine. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26146. [PMID: 38420405 PMCID: PMC10900948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of incorporating cerium oxide into diesel and WPO blends were investigated to determine the potential of the blend as a fuel additive. The study aimed to assess engine-performance, emission, and combustion properties of the blend. The experiments utilized a single-cylinder diesel engine, and researchers prepared two different blends of WPO with 25% WPO in diesel and 50% WPO in diesel. Cerium oxide was added to these blends at concentrations of 25 ppm and 50 ppm using an ultrasonicator. The results demonstrated that increasing cerium oxide content in the blend (50 ppm) led to reduced CO, HC, and NOx emissions at higher loads. For instance, B50 + 50 ppm exhibited lower CO and NOx emissions, while B25 + 50 ppm demonstrated lower HC and smoke emissions. Furthermore, raising the CeO2 content from 25 ppm to 50 ppm resulted in a 3% increase in brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, cerium oxide positively impacted combustion and performance properties of the blends. Among the tested blends, the B50 + 50 ppm combination showcased the highest brake thermal efficiency, optimal air-fuel ratio, and the lowest specific fuel consumption. In conclusion, employing cerium oxide as a fuel additive in diesel-WPO blends offers a promising approach for realizing a sustainable and environmentally friendly future.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ulagarjun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - Varun V Varma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - Abhijith K Menon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - N Gobinath
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - A R Palanivelrajan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
| | - T M Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha,61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahmath Ulla Baig
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Almakayeel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feroskhan M
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India
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19
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Alhulaybi ZA, Dubdub I. Kinetics Study of PVA Polymer by Model-Free and Model-Fitting Methods Using TGA. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38475312 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) serves a pivotal technique for evaluating the thermal behavior of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a polymer extensively utilized in the production of fibers, films, and membranes. This paper targets the kinetics of PVA thermal degradation using high three heating rate range 20, 30, and 40 K min-1. The kinetic study was performed using six model-free methods: Freidman (FR), Flynn-Wall-Qzawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Starink (STK), Kissinger (K), and Vyazovkin (VY) for the determination of the activation energy (Ea). TGA showed two reaction stages: the main one at 550-750 K and the second with 700-810 K. But only the first step has been considered in calculating Ea. The average activation energy values for the conversion range (0.1-0.7) are between minimum 104 kJ mol-1 by VY to maximum 199 kJ mol-1 by FR. Model-fitting has been applied by combing Coats-Redfern (CR) with the master plot (Criado's) to identify the most convenient reaction mechanism. Ea values gained by the above six models were very similar with the average value of (126 kJ mol-1) by CR. The reaction order models-Second order (F2) was recommended as the best mechanism reaction for PVA pyrolysis. Mechanisms were confirmed by the compensation effect. Finally, (∆H, ∆G, and ∆S) parameters were presented and proved that the reaction is endothermic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim Dubdub
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Yim H, Valizadeh S, Rhee GH, Jae J, Ali Khan M, Jeon BH, Nam H, Park YK. Catalytic pyrolysis of harmful plastic waste to alleviate environmental impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123198. [PMID: 38128713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Wax is a detrimental byproduct of plastic waste pyrolysis causing challenges upon its release into the environment owing to persistence and potential toxicity. In this study, the valorization of wax materials through conversion into BTEX (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) was achieved via catalytic pyrolysis using zeolite-based catalysts. The potential of two types of waxes, spent wax (SW), derived from the pyrolysis of plastic waste, and commercial paraffin wax (PW), for BTEX generation, was investigated. Using HZSM-5, higher yields of oil (54.9 wt%) and BTEX (18.2 wt%) were produced from the pyrolysis of SW compared to PW (32.3 and 14.1 wt%, respectively). This is due to the improved accessibility of lighter hydrocarbons in SW to Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in HZSM-5 micropores, promoting cracking, isomerization, cyclization, Diels-Alder, and dehydrogenation reactions. Further, the use of HZSM-5 resulted in significantly larger yields of oil and BTEX from SW pyrolysis compared to Hbeta and HY. This phenomenon is ascribed to the well-balanced distribution of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and the identical geometric structure of HZSM-5 micropores and BTEX molecules. The addition of Ga to HZSM-5 further led to 2.24% and 28.30% enhancements in oil and BTEX yields, respectively, by adjusting the acidity of the catalyst through the introduction of new Lewis acid sites. The regeneration of the Ga/HZSM-5 catalyst by removing deposited coke on the spent catalyst under air partially recovered catalytic activity. This study not only offers an efficient transformation of undesirable wax into valuable fuels but also provides an environmentally promising solution, mitigating pollution, contributing to carbon capture, and promoting a healthier and more sustainable environment. It also suggests future research directions, including catalyst optimization and deactivation management, feedstock variability exploration, and techno-economic analyses for sustainable wax conversion into BTEX via catalytic pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Yim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Mechanical and Information Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resource Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Chai S, Kang BS, Valizadeh B, Valizadeh S, Hong J, Jae J, Andrew Lin KY, Khan MA, Jeon BH, Park YK, Seo MW. Fractional condensation of bio-oil vapors from pyrolysis of various sawdust wastes in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141121. [PMID: 38185423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of lignocellulosic waste as an energy source for substituting fossil fuels has attracted lots of attention, and pyrolysis has been established as an effective technology for this purpose. However, the utilization of bio-oil derived from non-catalytic pyrolysis faces certain constraints, making it impractical for direct application in advanced sectors. This study has focused on overcoming these challenges by employing fractional condensation of pyrolytic vapors at distinct temperatures. The potential of five types of sawdust for producing high-quality bio-oil through pyrolysis conducted with a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor was investigated for the first time. The highest yield of bio-oil (61.94 wt%) was produced using sample 3 (damaged timber). Remarkably, phenolic compounds were majorly gathered in the 1st and 2nd condensers at temperatures of 200 °C and 150 °C, respectively, attributing to their higher boiling points. Whereas, carboxylic acid, ketones, and furans were mainly collected in the 3rd (-5 °C) and 4th (-20 °C) condensers, having high water content in the range of 35.33%-65.09%. The separation of acidic nature compounds such as acetic acid in the 3rd and 4th was evidenced by its low pH in the range of 4-5, while the pH of liquid collected in the 1st and 2nd condensers exhibited higher pH (6-7). The well-separated bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis facilitates its wide usage in various applications, proposing a unique approach toward carbon neutrality. In particular, achieving efficient separation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil is important, as these compounds can undergo further upgrading to generate hydrocarbons and diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeong Chai
