1
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Dong J, Liu W, Liu W, Wen Y, Liu Q, Wang H, Xiang G, Liu Y, Hao H. Acute lung injury: a view from the perspective of necroptosis. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:997-1018. [PMID: 38615296 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALI/ARDS is a syndrome of acute onset characterized by progressive hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the primary clinical manifestations. Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell necrosis that is precisely regulated by molecular signals. This process is characterized by organelle swelling and membrane rupture, is highly immunogenic, involves extensive crosstalk with various cellular stress mechanisms, and is significantly implicated in the onset and progression of ALI/ARDS. METHODS The current body of literature on necroptosis and ALI/ARDS was thoroughly reviewed. Initially, an overview of the molecular mechanism of necroptosis was provided, followed by an examination of its interactions with apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, PANOptosis, and NETosis. Subsequently, the involvement of necroptosis in various stages of ALI/ARDS progression was delineated. Lastly, drugs targeting necroptosis, biomarkers, and current obstacles were presented. CONCLUSION Necroptosis plays an important role in the progression of ALI/ARDS. However, since ALI/ARDS is a clinical syndrome caused by a variety of mechanisms, we emphasize that while focusing on necroptosis, it may be more beneficial to treat ALI/ARDS by collaborating with other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Dong
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Weihong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqi Wen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingkuo Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Guohan Xiang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China.
| | - Hao Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China.
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2
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Herbert A. Osteogenesis imperfecta type 10 and the cellular scaffolds underlying common immunological diseases. Genes Immun 2024:10.1038/s41435-024-00277-4. [PMID: 38811682 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-024-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta type 10 (OI10) is caused by loss of function codon variants in the gene SERPINH1 that encodes heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), rather than in a gene specifying bone formation. The HSP47 variants disrupt the folding of both collagen and the endonuclease IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) that splices X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA. Besides impairing bone development, variants likely affect osteoclast differentiation. Three distinct biochemical scaffold play key roles in the differentiation and regulated cell death of osteoclasts. These scaffolds consist of non-templated protein modifications, ordered lipid arrays, and protein filaments. The scaffold components are specified genetically, but assemble in response to extracellular perturbagens, pathogens, and left-handed Z-RNA helices encoded genomically by flipons. The outcomes depend on interactions between RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF, and ZBP1 through short interaction motifs called RHIMs. The causal HSP47 nonsynonymous substitutions occur in a novel variant leucine repeat region (vLRR) that are distantly related to RHIMs. Other vLRR protein variants are causal for a variety of different mendelian diseases. The same scaffolds that drive mendelian pathology are associated with many other complex disease outcomes. Their assembly is triggered dynamically by flipons and other context-specific switches rather than by causal, mendelian, codon variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herbert
- InsideOutBio, 42 8th Street, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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3
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Rameh LE, York JD, Blind RD. Multiple inositol phosphate species enhance stability of active mTOR. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.592113. [PMID: 38746235 PMCID: PMC11092565 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) binds the small metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as shown in structures of mTOR, however it remains unclear if IP6, or any other inositol phosphate species, can activate mTOR kinase activity. Here, we show that multiple, exogenously added inositol phosphate species (IP6, IP5, IP4 and IP3) can all enhance the ability of mTOR and mTORC1 to auto-phosphorylate and incorporate radiolabeled phosphate into peptide substrates in in vitro kinase reactions. Although IP6 did not affect the apparent KM of mTORC1 for ATP, monitoring kinase activity over longer reaction times showed increased product formation, suggesting inositol phosphates stabilize an active form of mTORC1 in vitro. The effects of IP6 on mTOR were reversible, suggesting IP6 bound to mTOR can be exchanged dynamically with the free solvent. Interestingly, we also observed that IP6 could alter mTOR solubility and electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE in the presence of manganese, suggesting divalent cations may play a role in inositol phosphate regulation of mTOR. Together, these data suggest for the first time that multiple inositol phosphate species (IP4, IP5 and IP6) can dynamically regulate mTOR and mTORC1 by promoting a stable, active state of the kinase. Our data suggest that studies of the dynamics of inositol phosphate regulation of mTOR are well justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia E. Rameh
- University of South Alabama, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mobile, AL 36688
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John D. York
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Raymond D. Blind
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN 37232
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4
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Lin Z, Long F, Kang R, Klionsky DJ, Yang M, Tang D. The lipid basis of cell death and autophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:469-488. [PMID: 37768124 PMCID: PMC10936693 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACSL: acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family; DISC: death-inducing signaling complex; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; Dtgn: dispersed trans-Golgi network; FAR1: fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; LPCAT3: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids; MOMP: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; oxPAPC: oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; OxPCs: oxidized phosphatidylcholines; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; POR: cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RCD: regulated cell death; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; SOAT1: sterol O-acyltransferase 1; SCP2: sterol carrier protein 2; SFAs: saturated fatty acids; SLC47A1: solute carrier family 47 member 1; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; VLCFA: very long chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Li J, Liu X, Liu Y, Huang F, Liang J, Lin Y, Hu F, Feng J, Han Z, Chen Y, Chen X, Lin Q, Wu L, Li L. Saracatinib inhibits necroptosis and ameliorates psoriatic inflammation by targeting MLKL. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:122. [PMID: 38331847 PMCID: PMC10853205 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a kind of programmed cell death that causes the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammatory disease including skin inflammation. Activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is the hallmark of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF)-induced necroptosis. Here, we screened a small-molecule compound library and found that saracatinib inhibited TNF-induced necroptosis. By targeting MLKL, Saracatinib interfered with the phosphorylation, translocation, and oligomerization of MLKL induced by TNF. Consistently, mutation of the saracatinib-binding site of MLKL reduced the inhibitory effect of saracatinib on TNF-induced necroptosis. In an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model, saracatinib effectively blocked MLKL phosphorylation and inflammatory responses in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicate that saracatinib inhibits necroptosis by targeting MLKL, providing a potential therapeutic approach for skin inflammation-related diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fangmin Huang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiankun Liang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fen Hu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianting Feng
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeteng Han
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yushi Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiaofa Lin
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanqin Wu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Lisheng Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, China.
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6
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Gu K, Wang F, Sun W, Liu G, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Tian G, Cai J, Zhang R, Wang J. Tryptophan alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury and inflammation by modulating necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways in piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4069-4080. [PMID: 37688392 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2255064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays crucial roles in material metabolism and immune response. Bacterial endotoxin can cause various liver diseases, thereby causing significant economic losses to pig industry. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid in piglets. However, whether tryptophan can alleviate liver injury and inflammation by regulating necroptosis and pyroptosis has not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate whether dietary tryptophan can alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in weaned piglets. 18 weaned piglets were randomly distributed to three treatments, each with 6 replicates: (1) control; (2) LPS-challenged control; (3) LPS + 0.2% tryptophan. After feeding with control or 0.2% tryptophan-supplemented diets for 35 d, pigs were intraperitoneally injected with saline or LPS (100 mg/kg body weight). At 4 h post-injection, blood samples and liver were collected. Results indicated that tryptophan reduced alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, decreased the mRNA expression and protein expression of 70-kDa heat shock proteins. Moreover, tryptophan increased the mRNA expression and protein expression of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens and decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents, and increased catalase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the liver. Meanwhile, tryptophan inhibited pyroptosis-related and necroptosis-related protein expression in liver. Collectively, tryptophan could relieve liver damage, increased the antioxidant capacity and reduced inflammation by inhibiting pyroptosis and necroptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixiao Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruinan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Tang Y, Chu Q, Xie G, Tan Y, Ye Z, Qin C. MLKL regulates Cx43 ubiquitinational degradation and mediates neuronal necroptosis in ipsilateral thalamus after focal cortical infarction. Mol Brain 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37904209 PMCID: PMC10617209 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia; however, its role in the occurrence of secondary thalamic injury after focal cerebral infarction and the mechanism about how mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) executes necroptosis in this pathophysiology are still unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to distal branch of middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). The expression of MLKL, connexin 43 (Cx43) and Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) in vitro and in vivo were assessed by Western blot. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the potential binding sites where MLKL interacted with Cx43, and the ubiquitination degradation of Cx43 regulated by VHL. The interactions among MLKL, Cx43, VHL, and Ubiquitin were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Dye uptake assay were used to examine the Cx43 hemichannels. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured using Fluo-4 AM. Overexpression and site-directed mutagenesis studies were used to study the mechanisms by which MLKL regulates Cx43 ubiquitinational degradation to mediate neuronal necroptosis. We found that MLKL and Cx43 were upregulated in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPN) of the ipsilateral thalamus after dMCAO. In the in vitro experiments MLKL and Cx43 were upregulated after TSZ-mediated necroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The interaction between MLKL and Cx43 inhibited the K48-linked ubiquitination of Cx43 in necroptotic SH-SY5Y cells. VHL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for Cx43, and MLKL competes with VHL for binding to Cx43. Interaction of MLKL Ser454 with Cx43 can trigger the opening of Cx43 hemichannels, causing increased intracellular Ca2+, and cell necroptosis. This innovative study at animal models, cellular, and molecular levels is anticipated to clarify the roles of MLKL and Cx43 in thalamic damage after focal cortical infarction. Our findings may help identify novel targets for neurological recovery after cortical infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Quanhong Chu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Guanfeng Xie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Yafu Tan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Ziming Ye
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530021, China.
