1
|
Sztanek F, Tóth LI, Pető A, Hernyák M, Diószegi Á, Harangi M. New Developments in Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes-Beyond and within GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1320. [PMID: 38927527 PMCID: PMC11201978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) emphasize the importance of lifestyle changes, including a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. However, for many people, these changes can be difficult to maintain over the long term. Medication options are already available to treat obesity, which can help reduce appetite and/or reduce caloric intake. Incretin-based peptides exert their effect through G-protein-coupled receptors, the receptors for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon peptide hormones are important regulators of insulin secretion and energy metabolism. Understanding the role of intercellular signaling pathways and inflammatory processes is essential for the development of effective pharmacological agents in obesity. GLP-1 receptor agonists have been successfully used, but it is assumed that their effectiveness may be limited by desensitization and downregulation of the target receptor. A growing number of new agents acting on incretin hormones are becoming available for everyday clinical practice, including oral GLP-1 receptor agonists, the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide, and other dual and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists, which may show further significant therapeutic potential. This narrative review summarizes the therapeutic effects of different incretin hormones and presents future prospects in the treatment of T2DM and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Sztanek
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Imre Tóth
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Pető
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis Hospital of Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, H-3529 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Marcell Hernyák
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Diószegi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group 11003, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yau K, Kuah R, Cherney DZI, Lam TKT. Obesity and the kidney: mechanistic links and therapeutic advances. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:321-335. [PMID: 38351406 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but there is evidence for a bidirectional relationship wherein the kidney also acts as a key regulator of body weight. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms implicated in obesity-related CKD, and outline how the kidney might modulate feeding and body weight through a growth differentiation factor 15-dependent kidney-brain axis. The favourable effects of bariatric surgery on kidney function are discussed, and medical therapies designed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus that lower body weight and preserve kidney function independent of glycaemic lowering, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, incretin-based therapies and metformin, are also reviewed. In summary, we propose that kidney function and body weight are related in a bidirectional fashion, and that this interrelationship affects human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spezani R, Marinho TS, Reis TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Cotadutide (GLP-1/Glucagon dual receptor agonist) modulates hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides in obese mice. Peptides 2024; 173:171138. [PMID: 38147963 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptides linked to appetite and satiety were investigated in obese mice treated with cotadutide (a dual receptor agonist of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1R)/Glucagon (GCGR)). Twelve-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (C group, n = 20) or a high-fat diet (HF group, n = 20) for ten weeks. Each group was further divided, adding cotadutide treatment and forming groups C, CC, HF, and HFC for four additional weeks. The hypothalamic arcuate neurons were labeled by immunofluorescence, and protein expressions (Western blotting) for neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related protein (AgRP), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Cotadutide enhanced POMC and CART neuropeptides and depressed NPY and AGRP neuropeptides. In addition, gene expressions (RT-qPCR) determined that Lepr (leptin receptor) and Calcr (calcitonin receptor) were diminished in HF compared to C but enhanced in CC compared to C and HFC compared to HF. Besides, Socs3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) was decreased in HFC compared to HF, while Sst (somatostatin) was higher in HFC compared to HF; Tac1 (tachykinin 1) and Mc4r (melanocortin-4-receptor) were lower in HF compared to C but increased in HFC compared to HF. Also, Glp1r and Gcgr were higher in HFC compared to HF. In conclusion, the findings are compelling, demonstrating the effects of cotadutide on hypothalamic neuropeptides and hormone receptors of obese mice. Cotadutide modulates energy balance through the gut-brain axis and its associated signaling pathways. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying cotadutide's anti-obesity effects and its possible implications for obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos Reis
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Folli F, Finzi G, Manfrini R, Galli A, Casiraghi F, Centofanti L, Berra C, Fiorina P, Davalli A, La Rosa S, Perego C, Higgins PB. Mechanisms of action of incretin receptor based dual- and tri-agonists in pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E595-E609. [PMID: 37729025 PMCID: PMC10874655 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of the incretin G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via unimolecular dual-receptor agonists (UDRA) has emerged as a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes. Recent studies also advocate triple agonism with molecules also capable of binding the glucagon receptor. In this scoping review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms of action (MOA) underlying the actions of these novel and therapeutically important classes of peptide receptor agonists. Clinical efficacy studies of several UDRAs have demonstrated favorable results both as monotherapies and when combined with approved hypoglycemics. Although the additive insulinotropic effects of dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) agonism were anticipated based on the known actions of either glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) alone, the additional benefits from GCGR were largely unexpected. Whether additional synergistic or antagonistic interactions among these G-protein receptor signaling pathways arise from simultaneous stimulation is not known. The signaling pathways affected by dual- and tri-agonism require more trenchant investigation before a comprehensive understanding of the cellular MOA. This knowledge will be essential for understanding the chronic efficacy and safety of these treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Oncology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Casiraghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Centofanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Berra
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Davalli
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Carla Perego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul B Higgins
- Department of Life & Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University, Letterkenny, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tschöp M, Nogueiras R, Ahrén B. Gut hormone-based pharmacology: novel formulations and future possibilities for metabolic disease therapy. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1796-1808. [PMID: 37209227 PMCID: PMC10474213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are established pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. They mimic the action of GLP-1 to reduce glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion. They also reduce body weight by inducing satiety through central actions. The GLP-1 receptor agonists used clinically are based on exendin-4 and native GLP-1 and are available as formulations for daily or weekly s.c. or oral administration. GLP-1 receptor agonism is also achieved by inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which prevent the inactivation of GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), thereby prolonging their raised levels after meal ingestion. Other developments in GLP-1 receptor agonism include the formation of small orally available agonists and compounds with the potential to pharmaceutically stimulate GLP-1 secretion from the gut. In addition, GLP-1/glucagon and GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonists and GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple receptor agonists have shown the potential to reduce blood glucose levels and body weight through their effects on islets and peripheral tissues, improving beta cell function and stimulating energy expenditure. This review summarises developments in gut hormone-based therapies and presents the future outlook for their use in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanetra AM, Palus-Chramiec K, Chrobok L, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Klich JD, Lewandowski MH. Proglucagon signalling in the rat Dorsomedial Hypothalamus - Physiology and high-fat diet-mediated alterations. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103873. [PMID: 37295578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A relatively new pharmacological target in obesity treatment has been the preproglucagon (PPG) signalling, predominantly with glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 receptor agonists. As far as the PPG role within the digestive system is well recognised, its actions in the brain remain understudied. Here, we investigated PPG signalling in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus (DMH), a structure involved in feeding regulation and metabolism, using in situ hybridisation, electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry. Our experiments were performed on animals fed both control, and high-fat diet (HFD), uncovering HFD-mediated alterations. First, sensitivity to exendin-4 (Exn4, a GLP1R agonist) was shown to increase under HFD, with a higher number of responsive neurons. The amplitude of the response to both Exn4 and oxyntomodulin (Oxm) was also altered, diminishing its relationship with the cells' spontaneous firing rate. Not only neuronal sensitivity, but also GLP1 presence, and therefore possibly release, was influenced by HFD. Immunofluorescent labelling of the GLP1 showed changes in its density depending on the metabolic state (fasted/fed), but this effect was eliminated by HFD feeding. Interestingly, these dietary differences were absent after a period of restricted feeding, allowing for an anticipation of the alternating metabolic states, which suggests possible prevention of such outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - K Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - L Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - J S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - J D Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle Street 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - M H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Cherrington AD, Finan B, Gluud LL, Dean ED, Campbell JE, Bloom SR, Tan TMM, Knop FK, Müller TD. 100 years of glucagon and 100 more. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1378-1394. [PMID: 37367959 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon, discovered in late 1922, is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells and is an essential regulator of metabolic homeostasis. This review summarises experiences since the discovery of glucagon regarding basic and clinical aspects of this hormone and speculations on the future directions for glucagon biology and glucagon-based therapies. The review was based on the international glucagon conference, entitled 'A hundred years with glucagon and a hundred more', held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in November 2022. The scientific and therapeutic focus of glucagon biology has mainly been related to its role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the glucose-raising properties of glucagon have been leveraged to therapeutically restore hypoglycaemia. The hyperglucagonaemia evident in type 2 diabetes has been proposed to contribute to hyperglycaemia, raising questions regarding underlying mechanism and the importance of this in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Mimicry experiments of glucagon signalling have fuelled the development of several pharmacological compounds including glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists, GCGR agonists and, more recently, dual and triple receptor agonists combining glucagon and incretin hormone receptor agonism. From these studies and from earlier observations in extreme cases of either glucagon deficiency or excess secretion, the physiological role of glucagon has expanded to also involve hepatic protein and lipid metabolism. The interplay between the pancreas and the liver, known as the liver-alpha cell axis, reflects the importance of glucagon for glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. In individuals with diabetes and fatty liver diseases, glucagon's hepatic actions may be partly impaired resulting in elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids, dyslipidaemia and hyperglucagonaemia, reflecting a new, so far largely unexplored pathophysiological phenomenon termed 'glucagon resistance'. Importantly, the hyperglucagonaemia as part of glucagon resistance may result in increased hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia. Emerging glucagon-based therapies show a beneficial impact on weight loss and fatty liver diseases and this has sparked a renewed interest in glucagon biology to enable further pharmacological pursuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pettway YD, Saunders DC, Brissova M. The human α cell in health and disease. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e220298. [PMID: 37114672 PMCID: PMC10428003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In commemoration of 100 years since the discovery of glucagon, we review current knowledge about the human α cell. Alpha cells make up 30-40% of human islet endocrine cells and play a major role in regulating whole-body glucose homeostasis, largely through the direct actions of their main secretory product - glucagon - on peripheral organs. Additionally, glucagon and other secretory products of α cells, namely acetylcholine, glutamate, and glucagon-like peptide-1, have been shown to play an indirect role in the modulation of glucose homeostasis through autocrine and paracrine interactions within the islet. Studies of glucagon's role as a counterregulatory hormone have revealed additional important functions of the α cell, including the regulation of multiple aspects of energy metabolism outside that of glucose. At the molecular level, human α cells are defined by the expression of conserved islet-enriched transcription factors and various enriched signature genes, many of which have currently unknown cellular functions. Despite these common threads, notable heterogeneity exists amongst human α cell gene expression and function. Even greater differences are noted at the inter-species level, underscoring the importance of further study of α cell physiology in the human context. Finally, studies on α cell morphology and function in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as other forms of metabolic stress, reveal a key contribution of α cell dysfunction to dysregulated glucose homeostasis in disease pathogenesis, making targeting the α cell an important focus for improving treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasminye D. Pettway
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Diane C. Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jamaluddin A, Gorvin CM. RISING STARS: Targeting G protein-coupled receptors to regulate energy homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e230014. [PMID: 36943057 PMCID: PMC10160555 DOI: 10.1530/jme-23-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a critical role in energy homeostasis, contributing to food intake, energy expenditure and glycaemic control. Dysregulation of energy expenditure can lead to metabolic syndrome (abdominal obesity, elevated plasma triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and glucose, and high blood pressure), which is associated with an increased risk of developing obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular complications. As the prevalence of these chronic diseases continues to rise worldwide, there is an increased need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which energy expenditure is regulated to facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent these conditions. In recent years, drugs targeting GPCRs have been the focus of efforts to improve treatments for type-2 diabetes and obesity, with GLP-1R agonists a particular success. In this review, we focus on nine GPCRs with roles in energy homeostasis that are current and emerging targets to treat obesity and diabetes. We discuss findings from pre-clinical models and clinical trials of drugs targeting these receptors and challenges that must be overcome before these drugs can be routinely used in clinics. We also describe new insights into how these receptors signal, including how accessory proteins, biased signalling, and complex spatial signalling could provide unique opportunities to develop more efficacious therapies with fewer side effects. Finally, we describe how combined therapies, in which multiple GPCRs are targeted, may improve clinical outcomes and reduce off-target effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqfan Jamaluddin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caruso I, Marrano N, Biondi G, Genchi VA, D'Oria R, Sorice GP, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Glucagon in type 2 diabetes: Friend or foe? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3609. [PMID: 36637256 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is one of the 'ominous' eight factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis by increasing hepatic glucose output to counterbalance insulin action. Long neglected, the introduction of dual and triple agonists exploiting glucagon signalling pathways has rekindled the interest in this hormone beyond its classic effect on glycaemia. Glucagon can promote weight loss by regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and brown and white adipose tissue functions through mechanisms still to be fully elucidated, thus its role in T2D pathogenesis should be further investigated. Moreover, the role of glucagon in the development of T2D micro- and macro-vascular complications is elusive. Mounting evidence suggests its beneficial effect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while few studies postulated its favourable role in peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy. Contrarily, glucagon receptor agonism might induce renal changes resembling diabetic nephropathy, and data concerning glucagon actions on the cardiovascular system are conflicting. This review aims to summarise the available findings on the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Further experimental and clinical data are warranted to better understand the implications of glucagon signalling modulation with new antidiabetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caruso
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marrano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Biondi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Annamaria Genchi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Dos Santos Neves L, Oliveira RKG, Dos Santos LS, Ribeiro IO, Medeiros JMB, de Matos RJB. Modulation of hypothalamic AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides in the control of eating behavior: A systematic review. Life Sci 2022; 309:120947. [PMID: 36096244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Eating behavior is regulated by central and peripheral signals, which interact to modulate the response to nutrient intake. Central control is mediated by the hypothalamus through neuropeptides that activate the orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways. Energy homeostasis depends on the efficiency of these regulatory mechanisms. This neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and appetite can be modulated by nutritional sensors such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Thus, this systematic review discusses the literature on correlations between AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides regarding control of eating behavior. Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 2009 to 2021 containing combinations of the following descriptors: "eating behavior," "hypothalamus," "neuropeptide," and "AMPK." Of the 1330 articles found initially, 27 were selected after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the selected articles, 15 reported decreased AMPK activity, due to interventions using angiotensin II infusion, fructose, glucose, cholecystokinin, leptin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection; dietary control through a low-protein diet or a high-fat diet (60 % fat); induction of hyperthyroidism; or injection of AMPK inhibitors. Seven studies showed a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) through CV4 AICAR administration; fructose, glucose, leptin, or angiotensin II injections; or infusion of LPS from Escherichia coli and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) overexpression. Eleven studies reported a decrease in food consumption due to a decrease in AMPK activity and/or hypothalamic neuropeptides such as NPY. The results indicate that there is a relationship between AMPK and the control of eating behavior: a decrease in AMPK activity due to a dietary or non-dietary stimulus is associated with a consequent decrease in food intake. Furthermore, AMPK activity can be modulated by glucose, thyroid hormones, estradiol, leptin, and ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letycia Dos Santos Neves
- Vitoria Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservoir, S/N, Bela Vista, CEP 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly Gomes Oliveira
- Vitoria Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua do Alto do Reservoir, S/N, Bela Vista, CEP 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Lucimeire Santana Dos Santos
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Oliveira Ribeiro
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jairza Maria Barreto Medeiros
- Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Rua Basilio da Gama, s/n, Campus Canela, CEP: 40.110-907 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa de Matos
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Avenida Carlos Amaral, 1015, Cajueiro, CEP 44574-490 Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo H, Sui C, Ge S, Cai J, Lin D, Guo Y, Wang N, Zhou Y, Ying R, Zha K, Gu T, Zhao Y, Lu Y, An Z. Positive association of glucagon with bone turnover markers in type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3550. [PMID: 35621313 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The osteo-metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients are intricate and have not been fully revealed. It is not clear whether glucagon is entirely harmful in the pathogenesis of diabetes or a possible endocrine counter-regulation mechanism to reverse some abnormal bone metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the association between glucagon and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in T2D patients. METHODS A total of 3984 T2D participants were involved in a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China. Serum glucagon was measured to elucidate its associations with intact N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC), and β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX). Glucagon was detected with a radioimmunoassay. Propeptide of type I collagen, OC, and β-CTX were detected using chemiluminescence. The diagnosis of T2D was based on American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS The concentration of glucagon was positively correlated with two BTMs [OC-β: 0.034, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.051, p = 0.024; CTX-β: 0.035, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.062, p = 0.024]. The result of P1NP was [P1NP-regression coefficient (β): 0.027, 95% CI: -0.003, 0.049, p = 0.083]. In the glucagon tertiles, P for trend of the BTMs is [P1NP: 0.031; OC: 0.038; CTX: 0.020], respectively. CONCLUSIONS Glucagon had a positive effect on bone metabolism. The concentrations of the three BTMs increased as glucagon concentrations rose. This implied that glucagon might speed up skeletal remodelling, accelerate osteogenesis, and promote the formation of mature bone tissue. At the same time, the osteoclastic process was also accelerated, providing raw materials for osteogenesis to preserve the dynamic balance. In view of the successful use of single-molecule as well as dual/triple agonists, it would be feasible to develop a preparation that would reduce osteoporosis in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Sui
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohong Ge
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongping Lin
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyu Guo
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Ying
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexi Zha
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Gu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengmei An
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Al-Massadi O, Dieguez C, Schneeberger M, López M, Schwaninger M, Prevot V, Nogueiras R. Multifaceted actions of melanin-concentrating hormone on mammalian energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:745-755. [PMID: 34608277 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a small cyclic peptide expressed in all mammals, mainly in the hypothalamus. MCH acts as a robust integrator of several physiological functions and has crucial roles in the regulation of sleep-wake rhythms, feeding behaviour and metabolism. MCH signalling has a very broad endocrine context and is involved in physiological functions and emotional states associated with metabolism, such as reproduction, anxiety, depression, sleep and circadian rhythms. MCH mediates its functions through two receptors (MCHR1 and MCHR2), of which only MCHR1 is common to all mammals. Owing to the wide variety of MCH downstream signalling pathways, MCHR1 agonists and antagonists have great potential as tools for the directed management of energy balance disorders and associated metabolic complications, and translational strategies using these compounds hold promise for the development of novel treatments for obesity. This Review provides an overview of the numerous roles of MCH in energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as in regulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits that encode the hedonic component of food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S1172, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bethea M, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Sandoval DA. Preproglucagon Products and Their Respective Roles Regulating Insulin Secretion. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6329397. [PMID: 34318874 PMCID: PMC8375443 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, intracellular function and metabolic adaptation within the α-cell has been understudied, with most of the attention being placed on the insulin-producing β-cells due to their role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is a growing interest in understanding the function of other endocrine cell types within the islet and their paracrine role in regulating insulin secretion. For example, there is greater appreciation for α-cell products and their contributions to overall glucose homeostasis. Several recent studies have addressed a paracrine role for α-cell-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in regulating glucose homeostasis and responses to metabolic stress. Further, other studies have demonstrated the ability of glucagon to impact insulin secretion by acting through the GLP-1 receptor. These studies challenge the central dogma surrounding α-cell biology describing glucagon's primary role in glucose counterregulation to one where glucagon is critical in regulating both hyper- and hypoglycemic responses. Herein, this review will update the current understanding of the role of glucagon and α-cell-derived GLP-1, placing emphasis on their roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and β-cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maigen Bethea
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Section, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Correspondence: Darleen A. Sandoval, PhD, University of Colorado Anschut, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes,12801 E 17th Ave. Research Complex 1 South 7th Floor, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quiñones M, Hernández-Bautista R, Beiroa D, Heras V, Torres-Leal FL, Lam BYH, Senra A, Fernø J, Gómez-Valadés AG, Schwaninger M, Prevot V, Yeo G, Claret M, López M, Diéguez C, Al-Massadi O, Nogueiras R. Sirt3 in POMC neurons controls energy balance in a sex- and diet-dependent manner. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101945. [PMID: 33744652 PMCID: PMC8005845 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is one of the seven mammalian sirtuin homologs of the yeast Sir2 gene that has emerged as an important player in the regulation of energy metabolism in peripheral tissues. However, its role in the hypothalamus has not been explored. Herein, we show that the genetic inhibition of SIRT3 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) induced a negative energy balance and improvement of several metabolic parameters. These effects are specific for POMC neurons, because ablation of SIRT3 in POMC, but not in AgRP neurons, decreased body weight and adiposity, increased energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, and induced browning in white adipose tissue (WAT). Notably, the depletion of SIRT3 in POMC neurons caused these effects in male mice fed a chow diet but failed to affect energy balance in males fed a high fat diet and females under both type of diets. Overall, we provide the first evidence pointing for a key role of SIRT3 in POMC neurons in the regulation of energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quiñones
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
| | - René Hernández-Bautista
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Violeta Heras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Francisco L Torres-Leal
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition (DOMEN) Research Group, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alicia García Gómez-Valadés
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Giles Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana S/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The hypothalamus is functional neuroendocrine tissue that is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of peptide hormones that regulate the pituitary and other endocrine functions. Endocrine tumors of the hypothalamus are rare but they provide a model for tumors that have both structural and functional effects. Patients with hypothalamic endocrine tumors suffer mass effects including headaches, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction due to structural damage to hypothalamic nuclei, which regulate appetite, temperature, diurnal rhythms and emotions. In addition, these tumors can secrete hormones that can cause acromegaly, Cushing disease, hyperprolactinemia, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Morphologic classification of these tumors has provided evidence for two classes of tumors, gangliocytomas that are composed of large neurons and neurocytomas that are comprised of small cells; these resemble the variants of magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei. Biomarkers are used to classify these tumors and achieve accurate structure-function correlations. While surgery remains the mainstay of therapy, novel medical and radiopharmaceutical approaches are available for patients with progressive and/or unresectable tumors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Reprint of: Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 447:191-215. [PMID: 33046217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 437:215-239. [PMID: 32360593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Finan B, Capozzi ME, Campbell JE. Repositioning Glucagon Action in the Physiology and Pharmacology of Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:532-541. [PMID: 31178432 PMCID: PMC7085250 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon is historically described as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin, induced by fasting/hypoglycemia to raise blood glucose through action mediated in the liver. However, it is becoming clear that the biology of glucagon is much more complex and extends beyond hepatic actions to exert control on glucose metabolism. We discuss the inconsistencies with the canonical view that glucagon is primarily a hyperglycemic agent driven by fasting/hypoglycemia and highlight the recent advances that have reshaped the metabolic role of glucagon. These concepts are placed within the context of both normal physiology and the pathophysiology of disease and then extended to discuss emerging strategies that incorporate glucagon agonism in the pharmacology of treating diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Folgueira C, Torres-Leal FL, Beiroa D, Pena-León V, Da Silva Lima N, Milbank E, Senra A, Al-Massadi O, López M, Diéguez C, Seoane LM, Nogueiras R. Oral Pharmacological Activation of Hypothalamic Guanylate Cyclase 2C Receptor Stimulates Brown Fat Thermogenesis to Reduce Body Weight. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1042-1054. [PMID: 31945763 DOI: 10.1159/000505972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Linaclotide is a synthetic peptide approved by the FDA for the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. Linaclotide binds and activates the transmembrane receptor guanylate cyclase 2C (Gucy2c). Uroguanylin (UGN) is a 16 amino acid peptide that is mainly secreted by enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum and proximal small intestine. UGN is the endogenous ligand of Gucy2c and decreases body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice via the activation of the thermogenic program in brown adipose tissue. Therefore, we wanted to evaluate whether oral linaclotide could also improve DIO mice metabolic phenotype. In this study, we have demonstrated that DIO mice orally treated with linaclotide exhibited a significant reduction of body weight without modifying food intake. Linaclotide exerts its actions through the central nervous system, and more specifically, via Gucy2c receptors located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, leading to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system to trigger the thermogenic activity of brown fat stimulating energy expenditure. These findings indicate for first time that, in addition to its effects at intestinal level to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic constipation, linaclotide also exerts a beneficial effect in whole body metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Folgueira
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Pena-León
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Natália Da Silva Lima
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Santiago de Compostela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,