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Sung Kang
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Hong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Modekwe HU, Daramola MO, Mamo MA, Moothi K. Recent advancements in the use of plastics as a carbon source for carbon nanotubes synthesis - A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24679. [PMID: 38304810 PMCID: PMC10830538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastics, which majorly consist of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc., are the most abundant municipal solid wastes (MSW). They have been utilized as a cheap carbon feedstock in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) because of their high hydrocarbon content, mainly carbon and hydrogen, especially for the polyolefins. In this review, the detailed progress made so far in the use of plastics (both waste and virgin) as cheap carbon feedstock in the synthesis of CNTs (only) over the years is studied. The primary aim of this work is to provide an expansive landscape made so far, especially in the areas of catalysts, catalyst supports, and the methods employed in their preparations and other operational growth conditions, as well as already explored applications of plastic-derived CNTs. This is to enable researchers to easily access, understand, and summarise previous works done in this area, forging ahead towards improving the yield and quality of plastic-derived CNTs, which could extend their market and use in other purity-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen U. Modekwe
- Renewable Energy and Biomass Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael O. Daramola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Messai A. Mamo
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kapil Moothi
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
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23
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Jiao Y, Huang J, Hu J, Weatherley AJ, Liu W, Li C, Ma Z, Han B. Abating ammonia emission from poultry manure by Pt/TiO 2 modified corn straw. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119621. [PMID: 38007929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Poultry manure is a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions, which not only poses detrimental impacts on human well-being and the ecological system, but also leads to economic losses in the agricultural industry. Herein, we modified corn straw (CS) with 1 wt% Pt/TiO2 catalysts using a low-temperature partial-oxidation technology to mitigate NH3 emissions from poultry manure. It was found that Pt/TiO2 can enable exothermic processes to occur at lower temperatures by reducing the activation energy. Under optimal modification conditions of 220 °C, the NH3 uptakes of modified CS samples were markedly greater compared to those of the original CS. Addition of 20-50% modified CS to poultry manure resulted in significant reductions of 54.1-98.6% in NH3 emissions compared to the control. Mechanistic studies indicate that NH3 adsorption on the modified CS is mainly driven by the presence of acidic and alkaline functional groups, while surface area and pore structure have a negligible effect. XPS combined with NH3-TPD reveals that the formation of amide and amine bonds contributes to the excellent stability of adsorbed NH3. H2-TPR, O2-TPD, and d-band theory suggest that strong metal-support interactions between Pt and TiO2 could be particularly crucial in catalyzing CS modification. This study proposes an environmentally sustainable and economically viable solution for abating NH3 emissions from poultry manure, thereby addressing crucial environmental and economic concerns in the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Weatherley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Chaoyu Li
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhiling Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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24
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Klotz M, Oberschelp C, Salah C, Subal L, Hellweg S. The role of chemical and solvent-based recycling within a sustainable circular economy for plastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167586. [PMID: 37804985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and solvent-based recycling of plastic waste may help overcome some of the challenges faced by predominantly applied mechanical recycling techniques. This study quantifies the environmental impacts of chemical and solvent-based recycling as a function of varying process parameters and product composition using life cycle assessment. Furthermore, potential benefits and impacts on a system level are determined. To that end, a high-resolution material flow analysis is conducted for the reference system of Switzerland, covering all main plastic types and applications. In a scenario for the year 2040, we employ environmentally beneficial mechanical recycling where possible and convey suitable remaining waste streams to chemical or solvent-based recycling processes. Applying chemical or solvent-based recycling as a complement to maximum mechanical recycling, instead of thermal treatment with energy recovery, may achieve a reduction in the climate change impact of the system ranging from less than 10 % to almost 40 %. For achieving high environmental benefits, proper process choice and configuration are crucial. Dissolution or depolymerization provide higher benefits relative to other chemical recycling processes, but can only treat certain waste streams and require prior sorting into plastic types. Pyrolysis and gasification appeared to only have the ability to achieve substantial benefits over incineration if their output products can substitute high-impact chemicals and provided that efficient heat transfer and recovery is warranted when implemented on a large scale. As industrial-scale plants for chemical or solvent-based plastic recycling are still lacking, the upscaling potential and the environmental benefits achievable in practice are highly uncertain today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klotz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Oberschelp
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ružička-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Salah
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ružička-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Subal