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8
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Bernardi P, Gerle C, Halestrap AP, Jonas EA, Karch J, Mnatsakanyan N, Pavlov E, Sheu SS, Soukas AA. Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1869-1885. [PMID: 37460667 PMCID: PMC10406888 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) describes a Ca2+-dependent and cyclophilin D (CypD)-facilitated increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability that allows diffusion of molecules up to 1.5 kDa in size. It is mediated by a non-selective channel, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Sustained mPTP opening causes mitochondrial swelling, which ruptures the outer mitochondrial membrane leading to subsequent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and is implicated in a range of pathologies. However, transient mPTP opening at various sub-conductance states may contribute several physiological roles such as alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and rapid Ca2+ efflux. Since its discovery decades ago, intensive efforts have been made to identify the exact pore-forming structure of the mPT. Both the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and, more recently, the mitochondrial F1FO (F)-ATP synthase dimers, monomers or c-subunit ring alone have been implicated. Here we share the insights of several key investigators with different perspectives who have pioneered mPT research. We critically assess proposed models for the molecular identity of the mPTP and the mechanisms underlying its opposing roles in the life and death of cells. We provide in-depth insights into current controversies, seeking to achieve a degree of consensus that will stimulate future innovative research into the nature and role of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Andrew P Halestrap
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Martinez-Osorio V, Abdelwahab Y, Ros U. The Many Faces of MLKL, the Executor of Necroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10108. [PMID: 37373257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death characterized by the disruption of plasma membrane integrity and the release of intracellular content. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein is the main player of this cell death pathway as it mediates the final step of plasma membrane permeabilization. Despite the significant progress in our knowledge of the necroptotic pathway and MLKL biology, the precise mechanism of how MLKL functions remain unclear. To understand in what way MLKL executes necroptosis, it is crucial to decipher how the molecular machinery of regulated cell death is activated in response to different stimuli or stressors. It is also indispensable to unveiling the structural elements of MLKL and the cellular players that are required for its regulation. In this review, we discuss the key steps that lead to MLKL activation, possible models that explain how it becomes the death executor in necroptosis, and its emerging alternative functions. We also summarize the current knowledge about the role of MLKL in human disease and provide an overview of existing strategies aimed at developing new inhibitors that target MLKL for necroptosis intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martinez-Osorio
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasmin Abdelwahab
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uris Ros
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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10
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Yang C, He X, Wang H, Lin Z, Hou W, Lu Y, Hu S, Li M. Single-Molecule Monitoring of Membrane Association of the Necroptosis Executioner MLKL with Discernible Anchoring and Insertion Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37191260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of membrane proteins that are well-folded in water and become functional after self-insertion into cell membranes is not well understood. Herein we report on single-molecule monitoring of membrane association dynamics of the necroptosis executioner MLKL. We observed that, upon landing, the N-terminal region (NTR) of MLKL anchors onto the surface with an oblique angle and then is immersed in the membrane. The anchoring end does not insert into the membrane, but the opposite end does. The protein is not static, switching slowly between water-exposed and membrane-embedded conformations. The results suggest a mechanism for the activation and function of MLKL in which exposure of H4 is critical for MLKL to adsorb on the membrane, and the brace helix H6 regulates MLKL rather than inhibits it. Our findings provide deeper insights into membrane association and function regulation of MLKL and would have impacts on biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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11
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Pan J, Gan L, Xue J. Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in cancer: Crucial cell death types in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy immune activation. Radiother Oncol 2023; 184:109689. [PMID: 37150447 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell death and antitumor immune activation induced by radiotherapy are extensively well-studied. While radiotherapy is believed to mainly induce tumor cell necrosis and apoptosis, recent studies have shown that it can also induce ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in tumor cells. However, studies on the role of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy immune activation are limited. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive literature on the molecular mechanisms and more recent research progress related to radiotherapy-induced ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in tumor cells. Further, we discuss the role of tumor cells undergoing these types of cell death in immune activation after radiotherapy. In addition, we highlight some unresolved questions on the association of radiotherapy with ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. This review can improve our current understanding of the relationship between radiotherapy and different cell death pathways and provide a theoretical framework to improve the therapeutic effect of tumor radiotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youke Wang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; The Second Collage of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Pan
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Lu Gan
- Research Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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12
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Szczerba M, Johnson B, Acciai F, Gogerty C, McCaughan M, Williams J, Kibler KV, Jacobs BL. Canonical cellular stress granules are required for arsenite-induced necroptosis mediated by Z-DNA-binding protein 1. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabq0837. [PMID: 36917643 PMCID: PMC10561663 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abq0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress granules arise in cells subjected to stress and promote cell survival. A cellular protein that localizes to stress granules is Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), which plays a major role in necroptosis, a programmed cell death pathway mediated by the kinase RIPK3. Here, we showed that the stress granule inducer arsenite activated RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. This pathway required ZBP1, which localized to arsenite-induced stress granules. RIPK3 localized to stress granules in the presence of ZBP1, leading to the formation of ZBP1-RIPK3 necrosomes, phosphorylation of the RIPK3 effector MLKL, and execution of necroptosis. Cells that did not form stress granules did not induce necroptosis in response to arsenite. Together, these results show that arsenite induces ZBP1-mediated necroptosis in a manner dependent on stress granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szczerba
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Francesco Acciai
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Carolina Gogerty
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Megan McCaughan
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jacqueline Williams
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Karen V. Kibler
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Bertram L. Jacobs
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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13
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Gardner C, Davies KA, Zhang Y, Brzozowski M, Czabotar PE, Murphy JM, Lessene G. From (Tool)Bench to Bedside: The Potential of Necroptosis Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2361-2385. [PMID: 36781172 PMCID: PMC9969410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent form of necrotic cell death that results in an inflammatory phenotype. This process contributes profoundly to the pathophysiology of numerous neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, infectious, malignant, and inflammatory diseases. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) pseudokinase have been identified as the key components of necroptosis signaling and are the most promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review recent developments in the field of small-molecule inhibitors of necroptosis signaling, provide guidelines for their use as chemical probes to study necroptosis, and assess the therapeutic challenges and opportunities of such inhibitors in the treatment of a range of clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
R. Gardner
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Davies
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Martin Brzozowski
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - James M. Murphy
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University
of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia,Email;
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14
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Mitroshina EV, Saviuk M, Vedunova MV. Necroptosis in CNS diseases: Focus on astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1016053. [PMID: 36778591 PMCID: PMC9911465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1016053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, necroptosis, a recently described type of cell death, has been reported to play an important role in the development of various brain pathologies. Necroptosis is a cell death mechanism that has morphological characteristics similar to necrosis but is mediated by fundamentally different molecular pathways. Necroptosis is initiated by signaling through the interaction of RIP1/RIP3/MLKL proteins (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/receptor-interacting protein kinase 3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein). RIPK1 kinase is usually inactive under physiological conditions. It is activated by stimulation of death receptors (TNFR1, TNFR2, TLR3, and 4, Fas-ligand) by external signals. Phosphorylation of RIPK1 results in the formation of its complex with death receptors. Further, complexes with the second member of the RIP3 and MLKL cascade appear, and the necroptosome is formed. There is enough evidence that necroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, a point of view that both neurons and glial cells can play a key role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies finds more and more confirmation. Astrocytes play complex roles during neurodegeneration and ischemic brain damage initiating both impair and protective processes. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that induce pathogenic activity of astrocytes remain veiled. In this review, we consider these processes in terms of the initiation of necroptosis. On the other hand, it is important to remember that like other types of programmed cell death, necroptosis plays an important role for the organism, as it induces a strong immune response and is involved in the control of cancerogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex role of necroptosis as an important pathogenetic component of neuronal and astrocyte death in neurodegenerative diseases, epileptogenesis, and ischemic brain damage.