- Galician Agency of Innovation, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Al-Massadi O, Quiñones M, Clasadonte J, Hernandez-Bautista R, Romero-Picó A, Folgueira C, Morgan DA, Kalló I, Heras V, Senra A, Funderburk SC, Krashes MJ, Souto Y, Fidalgo M, Luquet S, Chee MJ, Imbernon M, Beiroa D, García-Caballero L, Gallego R, Lam BYH, Yeo G, Lopez M, Liposits Z, Rahmouni K, Prevot V, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. MCH Regulates SIRT1/FoxO1 and Reduces POMC Neuronal Activity to Induce Hyperphagia, Adiposity, and Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes 2019; 68:2210-2222. [PMID: 31530579 PMCID: PMC6868473 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an important regulator of food intake, glucose metabolism, and adiposity. However, the mechanisms mediating these actions remain largely unknown. We used pharmacological and genetic approaches to show that the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/FoxO1 signaling pathway in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) mediates MCH-induced feeding, adiposity, and glucose intolerance. MCH reduces proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal activity, and the SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway regulates the inhibitory effect of MCH on POMC expression. Remarkably, the metabolic actions of MCH are compromised in mice lacking SIRT1 specifically in POMC neurons. Of note, the actions of MCH are independent of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons because inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor in the ARC did not prevent the orexigenic action of MCH, and the hypophagic effect of MCH silencing was maintained after chemogenetic stimulation of AgRP neurons. Central SIRT1 is required for MCH-induced weight gain through its actions on the sympathetic nervous system. The central MCH knockdown causes hypophagia and weight loss in diet-induced obese wild-type mice; however, these effects were abolished in mice overexpressing SIRT1 fed a high-fat diet. These data reveal the neuronal basis for the effects of MCH on food intake, body weight, and glucose metabolism and highlight the relevance of SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- INSERM, U1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
- FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - René Hernandez-Bautista
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Romero-Picó
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cintia Folgueira
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Violeta Heras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel C Funderburk
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yara Souto
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Monica Imbernon
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- INSERM, U1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalia Gallego
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giles Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Miguel Lopez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vincent Prevot
- INSERM, U1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
- FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Glucagon Control on Food Intake and Energy Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163905. [PMID: 31405212 PMCID: PMC6719123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon exerts pleiotropic actions on energy balance and has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity in the last few years. Glucagon reduces body weight and adiposity by suppression of appetite and by modulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, this hormone promotes weight loss by activation of energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In this review, we cover these metabolic actions elicited by glucagon beyond its canonical regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition, we discuss recent developments of therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity and diabetes by dual- and tri-agonist molecules based on combinations of glucagon with other peptides. New strategies using these unimolecular polyagonists targeting the glucagon receptor (GCGR), have become successful approaches to evaluate the multifaceted nature of glucagon signaling in energy balance and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
26
|
Folgueira C, Beiroa D, Porteiro B, Duquenne M, Puighermanal E, Fondevila MF, Barja-Fernández S, Gallego R, Hernández-Bautista R, Castelao C, Senra A, Seoane P, Gómez N, Aguiar P, Guallar D, Fidalgo M, Romero-Pico A, Adan R, Blouet C, Labandeira-García JL, Jeanrenaud F, Kallo I, Liposits Z, Salvador J, Prevot V, Dieguez C, Lopez M, Valjent E, Frühbeck G, Seoane LM, Nogueiras R. Hypothalamic dopamine signaling regulates brown fat thermogenesis. Nat Metab 2019; 1:811-829. [PMID: 31579887 PMCID: PMC6774781 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling is a crucial part of the brain reward system and can affect feeding behavior. Dopamine receptors are also expressed in the hypothalamus, which is known to control energy metabolism in peripheral tissues. Here we show that pharmacological or chemogenetic stimulation of dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) expressing cells in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the zona incerta (ZI) decreases body weight and stimulates brown fat activity in rodents in a feeding-independent manner. LHA/ZI D2R stimulation requires an intact sympathetic nervous system and orexin system to exert its action and involves inhibition of PI3K in the LHA/ZI. We further demonstrate that, as early as 3 months after onset of treatment, patients treated with the D2R agonist cabergoline experience an increase in energy expenditure that persists for one year, leading to total body weight and fat loss through a prolactin-independent mechanism. Our results may provide a mechanistic explanation for how clinically used D2R agonists act in the CNS to regulate energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Folgueira
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo. Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Manon Duquenne
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | | | - Marcos F Fondevila
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Silvia Barja-Fernández
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo. Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Rosalia Gallego
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, S. Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - René Hernández-Bautista
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Cecilia Castelao
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo. Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Ana Senra
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Patricia Seoane
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Noemi Gómez
- Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain; Molecular Imaging Group. Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela. Zip Code: 15706. Spain; Nuclear Medicine Department University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) (CHUS), Travesía Choupana s/n. Santiago de Compostela 15706 Spain
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela 15782 Spain; Molecular Imaging Group. Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela. Zip Code: 15706. Spain; Nuclear Medicine Department University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS) (CHUS), Travesía Choupana s/n. Santiago de Compostela 15706 Spain
| | - Diana Guallar
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Amparo Romero-Pico
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Roger Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Disease Unit. Institute of Metabolic Science. University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose Luís Labandeira-García
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Françoise Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Imre Kallo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Javier Salvador
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra & IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (JPArc), Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra & IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo. Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neuronal cAMP/PKA Signaling and Energy Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1090:31-48. [PMID: 30390284 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain plays a key role in the regulation of body weight and glucose metabolism. Peripheral signals including hormones, metabolites, and neural afferent signals are received and processed by the brain which in turn elicits proper behavioral and metabolic responses for maintaining energy and glucose homeostasis. The cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway acts downstream G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) to mediate the physiological effects of many hormones and neurotransmitters. Activated PKA phosphorylates various proteins including ion channels, enzymes, and transcription factors and regulates their activity. Recent studies have shown that neuronal cAMP/PKA activity in multiple brain regions are involved in the regulation of feeding, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. In this chapter I summarize recent genetic and pharmacological studies concerning the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis by cAMP/PKA signaling in the brain.