- Realcycle GmbH, Hagenholzstrasse 85A, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Márquez A, Ortiz I, Sánchez-Hervás JM, Monte MC, Negro C, Blanco Á. Global trends of pyrolysis research: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:931-947. [PMID: 38036906 PMCID: PMC10789847 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has become an interesting waste valorization method leading to an increasing number of research studies in this field in the last decade. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge map of scientific production in pyrolysis, discuss the current state of research, and identify the main research hotspots and trends in recent years. The systematic review, supported by analysis of countries and institutions, keyword co-occurrence analysis, analysis of keyword trends, journal analysis, and article impact, was carried out on 6234 journal articles from the Science Citation Index Expanded database of the Web of Science Core Collection. As a result, four main research hotspots were identified: 1) characterization techniques and pyrolysis kinetic models, 2) biochar production and its main applications, 3) bio-oil production and catalytic pyrolysis, and 4) co-pyrolysis, which has become a consolidated research hotspot since 2018. Additionally, the main challenges and opportunities for future research have been identified, such as 1) the development of multi-step kinetic models for studying complex wastes, 2) the integration of biochar into other valorization processes, such as anaerobic digestion, and 3) the development of catalytic hydropyrolysis for the valorization of organic waste. This bibliometric analysis provides a visualization of the current context and future trends in pyrolysis, facilitating future collaborative research and knowledge exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Márquez
- Unit for Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ortiz
- Unit for Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Concepción Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Chen S, Hu YH. Chemical recycling of plastic wastes with alkaline earth metal oxides: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167251. [PMID: 37741410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been widely used in daily life and industries due to their low cost and high durability, leading to huge production of plastics and tens of millions of plastic wastes every year. Chemical recycling can recycle contaminated and degraded plastics (that mechanical recycling cannot deal with) to obtain value-added products, which potentially solves the environmental problems caused by plastics and realizes a circular economy. Alkaline earth metal oxides, as a category of cost-effective and multi-functional materials, have been widely used in chemical recycling of common plastics, acting as three roles: catalyst, template, and absorbent. Among five commercial plastics, polyethylene terephthalate is suitable for pyrolysis and solvolysis. Polyethylene and polypropylene, which are ideal precursors for synthesis of carbon nanotubes, could be combined with biomass for co-pyrolysis. Polyvinyl chloride needs to be pretreated to reduce chloride content prior to pyrolysis. Depolymerization of polystyrene into monomers is attractive. This review summarized the chemical recycling approaches of commercial plastics and the strategies with alkaline earth metal oxides for the development of efficient recycling processes. It will aid understanding of the advances and challenges in the field and promote the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA.
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27
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Song C, Hou X, Zhou H, Qiao H, Yin L, Huang J, Yuan E, Cui T. Fabrication of mesopore-rich HZSM-5 to boost the degradation of plastic wastes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 38044721 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is causing serious environment pollution and its efficient disposal is attracting more and more attention. The use of catalysts not only reduced the degradation temperature of plastic wastes but also facilitated the production of valuable chemicals. Herein, mesopores were introduced into HZSM-5 zeolites by alkali and acid treatment, which was expected to eliminate the diffusion resistance caused by bulky polymer molecules and improve the catalytic activity. It was found that HZSM-5 zeolites enhanced PE, PP and PS degradation, and an increase of mesopore volume further improved the catalytic activity and reduced the activation energy. For example, the use of HZSM-5 in PP degradation decreased the activation energy from 146.9 kJ mol-1 to 93.1 kJ mol-1, and mesopore-rich HZSM-5 further decreased the activation energy to 84.0 kJ mol-1. The molecular diameter of the PP fragment was obtained by theoretical calculations, and it was close to 1.6 nm, which was significantly higher than the micropore diameter of HZSM-5 zeolites (0.5-0.6 nm) while lower than the mesopore diameter. It was concluded that the presence of mesopores provided the place and space for plastics degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Xu Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
- Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Huimin Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Li Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Enxian Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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28
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Samaniego-Aguilar K, Sánchez-Safont E, Rodríguez A, Marín A, Candal MV, Cabedo L, Gamez-Perez J. Valorization of Agricultural Waste Lignocellulosic Fibers for Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Valerate)-Based Composites in Short Shelf-Life Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4507. [PMID: 38231949 PMCID: PMC10707919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocircularity could play a key role in the circular economy, particularly in applications where organic recycling (composting) has the potential to become a preferred waste management option, such as food packaging. The development of fully biobased and biodegradable composites could help reduce plastic waste and valorize agro-based residues. In this study, extruded films made of composites of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) and lignocellulosic fibers, namely almond shell (AS) and Oryzite® (OR), a polymer hybrid composite precursor, have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a weak fiber-matrix interfacial interaction, although OR composites present a better distribution of the fiber and a virtually lower presence of "pull-out". Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of fibers reduced the onset and maximum degradation temperatures of PHBV, with a greater reduction observed with higher fiber content. The addition of fibers also affected the melting behavior and crystallinity of PHBV, particularly with OR addition, showing a decrease in crystallinity, melting, and crystallization temperatures as fiber content increased. The mechanical behavior of composites varied with fiber type and concentration. While the incorporation of AS results in a reduction in all mechanical parameters, the addition of OR leads to a slight improvement in elongation at break. The addition of fibers improved the thermoformability of PHBV. In the case of AS, the improvement in the processing window was achieved at lower fiber contents, while in the case of OR, the improvement was observed at a fiber content of 20%. Biodisintegration tests showed that the presence of fibers promoted the degradation of the composites, with higher fiber concentrations leading to faster degradation. Indeed, the time of complete biodisintegration was reduced by approximately 30% in the composites with 20% and 30% AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerly Samaniego-Aguilar
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Estefanía Sánchez-Safont
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Andreina Rodríguez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Anna Marín
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
| | - María V. Candal
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (K.S.-A.); (E.S.-S.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (L.C.)