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15
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Kluck GE, Qian AS, Sakarya EH, Quach H, Deng YD, Trigatti BL. Apolipoprotein A1 Protects Against Necrotic Core Development in Atherosclerotic Plaques: PDZK1-Dependent High-Density Lipoprotein Suppression of Necroptosis in Macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:45-63. [PMID: 36353992 PMCID: PMC9762725 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease affecting artery wall and a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Large necrotic cores increase risk of plaque rupture leading to thrombus formation. Necrotic cores are rich in debris from dead macrophages. Programmed necrosis (necroptosis) contributes to necrotic core formation. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) exerts direct atheroprotective effects on different cells within atherosclerotic plaques. Some of these depend on the SR-B1 (scavenger receptor class B type I) and the adapter protein PDZK1 (postsynaptic density protein/Drosophila disc-large protein/Zonula occludens protein containing 1). However, a role for HDL in protecting against necroptosis and necrotic core formation in atherosclerosis is not completely understood. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice engineered to express different amounts of ApoA1 (apolipoprotein A1), or to lack PDZK1 were fed a high fat diet for 10 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque areas, necrotic cores, and key necroptosis mediators, RIPK3 (receptor interacting protein kinase 3), and MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein) were characterized. Cultured macrophages were treated with HDL to determine its effects, as well as the roles of SR-B1, PDZK1, and the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signaling pathway on necroptotic cell death. RESULTS Genetic overexpression reduced, and ApoA1 knockout increased necrotic core formation and RIPK3 and MLKL within atherosclerotic plaques. Macrophages were protected against necroptosis by HDL and this protection required SR-B1, PDZK1, and PI3K/Akt pathway. PDZK1 knockout increased atherosclerosis in LDLRKO mice, increasing necrotic cores and phospho-MLKL; both of which were reversed by restoring PDZK1 in BM-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that HDL in vitro and ApoA1, in vivo, protect against necroptosis in macrophages and necrotic core formation in atherosclerosis, suggesting a pathway that could be a target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E.G. Kluck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander S. Qian
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel H. Sakarya
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Quach
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yak D. Deng
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Wu YY, Li CC, Lin X, Xu F, Shan SK, Guo B, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Lei LM, Duan JY, Tang KX, Cao YC, Yuan LQ. Global publication trends and research trends of necroptosis application in tumor: A bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112484. [PMID: 37169000 PMCID: PMC10164947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Necroptosis is an alternative, caspase-independent programmed cell death that appears when apoptosis is inhibited. A gowing number of studies have reflected the link between necroptosis and tumors. However, only some systematical bibliometric analyses were focused on this field. In this study, we aimed to identify and visualize the cooperation between countries, institutions, authors, and journals through a bibliometric analysis to help understand the hotspot trends and emerging topics regarding necroptosis and cancer research. Methods: The articles and reviews on necroptosis and cancer were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection on 16 September 2022. Countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords in this field were visually analyzed by CtieSpace 5.8.R3, VOSviewer 1.6.18, and R package "bibliometrix." Results: From 2006 to 2022, 2,216 qualified original articles and reviews on necroptosis in tumors were published in 685 academic journals by 13,009 authors in 789 institutions from 75 countries/regions. Publications focusing on necroptosis and cancer have increased violently in the past 16 years, while the citation number peaked around 2008-2011. Most publications were from China, while the United States maintained the dominant position as a "knowledge bridge" in necroptosis and cancer research; meanwhile, Ghent University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive institutions. Moreover, only a tiny portion of the articles were multiple-country publications. Peter Vandenabeele had the most significant publications, while Alexei Degterev was most often co-cited. Peter Vandenabeele also gets the highest h-index and g-index in this research field. Cell Death and Disease was the journal with the most publications on necroptosis and cancer, which was confirmed to be the top core source by Bradford's Law. At the same time, Cell was the leading co-cited journal, and the focus area of these papers was molecular, biology, and immunology. High-frequency keywords mainly contained those that are molecularly related (MLKL, NF-kB, TNF, RIPK3, RIPK1), pathological process related (necroptosis, apoptosis, cell-death, necrosis, autophagy), and mechanism related (activation, expression, mechanisms, and inhibition). Conclusion: This study comprehensively overviews necroptosis and cancer research using bibliometric and visual methods. Research related to necroptosis and cancer is flourishing. Cooperation and communication between countries and institutions must be further strengthened. The information in our paper would provide valuable references for scholars focusing on necroptosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-chun Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yue Duan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke-Xin Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye-Chi Cao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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17
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Lawson CA, Titus DJ, Koehler HS. Approaches to Evaluating Necroptosis in Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:37-75. [PMID: 38159223 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The immune system functions to protect the host from pathogens. To counter host defense mechanisms, pathogens have developed unique strategies to evade detection or restrict host immune responses. Programmed cell death is a major contributor to the multiple host responses that help to eliminate infected cells for obligate intracellular pathogens like viruses. Initiation of programmed cell death pathways during the early stages of viral infections is critical for organismal survival as it restricts the virus from replicating and serves to drive antiviral inflammation immune recruitment through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from the dying cell. Necroptosis has been implicated as a critical programmed cell death pathway in a diverse set of diseases and pathological conditions including acute viral infections. This cell death pathway occurs when certain host sensors are triggered leading to the downstream induction of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). MLKL induction leads to cytoplasmic membrane disruption and subsequent cellular destruction with the release of DAMPs. As the role of this cell death pathway in human disease becomes apparent, methods identifying necroptosis patterns and outcomes will need to be further developed. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of how viruses counteract necroptosis, methods to quantify the pathway, its effects on viral pathogenesis, and its impact on cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Derek J Titus
- Providence Sacred Heart, Spokane Teaching Health Center, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Heather S Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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18
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Schulze-Niemand E, Naumann M. The COP9 signalosome: A versatile regulatory hub of Cullin-RING ligases. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:82-95. [PMID: 36041947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a universal regulator of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) - a family of modular enzymes that control various cellular processes via timely degradation of key signaling proteins. The CSN, with its eight-subunit architecture, employs multisite binding of CRLs and inactivates CRLs by removing a small ubiquitin-like modifier named neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally downregulated 8 (Nedd8). Besides the active site of the catalytic subunit CSN5, two allosteric sites are present in the CSN, one of which recognizes the substrate recognition module and the presence of CRL substrates, and the other of which can 'glue' the CSN-CRL complex by recruitment of inositol hexakisphosphate. In this review, we present recent findings on the versatile regulation of CSN-CRL complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulze-Niemand
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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19
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Karlowitz R, van Wijk SJL. Surviving death: emerging concepts of RIPK3 and MLKL ubiquitination in the regulation of necroptosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:37-54. [PMID: 34710282 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lytic forms of programmed cell death, like necroptosis, are characterised by cell rupture and the release of cellular contents, often provoking inflammatory responses. In the recent years, necroptosis has been shown to play important roles in human diseases like cancer, infections and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Coordinated interactions between RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL lead to the formation of a dedicated death complex called the necrosome that triggers MLKL-mediated membrane rupture and necroptotic cell death. Necroptotic cell death is tightly controlled by post-translational modifications, among which especially phosphorylation has been characterised in great detail. Although selective ubiquitination is relatively well-explored in the early initiation stages of necroptosis, the mechanisms and functional consequences of RIPK3 and MLKL ubiquitination for necrosome function and necroptosis are only starting to emerge. This review provides an overview on how site-specific ubiquitination of RIPK3 and MLKL regulates, fine-tunes and reverses the execution of necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Karlowitz
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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20
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Onal T, Ozgul-Onal M, Chefetz I. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase: Conventional (necroptosis) and unconventional (necroptosis-independent) functions and features. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:225-243. [PMID: 36858737 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) is the terminal and indispensable mediator of necroptosis. Necroptosis, also known as programmed cell necrosis, is a caspase-independent cell death mechanism involved in various pathologic and inflammatory processes. Triggering necroptosis could be an alternative approach in treating apoptosis-resistant cancer cells to prevent recurrent disease. In addition to its function in necroptosis, MLKL plays a role as a regulator in many cellular processes independent of necroptosis. A better understanding of the intracellular function of MLKL and its role in various diseases and pathologic conditions is needed to enable discovery of new targeted therapies. Various necroptosis-dependent and independent functions of MLKL are reviewed in this chapter, with a focus on functions of MLKL in necroptosis, autophagy, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and endosomal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuna Onal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Turkey; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Melike Ozgul-Onal