Collapse
|
28
|
González-García I, Milbank E, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. Glucagon, GLP-1 and Thermogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143445. [PMID: 31337027 PMCID: PMC6678955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is a conserved mechanism to maintain body temperature in mammals. However, since BAT contribution to energy expenditure can represent a relevant modulator of metabolic homeostasis, many studies have focused on the nervous system and endocrine factors that control the activity of this tissue. There is long-established evidence that the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon negatively influences energy balance, enhances satiety, and increases energy expenditure. Despite compelling evidence showing that glucagon has direct action on BAT thermogenesis, recent findings are questioning this conventional attribute of glucagon action. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by the intestinal tract which strongly decreases feeding, and, furthermore, improves metabolic parameters associated with obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1-R) have emerged as a promising target in the treatment of metabolic disorders. In this short review, we will summarize the latest evidence in this regard, as well as the current therapeutic glucagon- and GLP-1-based approaches to treating obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sharma AX, Quittner-Strom EB, Lee Y, Johnson JA, Martin SA, Yu X, Li J, Lu J, Cai Z, Chen S, Wang MY, Zhang Y, Pearson MJ, Dorn AC, McDonald JG, Gordillo R, Yan H, Thai D, Wang ZV, Unger RH, Holland WL. Glucagon Receptor Antagonism Improves Glucose Metabolism and Cardiac Function by Promoting AMP-Mediated Protein Kinase in Diabetic Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1760-1773. [PMID: 29444429 PMCID: PMC5978750 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic potential of glucagon receptor antagonism presents an opportunity for use in an insulin-centric clinical environment. To investigate the metabolic effects of glucagon receptor antagonism in type 2 diabetes, we treated Leprdb/db and Lepob/ob mice with REMD 2.59, a human monoclonal antibody and competitive antagonist of the glucagon receptor. As expected, REMD 2.59 suppresses hepatic glucose production and improves glycemia. Surprisingly, it also enhances insulin action in both liver and skeletal muscle, coinciding with an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated lipid oxidation. Furthermore, weekly REMD 2.59 treatment over a period of months protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy. These functional improvements are not derived simply from correcting the systemic milieu; nondiabetic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of lipoprotein lipase also show improvements in contractile function after REMD 2.59 treatment. These observations suggest that hyperglucagonemia enables lipotoxic conditions, allowing the development of insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction during disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit X Sharma
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Ezekiel B Quittner-Strom
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Young Lee
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Medical Service, Veteran's Administration North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Medical Service, Veteran's Administration North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Jianping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - John Lu
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | | | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Medical Service, Veteran's Administration North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Pearson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Andie C Dorn
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Dung Thai
- REMD Biotherapeutics Inc., Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Roger H Unger
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Medical Service, Veteran's Administration North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stahel P, Lee SJ, Sud SK, Floh A, Dash S. Intranasal glucagon acutely increases energy expenditure without inducing hyperglycaemia in overweight/obese adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1357-1364. [PMID: 30740846 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the acute effects of 0.7 mg intranasal glucagon (ING) vs intranasal placebo (INP) on food intake and resting energy expenditure (REE). METHODS A single-blind, crossover study was conducted in 19 overweight/obese adults (15 men, 4 women). REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry over 90 minutes, after which appetite was assessed using a visual analogue scale, and ad libitum caloric intake was assessed. Plasma samples were obtained at baseline and at 15-minute intervals post-treatment up to 90 minutes. RESULTS ING increased total REE (INP 61.5 ± 1.2 kcal vs ING 69.4 ± 1.2 kcal; P = 0.027). There were no between-treatment differences in blood glucose, food intake and appetite. There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSION ING acutely increases REE without increasing plasma glucose. Longer term studies with multiple daily dosing will establish whether this affects body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priska Stahel
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn K Sud
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alejandro Floh
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satya Dash
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Uroguanylin Improves Leptin Responsiveness in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040752. [PMID: 30935076 PMCID: PMC6520813 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal-brain axis is a key mediator of the body weight and energy homeostasis regulation. Uroguanylin (UGN) has been recently proposed to be a part of this gut-brain axis regulating food intake, body weight and energy expenditure. Expression of UGN is regulated by the nutritional status and dependent on leptin levels. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this UGN-leptin metabolic regulation at a hypothalamic level still remains unclear. Using leptin resistant diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, we aimed to determine whether UGN could improve hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. The present work demonstrates that the central co-administration of UGN and leptin potentiates leptin’s ability to decrease the food intake and body weight in DIO mice, and that UGN activates the hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathways. At a functional level, the blockade of PI3K, but not STAT3, blunted UGN-mediated leptin responsiveness in DIO mice. Overall, these findings indicate that UGN improves leptin sensitivity in DIO mice.