- CEBIMAT Lab S.L., Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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29
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Preetam A, Dwivedi U, N Naik S, Pant KK, Kumar V. A feasible approach for the treatment of waste computer casing plastic using subcritical to supercritical acetone: Statistical modelling and optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118549. [PMID: 37421717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) usage has increased tremendously with the rapid evolution of technologies. The accumulated e-waste has now emerged as one of the crucial concerns regarding environmental pollution and human health. Recycling e-waste is commonly focused on metal recovery; nevertheless, a significant fraction of plastics (20-30%) are in e-waste. There is an indispensable need to focus on e-waste plastic recycling in an effective way, which has been mostly overlooked to date. An environmentally safe and efficient study is conducted using subcritical to supercritical acetone (SCA) to degrade the real waste computer casing plastics (WCCP) in the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve the maximum oil yield of the product. The experiment parameters were varied in the temperature span of 150-300 °C, residence time between 30 and 120 min, solid/liquid ratio between 0.02 and 0.05 (g/ml), and NaOH amount from 0 to 0.5 g. Adding NaOH into the acetone helps to achieve efficient degradation and debromination efficiency. The study emphasized the attributes of oils and solid products recovered from the SCA-treated WCCP. The characterization of feed and formed products is performed with different characterization techniques such as TGA, CHNS, ICP-MS, FTIR, GC-MS, Bomb calorimeter, XRF, and FESEM. The highest oil yield achieved is 87.89% from the SCA process at 300 °C, in 120min, 0.05 S/L ratio, and 0.5 g of NaOH. GC-MS results disclose that the liquid product (oil) comprises single- and duplicate-ringed aromatic and oxygen-containing compounds. Isophorone is the significant component of the liquid product obtained. Furthermore, SCA's possible polymer degradation mechanistic route, bromine distribution, economic feasibility, and environmental aspect were also explored. This present work represents an environmentally friendly and promising approach for recycling the plastic fraction of e-waste and recovering valuable chemicals from WCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Preetam
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Uma Dwivedi
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - S N Naik
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
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30
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Wu X, Lee WT, Turnell-Ritson RC, Delannoi PCL, Lin KH, Dyson PJ. Controlling the selectivity of the hydrogenolysis of polyamides catalysed by ceria-supported metal nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6524. [PMID: 37845260 PMCID: PMC10579319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenolysis is a promising approach to transform waste plastic into valuable chemicals. However, the transformation of N-containing polymers, such as polyamides (i.e. nylon), remains under-investigated, particularly by heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we demonstrate the hydrogenolysis of various polyamides catalysed by platinum-group metal nanoparticles supported on CeO2. Ru/CeO2 and Pt/CeO2 are both highly active but display different selectivity; Ru/CeO2 is selective for the conversion of all polyamides into water, ammonia, and methane, whereas Pt/CeO2 yields hydrocarbons retaining the carbon backbone of the parent polyamide. Density functional theory computations illustrate that Pt nanoparticles require higher activation energy for carbon-carbon bond cleavage than Ru nanoparticles, rationalising the observed selectivity. The high activity and product selectivity of both catalysts was maintained when converting real-world polyamide products, such as fishing net. This study provides a mechanistic basis for heterogeneously catalysed polyamide hydrogenolysis, and a new approach to the valorisation of polyamide containing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinBang Wu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Tse Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland C Turnell-Ritson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C L Delannoi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bhatt KP, Patel S, Upadhyay DS, Patel RN. In-depth analysis of the effect of catalysts on plasma technologies for treatment of various wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118335. [PMID: 37329581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Energy security and waste management are gaining global attention. The modern world is producing a large amount of liquid and solid waste as a result of the increasing population and industrialization. A circular economy encourages the conversion of waste to energy and other value-added products. Waste processing requires a sustainable route for a healthy society and clean environment. One of the emerging solutions for waste treatment is plasma technology. It converts waste into syngas, oil, and char/slag depending on the thermal/non-thermal processes. Most of all the types of carbonaceous wastes can be treated by plasma processes. The addition of a catalyst to the plasma process is a developing field as plasma processes are energy intensive. This paper covers the detailed concept of plasma and catalysis. It comprises various types of plasma (non-thermal and thermal) and catalysts (zeolites, oxides, and salts) which have been used for waste treatment. Catalyst addition improves gas yield and hydrogen selectivity at moderate temperatures. Depending on the properties of the catalyst and type of plasma, comprehensive points are listed for the selection of the right catalyst for a plasma process. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the research in the field of waste-to-energy using plasma-catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangana P Bhatt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Darshit S Upadhyay
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, S.G, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh N Patel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, S.G, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
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Nam JY, Tokmurzin D, Yoon SM, Ra HW, Lee JG, Lee DH, Seo MW. Carbon dioxide gasification characteristics of disposable COVID-19 masks using bubbling fluidized bed reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116669. [PMID: 37453506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for masks has increased significantly owing to COVID-19 and mutated viruses, resulting in a massive amount of mask waste of approximately 490,000 tons per month. Mask waste recycling is challenging because of the composition of multicomponent polymers and iron, which puts them at risk of viral infection. Conventional treatment methods also cause environmental pollution. Gasification is an effective method for processing multicomponent plastics and obtaining syngas for various applications. This study investigated the carbon dioxide gasification and tar removal characteristics of an activated carbon bed using a 1-kg/h laboratory-scale bubble fluidized bed gasifier. The syngas composition was analyzed as 10.52 vol% of hydrogen, 6.18 vol% of carbon monoxide, 12.05 vol% of methane, and 14.44 vol% of hydrocarbons (C2-C3). The results of carbon dioxide gasification with activated carbon showed a tar-reduction efficiency of 49%, carbon conversion efficiency of 45.16%, and cold gas efficiency of 88.92%. This study provides basic data on mask waste carbon dioxide gasification using greenhouse gases as useful product gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Nam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Yoon
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Ra