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ilana Chefetz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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21
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Bencze M. Mechanisms of Myofibre Death in Muscular Dystrophies: The Emergence of the Regulated Forms of Necrosis in Myology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010362. [PMID: 36613804 PMCID: PMC9820579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibre necrosis is a central pathogenic process in muscular dystrophies (MD). As post-lesional regeneration cannot fully compensate for chronic myofibre loss, interstitial tissue accumulates and impairs muscle function. Muscle regeneration has been extensively studied over the last decades, however, the pathway(s) controlling muscle necrosis remains largely unknown. The recent discovery of several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways with necrotic morphology challenged the dogma of necrosis as an uncontrolled process, opening interesting perspectives for many degenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on how cell death affects myofibres in MDs, integrating the latest research in the cell death field, with specific emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the best-known and most common hereditary MD. The role of regulated forms of necrosis in myology is still in its infancy but there is increasing evidence that necroptosis, a genetically programmed form of necrosis, is involved in muscle degenerating disorders. The existence of apoptosis in myofibre demise will be questioned, while other forms of non-apoptotic RCDs may also have a role in myonecrosis, illustrating the complexity and possibly the heterogeneity of the cell death pathways in muscle degenerating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Bencze
- “Biology of the Neuromuscular System” Team, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), University Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, U955 IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France;
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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22
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Pore-forming proteins as drivers of membrane permeabilization in cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 24:312-333. [PMID: 36543934 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) relies on activation and recruitment of pore-forming proteins (PFPs) that function as executioners of specific cell death pathways: apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX), BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) and BCL-2-related ovarian killer protein (BOK) for apoptosis, gasdermins (GSDMs) for pyroptosis and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) for necroptosis. Inactive precursors of PFPs are converted into pore-forming entities through activation, membrane recruitment, membrane insertion and oligomerization. These mechanisms involve protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, proteolytic processing and phosphorylation. In this Review, we discuss the structural rearrangements incurred by RCD-related PFPs and describe the mechanisms that manifest conversion from autoinhibited to membrane-embedded molecular states. We further discuss the formation and maturation of membrane pores formed by BAX/BAK/BOK, GSDMs and MLKL, leading to diverse pore architectures. Lastly, we highlight commonalities and differences of PFP mechanisms involving BAX/BAK/BOK, GSDMs and MLKL and conclude with a discussion on how, in a population of challenged cells, the coexistence of cell death modalities may have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications.
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Effector-triggered immunity in mammalian antiviral defense. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:1006-1017. [PMID: 36369102 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is a common defense strategy used by mammalian host cells that is engaged upon detection of the enzymatic activities of pathogen-encoded proteins or the effects of their expression on cellular homeostasis. However, in contrast to the effector-triggered responses engaged upon bacterial infection, much less is understood about the activation and consequences of these responses following viral infection. Several recent studies have identified novel mechanisms by which viruses engage ETI, highlighting the importance of these immune responses in antiviral defense. We summarize recent advances in understanding how mammalian cells sense virus-encoded effector proteins, the downstream signaling pathways that are triggered by these sensing events, and how viruses manipulate these pathways to become more successful pathogens.
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Lu H, Mao Y, Qin J, Wang Y, Wang X, Dai Z, Wang X, Yang Z, Hou L. CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS-DERIVED PLASMA EXOSOMAL HMGB1 CONTRIBUTES TO ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELL NECROPTOSIS VIA mtDNA/CGAS/STING PATHWAY. Shock 2022; 58:534-541. [PMID: 36516451 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Our previous study confirmed that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) leads to acute lung injury (ALI) via inducing high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release. Recent research showed that HMGB1 promotes pulmonary injury mainly via exosomes transport. Currently, alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) necroptosis has been demonstrated to be involved in ALI. However, it is unknown whether exosomal inflammatory cytokine HMGB1 promotes ALI by inducing AEC necroptosis, and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, a prospective cohort study was carried out, in which plasma samples from 21 CPB patients were isolated at four specific time points: pre-CPB, 2, 12, and 24 h after initiation of CPB. Plasma exosomes were extracted via ultra-high-speed centrifugation and cocultured with AEC cell line-A549 cells at increasing concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL. Then, HMGB1 antagonist-Box A and mtDNA deficiency ethidium bromide (EtBr) were applied to explore the underlying role of exosomal HMGB1 and cytoplasm mitochondrial DNA in AEC. Western blot analysis showed that plasma exosomal HMGB1 expression gradually increased and peaked at 24 h after CPB. Twenty-four-hour treatment of CPB-derived exosomes at 150 μg/mL for 24 h could induce necroptosis by promoting mitochondrial fission and further elevating cytoplasm mtDNA levels in A549 cells, which was successfully blocked by Box A or EtBr. Most importantly, EtBr significantly inhibited cytoplasm mtDNA downstream guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signal pathway. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CPB-derived plasma exosomal HMGB1 contributes to AEC necroptosis through the mtDNA/cGAS/STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiliang Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinglin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguang Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital Ji'an Hospital, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Khan M, Lin J, Wang B, Chen C, Huang Z, Tian Y, Yuan Y, Bu J. A novel necroptosis-related gene index for predicting prognosis and a cold tumor immune microenvironment in stomach adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968165. [PMID: 36389725 PMCID: PMC9646549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) represents a major global clinical problem with very limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Necroptosis, a recently discovered inflammatory form of cell death, has been implicated in carcinogenesis and inducing necroptosis has also been considered as a therapeutic strategy. Objective We aim to evaluate the role of this pathway in gastric cancer development, prognosis and immune aspects of its tumor microenvironment. Methods and results In this study, we evaluated the gene expression of 55 necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) that were identified via carrying out a comprehensive review of the medical literature. Necroptosis pathway was deregulated in gastric cancer samples (n=375) as compared to adjacent normal tissues (n=32) obtained from the “The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)”. Based on the expression of these NRGs, two molecular subtypes were obtained through consensus clustering that also showed significant prognostic difference. Differentially expressed genes between these two clusters were retrieved and subjected to prognostic evaluation via univariate cox regression analysis and LASSO cox regression analysis. A 13-gene risk signature, termed as necroptosis-related genes prognostic index (NRGPI), was constructed that comprehensively differentiated the gastric cancer patients into high- and low-risk subgroups. The prognostic significance of NRGPI was validated in the GEO cohort (GSE84437: n=408). The NRGPI-high subgroup was characterized by upregulation of 10 genes (CYTL1, PLCL1, CGB5, CNTN1, GRP, APOD, CST6, GPX3, FCN1, SERPINE1) and downregulation of 3 genes (EFNA3, E2F2, SOX14). Further dissection of these two risk groups by differential gene expression analysis indicated involvement of signaling pathways associated with cancer cell progression and immune suppression such as WNT and TGF-β signaling pathway. Para-inflammation and type-II interferon pathways were activated in NRGPI-high patients with an increased infiltration of Tregs and M2 macrophage indicating an exhausted immune phenotype of the tumor microenvironment. These molecular characteristics were mainly driven by the eight NRGPI oncogenes (CYTL1, PLCL1, CNTN1, GRP, APOD, GPX3, FCN1, SERPINE1) as validated in the gastric cancer cell lines and clinical samples. NRGPI-high patients showed sensitivity to a number of targeted agents, in particular, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Conclusions Necroptosis appears to play a critical role in the development of gastric cancer, prognosis and shaping of its tumor immune microenvironment. NRGPI can be used as a promising prognostic biomarker to identify gastric cancer patients with a cold tumor immune microenvironment and poor prognosis who may response to selected molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhong Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junguo Bu, ; Yawei Yuan,
| | - Junguo Bu
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junguo Bu, ; Yawei Yuan,
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Roles of RIPK3 in necroptosis, cell signaling, and disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1695-1704. [PMID: 36224345 PMCID: PMC9636380 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3, or RIP3) is an essential protein in the "programmed" and "regulated" cell death pathway called necroptosis. Necroptosis is activated by the death receptor ligands and pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system, and the findings of many reports have suggested that necroptosis is highly significant in health and human disease. This significance is largely because necroptosis is distinguished from other modes of cell death, especially apoptosis, in that it is highly proinflammatory given that cell membrane integrity is lost, triggering the activation of the immune system and inflammation. Here, we discuss the roles of RIPK3 in cell signaling, along with its role in necroptosis and various pathways that trigger RIPK3 activation and cell death. Lastly, we consider pathological situations in which RIPK3/necroptosis may play a role.