Collapse
|
32
|
Quiñones M, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Al-Massadi O. Exciting advances in GPCR-based drugs discovery for treating metabolic disease and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:421-431. [PMID: 30821530 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1583642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current pharmacological therapies that target single receptors have limited efficacy for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Novel approaches with hybrid peptides that activate more than one receptor at once to generate beneficial effects through synergistic effects have shown promising results. Several unimolecular dual and tri-agonists, mainly associated with GPCR like GLP-1/GCG/GIP receptors, have shown exceptional efficacy in preclinical models, and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials to investigate their safety and beneficial effects in humans. Areas covered: Herein, the authors review the development of drugs used in the treatment of metabolic disease, from single agonists to the new generation of tri-agonist peptides and compile the latest knowledge available on GPCR-based drug discovery. The authors also provide the reader with their expert perspectives on this exciting area of drug development. Expert opinion: The co-agonists that have been clinically tested so far have been well tolerated and reduce body weight as well as fasting glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to a higher degree than single agonists alone. The promising data collected so far now warrant large scale randomized clinical trials to assess whether a unimolecular polypharmacy-based approach could translate into safe and efficacious treatments for obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quiñones
- a Department of Physiology, CIMUS , University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- c Hormone Laboratory , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- a Department of Physiology, CIMUS , University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- a Department of Physiology, CIMUS , University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- d Neurotransmission et signalisation laboratoire , Inserm UMR-S 839 , Paris , France.,e Faculté des Sciences et d'Ingénierie , Sorbonne Université , Paris , France.,f Institut du Fer a Moulin , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seoane-Collazo P, Roa J, Rial-Pensado E, Liñares-Pose L, Beiroa D, Ruíz-Pino F, López-González T, Morgan DA, Pardavila JÁ, Sánchez-Tapia MJ, Martínez-Sánchez N, Contreras C, Fidalgo M, Diéguez C, Coppari R, Rahmouni K, Nogueiras R, Tena-Sempere M, López M. SF1-Specific AMPKα1 Deletion Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2018; 67:2213-2226. [PMID: 30104247 PMCID: PMC6198345 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AMPK is a cellular gauge that is activated under conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy waste. Current evidence links hypothalamic AMPK with the central regulation of energy balance. However, it is unclear whether targeting hypothalamic AMPK has beneficial effects in obesity. Here, we show that genetic inhibition of AMPK in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and subsequently energy expenditure. Notably, this effect depends upon the AMPKα1 isoform in steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) neurons of the VMH, since mice bearing selective ablation of AMPKα1 in SF1 neurons display resistance to diet-induced obesity, increased BAT thermogenesis, browning of white adipose tissue, and improved glucose and lipid homeostasis. Overall, our findings point to hypothalamic AMPK in specific neuronal populations as a potential druggable target for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Roa
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Rial-Pensado
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Liñares-Pose
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruíz-Pino
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Tania López-González
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - José Ángel Pardavila
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Jesús Sánchez-Tapia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
- FiDiPro Program, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim T, Nason S, Holleman C, Pepin M, Wilson L, Berryhill TF, Wende AR, Steele C, Young ME, Barnes S, Drucker DJ, Finan B, DiMarchi R, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp M, Habegger KM. Glucagon Receptor Signaling Regulates Energy Metabolism via Hepatic Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Diabetes 2018; 67:1773-1782. [PMID: 29925501 PMCID: PMC6110317 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon, an essential regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, also promotes weight loss, in part through potentiation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion. However, FGF21 is only a partial mediator of metabolic actions ensuing from glucagon receptor (GCGR) activation, prompting us to search for additional pathways. Intriguingly, chronic GCGR agonism increases plasma bile acid levels. We hypothesized that GCGR agonism regulates energy metabolism, at least in part, through farnesoid X receptor (FXR). To test this hypothesis, we studied whole-body and liver-specific FXR-knockout (Fxr∆liver) mice. Chronic GCGR agonist (IUB288) administration in diet-induced obese (DIO) Gcgr, Fgf21, and Fxr whole-body or liver-specific knockout (∆liver) mice failed to reduce body weight when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. IUB288 increased energy expenditure and respiration in DIO WT mice, but not Fxr∆liver mice. GCGR agonism increased [14C]palmitate oxidation in hepatocytes isolated from WT mice in a dose-dependent manner, an effect blunted in hepatocytes from Fxr∆liver mice. Our data clearly demonstrate that control of whole-body energy expenditure by GCGR agonism requires intact FXR signaling in the liver. This heretofore-unappreciated aspect of glucagon biology has implications for the use of GCGR agonism in the therapy of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Calorimetry, Indirect
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Organ Specificity
- Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/agonists
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Weight Gain/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teayoun Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Cassie Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mark Pepin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Landon Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Chad Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
p53 in AgRP neurons is required for protection against diet-induced obesity via JNK1. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3432. [PMID: 30143607 PMCID: PMC6109113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a well-known tumor suppressor that has emerged as an important player in energy balance. However, its metabolic role in the hypothalamus remains unknown. Herein, we show that mice lacking p53 in agouti-related peptide (AgRP), but not proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) neurons, are more prone to develop diet-induced obesity and show reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity. AgRP-specific ablation of p53 resulted in increased hypothalamic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity before the mice developed obesity, and central inhibition of JNK reversed the obese phenotype of these mice. The overexpression of p53 in the ARC or specifically in AgRP neurons of obese mice decreased body weight and stimulated BAT thermogenesis, resulting in body weight loss. Finally, p53 in AgRP neurons regulates the ghrelin-induced food intake and body weight. Overall, our findings provide evidence that p53 in AgRP neurons is required for normal adaptations against diet-induced obesity. Emerging studies suggest that p53 is an important regulator of energy metabolism, yet there is little known about the metabolic function of this tumor suppressor in the hypothalamus. Here, authors illustrate that p53, specifically in AgRP neurons, is required for adaptation to diet-induced obesity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Müller TD, Finan B, Clemmensen C, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. The New Biology and Pharmacology of Glucagon. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:721-766. [PMID: 28275047 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the molecular basis of the huge metabolic benefits in bariatric surgery is emerging while novel incretin-based medicines based on endogenous hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and pancreas-derived amylin are improving diabetes management. These and related developments have fostered the discovery of novel insights into endocrine control of systemic metabolism, and in particular a deeper understanding of the importance of communication across vital organs, and specifically the gut-brain-pancreas-liver network. Paradoxically, the pancreatic peptide glucagon has reemerged in this period among a plethora of newly identified metabolic macromolecules, and new data complement and challenge its historical position as a gut hormone involved in metabolic control. The synthesis of glucagon analogs that are biophysically stable and soluble in aqueous solutions has promoted biological study that has enriched our understanding of glucagon biology and ironically recruited glucagon agonism as a central element to lower body weight in the treatment of metabolic disease. This review summarizes the extensive historical record and the more recent provocative direction that integrates the prominent role of glucagon in glucose elevation with its under-acknowledged effects on lipids, body weight, and vascular health that have implications for the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, and the emergence of precision medicines to treat metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sekar R, Wang L, Chow BKC. Central Control of Feeding Behavior by the Secretin, PACAP, and Glucagon Family of Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28223965 PMCID: PMC5293785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituting a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides, secretin (SCT), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and glucagon (GCG) family of peptide hormones exert their functions via interactions with the class B1 G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the roles of these peptides in neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior have been a specific area of research focus for development of potential therapeutic drug targets to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. As a result, some members in the family and their analogs have already been utilized as therapeutic agents in clinical application. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding on the important role of SCT, PACAP, and GCG family of peptides in central control of feeding behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In recent years, novel discoveries have reshaped our understanding of the biology of brain glucagon in the regulation of peripheral homeostasis. Here we compare and contrast brain glucagon action in feeding vs glucose regulation and depict the physiological relevance of brain glucagon by reviewing their actions in two key regions of the central nervous system: the mediobasal hypothalamus and the dorsal vagal complex. These novel findings pave the way to future therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing brain glucagon action for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Novel data on glucagon' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Young Lee and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3965-9 ), and by Russell Miller and Morris Birnbaum, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3955-y ) and an overview by the Session Chair, Isabel Valverde (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3946-z ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Abraham
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 10th floor-Room 705, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
López M, Nogueiras R, Tena-Sempere M, Diéguez C. Hypothalamic AMPK: a canonical regulator of whole-body energy balance. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:421-32. [PMID: 27199291 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a major role in the modulation of energy balance. AMPK is activated in conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy consumption. The AMPK pathway is a canonical route regulating energy homeostasis by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with neuronal networks. Current evidence has implicated AMPK in the hypothalamus and hindbrain with feeding, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue, through modulation of the sympathetic nervous system, as well as glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, several potential antiobesity and/or antidiabetic agents, some of which are currently in clinical use such as metformin and liraglutide, exert some of their actions by acting on AMPK. Furthermore, the orexigenic and weight-gain effects of commonly used antipsychotic drugs are also mediated by hypothalamic AMPK. Overall, this evidence suggests that hypothalamic AMPK signalling is an interesting target for drug development, but is this approach feasible? In this Review we discuss the current understanding of hypothalamic AMPK and its role in the central regulation of energy balance and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Al-Massadi O, Porteiro B, Kuhlow D, Köhler M, Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Quiñones M, Senra A, Alvarez CV, López M, Diéguez C, Schulz TJ, Nogueiras R. Pharmacological and Genetic Manipulation of p53 in Brown Fat at Adult But Not Embryonic Stages Regulates Thermogenesis and Body Weight in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2735-49. [PMID: 27183316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a well-known tumor suppressor that plays multiple biological roles, including the capacity to modulate metabolism at different levels. However, its metabolic role in brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains largely unknown. Herein we sought to investigate the physiological role of endogenous p53 in BAT and its implication on BAT thermogenic activity and energy balance. To this end, we generated and characterized global p53-null mice and mice lacking p53 specifically in BAT. Additionally we performed gain-and-loss-of-function experiments in the BAT of adult mice using virogenetic and pharmacological approaches. BAT was collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry, thermography, real-time PCR, and Western blot. p53-deficient mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity due to increased energy expenditure and BAT activity. However, the deletion of p53 in BAT using a Myf5-Cre driven p53 knockout did not show any changes in body weight or the expression of thermogenic markers. The acute inhibition of p53 in the BAT of adult mice slightly increased body weight and inhibited BAT thermogenesis, whereas its overexpression in the BAT of diet-induced obese mice reduced body weight and increased thermogenesis. On the other hand, pharmacological activation of p53 improves body weight gain due to increased BAT thermogenesis by sympathetic nervous system in obese adult wild-type mice but not in p53(-/-) animals. These results reveal that p53 regulates BAT metabolism by coordinating body weight and thermogenesis, but these metabolic actions are tissue specific and also dependent on the developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Doreen Kuhlow
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - María J Gonzalez-Rellan
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Esther Díaz-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.G.-L., E.D.R., M.Q., A.S., C.V.A., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (O.A.-M., B.P., M.J.G.-R., M.Q., M.L., C.D., R.N.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition (D.K., M.K., T.J.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; and German Center for Diabetes Research (T.J.S.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| |
Collapse
|