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Goo Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Subhashini, Mondal T. Experimental investigation on slow thermal pyrolysis of real-world plastic wastes in a fixed bed reactor to obtain aromatic rich fuel grade liquid oil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118680. [PMID: 37531671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have become one of the biggest global environmental issues and thus recycling such massive quantities is targeted. Thermal pyrolysis has been the most suitable approach to convert the waste plastic into a source of energy. This study aims to compare the thermal pyrolysis of waste plastic with that of the modal plastic compounds in a fixed bed reactor. The liquid oil, obtained from the thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS wastes were characterized using FT-IR, GC-MS and 1H NMR. Also, their fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific values were characterized using parallel plate rheometer and bomb calorimeter respectively. C10-C44 paraffins and C10-C22 olefins were obtained along with aromatics and alcohols in different type of plastic waste pyrolysis oil. The viscosity of the plastic oil is within kerosene and diesel range. The calorific values of the oils are at par with the Petro fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Tarak Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
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Chormare R, Moradeeya PG, Sahoo TP, Seenuvasan M, Baskar G, Saravaia HT, Kumar MA. Conversion of solid wastes and natural biomass for deciphering the valorization of biochar in pollution abatement: A review on the thermo-chemical processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139760. [PMID: 37567272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This overview addresses the formation of solid trash and the various forms of waste from a variety of industries, which environmentalists have embraced. The paper investigates the negative effects on the environment caused by unsustainable management of municipal solid trash as well as the opportunities presented by the formal system. This examination looks at the origins of solid waste as well as the typical treatment methods. Pyrolysis methods, feedstock pyrolysis, and lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis were highlighted. Explain in detail the various thermochemical processes that take place during the pyrolysis of biomass. Due to its carbon content, low cost, accessibility, ubiquitousness, renewable nature, and environmental friendliness, biomass waste is a unique biochar precursor. This study looks at the different types of biomass waste that are available for treating wastewater. This study discussed a wide variety of reactors. Adsorption is the standard method that is used the most frequently to remove hazardous organic, dye, and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. These pollutants cause damage to the environment and water supplies, thus it is important to remove them. Adsorption is both simple and inexpensive to utilize. Temperature-dependent conversions explain the kinetic theories of biomaterial biochemical degradation. This article presents a review that explains how pyrolytic breakdown char materials can be used to reduce pollution and improve environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Chormare
- Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pareshkumar G Moradeeya
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360 003, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarini Prasad Sahoo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Muthulingam Seenuvasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641 032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunathan Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hitesh T Saravaia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Centre for Rural and Entrepreneurship Development, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nolasco Cruz J, Donjuan Martínez K, López Ávila JJ, Pérez Hernández I, Castellanos Villalobos MDL. Recovery of plastic waste through its thermochemical degradation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1166. [PMID: 37682497 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand to produce plastic has increased yearly; only in 2020, there was a production of approximately 368 million tons worldwide. According to Plastics Europe, from 2016 to 2018, a total of 29.1 Mt of plastic waste was generated, and 24% of this ended up in a landfill, generating problems due to accumulation. The increase in the demand for plastics has begun to contribute to the shortage of oil sources, a non-renewable resource. On the other hand, various researchers have reported effects on human health such as neurological damage, cancer in the nasal cavities, prostate, and ovarian cancer, and in animal species, destruction of the digestive and respiratory tracts due to the consumption of microplastics in food. Due to these reasons, various solutions have been proposed for recovering and recycling plastic waste. One of the most promising technologies is thermal and catalytic degradation, known as pyrolysis. This technology allows the recovery of chemical compounds of high energy value. In this work, the various environmental and social impacts caused by plastic are discussed. Worldwide consumption data is provided by sector and type of plastic, and the different routes of thermal degradation for each type of thermoplastic are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nolasco Cruz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca- Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8 Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Guanajuato, 36885, México.
| | - Karla Donjuan Martínez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca- Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8 Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Guanajuato, 36885, México
| | - Juan José López Ávila
- Idioms Center, University of Veracruz, Av. Universidad Veracruzana km 7.5, Col. Santa Isabel, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, 96538, México
| | - Irma Pérez Hernández
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Veracruz, Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez s/n, Costa Verde, Boca del Rio, Veracruz, 94294, México
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Alhulaybi Z, Dubdub I. Comprehensive Kinetic Study of PET Pyrolysis Using TGA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3010. [PMID: 37514400 PMCID: PMC10384594 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a well-known process for producing high fuel value. This paper aims to study the kinetics of PET pyrolysis reactions at 4 different heating rates (2, 5, 10, and 20 K min-1) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. TGA data show only one kinetic reaction within the temperature ranges of 650 to 750 K. Five different model-free models, namely, the Freidman (FR), Flynn-Wall-Qzawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Starink (STK), and distributed activation energy model (DAEM), were fitted to the experimental data to obtain the activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (A0) of the reaction kinetics. The Coats-Redfern (CR) model equation was fitted with the help of master plot (Criado's) to identify the most convenient reaction mechanism for this system. Ea's values were determined by the application of the five aforementioned models and were found to possess an average value of 212 kJ mol-1. The mechanism of PET pyrolysis reaction was best described by first-order reaction kinetics; this was confirmed by the compensation. Further thermodynamic parameter analysis indicated that the reaction was endothermic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Alhulaybi
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Dubdub
