1
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Liu M, Khasiyev F, Spagnolo-Allende A, Sanchez DL, Andrews H, Yang Q, Beiser A, Qiao Y, Romero JR, Rundek T, Brickman AM, Manly JJ, Elkind MSV, Seshadri S, Chen C, Del Brutto OH, Hilal S, Wasserman BA, Tosto G, Fornage M, Gutierrez J. Multi-population Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Multiple Novel Loci associated with Asymptomatic Intracranial Large Artery Stenosis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2025:2025.05.06.25327093. [PMID: 40385396 PMCID: PMC12083599 DOI: 10.1101/2025.05.06.25327093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2025]
Abstract
Background Intracranial large artery stenosis (ILAS) is one of the most common causes of stroke worldwide and is associated with the risk for future vascular events. Asymptomatic ILAS is a frequent finding on neuroimaging and shares many risk factors with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Whether asymptomatic ILAS is driven by genetic variants is not well-understood. Methods and Results This study included 4960 participants from seven geographically diverse population-based cohorts (34% Whites, 16% African Americans, 22% Hispanics, 24% Asians, 5% native Ecuadorians). We defined asymptomatic ILAS as luminal stenosis > 50% in any large brain artery using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). A genome-wide association study revealed one variant in RP11-552D8.1 (rs75615271; OR, 1.22 [1.11-1.33]; P=4.85×10-8) associated with global ILAS at genome-wide significance (P<5×10-8). Gene-based association analysis identified a gene-set enriched in chr1q32 region, including NEK2, LPGAT1, INTS7, DTL, and TMEM206, in global ILAS (P=1.34 ×10-7) and anterior ILAS (P=1.77 ×10-8). Conclusion This study reveals one variant rs75615271 associated with asymptomatic ILAS in a multi-population. Further functional studies may help elucidate the role that this variant plays in the pathophysiology of asymptomatic ILAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farid Khasiyev
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antonio Spagnolo-Allende
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danurys L Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard Andrews
- Biostatistics Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Qiao
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose Rafael Romero
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell SV Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espíritu Santo – Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espíritu Santo – Ecuador, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging and Cognition Center, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce A Wasserman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mc Govern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Rogers CB, Leung W, Baxley RM, Kram RE, Wang L, Buytendorp JP, Le K, Largaespada DA, Hendrickson EA, Bielinsky AK. Cell Type Specific Suppression of Hyper-Recombination by Human RAD18 Is Linked to Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen K164 Ubiquitination. Biomolecules 2025; 15:150. [PMID: 39858544 PMCID: PMC11763143 DOI: 10.3390/biom15010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
RAD18 is a conserved eukaryotic E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes genome stability through multiple pathways. One of these is gap-filling DNA synthesis at active replication forks and in post-replicative DNA. RAD18 also regulates homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA breaks; however, the current literature describing the contribution of RAD18 to HR in mammalian systems has not reached a consensus. To investigate this, we examined three independent RAD18-null human cell lines. Our analyses found that loss of RAD18 in HCT116, but neither hTERT RPE-1 nor DLD1 cell lines, resulted in elevated sister chromatid exchange, gene conversion, and gene targeting, i.e., HCT116 mutants were hyper-recombinogenic (hyper-rec). Interestingly, these phenotypes were linked to RAD18's role in PCNA K164 ubiquitination, as HCT116 PCNAK164R/+ mutants were also hyper-rec, consistent with previous studies in rad18-/- and pcnaK164R avian DT40 cells. Importantly, the knockdown of UBC9 to prevent PCNA K164 SUMOylation did not affect hyper-recombination, strengthening the link between increased recombination and RAD18-catalyzed PCNA K164 ubiquitination, but not K164 SUMOylation. We propose that the hierarchy of post-replicative repair and HR, intrinsic to each cell type, dictates whether RAD18 is required for suppression of hyper-recombination and that this function is linked to PCNA K164 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette B. Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kram
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Liangjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph P. Buytendorp
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Khoi Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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3
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Yang Y, Jayaprakash D, Jhujh S, Reynolds J, Chen S, Gao Y, Anand J, Mutter-Rottmayer E, Ariel P, An J, Cheng X, Pearce K, Blanchet SA, Nandakumar N, Zhou P, Fradet-Turcotte A, Stewart G, Vaziri C. PCNA-binding activity separates RNF168 functions in DNA replication and DNA double-stranded break signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:13019-13035. [PMID: 39445802 PMCID: PMC11602139 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNF168 orchestrates a ubiquitin-dependent DNA damage response to regulate the recruitment of repair factors, such as 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition to its canonical functions in DSB signaling, RNF168 may facilitate DNA replication fork progression. However, the precise role of RNF168 in DNA replication remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RNF168 is recruited to DNA replication factories in a manner that is independent of the canonical DSB response pathway regulated by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and RNF8. We identify a degenerate Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA)-interacting peptide (DPIP) motif in the C-terminus of RNF168, which together with its Motif Interacting with Ubiquitin (MIU) domain mediates binding to mono-ubiquitylated PCNA at replication factories. An RNF168 mutant harboring inactivating substitutions in its DPIP box and MIU1 domain (termed RNF168 ΔDPIP/ΔMIU1) is not recruited to sites of DNA synthesis and fails to support ongoing DNA replication. Notably, the PCNA interaction-deficient RNF168 ΔDPIP/ΔMIU1 mutant fully rescues the ability of RNF168-/- cells to form 53BP1 foci in response to DNA DSBs. Therefore, RNF168 functions in DNA replication and DSB signaling are fully separable. Our results define a new mechanism by which RNF168 promotes DNA replication independently of its canonical functions in DSB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deepika Jayaprakash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adam’s School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 385 S Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Satpal S Jhujh
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - John J Reynolds
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steve Chen
- Cytiva Life Sciences, Global Life Sciences Solutions USA LLC, 100 Results Way, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jay Ramanlal Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pablo Ariel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, 6 Bao Jian Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital,181 Hanyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kenneth H Pearce
- Center For Integrated Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7363, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sophie-Anne Blanchet
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Canada
| | - Nandana Nandakumar
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Canada
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, 307 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, 9 McMahon, Québec, Canada
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, 160 Medical Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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Cheng J, Bin X, Tang Z. Cullin-RING Ligase 4 in Cancer: Structure, Functions, and Mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189169. [PMID: 39117093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4) has attracted enormous attentions because of its extensive regulatory roles in a wide variety of biological and pathological events, especially cancer-associated events. CRL4 exerts pleiotropic effects by targeting various substrates for proteasomal degradation or changes in activity through different internal compositions to regulate diverse events in cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the structure of CRL4 with manifold compositional modes and clarify the emerging functions and molecular mechanisms of CRL4 in a series of cancer-associated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cheng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Bin
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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5
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Dasgupta A, Nandi S, Gupta S, Roy S, Das C. To Ub or not to Ub: The epic dilemma of histones that regulate gene expression and epigenetic cross-talk. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195033. [PMID: 38750882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
A dynamic array of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate diverse cellular processes in the eukaryotic chromatin. Among them, histone ubiquitination is particularly complex as it alters nucleosome surface area fostering intricate cross-talk with other chromatin modifications. Ubiquitin signaling profoundly impacts DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Histones can undergo varied extent of ubiquitination such as mono, multi-mono, and polyubiquitination, which brings about distinct cellular fates. Mechanistic studies of the ubiquitin landscape in chromatin have unveiled a fascinating tapestry of events that orchestrate gene regulation. In this review, we summarize the key contributors involved in mediating different histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination events, and discuss their mechanism which impacts cell transcriptional identity and DNA damage response. We also focus on the proteins bearing epigenetic reader modules critical in discerning site-specific histone ubiquitination, pivotal for establishing complex epigenetic crosstalk. Moreover, we highlight the role of histone ubiquitination in different human diseases including neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Overall the review elucidates the intricate orchestration of histone ubiquitination impacting diverse cellular functions and disease pathogenesis, and provides insights into the current challenges of targeting them for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dasgupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Sandhik Nandi