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Wang Z, Wu P, Shi J, Ji X, He L, Dong W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Sun W. A novel necroptosis-related gene signature associated with immune landscape for predicting the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:947216. [PMID: 36186479 PMCID: PMC9520455 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.947216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Necroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, has been implicated in a variety of cancer-related biological processes. However, the roles of necroptosis-related genes in thyroid cancer yet remain unknown. Methods: A necroptosis-related gene signature was constructed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and Cox regression analysis. The predictive value of the prognostic signature was validated in an internal cohort. Additionally, the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to examine the relationships between necroptosis and immune cells, immunological functions, and immune checkpoints. Next, the modeled genes expressions were validated in 96 pairs of clinical tumor and normal tissue samples. Finally, the effects of modeled genes on PTC cells were studied by RNA interference approaches in vitro. Results: In this study, the risk signature of seven necroptosis-related genes was created to predict the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients, and all patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Patients in the high-risk group fared worse in terms of overall survival than those in the low-risk group. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves proved the predictive capability of created signature. The risk score was found to be an independent risk factor for prognosis in multivariate Cox analysis. The low-risk group showed increased immune cell infiltration and immunological activity, implying that they might respond better to immune checkpoint inhibitor medication. Next, GEO database and qRT-PCR in 96 pairs of matched tumorous and non-tumorous tissues were used to validate the expression of the seven modeled genes in PTCs, and the results were compatible with TCGA database. Finally, overexpression of IPMK, KLF9, SPATA2 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of PTC cells. Conclusion: The created necroptosis associated risk signature has the potential to have prognostic capability in PTC for patient outcome. The findings of this study could pave the way for further research into the link between necroptosis and tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Wei Sun, ; Hao Zhang,
| | - Wei Sun
- *Correspondence: Wei Sun, ; Hao Zhang,
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Abstract
Necroptosis, or programmed necrosis, is an inflammatory form of cell death with important functions in host defense against pathogens and tissue homeostasis. The four cytosolic receptor-interacting protein kinase homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-containing adaptor proteins RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF (also known as TICAM1) and ZBP1 mediate necroptosis induction in response to infection and cytokine or innate immune receptor activation. Activation of the RHIM adaptors leads to phosphorylation, oligomerization and membrane targeting of the necroptosis effector protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Active MLKL induces lesions on the plasma membrane, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, activities of the RHIM adaptors and MLKL are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications to prevent inadvertent release of immunogenic contents. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis and its biological functions in tissue homeostasis, pathogen infection and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidong Kang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christa Park
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Sethi A, Horne CR, Fitzgibbon C, Wilde K, Davies KA, Garnish SE, Jacobsen AV, Samson AL, Hildebrand JM, Wardak A, Czabotar PE, Petrie EJ, Gooley PR, Murphy JM. Membrane permeabilization is mediated by distinct epitopes in mouse and human orthologs of the necroptosis effector, MLKL. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1804-1815. [PMID: 35264780 PMCID: PMC9433430 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a lytic programmed cell death pathway with origins in innate immunity that is frequently dysregulated in inflammatory diseases. The terminal effector of the pathway, MLKL, is licensed to kill following phosphorylation of its pseudokinase domain by the upstream regulator, RIPK3 kinase. Phosphorylation provokes the unleashing of MLKL's N-terminal four-helix bundle (4HB or HeLo) domain, which binds and permeabilizes the plasma membrane to cause cell death. The precise mechanism by which the 4HB domain permeabilizes membranes, and how the mechanism differs between species, remains unclear. Here, we identify the membrane binding epitope of mouse MLKL using NMR spectroscopy. Using liposome permeabilization and cell death assays, we validate K69 in the α3 helix, W108 in the α4 helix, and R137/Q138 in the first brace helix as crucial residues for necroptotic signaling. This epitope differs from the phospholipid binding site reported for human MLKL, which comprises basic residues primarily located in the α1 and α2 helices. In further contrast to human and plant MLKL orthologs, in which the α3-α4 loop forms a helix, this loop is unstructured in mouse MLKL in solution. Together, these findings illustrate the versatility of the 4HB domain fold, whose lytic function can be mediated by distinct epitopes in different orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher R Horne
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Cheree Fitzgibbon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karyn Wilde
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Katherine A Davies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah E Garnish
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Annette V Jacobsen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - André L Samson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Joanne M Hildebrand
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ahmad Wardak
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Emma J Petrie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Yu H, Lv W, Tan Y, He X, Wu Y, Wu M, Zhang Q. Immunotherapy landscape analyses of necroptosis characteristics for breast cancer patients. J Transl Med 2022; 20:328. [PMID: 35864548 PMCID: PMC9306193 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis plays a major role in breast cancer (BC) progression and metastasis. Besides, necroptosis also regulates inflammatory response and tumor microenvironment. Here, we aim to explore the predictive signature based on necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) for predicting the prognosis and response to therapies. Using Lasso multivariate cox analysis, we firstly established the NRG signature based on TCGA database. A total of 6 NRGs (FASLG, IPMK, FLT3, SLC39A7, HSP90AA1, and LEF1), which were associated with the prognosis of BC patients, were selected to establish our signature. Next, CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to evaluate immune cell infiltration levels. We compare the response to immunotherapy using IMvigor 210 database, and also compared immune indicators in two risk groups via multiple methods. The biological function of IPMK was explored via in vitro verification. Finally, our results indicated that the signature was an independent prognostic indicator for BC patients with better efficiency than other reported signatures. The immune cell infiltration levels were higher, and the response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy was better in the low-risk groups. Besides, other immunotherapy-related factors, including TMB, TIDE, and expression of immune checkpoints were also increased in the low-risk group. Clinical sample validation showed that CD206 and IPMK in clinical samples were both up-regulated in the high-risk group. In vitro assay showed that IPMK promoted BC cell proliferation and migration, and also enhanced macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. In summary, we successfully established the NRG signature, which could be used to evaluate BC prognosis and identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenchang Lv
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Deficiency of PPP6C protects TNF-induced necroptosis through activation of TAK1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:618. [PMID: 35842423 PMCID: PMC9288536 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Necroptotic cell death is mediated by a super-molecular complex called necrosome which consists of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). The role of these kinases has been extensively investigated in the regulation of necroptosis. However, whether the protein phosphatase is involved in necroptosis is still largely unknown. Here, we identified protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit (PPP6C) promotes TNF-induced necroptosis by genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening. We found that PPP6C deficiency protects cells from TNF-induced necroptosis in a phosphatase-activity-dependent manner. Mechanistically, PPP6C acts as a TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphatase to inactivate its kinase activity. Deletion of PPP6C leads to hyperactivation of TAK1 and reduced RIPK1 kinase activity upon TNF stimulation. We further showed that heterozygous deletion of Ppp6c in mouse gastrointestinal tract alleviates necroptosis-related tissue injury and inflammation. Thus, our study identifies PPP6C as an important regulator of necroptosis and highlights a central role of phosphatase in the regulation of necroptosis-related diseases.
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Huang YT, Liang QQ, Zhang HR, Chen SY, Xu LH, Zeng B, Xu R, Shi FL, Ouyang DY, Zha QB, He XH. Baicalin inhibits necroptosis by decreasing oligomerization of phosphorylated MLKL and mitigates caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108885. [PMID: 35623294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis mainly controlled by receptor-interacting protein kinases 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Necroptosis has important roles in defensing against pathogenic infections, but it is also implicated in various inflammatory diseases including pancreatitis. Baicalin, a flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis properties, yet it is unclear whether baicalin can inhibit necroptosis and confer protection against necroptosis-related diseases. Here we reported that baicalin significantly inhibited necroptosis in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide plus pan-caspase inhibitor (IDN-6556), or by tumor-necrosis factor-α in combination with LCL-161 (Smac mimetic) and IDN-6556 (TSI). Mechanistically, baicalin did not inhibit the phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL, nor membrane translocation of p-MLKL, during necroptotic induction, but instead inhibited p-MLKL oligomerization that is required for executing necroptosis. As intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to be involved in p-MLKL oligomerization, we assessed the effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, on necroptosis and found that NAC significantly attenuated TSI-induced necroptosis and intracellular ROS production concomitantly with reduced levels of oligomerized p-MLKL, mirroring the effect of baicalin. Indeed, inhibitory effect of baicalin was associated with reduced TSI-induced superoxide (indicating mitochondrial ROS) production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential within cells during necroptosis. Besides, oral administration of baicalin significantly reduced the severity of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice, an animal model of necroptosis-related disease. Collectively, baicalin can inhibit necroptosis through attenuating p-MLKL oligomerization and confers protection against caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
| | - Qi-Qi Liang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Rui Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fu-Li Shi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China.