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Chen G, Liu T, Luan P, Li N, Sun Y, Tao J, Yan B, Cheng Z. Distribution, migration, and removal of N-containing products during polyurethane pyrolysis: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131406. [PMID: 37084514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide applications of polyurethane (PU), production is constantly increasing, accounting for 8% of produced plastics. PU has been regarded as the 6th most used polymer in the world. Improper disposal of waste PU will result in serious environmental consequences. The pyrolysis of polymers is one of the most commonly used disposal methods, but PU pyrolysis easily produces toxic and harmful nitrogen-containing substances due to its high nitrogen content. This paper reviews the decomposition pathways, kinetic characteristics, and migration of N-element by product distribution during PU pyrolysis. PU ester bonds break to produce isocyanates and alcohols or decarboxylate to produce primary amines, which are then further decomposed to MDI, MAI, and MDA. The nitrogenous products, including NH3, HCN, and benzene derivatives, are released by the breakage of C-C and C-N bonds. The N-element migration mechanism is concluded. Meanwhile, this paper reviews the removal of gaseous pollution from PU pyrolysis and discusses the removal mechanism in depth. Among the catalysts for pollutant removal, CaO has the most superior catalytic performance and can convert fuel-N to N2 by adsorption and dehydrogenation reactions. At the end of the review, new challenges for the utilization and high-quality recycling of PU are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Luan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Junyu Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Kachhadiya K, Patel D, Vijaybhai GJ, Raghuvanshi P, Surya DV, Dharaskar S, Kumar GP, Reddy BR, Remya N, Kumar TH, Basak T. Conversion of waste polystyrene into valuable aromatic hydrocarbons via microwave-assisted pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28294-2. [PMID: 37365360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The prime objective of the current research work was to understand the role of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for the upgradation of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste into valuable aromatic hydrocarbons. Ethyl acetate solvent was used to dissolve the EPS to enhance the homogeneous dispersion of EPS with susceptor particles. Biochar obtained from the pyrolysis was used as a susceptor. The design of experiments method was used to understand the role of microwave power (300 W, 450 W, and 600 W) and susceptor quantity (5 g, 10 g, and 15 g) in the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis was conducted till the temperature reached up to 600 °C, and this temperature was achieved in the time interval of 14-38 min based on the experimental conditions. The obtained average heating rates varied in the range of 15 to 41 °C/min to attain the pyrolysis temperature. The EPS feed was converted into char (~ 2.5 wt.%), oil (51 to 60 wt.%), and gaseous (37 to 47 wt.%) products. The specific microwave energy (J/g) was calculated to know the energy requirement; it increased with an increase in susceptor quantity and microwave power, whereas specific microwave power (W/g) was a function of microwave power and increased from 15 to 30 W/g. The predicted values calculated using the model equations closely matched the actual values showing that the developed model equations via optimization had a good fit. The obtained pyrolysis oil physicochemical properties including viscosity (1 to 1.4 cP), density (990 to 1030 kg/m3), heating value (39 to 42 MJ/kg), and flash point (98 to 101 °C) were thoroughly analyzed. The pyrolysis oil was rich in aromatic hydrocarbons and it was predominantly composed of styrene, cyclopropyl methylbenzene, and alkylbenzene derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kachhadiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Gajera Jalpa Vijaybhai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Payal Raghuvanshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Dadi Venkata Surya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India.
| | - Swapnil Dharaskar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Gurrala Pavan Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Busigari Rajasekhar Reddy
- Department of Fuel, Mineral and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Tanneru Hemanth Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Petroleum Energy, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
| | - Tanmay Basak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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Nanda S, Sarker TR, Kang K, Li D, Dalai AK. Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4563. [PMID: 37444877 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. This article reviews the sources, geographical occurrence, characteristics and recyclability of different types of plastic waste. This article presents a comprehensive summary of promising thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification, for the conversion of single-use plastic wastes to clean fuels. The operating principles, drivers and barriers for plastic-to-fuel technologies via pyrolysis (non-catalytic, catalytic, microwave and plasma), as well as liquefaction and gasification, are thoroughly discussed. Thermochemical co-processing of plastics with other organic waste biomass to produce high-quality fuel and energy products is also elaborated upon. Through this state-of-the-art review, it is suggested that, by investing in the research and development of thermochemical recycling technologies, one of the most pragmatic issues today, i.e., plastics waste management, can be sustainably addressed with a greater worldwide impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonil Nanda
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Tumpa R Sarker
- Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Kang Kang
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Dongbing Li
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315104, China
| | - Ajay K Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
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41
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Galaly AR, Dawood N. Energy Recovery and Economic Evaluation for Industrial Fuel from Plastic Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112433. [PMID: 37299232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma gasification is considered an environmentally friendly process to convert plastic waste into fuel oil; a prototype system is described to test and validate the plasma treatment of plastic waste as a strategic vision. The proposed plasma treatment project will deal with a plasma reactor with a waste capacity of 200 t/day. The annual plastic waste production in tons in all regions of Makkah city during 27 years for all months in the years 1994 to 2022 is evaluated. A statistics survey of plastic waste displays the average rate generation ranging from 224 thousand tons in the year 1994 to 400 thousand tons in the year 2022, with an amount of recovered pyrolysis oil; 3.17 × 105 t with the equivalent energy; 12.55 × 109 MJ, and an amount of recovered diesel oil; 2.7 × 105 t with an amount of electricity for sale 2.96 × 106 MW.h. The economic vision will be estimated, using the results of energy generated from diesel oil as an industrial fuel extracted from plastic waste equivalent to 0.2 million barrels of diesel oil, with sales revenue and cash recovery of USD 5 million, considering the sale of each one barrel of diesel extracted from plastic waste in the range of USD 25. It is important to consider that the equivalent barrels of petroleum cost, according to the organization of the petroleum-exporting countries' basket prices, up to USD 20 million. The sales profit (2022) is as follows: for diesel with a sales revenue of diesel oil, USD 5 million, with a rate of return of 4.1%, and a payback period of 3.75 years. The generated electricity reached USD 32 million for households and USD 50 million for factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rida Galaly
- Department of Engineering Science, Applied College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagia Dawood
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Monawara 42363, Saudi Arabia