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sayan Gupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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6
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Cybulla E, Wallace S, Meroni A, Jackson J, Agashe S, Tennakoon M, Limbu M, Quinet A, Lomonosova E, Noia H, Tirman S, Wood M, Lemacon D, Fuh K, Zou L, Vindigni A. A RAD18-UBC13-PALB2-RNF168 axis mediates replication fork recovery in BRCA1-deficient cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:8861-8879. [PMID: 38943334 PMCID: PMC11347138 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BRCA1/2 proteins function in genome stability by promoting repair of double-stranded DNA breaks through homologous recombination and by protecting stalled replication forks from nucleolytic degradation. In BRCA1/2-deficient cancer cells, extensively degraded replication forks can be rescued through distinct fork recovery mechanisms that also promote cell survival. Here, we identified a novel pathway mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18, the E2-conjugating enzyme UBC13, the recombination factor PALB2, the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 and PCNA ubiquitination that promotes fork recovery in BRCA1- but not BRCA2-deficient cells. We show that this pathway does not promote fork recovery by preventing replication fork reversal and degradation in BRCA1-deficient cells. We propose a mechanism whereby the RAD18-UBC13-PALB2-RNF168 axis facilitates resumption of DNA synthesis by promoting re-annealing of the complementary single-stranded template strands of the extensively degraded forks, thereby allowing re-establishment of a functional replication fork. We also provide preliminary evidence for the potential clinical relevance of this novel fork recovery pathway in BRCA1-mutated cancers, as RAD18 is over-expressed in BRCA1-deficient cancers, and RAD18 loss compromises cell viability in BRCA1-deficient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cybulla
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Sierra Wallace
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alice Meroni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sumedha Agashe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mithila Tennakoon
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mangsi Limbu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Lomonosova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hollie Noia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie Tirman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Delphine Lemacon
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Katherine Fuh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Lin Y, Tang W, Huang P, Wang Z, Duan L, Jia C, Sun R, Liu L, Shen J. Denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (DTL) maintains the proliferation and differentiation of epidermis and hair follicles during skin development. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:635-647. [PMID: 38131461 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A precise balance between the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal progenitors is required to achieve the barrier function during the development of epidermis. During the entire process of skin development, the newly formed basal layer cells divide, differentiate, and migrate outward to the surface of the skin, which is tightly regulated by a series of events related to cell cycle progression. The CRL4DTL complex (Cullin 4 RING ligase, in association with the substrate receptor DTL) has long emerged as a master regulator in various cellular processes, which mediates the degradation of key cell cycle proteins. However, the roles of DTL in regulating epidermal morphogenesis during skin development remain unclear. RESULTS We showed that DTL deficiency in epidermal progenitor cells leads to defects in epidermal stratification and loss of hair follicles accompanied by reduced epidermal progenitor cells and disturbed cell cycle progression during skin development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that p53 pathway is activated in DTL-depleted epidermal progenitor cells. The apoptosis of epidermal cells showed in DTL deficiency mice is rescued by the absence of p53, but the proliferation and differentiation defects were p53-independent. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that DTL plays a vital role in epidermal malformation during skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weibo Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chonghui Jia
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruizhen Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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8
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Salas-Lloret D, García-Rodríguez N, Soto-Hidalgo E, González-Vinceiro L, Espejo-Serrano C, Giebel L, Mateos-Martín ML, de Ru AH, van Veelen PA, Huertas P, Vertegaal ACO, González-Prieto R. BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitinates PCNA in unperturbed conditions to promote continuous DNA synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4292. [PMID: 38769345 PMCID: PMC11106271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene are the main cause of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 is involved in the Homologous Recombination DNA repair pathway and, together with BARD1, forms a heterodimer with ubiquitin E3 activity. The relevance of the BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin E3 activity for tumor suppression and DNA repair remains controversial. Here, we observe that the BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin E3 activity is not required for Homologous Recombination or resistance to Olaparib. Using TULIP2 methodology, which enables the direct identification of E3-specific ubiquitination substrates, we identify substrates for BRCA1/BARD1. We find that PCNA is ubiquitinated by BRCA1/BARD1 in unperturbed conditions independently of RAD18. PCNA ubiquitination by BRCA1/BARD1 avoids the formation of ssDNA gaps during DNA replication and promotes continuous DNA synthesis. These results provide additional insight about the importance of BRCA1/BARD1 E3 activity in Homologous Recombination.
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Grants
- KWF-KIG 11367/2017-2 KWF Kankerbestrijding (Dutch Cancer Society)
- EMERGIA20_00276 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- EMERGIA21_00057 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- 310913 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR - Grants: CNS2022-135216 ; MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union : PID2021-122361NA-I00
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salas-Lloret
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Néstor García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emily Soto-Hidalgo
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lourdes González-Vinceiro
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lisanne Giebel
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - María Luisa Mateos-Martín
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Proteomics Facility, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Huertas
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Andalusian Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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9
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Tian J, Wen M, Gao P, Feng M, Wei G. RUVBL1 ubiquitination by DTL promotes RUVBL1/2-β-catenin-mediated transcriptional regulation of NHEJ pathway and enhances radiation resistance in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:259. [PMID: 38609375 PMCID: PMC11015013 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy effectiveness in breast cancer is limited by radioresistance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms behind radioresistance are not yet fully understood. RUVBL1 and RUVBL2, referred to as RUVBL1/2, are crucial AAA+ ATPases that act as co-chaperones and are connected to cancer. Our research revealed that RUVBL1, also known as pontin/TIP49, is excessively expressed in MMTV-PyMT mouse models undergoing radiotherapy, which is considered a murine spontaneous breast-tumor model. Our findings suggest that RUVBL1 enhances DNA damage repair and radioresistance in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we discovered that DTL, also known as CDT2 or DCAF2, which is a substrate adapter protein of CRL4, promotes the ubiquitination of RUVBL1 and facilitates its binding to RUVBL2 and transcription cofactor β-catenin. This interaction, in turn, attenuates its binding to acetyltransferase Tat-interacting protein 60 (TIP60), a comodulator of nuclear receptors. Subsequently, ubiquitinated RUVBL1 promotes the transcriptional regulation of RUVBL1/2-β-catenin on genes associated with the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. This process also attenuates TIP60-mediated H4K16 acetylation and the homologous recombination (HR) repair process. Expanding upon the prior study's discoveries, we exhibited that the ubiquitination of RUVBL1 by DTL advances the interosculation of RUVBL1/2-β-catenin. And, it then regulates the transcription of NHEJ repair pathway protein. Resulting in an elevated resistance of breast cancer cells to radiation therapy. From the aforementioned, it is evident that targeting DTL-RUVBL1/2-β-catenin provides a potential radiosensitization approach when treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Mingxin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Maoxiao Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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10
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Kalweit K, Gölling V, Kosan C, Jungnickel B. Role of Rad18 in B cell activation and lymphomagenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7066. [PMID: 38528023 PMCID: PMC10963733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome integrity is instrumental in preventing cancer. In addition to DNA repair pathways that prevent damage to DNA, damage tolerance pathways allow for the survival of cells that encounter DNA damage during replication. The Rad6/18 pathway is instrumental in this process, mediating damage bypass by ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Previous studies have shown different roles of Rad18 in vivo and in tumorigenesis. Here, we show that B cells induce Rad18 expression upon proliferation induction. We have therefore analysed the role of Rad18 in B cell activation as well as in B cell lymphomagenesis mediated by an Eµ-Myc transgene. We find no activation defects or survival differences between Rad18 WT mice and two different models of Rad18 deficient tumour mice. Also, tumour subtypes do not differ between the mouse models. Accordingly, functions of Rad18 in B cell activation and tumorigenesis may be compensated for by other pathways in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kalweit
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knöll Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Gölling