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The Lck inhibitor, AMG-47a, blocks necroptosis and implicates RIPK1 in signalling downstream of MLKL. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:291. [PMID: 35365636 PMCID: PMC8976052 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of caspase-independent programmed cell death that arises from disruption of cell membranes by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase after its activation by the upstream kinases, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 and RIPK3, within a complex known as the necrosome. Dysregulated necroptosis has been implicated in numerous inflammatory pathologies. As such, new small molecule necroptosis inhibitors are of great interest, particularly ones that operate downstream of MLKL activation, where the pathway is less well defined. To better understand the mechanisms involved in necroptosis downstream of MLKL activation, and potentially uncover new targets for inhibition, we screened known kinase inhibitors against an activated mouse MLKL mutant, leading us to identify the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) inhibitor AMG-47a as an inhibitor of necroptosis. We show that AMG-47a interacts with both RIPK1 and RIPK3, that its ability to protect from cell death is dependent on the strength of the necroptotic stimulus, and that it blocks necroptosis most effectively in human cells. Moreover, in human cell lines, we demonstrate that AMG-47a can protect against cell death caused by forced dimerisation of MLKL truncation mutants in the absence of any upstream signalling, validating that it targets a process downstream of MLKL activation. Surprisingly, however, we also found that the cell death driven by activated MLKL in this model was completely dependent on the presence of RIPK1, and to a lesser extent RIPK3, although it was not affected by known inhibitors of these kinases. Together, these results suggest an additional role for RIPK1, or the necrosome, in mediating human necroptosis after MLKL is phosphorylated by RIPK3 and provide further insight into reported differences in the progression of necroptosis between mouse and human cells.
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HIV-1 CA Inhibitors Are Antagonized by Inositol Phosphate Stabilization of the Viral Capsid in Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0144521. [PMID: 34613803 PMCID: PMC8610598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01445-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid, composed of the CA protein, is the target of the novel antiretroviral drug lenacapavir (LCV). CA inhibitors block host factor binding and alter capsid stability to prevent nuclear entry and reverse transcription (RTN), respectively. Capsid stability is mediated in vitro by binding to the host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). IP6 depletion in target cells has little effect on HIV-1 infection. We hypothesized that capsid-altering concentrations of CA inhibitors might reveal an effect of IP6 depletion on HIV-1 infection in target cells. To test this, we studied the effects of IP6 depletion on inhibition of infection by the CA inhibitors PF74 and LCV. At low doses of either compound that affect HIV-1 nuclear entry, no effect of IP6 depletion on antiviral activity was observed. Increased antiviral activity was observed in IP6-depleted cells at inhibitor concentrations that affect capsid stability, correlating with increased RTN inhibition. Assays of uncoating and endogenous RTN of purified cores in vitro provided additional support. Our results show that inositol phosphates stabilize the HIV-1 capsid in target cells, thereby dampening the antiviral effects of capsid-targeting antiviral compounds. We propose that targeting of the IP6-binding site in conjunction with CA inhibitors will lead to robust antiretroviral therapy (ART). IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection and subsequent depletion of CD4+ T cells result in AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy treatment of infected individuals prevents progression to AIDS. The HIV-1 capsid has recently become an ART target. Capsid inhibitors block HIV-1 infection at multiple steps, offering advantages over current ART. The cellular metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) binds the HIV-1 capsid, stabilizing it in vitro. However, the function of this interaction in target cells is unclear. Our results imply that IP6 stabilizes the incoming HIV-1 capsid in cells, thus limiting the antiviral efficiency of capsid-destabilizing antivirals. We present a model of capsid inhibitor function and propose that targeting of the IP6-binding site in conjunction with capsid inhibitors currently in development will lead to more robust ART.
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35
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Rübbelke M, Hamilton J, Binder F, Bauer M, King J, Nar H, Zeeb M. Discovery and Structure-Based Optimization of Fragments Binding the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein Executioner Domain. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15629-15638. [PMID: 34672548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that in case of misregulation can lead to inflammatory diseases. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), the effector protein in the canonical necroptosis signaling pathway, becomes activated by phosphorylation. Here, we report the identification of novel reversible binders of the MLKL executioner domain by a protein NMR-detected fragment-based screen. Determination of protein fragment costructures using NMR spectroscopy revealed a small molecule binding site that is distinct from the previously identified binding site of covalent MLKL inhibitors. Affinity optimization of the initially prioritized hit with millimolar affinity was achieved by NMR-guided structure-based design and yielded fragment-like molecules with a KD of 50 μM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the improved fragment competes for the same binding site as nonyl-maltoside, a detergent that in conjunction with phytic acid activates the MLKL executioner domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rübbelke
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James Hamilton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Binder
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Margit Bauer
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jim King
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Herbert Nar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Markus Zeeb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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36
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Kröber T, Bartsch SM, Fiedler D. Pharmacological tools to investigate inositol polyphosphate kinases - Enzymes of increasing therapeutic relevance. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 83:100836. [PMID: 34802993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inositol poly- and pyrophosphates (InsPs and PP-InsPs) are a group of central eukaryotic metabolites and signaling molecules. Due to the diverse cellular functions and widespread diseases InsPs and PP-InsPs are associated with, pharmacological targeting of the kinases involved in their biosynthesis has become a significant research interest in the last decade. In particular, the development of inhibitors for inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks) has leaped forward, while other inositol phosphate kinases have received scant attention. This review summarizes the efforts undertaken so far for discovering potent and selective inhibitors for this diverse group of small molecule kinases. The benefits of pharmacological inhibition are highlighted, given the multiple kinase-independent functions of inositol phosphate kinases. The distinct structural families of InsP and PP-InsP kinases are presented, and we discuss how compound availability for different inositol phosphate kinase families varies drastically. Lead compound discovery and optimization for the inositol kinases would benefit from detailed structural information on the ATP-binding sites of these kinases, as well as reliable biochemical and cellular read-outs to monitor inositol phosphate kinase activity in complex settings. Efforts to further tune well-established inhibitors, while simultaneously reviving tool compound development for the more neglected kinases from this family are indisputably worthwhile, considering the large potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kröber
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simon M Bartsch
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Liu Z, Dagley LF, Shield-Artin K, Young SN, Bankovacki A, Wang X, Tang M, Howitt J, Stafford CA, Nachbur U, Fitzgibbon C, Garnish SE, Webb AI, Komander D, Murphy JM, Hildebrand JM, Silke J. Oligomerization-driven MLKL ubiquitylation antagonizes necroptosis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e103718. [PMID: 34698396 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is the executioner in the caspase-independent form of programmed cell death called necroptosis. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) phosphorylates MLKL, triggering MLKL oligomerization, membrane translocation and membrane disruption. MLKL also undergoes ubiquitylation during necroptosis, yet neither the mechanism nor the significance of this event has been demonstrated. Here, we show that necroptosis-specific multi-mono-ubiquitylation of MLKL occurs following its activation and oligomerization. Ubiquitylated MLKL accumulates in a digitonin-insoluble cell fraction comprising organellar and plasma membranes and protein aggregates. Appearance of this ubiquitylated MLKL form can be reduced by expression of a plasma membrane-located deubiquitylating enzyme. Oligomerization-induced MLKL ubiquitylation occurs on at least four separate lysine residues and correlates with its proteasome- and lysosome-dependent turnover. Using a MLKL-DUB fusion strategy, we show that constitutive removal of ubiquitin from MLKL licences MLKL auto-activation independent of necroptosis signalling in mouse and human cells. Therefore, in addition to the role of ubiquitylation in the kinetic regulation of MLKL-induced death following an exogenous necroptotic stimulus, it also contributes to restraining basal levels of activated MLKL to avoid unwanted cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikou Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristy Shield-Artin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel N Young
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Bankovacki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Translational Research, CSL Limited, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Tang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Howitt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Che A Stafford
- Gene Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheree Fitzgibbon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah E Garnish
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Komander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne M Hildebrand
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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38
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Liu M, Wang L, Xia X, Wu Y, Zhu C, Duan M, Wei X, Hu J, Lei L. Regulated lytic cell death in breast cancer. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:12-33. [PMID: 34549863 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a very common cancer among women and one of the primary causes of death in women worldwide. Because BC has different molecular subtypes, the challenges associated with targeted therapy have increased significantly, and the identification of new therapeutic targets has become increasingly urgent. Blocking apoptosis and inhibiting cell death are important characteristics of malignant tumours, including BC. Under adverse conditions, including exposure to antitumour therapy, inhibition of cell death programmes can promote cancerous transformation and the survival of cancer cells. Therefore, inducing cell death in cancer cells is fundamentally important and provides new opportunities for potential therapeutic interventions. Lytic forms of cell death, primarily pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis, are different from apoptosis owing to their characteristic lysis, that is, the production of cellular components, to guide beneficial immune responses, and the application of lytic cell death (LCD) in the field of tumour therapy has attracted considerable interest from researchers. The latest clinical research results confirm that lytic death signalling cascades involve the BC cell immune response and resistance to therapies used in clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the various forms of LCD, placing a special emphasis on signalling pathways and their implications in BC, which may facilitate the development of novel and optimal strategies for the clinical treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yundi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Duan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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39