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Lee HS, Jung S, Lee SW, Kim YT, Lee J. Effects of Ni/Al 2O 3 catalyst treatment condition on thermocatalytic conversion of spent disposable wipes. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023; 40:1-8. [PMID: 37363782 PMCID: PMC10188224 DOI: 10.1007/s11814-023-1461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an essential municipal service. Proper waste treatment is an important part of the waste management. Thermocatalytic waste upcycling has recently gained great interest and attention as a method to extract value from waste, which potentially substitutes traditional waste treatment methods. This study aims at demonstrating the potential for thermocatalytic waste upcycling using spent disposable wipes as an MSW surrogate. Two different Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared, treated under two different atmospheres (N2 and CO2). The catalyst treated in N2 (Ni/Al2O3-N2) exhibited a higher surface metallic Ni site than the catalyst treated in CO2 (Ni/Al2O3-CO2). The use of the Ni/Al2O3-N2 increased the yield of gas pyrolysate and decreased the yield of byproduct (e.g., wax), compared with no catalyst and the Ni/Al2O3-CO2. In particular, the Ni/Al2O3-N2 catalyst affected the generation of gaseous hydrogen (H2) by increasing the H2 yield by up to 102% in comparison with the other thermocatalytic systems. The highest H2 yield obtained with the Ni/Al2O3-N2 was attributed to the most surface metallic Ni sites. However, the Ni/Al2O3-N2 catalyst led to char having a lower higher heating value than the other catalysts due to its lowest carbon content. The results indicated that the reduction treatment environment for Ni/Al2O3 catalyst influences thermocatalytic conversion product yields of spent disposable wipes, including enhanced H2 production. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11814-023-1461-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sue Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419 Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34114 Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34114 Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419 Korea
- School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, 16419 Korea
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Zhu Y, Miao J, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Long M, Wang J, Wu C. Carbon nanotubes production from real-world waste plastics and the pyrolysis behaviour. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:141-151. [PMID: 37172515 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the pyrolysis behaviour of real-world waste plastics (RWWP) and using them as the feedstock to produce carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could serve as an effective solution to address the global waste plastics catastrophe. This research aimed to characterize the pyrolysis behaviour of RWWP via thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and fast pyrolysis-TG/mass spectrometry (Py-TG/MS) analyses. Activation energies (131.04 kJ mol-1 -171.04 kJ mol-1) for RWWP pyrolysis were calculated by three methods: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method, and Starink method. Py-TG/MS results indicated that the RWWP could be identified as polystyrene (RWWP-1), polyethylene (RWWP-2), polyethylene terephthalate (RWWP-3, 4), and polypropylene (RWWP-5, 6). In addition, RWWP-1, 2, 5, 6 outperform RWWP-3 and 4 as sources of carbon for producing CNTs. The results showed a high carbon yield of 32.21 wt% and a high degree of CNT purity at 93.04%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Chunchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Cheng
- Bioenergy Research Group, EBRI, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Bioenergy Research Group, EBRI, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
| | - Chunfei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
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Yang W, Jung S, Lee J, Lee SW, Kim YT, Kwon EE. Selective recovery of caprolactam from the thermo-catalytic conversion of textile waste over γ-Al 2O 3 supported metal catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121684. [PMID: 37087088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The massive generation of synthetic textile waste has drawn considerable attention. Landfilling/incineration of textile waste has been widely made. To abate the environmental burdensome from the conventional management processes, a thermo-catalytic conversion was used for rapid volume reduction of textile waste and simultaneous valorization by recovering textile monomer in this study. Stockings were chosen as a model feedstock. Because stockings consisted of nylon with other contents, different products (caprolactam (nylon monomer), imines, cyclic dimers, and azepines) were recovered. The yield of caprolactam from the thermal conversion at 500 °C was 53.6 wt%. To selectively enhance the caprolactam yield, catalytic pyrolysis was done using γ-Al2O3 supported metal catalysts (Ni, Cu, Fe, or Co). γ-Al2O3 itself increased the caprolactam yield up to 69.0 wt% via a based-catalyzed reaction of nylon depolymerization and intramolecular cyclization. Under the presence of metal catalysts, the caprolactam yield increased up to 73.3 wt%. To offer desired feature of green chemistry, CO2 was adopted as reactive gas. Under the CO2-mediated catalytic pyrolysis, caprolactam yield was enhanced up to 77.1 wt% over Cu/Al2O3 (basis: stocking mass). Based on the net content of nylon in the stockings, the yield of caprolactam was deemed 95.3 wt%. This study proves that textile waste (stocking) and CO2 are useful resources for recovery of nylon monomer, which can reduce the waste generation with simultaneous recovery of value-added product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Yang
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Kanattukara BV, Singh G, Sarkar P, Chopra A, Singh D, Mondal S, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Catalyst-mediated pyrolysis of waste plastics: tuning yield, composition, and nature of pyrolysis oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64994-65010. [PMID: 37074603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With ever-increasing plastic waste, a robust and sustainable methodology to valorize the waste and tweak, the composition of the value added product is the need of the hour. The present study describes the effect of different heterogeneous catalyst systems on the yield, composition and nature of the pyrolysis oil produced from various waste polyolefins like high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and polypropylene (PP). The waste polyolefins were subjected to thermal as well as catalytic pyrolysis. Liquid, gas, and solid products were obtained during the pyrolysis. Various catalysts such as activated alumina (AAL), ZSM-5, FCC catalyst, and halloysite clay (HNT) were used. Usage of catalysts has reduced the temperature of the pyrolysis reaction from 470 to 450 °C with better liquid product yield. PP waste generated higher liquid yield compared to LLDPE and HDPE waste. The highest liquid yield of 70.0% was achieved with PP waste using AAL catalyst at 450 °C. The sulfur and chloride content was found to be < 10 and < 20 ppm respectively in all the pyrolysis liquid. Pyrolysis liquid products were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The obtained liquid products consist of paraffin, naphthene, olefin and aromatic components. Catalyst regeneration experiments with AAL showed that the product distribution profile remains the same up to three cycles of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Preetom Sarkar
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Anju Chopra
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Sujit Mondal
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, 121007, Haryana, India