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knöll Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kosan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knöll Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knöll Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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11
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Xu MJ, Jordan PW. SMC5/6 Promotes Replication Fork Stability via Negative Regulation of the COP9 Signalosome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:952. [PMID: 38256025 PMCID: PMC10815603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that DNA replication fork stalling is a common occurrence during cell proliferation, but there are robust mechanisms to alleviate this and ensure DNA replication is completed prior to chromosome segregation. The SMC5/6 complex has consistently been implicated in the maintenance of replication fork integrity. However, the essential role of the SMC5/6 complex during DNA replication in mammalian cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigate the molecular consequences of SMC5/6 loss at the replication fork in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), employing the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system to deplete SMC5 acutely and reversibly in the defined cellular contexts of replication fork stall and restart. In SMC5-depleted cells, we identify a defect in the restart of stalled replication forks, underpinned by excess MRE11-mediated fork resection and a perturbed localization of fork protection factors to the stalled fork. Previously, we demonstrated a physical and functional interaction of SMC5/6 with the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a cullin deneddylase that enzymatically regulates cullin ring ligase (CRL) activity. Employing a combination of DNA fiber techniques, the AID system, small-molecule inhibition assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses, we show that SMC5/6 promotes the localization of fork protection factors to stalled replication forks by negatively modulating the COP9 signalosome (CSN). We propose that the SMC5/6-mediated modulation of the CSN ensures that CRL activity and their roles in DNA replication fork stabilization are maintained to allow for efficient replication fork restart when a replication fork stall is alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip W. Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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12
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Mellor C, Nassar J, Šviković S, Sale J. PRIMPOL ensures robust handoff between on-the-fly and post-replicative DNA lesion bypass. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:243-258. [PMID: 37971291 PMCID: PMC10783524 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The primase/polymerase PRIMPOL restarts DNA synthesis when replication is arrested by template impediments. However, we do not have a comprehensive view of how PRIMPOL-dependent repriming integrates with the main pathways of damage tolerance, REV1-dependent 'on-the-fly' lesion bypass at the fork and PCNA ubiquitination-dependent post-replicative gap filling. Guided by genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens to survey the genetic interactions of PRIMPOL in a non-transformed and p53-proficient human cell line, we find that PRIMPOL is needed for cell survival following loss of the Y-family polymerases REV1 and POLη in a lesion-dependent manner, while it plays a broader role in promoting survival of cells lacking PCNA K164-dependent post-replicative gap filling. Thus, while REV1- and PCNA K164R-bypass provide two layers of protection to ensure effective damage tolerance, PRIMPOL is required to maximise the effectiveness of the interaction between them. We propose this is through the restriction of post-replicative gap length provided by PRIMPOL-dependent repriming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mellor
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Joelle Nassar
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Saša Šviković
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julian E Sale
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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13
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Blaszczak E, Pasquier E, Le Dez G, Odrzywolski A, Lazarewicz N, Brossard A, Fornal E, Moskalek P, Wysocki R, Rabut G. Dissecting Ubiquitylation and DNA Damage Response Pathways in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using a Proteome-Wide Approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100695. [PMID: 38101750 PMCID: PMC10803944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to genotoxic stress, cells evolved with a complex signaling network referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). It is now well established that the DDR depends upon various posttranslational modifications; among them, ubiquitylation plays a key regulatory role. Here, we profiled ubiquitylation in response to the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using quantitative proteomics. To discover new proteins ubiquitylated upon DNA replication stress, we used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, followed by an enrichment of ubiquitylated peptides and LC-MS/MS. In total, we identified 1853 ubiquitylated proteins, including 473 proteins that appeared upregulated more than 2-fold in response to MMS treatment. This enabled us to localize 519 ubiquitylation sites potentially regulated upon MMS in 435 proteins. We demonstrated that the overexpression of some of these proteins renders the cells sensitive to MMS. We also assayed the abundance change upon MMS treatment of a selection of yeast nuclear proteins. Several of them were differentially regulated upon MMS treatment. These findings corroborate the important role of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation in regulating the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Blaszczak
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Emeline Pasquier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëlle Le Dez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Adrian Odrzywolski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Natalia Lazarewicz
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Audrey Brossard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Moskalek
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Gwenaël Rabut
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, U1305, Rennes, France.
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14
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Wu L, Bai C, Huang K, Yao L, Zhang Z, Ye L, Liu R, Ge X, Xu M, Zhao Y, Cao Q. Epithelial CRL4 DCAF2 Is Critical for Maintaining Intestinal Homeostasis Against DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating the Proliferation and Repair of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:66-80. [PMID: 37968554 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is currently gaining an increasing global interest. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial toward developing IBD; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This study is aimed at elucidating the function of CRL4DCAF2, an E3 ligase, toward mediating intestinal homeostasis. METHODS Colon samples were collected from patients with IBD and healthy individuals to examine the expression of CRL4DCAF2. CRL4DCAF2 conditional knockdown in mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) (DCAF2EKD) were constructed. DCAF2EKD and their littermate control (DCAF2EWT) were treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce acute colitis. Transcriptome analysis was performed on inflamed colon samples obtained from the mice. Cell cycle regulators were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while tight junction and apoptosis proteins were examined via immunofluorescence and western blot. RESULTS CRL4DCAF2 expression was significantly decreased in the inflamed IBD epithelium, and low expression of CRL4DCAF2 associated with high recurrence risk. Mice with DCAF2 specific knockout in IECs suffer from embryonic death. Multiple genes involved in cell proliferation, immune response, and gap junction were differentially expressed in inflamed colon from DCAF2EKD compared with DCAF2EWT. Furthermore, conditional downregulation of CRL4DCAF2 in the intestinal epithelium induced primarily epithelial damage, increased intestinal permeability, and diminished tight junction protein expression. In vivo and in vitro cell transfection experiments revealed that CRL4DCAF2 enhanced cell proliferation by promoting p21 ubiquitination and degradation, thereby inhibiting G2/M cell cycle. In addition, CRL4DCAF2 can also inhibit IEC apoptosis and promote cell autophagy. CONCLUSIONS CRL4DCAF2 downregulation in IECs promotes intestinal barrier dysfunction and inhibits IEC proliferation, thus making it more susceptible to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Lexi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenhao Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaituo Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingya Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingna Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongbei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Ge
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Leung W, Baxley RM, Traband E, Chang YC, Rogers CB, Wang L, Durrett W, Bromley KS, Fiedorowicz L, Thakar T, Tella A, Sobeck A, Hendrickson EA, Moldovan GL, Shima N, Bielinsky AK. FANCD2-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis relies on PCNA K164 ubiquitination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113523. [PMID: 38060446 PMCID: PMC10842461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at lysine 164 (K164) activates DNA damage tolerance pathways. Currently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how PCNA K164 ubiquitination promotes genome stability. To evaluate this, we generated stable cell lines expressing PCNAK164R from the endogenous PCNA locus. Our data reveal that the inability to ubiquitinate K164 causes perturbations in global DNA replication. Persistent replication stress generates under-replicated regions and is exacerbated by the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin. We show that these phenotypes are due, in part, to impaired Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2)-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) in PCNAK164R cells. FANCD2 mono-ubiquitination is significantly reduced in PCNAK164R mutants, leading to reduced chromatin association and foci formation, both prerequisites for FANCD2-dependent MiDAS. Furthermore, K164 ubiquitination coordinates direct PCNA/FANCD2 colocalization in mitotic nuclei. Here, we show that PCNA K164 ubiquitination maintains human genome stability by promoting FANCD2-dependent MiDAS to prevent the accumulation of under-replicated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryan M Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emma Traband
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Colette B Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Liangjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wesley Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kendall S Bromley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lidia Fiedorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Tanay Thakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Anika Tella