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Águeda-Pinto A, Alves LQ, Neves F, McFadden G, Jacobs BL, Castro LFC, Rahman MM, Esteves PJ. Convergent Loss of the Necroptosis Pathway in Disparate Mammalian Lineages Shapes Viruses Countermeasures. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747737. [PMID: 34539677 PMCID: PMC8445033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a vital process in the life cycle of organisms. Necroptosis, an evolutionary form of programmed necrosis, contributes to the innate immune response by killing pathogen-infected cells. This virus-host interaction pathway is organized around two components: the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which recruits and phosphorylates the mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL), inducing cellular plasma membrane rupture and cell death. Critically, the presence of necroptotic inhibitors in viral genomes validates necroptosis as an important host defense mechanism. Here, we show, counterintuitively, that in different mammalian lineages, central components of necroptosis, such as RIPK3 and MLKL, are deleted or display inactivating mutations. Frameshifts or premature stop codons are observed in all the studied species of cetaceans and leporids. In carnivores’ genomes, the MLKL gene is deleted, while in a small number of species from afrotheria and rodentia premature stop codons are observed in RIPK3 and/or MLKL. Interestingly, we also found a strong correlation between the disruption of necroptosis in leporids and cetaceans and the absence of the N-terminal domain of E3-like homologs (responsible for necroptosis inhibition) in their naturally infecting poxviruses. Overall, our study provides the first comprehensive picture of the molecular evolution of necroptosis in mammals. The loss of necroptosis multiple times during mammalian evolution highlights the importance of gene/pathway loss for species adaptation and suggests that necroptosis is not required for normal mammalian development. Moreover, this study highlights a co-evolutionary relationship between poxviruses and their hosts, emphasizing the role of host adaptation in shaping virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Águeda-Pinto
- CIBIO/InBio-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Q Alves
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO/InBio-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CITS-Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Saúde do Norte (IPSN), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
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40
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Positive Charges in the Brace Region Facilitate the Membrane Disruption of MLKL-NTR in Necroptosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175194. [PMID: 34500630 PMCID: PMC8433767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death executed through the plasma membrane disruption by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Previous studies have revealed that an N-terminal four-helix bundle domain (NBD) of MLKL is the executioner domain for the membrane permeabilization, which is auto-inhibited by the first brace helix (H6). After necroptosis initiation, this inhibitory brace helix detaches and the NBD can integrate into the membrane, and hence leads to necroptotic cell death. However, how the NBD is released and induces membrane rupture is poorly understood. Here, we reconstituted MLKL2–154 into membrane mimetic bicelles and observed the structure disruption and membrane release of the first brace helix that is regulated by negatively charged phospholipids in a dose-dependent manner. Using molecular dynamics simulation we found that the brace region in an isolated, auto-inhibited MLKL2–154 becomes intrinsically disordered in solution after 7 ns dynamic motion. Further investigations demonstrated that a cluster of arginines in the C-terminus of MLKL2–154 is important for the molecular conformational switch. Functional mutagenesis showed that mutating these arginines to glutamates hindered the membrane disruption of full-length MLKL and thus inhibited the necroptotic cell death. These findings suggest that the brace helix also plays an active role in MLKL regulation, rather than an auto-inhibitory domain.
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41
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Serrano Nájera G, Narganes Carlón D, Crowther DJ. TrendyGenes, a computational pipeline for the detection of literature trends in academia and drug discovery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15747. [PMID: 34344904 PMCID: PMC8333311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target identification and prioritisation are prominent first steps in modern drug discovery. Traditionally, individual scientists have used their expertise to manually interpret scientific literature and prioritise opportunities. However, increasing publication rates and the wider routine coverage of human genes by omic-scale research make it difficult to maintain meaningful overviews from which to identify promising new trends. Here we propose an automated yet flexible pipeline that identifies trends in the scientific corpus which align with the specific interests of a researcher and facilitate an initial prioritisation of opportunities. Using a procedure based on co-citation networks and machine learning, genes and diseases are first parsed from PubMed articles using a novel named entity recognition system together with publication date and supporting information. Then recurrent neural networks are trained to predict the publication dynamics of all human genes. For a user-defined therapeutic focus, genes generating more publications or citations are identified as high-interest targets. We also used topic detection routines to help understand why a gene is trendy and implement a system to propose the most prominent review articles for a potential target. This TrendyGenes pipeline detects emerging targets and pathways and provides a new way to explore the literature for individual researchers, pharmaceutical companies and funding agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Narganes Carlón
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK
| | - Daniel J Crowther
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK.
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42
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Dong FL, Liu DM, Lu TT, Li F, Zhang C, E Q, Zhang YH. PPARγ2 functions as a tumor suppressor in a translational mouse model of human prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2021; 24:90-96. [PMID: 34213488 PMCID: PMC8788601 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_51_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) is a master regulator that controls energy metabolism and cell fate. PPARγ2, a PPARγ isoform, is highly expressed in the normal prostate but expressed at lower levels in prostate cancer tissues. In the present study, PC3 and LNCaP cells were used to examine the benefits of restoring PPARγ2 activity. PPARγ2 was overexpressed in PC3 and LNCaP cells, and cell proliferation and migration were detected. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes. The genes regulated by PPARγ2 overexpression were detected by microarray analysis. The restoration of PPARγ2 in PC3 and LNCaP cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration. PC3-PPARγ2 tissue recombinants showed necrosis in cancerous regions and leukocyte infiltration in the surrounding stroma by H&E staining. We found higher mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and lower microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) expression in cancer tissues compared to controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Microarray analysis showed that PPARγ2 gain of function in PC3 cells resulted in the reprogramming of lipid- and energy metabolism-associated signaling pathways. These data indicate that PPARγ2 exerts a crucial tumor-suppressive effect by triggering necrosis and an inflammatory reaction in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lu Dong
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Feng Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qun E
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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43
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Martens S, Bridelance J, Roelandt R, Vandenabeele P, Takahashi N. MLKL in cancer: more than a necroptosis regulator. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1757-1772. [PMID: 33953348 PMCID: PMC8184805 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) emerged as executioner of necroptosis, a RIPK3-dependent form of regulated necrosis. Cell death evasion is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Besides apoptosis, some cancers suppress necroptosis-associated mechanisms by for example epigenetic silencing of RIPK3 expression. Conversely, necroptosis-elicited inflammation by cancer cells can fuel tumor growth. Recently, necroptosis-independent functions of MLKL were unraveled in receptor internalization, ligand-receptor degradation, endosomal trafficking, extracellular vesicle formation, autophagy, nuclear functions, axon repair, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and inflammasome regulation. Little is known about the precise role of MLKL in cancer and whether some of these functions are involved in cancer development and metastasis. Here, we discuss current knowledge and controversies on MLKL, its structure, necroptosis-independent functions, expression, mutations, and its potential role as a pro- or anti-cancerous factor. Analysis of MLKL expression patterns reveals that MLKL is upregulated by type I/II interferon, conditions of inflammation, and tissue injury. Overall, MLKL may affect cancer development and metastasis through necroptosis-dependent and -independent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Martens
- Cell Death and Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Bridelance
- Cell Death and Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Cell Death and Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Cell Death and Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Cell Death and Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Bertheloot D, Latz E, Franklin BS. Necroptosis, pyroptosis and apoptosis: an intricate game of cell death. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1106-1121. [PMID: 33785842 PMCID: PMC8008022 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental physiological process in all living organisms. Its roles extend from embryonic development, organ maintenance, and aging to the coordination of immune responses and autoimmunity. In recent years, our understanding of the mechanisms orchestrating cellular death and its consequences on immunity and homeostasis has increased substantially. Different modalities of what has become known as 'programmed cell death' have been described, and some key players in these processes have been identified. We have learned more about the intricacies that fine tune the activity of common players and ultimately shape the different types of cell death. These studies have highlighted the complex mechanisms tipping the balance between different cell fates. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries in the three most well understood modalities of cell death, namely, apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, highlighting common and unique pathways and their effect on the surrounding cells and the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bertheloot
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany.