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Pérez-Huertas S, Calero M, Ligero A, Pérez A, Terpiłowski K, Martín-Lara MA. On the use of plastic precursors for preparation of activated carbons and their evaluation in CO 2 capture for biogas upgrading: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:116-141. [PMID: 36878040 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In circular economy, useful plastic materials are kept in circulation as opposed to being landfilled, incinerated, or leaked into the natural environment. Pyrolysis is a chemical recycling technique useful for unrecyclable plastic wastes that produce gas, liquid (oil), and solid (char) products. Although the pyrolysis technique has been extensively studied and there are several installations applying it on the industrial scale, no commercial applications for the solid product have been found yet. In this scenario, the use of plastic-based char for the biogas upgrading may be a sustainable way to transform the solid product of pyrolysis into a particularly beneficial material. This paper reviews the preparation and main parameters of the processes affecting the final textural properties of the plastic-based activated carbons. Moreover, the application of those materials for the CO2 capture in the processes of biogas upgrading is largely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pérez-Huertas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - M Calero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - A Ligero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - A Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - K Terpiłowski
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, M. Curie Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - M A Martín-Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
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48
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Sharma A, Kumari S, Chopade RL, Pandit PP, Rai AR, Nagar V, Awasthi G, Singh A, Awasthi KK, Sankhla MS. An assessment of the impact of structure and type of microplastics on ultrafiltration technology for microplastic remediation. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231176399. [PMID: 37321675 PMCID: PMC10358477 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231176399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic, which is of size less than 5 mm, is gaining a lot of attention as it has become a new arising contaminant because of its ecophysiology impact on the aquatic environment. These microplastics are found in freshwater or drinking water and are the major carriers of pollutants. Removal of this microplastic can be done through the primary treatment process, secondary treatment process, and tertiary treatment process. One approach for microplastic remediation is ultrafiltration technology, which involves passing water through a membrane with small pores to filter out the microplastics. However, the efficiency of this technology can be affected by the structure and type of microplastics present in the water. New strategies can be created to improve the technology and increase its efficacy in removing microplastics from water by knowing how various types and shapes of microplastics react during ultrafiltration. The filter-based technique, that is, ultrafiltration has achieved the best performance for the removal of microplastic. But with the ultrafiltration, too some microplastic that are of sizes less than of ultrafiltration membrane passes through the filter and enters the food chain. Accumulation of this microplastic on the membrane also leads to membrane fouling. Through this review article, we have assessed the impact of the structure, size, and type of MPs on ultrafiltration technology for microplastic remediation, with that how these factors affect the efficiency of the filtration process and challenges occur during filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Supriya Kumari
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Rushikesh L Chopade
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Pritam P Pandit
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Abhishek R Rai
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Varad Nagar
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Garima Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Apoorva Singh
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kumud Kant Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Mahipal Singh Sankhla
- Department of Forensic Science, University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
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Dey TK, Rasel M, Roy T, Uddin ME, Pramanik BK, Jamal M. Post-pandemic micro/nanoplastic pollution: Toward a sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161390. [PMID: 36621482 PMCID: PMC9814273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in massive plastic pollution from the use of personal protection equipment (PPE), with polypropylene (PP) being a major component. Owing to the weathering of exposed PPEs, such contamination causes microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) pollution and is extremely likely to act as a vector for the transportation of COVID-19 from one area to another. Thus, a post-pandemic scenario can forecast with certainty that a significant amount of plastic garbage combined with MP/NP formation has an adverse effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, updating traditional waste management practices, such as landfilling and incineration, is essential for making plastic waste management sustainable to avert this looming catastrophe. This study investigates the post-pandemic scenario of MP/NP pollution and provides an outlook on an integrated approach to the recycling of PP-based plastic wastes. The recovery of crude oil, solid char, hydrocarbon gases, and construction materials by approximately 75, 33, 55, and 2 %, respectively, could be achieved in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the development of biodegradable and self-sanitizing smart PPEs has been identified as a promising alternative for drastically reducing plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuhin K Dey
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; Microplastics Solution Ltd., Incubation Centre, KUET Business Park, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rasel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; Microplastics Solution Ltd., Incubation Centre, KUET Business Park, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Tapati Roy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, Bangladesh; Microplastics Solution Ltd., Incubation Centre, KUET Business Park, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Elias Uddin
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; Microplastics Solution Ltd., Incubation Centre, KUET Business Park, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Biplob K Pramanik
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, RMIT University, Australia
| | - Mamun Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; Microplastics Solution Ltd., Incubation Centre, KUET Business Park, Khulna, Bangladesh.
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50
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Lee S, Kim YT, Lin KYA, Lee J. Plastic-Waste-Derived Char as an Additive for Epoxy Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2602. [PMID: 37048896 PMCID: PMC10095672 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous amounts of plastic waste are generated daily. The indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste can cause serious global environmental issues, such as leakages of microplastics into the ecosystem. Thus, it is necessary to find a more sustainable way to reduce the volume of plastic waste by converting it into usable materials. Pyrolysis provides a sustainable solution for the production of carbonaceous materials (e.g., char). Plastic-waste-derived char can be used as an additive in epoxy composites to improve the properties and performance of neat epoxy resins. This review compiles relevant knowledge on the potential of additives for epoxy composites originating from plastic waste. It also highlights the potential of plastic-waste-derived char materials for use in materials in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonho Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Chemical and Process Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Civil, Architectural Engineering and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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