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexandra Sobeck
- Institute for Human Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric A Hendrickson
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Naoko Shima
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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16
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Xia D, Zhu X, Wang Y, Gong P, Su HS, Xu X. Implications of ubiquitination and the maintenance of replication fork stability in cancer therapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20222591. [PMID: 37728310 PMCID: PMC10550789 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication forks are subject to intricate surveillance and strict regulation by sophisticated cellular machinery. Such close regulation is necessary to ensure the accurate duplication of genetic information and to tackle the diverse endogenous and exogenous stresses that impede this process. Stalled replication forks are vulnerable to collapse, which is a major cause of genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Replication stress responses, which are organized via a series of coordinated molecular events, stabilize stalled replication forks and carry out fork reversal and restoration. DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways such as homologous recombination and Fanconi anemia also contribute to replication fork stabilization. The signaling network that mediates the transduction and interplay of these pathways is regulated by a series of post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, which affects the activity, stability, and interactome of substrates. In particular, the ubiquitination of replication protein A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen at stalled replication forks promotes the recruitment of downstream regulators. In this review, we describe the ubiquitination-mediated signaling cascades that regulate replication fork progression and stabilization. In addition, we discuss the targeting of replication fork stability and ubiquitination system components as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Xia
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hong-Shu Su
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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17
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Egger T, Aze A, Maiorano D. Detection of endogenous translesion DNA synthesis in single mammalian cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100501. [PMID: 37426760 PMCID: PMC10326377 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is an evolutionarily conserved process that cells activate to tolerate DNA damage. TLS facilitates proliferation under DNA damage conditions and is exploited by cancer cells to gain therapy resistance. It has been so far challenging to analyze endogenous TLS factors such as PCNAmUb and TLS DNA polymerases in single mammalian cells due to a lack of suitable detection tools. We have adapted a flow cytometry-based quantitative method allowing detection of endogenous, chromatin-bound TLS factors in single mammalian cells, either untreated or exposed to DNA-damaging agents. This high-throughput procedure is quantitative, accurate, and allows unbiased analysis of TLS factors' recruitment to chromatin, as well as occurrence of DNA lesions with respect to the cell cycle. We also demonstrate detection of endogenous TLS factors by immunofluorescence microscopy and provide insights into TLS dynamics upon DNA replication forks stalled by UV-C-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Egger
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH) CNRS UMR9002, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Bases of Human Pathologies Department, “Genome Surveillance and Stability” Laboratory, 34396 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Aze
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH) CNRS UMR9002, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Bases of Human Pathologies Department, “Genome Surveillance and Stability” Laboratory, 34396 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Domenico Maiorano
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH) CNRS UMR9002, Université de Montpellier, Molecular Bases of Human Pathologies Department, “Genome Surveillance and Stability” Laboratory, 34396 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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18
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Anand J, Chiou L, Sciandra C, Zhang X, Hong J, Wu D, Zhou P, Vaziri C. Roles of trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad005. [PMID: 36755961 PMCID: PMC9900426 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance and mutagenesis are hallmarks and enabling characteristics of neoplastic cells that drive tumorigenesis and allow cancer cells to resist therapy. The 'Y-family' trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases enable cells to replicate damaged genomes, thereby conferring DNA damage tolerance. Moreover, Y-family DNA polymerases are inherently error-prone and cause mutations. Therefore, TLS DNA polymerases are potential mediators of important tumorigenic phenotypes. The skin cancer-propensity syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XPV) results from defects in the Y-family DNA Polymerase Pol eta (Polη) and compensatory deployment of alternative inappropriate DNA polymerases. However, the extent to which dysregulated TLS contributes to the underlying etiology of other human cancers is unclear. Here we consider the broad impact of TLS polymerases on tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. We survey the ways in which TLS DNA polymerases are pathologically altered in cancer. We summarize evidence that TLS polymerases shape cancer genomes, and review studies implicating dysregulated TLS as a driver of carcinogenesis. Because many cancer treatment regimens comprise DNA-damaging agents, pharmacological inhibition of TLS is an attractive strategy for sensitizing tumors to genotoxic therapies. Therefore, we discuss the pharmacological tractability of the TLS pathway and summarize recent progress on development of TLS inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lilly Chiou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carly Sciandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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19
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Mitotic DNA synthesis in response to replication stress requires the sequential action of DNA polymerases zeta and delta in human cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:706. [PMID: 36759509 PMCID: PMC9911744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene activation creates DNA replication stress (RS) in cancer cells, which can generate under-replicated DNA regions (UDRs) that persist until cells enter mitosis. UDRs also have the potential to generate DNA bridges in anaphase cells or micronuclei in the daughter cells, which could promote genomic instability. To suppress such damaging changes to the genome, human cells have developed a strategy to conduct 'unscheduled' DNA synthesis in mitosis (termed MiDAS) that serves to rescue under-replicated loci. Previous studies have shown that MiDAS proceeds via a POLD3-dependent pathway that shows some features of break-induced replication. Here, we define how human cells utilize both DNA gap filling (REV1 and Pol ζ) and replicative (Pol δ) DNA polymerases to complete genome duplication following a perturbed S-phase. We present evidence for the existence of a polymerase-switch during MiDAS that is required for new DNA synthesis at UDRs. Moreover, we reveal that, upon oncogene activation, cancer cell survival is significantly compromised when REV1 is depleted, suggesting that REV1 inhibition might be a feasible approach for the treatment of some human cancers.
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20
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RAD18 opposes transcription-associated genome instability through FANCD2 recruitment. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010309. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a vulnerable time for genome stability maintenance. Intrinsic stressors, as well as oncogenic stress, can challenge replication by fostering conflicts with transcription and stabilizing DNA:RNA hybrids. RAD18 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for PCNA that is involved in coordinating DNA damage tolerance pathways to preserve genome stability during replication. In this study, we show that RAD18 deficient cells have higher levels of transcription-replication conflicts and accumulate DNA:RNA hybrids that induce DNA double strand breaks and replication stress. We find that these effects are driven in part by failure to recruit the Fanconi Anemia protein FANCD2 at difficult to replicate and R-loop prone genomic sites. FANCD2 activation caused by splicing inhibition or aphidicolin treatment is critically dependent on RAD18 activity. Thus, we highlight a RAD18-dependent pathway promoting FANCD2-mediated suppression of R-loops and transcription-replication conflicts.
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21
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The Nuclear Proteins TP73 and CUL4A Confer Resistance to Cytarabine by Induction of Translesion DNA Synthesis via Mono-ubiquitination of PCNA. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e0708. [PMID: 35519003 PMCID: PMC9067361 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cytarabine is a key problem in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To understand the molecular biology of resistance to cytarabine, a viability-based chemosensitizer screen was utilized. We screened synthetic lethal targets using 437 different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against factors involved in DNA repair mechanisms and cytarabine as the chemical compound. Three hits were identified: CUL4A, TP73, and RFC2. We show here that the ubiquitin ligase CULLIN 4A (CUL4A) and the tumor-suppressive transcription factor p73 contribute to drug resistance by modulating DNA damage response. P73 confers resistance to cytarabine therapy by transactivation of REV3L, encoding the catalytic subunit of translesion DNA polymerase ζ, and CUL4A probably by influencing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the polymerase switch towards error-prone translesion DNA polymerases. Abrogation of the polymerase ζ by siRNA causes identical effects as siRNAs against CUL4A or TP73 and resensitizes cells towards cytarabine therapy in vitro. As CUL4A needs to be activated by neddylation to facilitate the degradation of several proteins including PCNA, we propose a novel explanation for the synergism between cytarabine and the neddylation inhibitor pevonedistat by inhibition of translesion synthesis. In keeping with this, in AML patients treated with cytarabine, we found high expression of CUL4A and TP73 to be associated with poor prognosis.