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany.
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Lee B, Park SJ, Hong S, Kim K, Kim S. Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase Signaling: Multifaceted Functions in Health and Disease. Mol Cells 2021; 44:187-194. [PMID: 33935040 PMCID: PMC8112168 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol phosphates are water-soluble intracellular signaling molecules found in eukaryotes from yeasts to mammals, which are synthesized by a complex network of enzymes including inositol phosphate kinases. Among these, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a promiscuous enzyme with broad substrate specificity, which phosphorylates multiple inositol phosphates, as well as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. In addition to its catalytic actions, IPMK is known to non-catalytically control major signaling events via direct protein-protein interactions. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of IPMK, highlight its pleiotropic roles in various physiological and pathological conditions, and discuss future challenges in the field of IPMK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boah Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung Ju Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sehoon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyunghan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Metabolic supervision by PPIP5K, an inositol pyrophosphate kinase/phosphatase, controls proliferation of the HCT116 tumor cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020187118. [PMID: 33649228 PMCID: PMC7958180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020187118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of common patterns of cancer metabolic reprogramming could assist the development of new therapeutic strategies. Recent attention in this field has focused on identifying and targeting signal transduction pathways that interface directly with major metabolic control processes. In the current study we demonstrate the importance of signaling by the diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases (PPIP5Ks) to the metabolism and proliferation of the HCT116 colonic tumor cell line. We observed reciprocal cross talk between PPIP5K catalytic activity and glucose metabolism, and we show that CRISPR-mediated PPIP5K deletion suppresses HCT116 cell proliferation in glucose-limited culture conditions that mimic the tumor cell microenvironment. We conducted detailed, global metabolomic analyses of wild-type and PPIP5K knockout (KO) cells by measuring both steady-state metabolite levels and by performing isotope tracing experiments. We attribute the growth-impaired phenotype to a specific reduction in the supply of precursor material for de novo nucleotide biosynthesis from the one carbon serine/glycine pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. We identify two enzymatic control points that are inhibited in the PPIP5K KO cells: serine hydroxymethyltransferase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, a known downstream target of AMP-regulated protein kinase, which we show is noncanonically activated independently of adenine nucleotide status. Finally, we show the proliferative defect in PPIP5K KO cells can be significantly rescued either by addition of inosine monophosphate or a nucleoside mixture or by stable expression of PPIP5K activity. Overall, our data describe multiple, far-reaching metabolic consequences for metabolic supervision by PPIP5Ks in a tumor cell line.
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Zhan C, Huang M, Yang X, Hou J. MLKL: Functions beyond serving as the Executioner of Necroptosis. Theranostics 2021; 11:4759-4769. [PMID: 33754026 PMCID: PMC7978304 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, necroptosis, as a programmed cell death pathway, has drawn much attention as it has been implicated in multiple pathologies, especially in the field of inflammatory diseases. Pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) serves as a terminal-known obligate effector in the process of necroptosis. To date, the majority of research on MLKL has focused on its role in necroptosis, and the prevailing view has been that the sole function of MLKL is to mediate necroptosis. However, increasing evidence indicates that MLKL can serve as a regulator of many diseases via its non-necroptotic functions. These functions of MLKL shed light on its functional complexity and diversity. In this review, we briefly introduce the current state of knowledge regarding the structure of MLKL, necroptosis signaling, as well as cross-linkages among necroptosis and other regulated cell death pathways, and we particularly highlight recent progress related to newly identified functions and inhibitors of MLKL. These discussions promote a better understanding of the role of MLKL in diseases, which will foster efforts to pharmacologically target this molecule in clinical treatments.
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Meng Y, Sandow JJ, Czabotar PE, Murphy JM. The regulation of necroptosis by post-translational modifications. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:861-883. [PMID: 33462412 PMCID: PMC7937688 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a caspase-independent, lytic form of programmed cell death whose errant activation has been widely implicated in many pathologies. The pathway relies on the assembly of the apical protein kinases, RIPK1 and RIPK3, into a high molecular weight cytoplasmic complex, termed the necrosome, downstream of death receptor or pathogen detector ligation. The necrosome serves as a platform for RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of the terminal effector, the MLKL pseudokinase, which induces its oligomerization, translocation to, and perturbation of, the plasma membrane to cause cell death. Over the past 10 years, knowledge of the post-translational modifications that govern RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL conformation, activity, interactions, stability and localization has rapidly expanded. Here, we review current knowledge of the functions of phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, GlcNAcylation, proteolytic cleavage, and disulfide bonding in regulating necroptotic signaling. Post-translational modifications serve a broad array of functions in modulating RIPK1 engagement in, or exclusion from, cell death signaling, whereas the bulk of identified RIPK3 and MLKL modifications promote their necroptotic functions. An enhanced understanding of the modifying enzymes that tune RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL necroptotic functions will prove valuable in efforts to therapeutically modulate necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Meng
- grid.1042.7Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Jarrod J. Sandow
- grid.1042.7Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- grid.1042.7Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - James M. Murphy
- grid.1042.7Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
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Samson AL, Garnish SE, Hildebrand JM, Murphy JM. Location, location, location: A compartmentalized view of TNF-induced necroptotic signaling. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/668/eabc6178. [PMID: 33531383 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a lytic, proinflammatory cell death pathway, which has been implicated in host defense and, when dysregulated, the pathology of many human diseases. The central mediators of this pathway are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 and the terminal executioner, the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Here, we review the chronology of signaling along the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL axis and highlight how the subcellular compartmentalization of signaling events controls the initiation and execution of necroptosis. We propose that a network of modulators surrounds the necroptotic signaling core and that this network, rather than acting universally, tunes necroptosis in a context-, cell type-, and species-dependent manner. Such a high degree of mechanistic flexibility is likely an important property that helps necroptosis operate as a robust, emergency form of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Samson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah E Garnish
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joanne M Hildebrand
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Inositol phosphates promote HIV-1 assembly and maturation to facilitate viral spread in human CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009190. [PMID: 33476323 PMCID: PMC7853515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gag polymerization with viral RNA at the plasma membrane initiates HIV-1 assembly. Assembly processes are inefficient in vitro but are stimulated by inositol (1,3,4,5,6) pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) metabolites. Previous studies have shown that depletion of these inositol phosphate species from HEK293T cells reduced HIV-1 particle production but did not alter the infectivity of the resulting progeny virions. Moreover, HIV-1 substitutions bearing Gag/CA mutations ablating IP6 binding are noninfectious with destabilized viral cores. In this study, we analyzed the effects of cellular depletion of IP5 and IP6 on HIV-1 replication in T cells in which we disrupted the genes encoding the kinases required for IP6 generation, IP5 2-kinase (IPPK) and Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase (IPMK). Knockout (KO) of IPPK from CEM and MT-4 cells depleted cellular IP6 in both T cell lines, and IPMK disruption reduced the levels of both IP5 and IP6. In the KO lines, HIV-1 spread was delayed relative to parental wild-type (WT) cells and was rescued by complementation. Virus release was decreased in all IPPK or IPMK KO lines relative to WT cells. Infected IPMK KO cells exhibited elevated levels of intracellular Gag protein, indicative of impaired particle assembly. IPMK KO compromised virus production to a greater extent than IPPK KO suggesting that IP5 promotes HIV-1 particle assembly in IPPK KO cells. HIV-1 particles released from infected IPPK or IPMK KO cells were less infectious than those from WT cells. These viruses exhibited partially cleaved Gag proteins, decreased virion-associated p24, and higher frequencies of aberrant particles, indicative of a maturation defect. Our data demonstrate that IP6 enhances the quantity and quality of virions produced from T cells, thereby preventing defects in HIV-1 replication.
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