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22
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Li Z, Wang R, Qiu C, Cao C, Zhang J, Ge J, Shi Y. Role of DTL in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Impact on the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834606. [PMID: 35392073 PMCID: PMC8980229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The crucial role of DTL has been previously implicated in genomic stability; however, its prognostic value and its relation with tumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be further explored. Methods Transcriptional and mutational datasets as well as clinical information were retrieved from the GEO, ICGC, and TCGA databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the comparison of DTLhigh and DTLlow expression groups of the TCGA-HCC cohort. Those genes were under KEGG and gene ontology (GO) analyses to decipher the influence of the DTL gene on the biological behavior of HCC tumor cells. The survival status and mutational characteristics of patients according to DTL levels were depicted and analyzed. The DTL overexpression in HCC and its impact on prognosis were further confirmed by a cohort of 114 HCC patients (validation cohort). The TIMER, GEPIA, and TISIDB databases were adopted to investigate the potential relations between DTL levels and the status of immune cells, as well as immune cell infiltrations. Results The DTL gene is overexpressed in tumor tissues compared with distant non-malignant liver tissues, and DTL overexpression in HCC would enhance the HCC cells in the activities of cell cycle and division. HCC patients with high DTL expression have unfavorable clinical outcomes and harbor more somatic mutations than those with low DTL expression, and multivariate analysis also revealed that DTL overexpression could act as an independent biomarker for prognosis. Moreover, the DTL gene was positively linked to marker sets of infiltrating activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; however, these cells demonstrated to be functionally exhausted. Conclusions Patients with a DTL overexpression phenotype in HCC have poorer prognosis than those in the DTLlow group due to the role of the DTL gene in the process of pro-cell proliferation, accompanied by the immunosuppressive microenvironment and T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University Organ Transplantation Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rangrang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA)-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanping Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Wu D, Banerjee A, Cai S, Li N, Han C, Bai X, Zhang J, Wang QE. Determination of DNA lesion bypass using a ChIP-based assay. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 108:103230. [PMID: 34571449 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA lesion bypass facilitates DNA synthesis across bulky DNA lesions, playing a critical role in DNA damage tolerance and cell survival after DNA damage. Assessing lesion bypass efficiency in the cell is important to better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Here we developed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based method to measure lesion bypass activity across cisplatin-induced intrastrand crosslinks in cancer cells. DNA lesion bypass enables the replication to continue in the presence of replication blocks. Thus, the successful lesion bypass should result in the coexistence of DNA lesions and the newly synthesized DNA fragment opposite to this lesion. Using ChIP, we precipitated the cisplatin-induced intrastrand crosslinks, and quantitated the precipitated newly synthesized DNA that was labeled with BrdU. We validated this method on ovarian cancer cells with inhibited TLS activity. We then applied this method to show that ovarian cancer stem cells exhibit high lesion bypass activity relative to bulk cancer cells from the same cell line. In conclusion, this novel ChIP-based lesion bypass assay can detect the extent to which cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are bypassed in live cells. Our study may be applied more broadly to the study of other DNA lesions, as specific antibodies to these specific lesions are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shurui Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chunhua Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuetao Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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24
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TENT4A Non-Canonical Poly(A) Polymerase Regulates DNA-Damage Tolerance via Multiple Pathways That Are Mutated in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136957. [PMID: 34203408 PMCID: PMC8267958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TENT4A (PAPD7) is a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase, of which little is known. Here, we show that TENT4A regulates multiple biological pathways and focuses on its multilayer regulation of translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), in which error-prone DNA polymerases bypass unrepaired DNA lesions. We show that TENT4A regulates mRNA stability and/or translation of DNA polymerase η and RAD18 E3 ligase, which guides the polymerase to replication stalling sites and monoubiquitinates PCNA, thereby enabling recruitment of error-prone DNA polymerases to damaged DNA sites. Remarkably, in addition to the effect on RAD18 mRNA stability via controlling its poly(A) tail, TENT4A indirectly regulates RAD18 via the tumor suppressor CYLD and via the long non-coding antisense RNA PAXIP1-AS2, which had no known function. Knocking down the expression of TENT4A or CYLD, or overexpression of PAXIP1-AS2 led each to reduced amounts of the RAD18 protein and DNA polymerase η, leading to reduced TLS, highlighting PAXIP1-AS2 as a new TLS regulator. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TLS error-prone DNA polymerase genes and their TENT4A-related regulators are frequently mutated in endometrial cancer genomes, suggesting that TLS is dysregulated in this cancer.
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25
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Chen Y, Shao X, Cao J, Zhu H, Yang B, He Q, Ying M. Phosphorylation regulates cullin-based ubiquitination in tumorigenesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:309-321. [PMID: 33643814 PMCID: PMC7893081 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) recognize and interact with substrates for ubiquitination and degradation, and can be targeted for disease treatment when the abnormal expression of substrates involves pathologic processes. Phosphorylation, either of substrates or receptors of CRLs, can alter their interaction. Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and proteasome degradation influence various cellular processes and can contribute to the occurrence of various diseases, most often tumorigenesis. These processes have the potential to be used for tumor intervention through the regulation of the activities of related kinases, along with the regulation of the stability of specific oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. This review describes the mechanisms and biological functions of crosstalk between phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and most importantly its influence on tumorigenesis, to provide new directions and strategies for tumor therapy.
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Key Words
- AIRE, autoimmune regulator
- AKT, AKT serine/threonine kinase
- ATR, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related
- BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator
- BMAL1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like
- CDK2/4, cyclin dependent kinase 2/4
- CDT2, denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog
- CHK1, checkpoint kinase 1
- CK1/2, casein kinase I/II
- CLOCK, clock circadian regulator
- COMMD1, copper metabolism domain containing 1
- CRL, cullin-RING ligase
- CRY1, cryptochrome circadian regulator 1
- CSN, COP9 signalosome
- Ci, cubitus interruptus
- Crosstalk
- Cullin-RING ligases
- DDB1, damage specific DNA binding protein 1
- DYRK1A/B, dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinases 1A/B
- Degradation
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ERG, ETS transcription factor ERG
- ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- EXO1, exonuclease 1
- FBW7, F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7
- FBXL3, F-box and leucine rich repeat protein
- FBXO3/31, F-box protein 3/31
- FZR1, fizzy and cell division cycle 20 related 1
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinomas
- HIB, Hedghog-induced MATH and BTB domain-containing protein
- HIF1α, NF-κB and hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
- ID2, inhibitor of DNA binding 2
- JAB1, c-Jun activation domain binding protein-1
- KBTBD8, kelch repeat and BTB domain containing 8
- KDM2B, lysine demethylase 2B
- KEAP1, kelch like ECH associated protein 1
- KLHL3, kelch like family member 3
- KRAS, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase
- Kinases
- MYC, MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor
- NEDD8, NEDD8 ubiquitin like modifier
- NOLC1, nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1
- NRF2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2
- P-TEFb, positive transcription elongation factor b
- PDL1, programmed death ligand 1
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2 isoform
- PYGO2, pygopus 2
- Phosphorylation
- RA, retinoic acid
- RARα, RA receptor α
- RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2
- SNAIL1, snail family transcriptional repressor 1
- SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6
- SPOP, speckle-type POZ protein
- SRC-3, nuclear receptor coactivator 3
- TCN, triciribine hydrate
- TCOF1, treacle ribosome biogenesis factor 1
- TRF1, telomeric repeat binding factor 1
- Targeted therapy
- Tumorigenesis
- USP37, ubiquitin specific peptidase 37
- Ubiquitination
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor
- Vps34, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- ZBTB16, zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16
- c-Fos, Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit
- p130Cas, BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member
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Lee KY, Park SH. Eukaryotic clamp loaders and unloaders in the maintenance of genome stability. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1948-1958. [PMID: 33339954 PMCID: PMC8080817 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a critical role as a processivity factor for DNA polymerases and as a binding and acting platform for many proteins. The ring-shaped PCNA homotrimer and the DNA damage checkpoint clamp 9-1-1 are loaded onto DNA by clamp loaders. PCNA can be loaded by the pentameric replication factor C (RFC) complex and the CTF18-RFC-like complex (RLC) in vitro. In cells, each complex loads PCNA for different purposes; RFC-loaded PCNA is essential for DNA replication, while CTF18-RLC-loaded PCNA participates in cohesion establishment and checkpoint activation. After completing its tasks, PCNA is unloaded by ATAD5 (Elg1 in yeast)-RLC. The 9-1-1 clamp is loaded at DNA damage sites by RAD17 (Rad24 in yeast)-RLC. All five RFC complex components, but none of the three large subunits of RLC, CTF18, ATAD5, or RAD17, are essential for cell survival; however, deficiency of the three RLC proteins leads to genomic instability. In this review, we describe recent findings that contribute to the understanding of the basic roles of the RFC complex and RLCs and how genomic instability due to deficiency of the three RLCs is linked to the molecular and cellular activity of RLC, particularly focusing on ATAD5 (Elg1). The attachment and removal of clamp proteins that encircle DNA as it is copied and assist its replication and maintenance is mediated by DNA clamp loader and unloader proteins; defects in loading and unloading can increase the rate of damaging mutations. Kyoo-young Lee and Su Hyung Park at the Institute for Basic Science in Ulsan, South Korea, review current understanding of the activity of clamp loading and unloading proteins. They examine research on the proteins in eukaryotic cells, those containing a cell nucleus, making their discussion relevant to understanding the stability of the human genome. They focus particular attention on a protein called ATAD5, which is involved in unloading the clamp proteins. Deficiencies in ATAD5 function have been implicated in genetic instability that might lead to several different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoo-Young Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Su Hyung Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea
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Conti BA, Smogorzewska A. Mechanisms of direct replication restart at stressed replisomes. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102947. [PMID: 32853827 PMCID: PMC7669714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Conti
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA.
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Yu H, Lin L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:209. [PMID: 32958760 PMCID: PMC7506548 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1196] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members. Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis, the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent, in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ, immune homeostasis and immune response. The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways. Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers, and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangbin Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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TRIM28 functions as the SUMO E3 ligase for PCNA in prevention of transcription induced DNA breaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23588-23596. [PMID: 32900933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004122117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cells, the DNA replication factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) can be conjugated to either the small ubiquitinlike modifier SUMO1 or SUMO2, but only SUMO2-conjugated PCNA is induced by transcription to facilitate resolution of transcription-replication conflict (TRC). To date, the SUMO E3 ligase that provides substrate specificity for SUMO2-PCNA conjugation in response to TRC remains unknown. Using a proteomic approach, we identified TRIM28 as the E3 ligase that catalyzes SUMO2-PCNA conjugation. In vitro, TRIM28, together with the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-interacting protein RECQ5, promotes SUMO2-PCNA conjugation but inhibits SUMO1-PCNA formation. This activity requires a PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) motif located within the bromodomain of TRIM28. In cells, TRIM28 interaction with PCNA on human chromatin is dependent on both transcription and RECQ5, and SUMO2-PCNA level correlates with TRIM28 expression. As a consequence, TRIM28 depletion led to RNAPII accumulation at TRC sites, and expression of a TRIM28 PIP mutant failed to suppress TRC-induced DNA breaks.
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Ma X, Tang TS, Guo C. Regulation of translesion DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:680-692. [PMID: 31983077 DOI: 10.1002/em.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of all living cells are under endogenous and exogenous attacks every day, causing diverse genomic lesions. Most of the lesions can be timely repaired by multiple DNA repair pathways. However, some may persist during S-phase, block DNA replication, and challenge genome integrity. Eukaryotic cells have evolved DNA damage tolerance (DDT) to mitigate the lethal effects of arrested DNA replication without prior removal of the offending DNA damage. As one important mode of DDT, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) utilizes multiple low-fidelity DNA polymerases to incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions to maintain genome integrity. Three different mechanisms have been proposed to regulate the polymerase switching between high-fidelity DNA polymerases in the replicative machinery and one or more specialized enzymes. Additionally, it is known that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mono-ubiquitination is essential for optimal TLS. Given its error-prone property, TLS is closely associated with spontaneous and drug-induced mutations in cells, which can potentially lead to tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, TLS process must be tightly modulated to avoid unwanted mutagenesis. In this review, we will focus on polymerase switching and PCNA mono-ubiquitination, the two key events in TLS pathway in mammalian cells, and summarize current understandings of regulation of TLS process at the levels of protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications as well as transcription and noncoding RNAs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:680-692, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Ma
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Panagopoulos A, Taraviras S, Nishitani H, Lygerou Z. CRL4Cdt2: Coupling Genome Stability to Ubiquitination. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:290-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pilzecker B, Buoninfante OA, Jacobs H. DNA damage tolerance in stem cells, ageing, mutagenesis, disease and cancer therapy. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7163-7181. [PMID: 31251805 PMCID: PMC6698745 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response network guards the stability of the genome from a plethora of exogenous and endogenous insults. An essential feature of the DNA damage response network is its capacity to tolerate DNA damage and structural impediments during DNA synthesis. This capacity, referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT), contributes to replication fork progression and stability in the presence of blocking structures or DNA lesions. Defective DDT can lead to a prolonged fork arrest and eventually cumulate in a fork collapse that involves the formation of DNA double strand breaks. Four principal modes of DDT have been distinguished: translesion synthesis, fork reversal, template switching and repriming. All DDT modes warrant continuation of replication through bypassing the fork stalling impediment or repriming downstream of the impediment in combination with filling of the single-stranded DNA gaps. In this way, DDT prevents secondary DNA damage and critically contributes to genome stability and cellular fitness. DDT plays a key role in mutagenesis, stem cell maintenance, ageing and the prevention of cancer. This review provides an overview of the role of DDT in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Pilzecker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olimpia Alessandra Buoninfante
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Masuda Y, Masutani C. Spatiotemporal regulation of PCNA ubiquitination in damage tolerance pathways. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:418-442. [PMID: 31736364 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1687420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA is constantly exposed to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous agents, and most DNA lesions inhibit DNA synthesis. To cope with such problems during replication, cells have molecular mechanisms to resume DNA synthesis in the presence of DNA lesions, which are known as DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways. The concept of ubiquitination-mediated regulation of DDT pathways in eukaryotes was established via genetic studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which two branches of the DDT pathway are regulated via ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and homology-dependent repair (HDR), which are stimulated by mono- and polyubiquitination of PCNA, respectively. Over the subsequent nearly two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that regulate DDT pathways in other eukaryotes. Importantly, TLS is intrinsically error-prone because of the miscoding nature of most damaged nucleotides and inaccurate replication of undamaged templates by TLS polymerases (pols), whereas HDR is theoretically error-free because the DNA synthesis is thought to be predominantly performed by pol δ, an accurate replicative DNA pol, using the undamaged sister chromatid as its template. Thus, the regulation of the choice between the TLS and HDR pathways is critical to determine the appropriate biological outcomes caused by DNA damage. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the species-specific regulatory mechanisms of PCNA ubiquitination and how cells choose between TLS and HDR. We then provide a hypothetical model for the spatiotemporal regulation of DDT pathways in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Masuda
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chikahide Masutani
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
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35
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Pilzecker B, Jacobs H. Mutating for Good: DNA Damage Responses During Somatic Hypermutation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:438. [PMID: 30915081 PMCID: PMC6423074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes plays a key role in antibody mediated immunity. SHM in B cells provides the molecular basis for affinity maturation of antibodies. In this way SHM is key in optimizing antibody dependent immune responses. SHM is initiated by targeting the Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) to rearranged V(D)J and switch regions of Ig genes. The mutation rate of this programmed mutagenesis is ~10-3 base pairs per generation, a million-fold higher than the non-AID targeted genome of B cells. AID is a processive enzyme that binds single-stranded DNA and deaminates cytosines in DNA. Cytosine deamination generates highly mutagenic deoxy-uracil (U) in the DNA of both strands of the Ig loci. Mutagenic processing of the U by the DNA damage response generates the entire spectrum of base substitutions characterizing SHM at and around the initial U lesion. Starting from the U as a primary lesion, currently five mutagenic DNA damage response pathways have been identified in generating a well-defined SHM spectrum of C/G transitions, C/G transversions, and A/T mutations around this initial lesion. These pathways include (1) replication opposite template U generates transitions at C/G, (2) UNG2-dependent translesion synthesis (TLS) generates transversions at C/G, (3) a hybrid pathway comprising non-canonical mismatch repair (ncMMR) and UNG2-dependent TLS generates transversions at C/G, (4) ncMMR generates mutations at A/T, and (5) UNG2- and PCNA Ubiquitination (PCNA-Ub)-dependent mutations at A/T. Furthermore, specific strand-biases of SHM spectra arise as a consequence of a biased AID targeting, ncMMR, and anti-mutagenic repriming. Here, we review mammalian SHM with special focus on the mutagenic DNA damage response pathways involved in processing AID induced Us, the origin of characteristic strand biases, and relevance of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Zhou L, Xu G. Cereblon attenuates DNA damage-induced apoptosis by regulating the transcription-independent function of p53. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:69. [PMID: 30683842 PMCID: PMC6347596 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is the substrate receptor of the cullin 4-RING E3 ligase complex and has been employed for targeted protein degradation in the treatment of cancers. However, its normal physiological functions and molecular mechanism in the regulation of DNA damage response are largely unknown. Here we find that CRBN plays a protective role against DNA damage-induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that although CRBN does not affect the ubiquitination and degradation of the tumor suppressor p53, it directly interacts with p53 and therefore, suppresses the interaction between p53 and anti-apoptotic regulators Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. CRBN depletion enhances the interaction between p53 and Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, and thus promotes DNA damage-induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary cells upon etoposide treatment. Moreover, Crbn knockout mice exhibit increased mortality upon etoposide challenge. Taken together, our data elucidate a novel molecular mechanism by which CRBN inhibits DNA damage response in vitro and in vivo. This work extends our understanding of the broad spectrum of physiological roles for CRBN and may suggest its potential application in the treatment of DNA damage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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37
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Cheng J, Guo J, North BJ, Tao K, Zhou P, Wei W. The emerging role for Cullin 4 family of E3 ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:138-159. [PMID: 30602127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Cullin-RING ligase family, Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4) has drawn much attention due to its broad regulatory roles under physiological and pathological conditions, especially in neoplastic events. Based on evidence from knockout and transgenic mouse models, human clinical data, and biochemical interactions, we summarize the distinct roles of the CRL4 E3 ligase complexes in tumorigenesis, which appears to be tissue- and context-dependent. Notably, targeting CRL4 has recently emerged as a noval anti-cancer strategy, including thalidomide and its derivatives that bind to the substrate recognition receptor cereblon (CRBN), and anticancer sulfonamides that target DCAF15 to suppress the neoplastic proliferation of multiple myeloma and colorectal cancers, respectively. To this end, PROTACs have been developed as a group of engineered bi-functional chemical glues that induce the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of substrates via recruiting E3 ligases, such as CRL4 (CRBN) and CRL2 (pVHL). We summarize the recent major advances in the CRL4 research field towards understanding its involvement in tumorigenesis and further discuss its clinical implications. The anti-tumor effects using the PROTAC approach to target the degradation of undruggable targets are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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38
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Leung W, Baxley RM, Moldovan GL, Bielinsky AK. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Tolerance: Post-Translational Regulation of PCNA. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010010. [PMID: 30586904 PMCID: PMC6356670 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant source of stress challenging genomic integrity. To ensure faithful duplication of our genomes, mechanisms have evolved to deal with damage encountered during replication. One such mechanism is referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT). DDT allows for replication to continue in the presence of a DNA lesion by promoting damage bypass. Two major DDT pathways exist: error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) and error-free template switching (TS). TLS recruits low-fidelity DNA polymerases to directly replicate across the damaged template, whereas TS uses the nascent sister chromatid as a template for bypass. Both pathways must be tightly controlled to prevent the accumulation of mutations that can occur from the dysregulation of DDT proteins. A key regulator of error-prone versus error-free DDT is the replication clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA, mainly by ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), play a critical role in DDT. In this review, we will discuss the different types of PTMs of PCNA and how they regulate DDT in response to replication stress. We will also cover the roles of PCNA PTMs in lagging strand synthesis, meiotic recombination, as well as somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ryan M Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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39
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PCNA-mediated stabilization of E3 ligase RFWD3 at the replication fork is essential for DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:13282-13287. [PMID: 30530694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814521115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RING finger and WD repeat domain-containing protein 3 (RFWD3) is an E3 ligase known to facilitate homologous recombination by removing replication protein A (RPA) and RAD51 from DNA damage sites. Further, RPA-mediated recruitment of RFWD3 to stalled replication forks is essential for interstrand cross-link repair. Here, we report that in unperturbed human cells, RFWD3 localizes at replication forks and associates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) via its PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) motif. PCNA association is critical for the stability of RFWD3 and for DNA replication. Cells lacking RFWD3 show slower fork progression, a prolonged S phase, and an increase in the loading of several replication-fork components on the chromatin. These findings all point to increased frequency of stalled forks in the absence of RFWD3. The S-phase defect is rescued by WT RFWD3, but not by the PIP mutant, suggesting that the interaction of RFWD3 with PCNA is critical for DNA replication. Finally, we observe reduced ubiquitination of RPA in cells lacking RFWD3. We conclude that the stabilization of RFWD3 by PCNA at the replication fork enables the polyubiquitination of RPA and its subsequent degradation for proper DNA replication.
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40
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Litwin I, Pilarczyk E, Wysocki R. The Emerging Role of Cohesin in the DNA Damage Response. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120581. [PMID: 30487431 PMCID: PMC6316000 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic material is crucial for all organisms since changes in genetic information may result in genomic instability that causes developmental disorders and cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that preserve genome integrity is of fundamental importance. Cohesin is a multiprotein complex whose canonical function is to hold sister chromatids together from S-phase until the onset of anaphase to ensure the equal division of chromosomes. However, recent research points to a crucial function of cohesin in the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of cohesin function in DNA damage signaling and repair. First, we focus on cohesin architecture and molecular mechanisms that govern sister chromatid cohesion. Next, we briefly characterize the main DDR pathways. Finally, we describe mechanisms that determine cohesin accumulation at DNA damage sites and discuss possible roles of cohesin in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Litwin
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pilarczyk
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
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41
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Yates M, Maréchal A. Ubiquitylation at the Fork: Making and Breaking Chains to Complete DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2909. [PMID: 30257459 PMCID: PMC6213728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete and accurate replication of the genome is a crucial aspect of cell proliferation that is often perturbed during oncogenesis. Replication stress arising from a variety of obstacles to replication fork progression and processivity is an important contributor to genome destabilization. Accordingly, cells mount a complex response to this stress that allows the stabilization and restart of stalled replication forks and enables the full duplication of the genetic material. This response articulates itself on three important platforms, Replication Protein A/RPA-coated single-stranded DNA, the DNA polymerase processivity clamp PCNA and the FANCD2/I Fanconi Anemia complex. On these platforms, the recruitment, activation and release of a variety of genome maintenance factors is regulated by post-translational modifications including mono- and poly-ubiquitylation. Here, we review recent insights into the control of replication fork stability and restart by the ubiquitin system during replication stress with a particular focus on human cells. We highlight the roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin readers and deubiquitylases that provide the required flexibility at stalled forks to select the optimal restart pathways and rescue genome stability during stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlyn Yates
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Fan K, Wang F, Li Y, Chen L, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Duan JY, Huang T, Zhong J, Liu RB, Mao X, Fan H, Guo X, Jin J. CRL4 DCAF2 is required for mature T-cell expansion via Aurora B-regulated proteasome activity. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:74-85. [PMID: 30245026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues requires T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell cycle entry. However, the underlying mechanism regulating cell cycle progression in mature T cells is incompletely understood. Here, we have identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase, CRL4DCAF2, as a critical mediator controlling M phase exit in activated T cells. DCAF2 expression is induced upon TCR stimulation and its deficiency attenuates T cell expansion. Additionally, DCAF2 T cell-specific knockout mice display impaired peripheral T cell maintenance and reduced severity of various autoimmune diseases. Continuous H4K20me1 modification caused by DCAF2 deficiency inhibits the induction of Aurkb expression, which regulates 26S proteasome activity during G2/M phase. CRL4DCAF2 deficiency causes M phase arrest through proteasome-dependent mechanisms in peripheral T cells. Our findings establish DCAF2 as a novel target for T cell-mediated autoimmunity or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengjun Gao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Duan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong-Bei Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xintao Mao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hengyu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jin Jin
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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43
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Maneuvers on PCNA Rings during DNA Replication and Repair. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080416. [PMID: 30126151 PMCID: PMC6116012 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and repair are essential cellular processes that ensure genome duplication and safeguard the genome from deleterious mutations. Both processes utilize an abundance of enzymatic functions that need to be tightly regulated to ensure dynamic exchange of DNA replication and repair factors. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is the major coordinator of faithful and processive replication and DNA repair at replication forks. Post-translational modifications of PCNA, ubiquitination and acetylation in particular, regulate the dynamics of PCNA-protein interactions. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination elicits ‘polymerase switching’, whereby stalled replicative polymerase is replaced with a specialized polymerase, while PCNA acetylation may reduce the processivity of replicative polymerases to promote homologous recombination-dependent repair. While regulatory functions of PCNA ubiquitination and acetylation have been well established, the regulation of PCNA-binding proteins remains underexplored. Considering the vast number of PCNA-binding proteins, many of which have similar PCNA binding affinities, the question arises as to the regulation of the strength and sequence of their binding to PCNA. Here I provide an overview of post-translational modifications on both PCNA and PCNA-interacting proteins and discuss their relevance for the regulation of the dynamic processes of DNA replication and repair.
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Huang T, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Fan K, Wang F, Li Y, Zhong J, Fan HY, Cao Q, Zhou J, Xiao Y, Hu H, Jin J. CRL4 DCAF2 negatively regulates IL-23 production in dendritic cells and limits the development of psoriasis. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1999-2017. [PMID: 30018073 PMCID: PMC6080916 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ligase CRL4DCAF2 is believed to be a pivotal regulator of the cell cycle and is required for mitotic and S phase progression. The NEDD8-targeting drug MLN4924, which inactivates cullin ring-finger ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), has been examined in clinical trials for various types of lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. However, the essential role of CRL4DCAF2 in primary myeloid cells remains poorly understood. MLN4924 treatment, which mimics DCAF2 depletion, also promotes the severity of mouse psoriasis models, consistent with the effects of reduced DCAF2 expression in various autoimmune diseases. Using transcriptomic and immunological approaches, we showed that CRL4DCAF2 in dendritic cells (DCs) regulates the proteolytic fate of NIK and negatively regulates IL-23 production. CRL4DCAF2 promoted the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of NIK independent of TRAF3 degradation. DCAF2 deficiency facilitated NIK accumulation and RelB nuclear translocation. DCAF2 DC-conditional knockout mice displayed increased sensitivity to autoimmune diseases. This study shows that CRL4DCAF2 is crucial for controlling NIK stability and highlights a unique mechanism that controls inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjun Gao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqi Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Y Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Krishnamoorthy V, Khanna R, Parnaik VK. E3 ubiquitin ligase HECW2 targets PCNA and lamin B1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1088-1104. [PMID: 29753763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lamins constitute the major architectural proteins of the nuclear lamina that help in maintaining nuclear organization. Mutations in lamins are associated with diverse degenerative diseases, collectively termed laminopathies. HECW2, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is transcriptionally upregulated in HeLa cells expressing Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy-causing-lamin A mutants. However, the role of HECW2 upregulation in mediating downstream effects in lamin mutant-expressing cells was previously unexplored. Here, we show that HECW2 interacts with two lamin A-binding proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), via a canonical PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) motif, and lamin B1. HECW2 mediates their ubiquitination and targets them for proteasomal degradation. Cells expressing lamin A mutants G232E and Q294P, in which HECW2 is upregulated, show increased proteasomal degradation of PCNA and lamin B1 most likely mediated by HECW2. Our findings establish HECW2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for PCNA and lamin B1 which regulates their levels in laminopathic cells. We also found that HECW2 interacts with wild-type lamin A and ubiquitinates it and this interaction is reduced in case of lamin mutants G232E and Q294P. Our findings suggest that interplay among HECW2, lamin A, PCNA, and lamin B1 determines their respective homeostatic levels in the cell and dysregulation of these interactions may contribute to the pathogenicity of laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Khanna
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Veena K Parnaik
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
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Ohashi E, Tsurimoto T. Functions of Multiple Clamp and Clamp-Loader Complexes in Eukaryotic DNA Replication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1042:135-162. [PMID: 29357057 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC) were identified in the late 1980s as essential factors for replication of simian virus 40 DNA in human cells, by reconstitution of the reaction in vitro. Initially, they were only thought to be involved in the elongation stage of DNA replication. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that PCNA functions as more than a replication factor, through its involvement in multiple protein-protein interactions. PCNA appears as a functional hub on replicating and replicated chromosomal DNA and has an essential role in the maintenance genome integrity in proliferating cells.Eukaryotes have multiple paralogues of sliding clamp, PCNA and its loader, RFC. The PCNA paralogues, RAD9, HUS1, and RAD1 form the heterotrimeric 9-1-1 ring that is similar to the PCNA homotrimeric ring, and the 9-1-1 clamp complex is loaded onto sites of DNA damage by its specific loader RAD17-RFC. This alternative clamp-loader system transmits DNA-damage signals in genomic DNA to the checkpoint-activation network and the DNA-repair apparatus.Another two alternative loader complexes, CTF18-RFC and ELG1-RFC, have roles that are distinguishable from the role of the canonical loader, RFC. CTF18-RFC interacts with one of the replicative DNA polymerases, Polε, and loads PCNA onto leading-strand DNA, and ELG1-RFC unloads PCNA after ligation of lagging-strand DNA. In the progression of S phase, these alternative PCNA loaders maintain appropriate amounts of PCNA on the replicating sister DNAs to ensure that specific enzymes are tethered at specific chromosomal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ohashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tsurimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Regulation of Mammalian DNA Replication via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1042:421-454. [PMID: 29357069 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper regulation of DNA replication ensures the faithful transmission of genetic material essential for optimal cellular and organismal physiology. Central to this regulation is the activity of a set of enzymes that induce or reverse posttranslational modifications of various proteins critical for the initiation, progression, and termination of DNA replication. This is particularly important when DNA replication proceeds in cancer cells with elevated rates of genomic instability and increased proliferative capacities. Here, we describe how DNA replication in mammalian cells is regulated via the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system as well as the consequence of derailed ubiquitylation signaling involved in this important cellular activity.
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48
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Tanoue Y, Toyoda T, Sun J, Mustofa MK, Tateishi C, Endo S, Motoyama N, Araki K, Wu D, Okuno Y, Tsukamoto T, Takeya M, Ihn H, Vaziri C, Tateishi S. Differential Roles of Rad18 and Chk2 in Genome Maintenance and Skin Carcinogenesis Following UV Exposure. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2550-2557. [PMID: 29859927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA polymerase Eta (Polη) cause the sunlight-sensitivity and skin cancer-propensity disorder xeroderma pigmentosum variant. The extent to which Polη function depends on the upstream E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 is controversial and has not been investigated using mouse models. Therefore, we tested the role of Rad18 in UV-inducible skin tumorigenesis. Because Rad18 deficiency leads to compensatory DNA damage signaling by Chk2, we also investigated genetic interactions between Rad18 and Chk2 in vivo. Chk2-/-Rad18-/- mice were prone to spontaneous lymphomagenesis. Both Chk2-/- and Chk2-/-Rad18-/- mice were prone to UV-B irradiation-induced skin tumorigenesis when compared with wild-type (WT) animals, but unexpectedly Rad18-/- mice did not recapitulate the skin tumor propensity of Polη mutants. UV-irradiated Rad18-/- cells were more susceptible to G1/S arrest and apoptosis than WT cultures. Chk2 deficiency alleviated both UV-induced G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis of WT and Rad18-/- cells, but led to increased genomic instability. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the tumor-suppressive role of Polη in UV-treated skin is Rad18 independent. We also define a role for Chk2 in suppressing UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in vivo. This study identifies Chk2 dysfunction as a potential risk factor for sunlight-induced skin tumorigenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanoue
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National institute of Health Sciences Biological safety center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinghua Sun
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Md Kawsar Mustofa
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chie Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Endo
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Motoyama
- Department of Human Nutrition, Sugiyama Jogakuen University School of Life Studies, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yutaka Okuno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Bekpen C, Xie C, Nebel A, Tautz D. Involvement of SPATA31 copy number variable genes in human lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:674-688. [PMID: 29676996 PMCID: PMC5940121 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The SPATA31 (alias FAM75A) gene family belongs to the core duplicon families that are thought to have contributed significantly to hominoid evolution. It is also among the gene families with the strongest signal of positive selection in hominoids. It has acquired new protein domains in the primate lineage and a previous study has suggested that the gene family has expanded its function into UV response and DNA repair. Here we show that over-expression of SPATA31A1 in fibroblast cells leads to premature senescence due to interference with aging-related transcription pathways. We show that there are considerable copy number differences for this gene family in human populations and we ask whether this could influence mutation rates and longevity in humans. We find no evidence for an influence on germline mutation rates, but an analysis of long-lived individuals (> 96 years) shows that they carry significantly fewer SPATA31 copies in their genomes than younger individuals in a control group. We propose that the evolution of SPATA31 copy number is an example for antagonistic pleiotropy by providing a fitness benefit during the reproductive phase of life, but negatively influencing the overall life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Xie
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Yun Z, Zhang X, Gong F, Wang Y, Ji S, Leng L. Ubiquitin‑like protein FAT10 regulates DNA damage repair via modification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7487-7496. [PMID: 29620277 PMCID: PMC5983939 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has an important role as a positive regulator and as a scaffold protein associated with DNA damage bypass and repair pathways by serving as a platform for the recruitment of associated components. As demonstrated in the present study, the ubiquitin-like modifier human leukocyte antigen F locus adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), which binds to PCNA but has not previously been demonstrated to be associated with the DNA damage response (DDR), is induced by ultraviolet/ionizing radiation and VP-16 treatment in HeLa cells. Furthermore, DNA damage enhances FAT10 expression. Immunoprecipitation analysis suggested PCNA is modified by FAT10, and the degradation of FATylated PCNA located in the cytoplasm is regulated by the 26S proteasome, which is also responsible for the upregulation of nuclear foci formation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiment suggested FAT10 co-localizes with PCNA in nuclear foci, thus suggesting that FATylation of PCNA may affect DDR via the induction of PCNA degradation in the cytoplasm or nucleus. In addition, immunohistochemistry experiment suggested the expression levels of FAT10 and PCNA are enhanced in HCC tissues compared with healthy liver tissues; however, the expression of FAT10 is suppressed in regenerated liver tissues, which express high levels of PCNA, thus suggesting that the association between FAT10 and PCNA expression is only exhibited in tumor tissues. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that FAT10 may be involved in DDR and therefore the progression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Yun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gong
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Ji
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ling Leng
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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