Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity

Green synthesis, characterization, structural, morphological, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Fioria vitifolia extract

The increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens diseases and the rise in multidrug resistance highlights the urgent need for new drug delivery systems or novel drug molecules to enhance treatment options. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles attracting attention due to their potential in biomedical applications, such as cancer therapy and diagnostics. ZnO is a versatile compound with excellent UV-blocking, anti-inflammatory, and wide-bandgap semiconductor properties. This study focuses on the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using 'Fioria vitifolia' leaf extract, as a reducing agent with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aids in reducing particle size and preventing aggregation, enhancing nanoparticle stability. The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), and Photoluminescence (PL). These analyses confirmed the successful formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, especially against 'Enterobacter', and exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cells (A549), but has low toxicity to standard cells (L929). The IC50 values affirmed their potential as anticancer agents, suggesting their dual promise as antimicrobial and anticancer compounds. The enormous potential of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles as biological agents a sustainable substitute for chemically synthesized medications is highlighted in this study. The potential of the nanoparticles in a range of biomedical applications is highlighted by their ecologically friendly manufacturing process as well as their proven antibacterial and anticancer qualities.

Investigation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of biosynthesized metal-doped and undoped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Over the past 10 years, nanotechnology has emerged as a very promising technique for a wide range of biomedical applications. Green synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are cheap, easy to produce in large quantities, and safe for the environment. Currently, efforts are being made to dope ZnO in order to improve its optical, electrical, and ferromagnetic qualities as well as its crystallographic quality. Actually, doping is one of the simplest methods for enhancing an NP's physicochemical characteristics because it involves introducing impure ions into the crystal lattice of the particle. In this study, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnONPs) and metal-doped (Mg2+ and Ag+) ZnONPs was carried out by using aqueous and water-alcoholic extracts of Cynara scolymus L. leaves, Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers, and Rheum ribes L. (RrL) plant, which are rich in phytochemical content. Plant extracts act as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the production. The produced NPs were characterized using a variety of methods, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The produced metal-doped and undoped ZnONPs exhibited characteristic absorption peaks between 365 and 383 nm due to their surface plasmon resonance bands. SEM analysis revealed that the NPs were oval, nearly spherical, and spherical. In the FTIR spectra, the Zn-O bonding peak ranges from 400 to 700 cm-1. The peaks obtained in the range of 407-562 cm-1 clearly represent the Zn-O bond. In addition, the FTIR results showed that there were notable amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds in both the prepared extract and ZnONPs. According to DLS analysis results, the size distribution of produced NPs is between 120 and 786 nm. The antibacterial properties of green produced NPs on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli DH10B) bacterial strains were investigated by agar well diffusion method. In studies investigating the anticancer activities of biosynthesized NPs, mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were used as healthy cells and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were used as cancer cells. Only the produced Ag-ZnONPs showed potent dose-dependent antibacterial activity (at concentrations higher than 100 µg/mL) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RrL-ZnONP-600 and RrL-ZnONP-800 NPs produced with water-ethanol extract of RrL plant and calcined at 600 and 800°C were effective at high concentrations in healthy cells and at low concentrations in HeLa cancer cells, showing that they have the potential to be anticancer agents. The study's findings highlight the potential of green synthesis techniques in the production of medicinal nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer and other biological uses.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Pavonia zeylanica to Mediate Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue: Studies on Reaction Kinetics, Reusability and Mineralization

Nanoparticles (especially zinc and titanium oxide) have been found to be effective in photodegrading pollutants (organic/inorganic) from industrial wastewater. Presently, this study aimed at biosynthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from the leaf extract of Pavonia zeylanica, a plant with significant medical value, and evaluating their photocatalytic properties against methylene blue (MB), an azo dye (100 mg L-1, pH 7), using solar irradiation, along with the measurement of their reusability and mineralization efficiency. The characterization of the Pz-ZnO-NPs showed an absorbance peak at 313 nm, with a bandgap value of 3.04 eV and a size of 19.58 nm. This study's results show that the synthesized Pz-ZnO-NPs, upon treatment with MB dye after 2 h of solar irradiation, showed an 89.32% degradation, which was concentration-dependent and followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reusability studies indicated that the Pz-ZnO-NPs were able to degrade MB dye after five repeated cycles of its usage. The structural composition of the Pz-ZnO-NPs evaluated by XRD showed that the peak position stayed constant. Nevertheless, the peak intensity dropped, indicating that the ZnO-NPs' crystal structure was unaffected. Furthermore, advanced oxidation process studies, which included an evaluation of COD and TOC, revealed that both the contents decreased significantly during the photocatalysis process, wherein the electron-rich organic dyes were converted to nontoxic products through mineralization.

A review on the green synthesis of metal (Ag, Cu, and Au) and metal oxide (ZnO, MgO, Co3O4, and TiO2) nanoparticles using plant extracts for developing antimicrobial properties

Green synthesis (GS) is a vital method for producing metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Unlike traditional methods, green synthesis utilizes natural substances, such as plant extracts, microorganisms, etc., to create nanoparticles. This eco-friendly approach results in non-toxic and biocompatible nanoparticles with superior antimicrobial activity. This paper reviews the prospects of green synthesis of metal nanoparticles of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au) and metal oxide nanoparticles of zinc (ZnO), magnesium (MgO), cobalt (Co3O4), and titanium (TiO2) using plant extracts from tissues of leaves, barks, roots, etc., antibacterial mechanisms of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, and obstacles and factors that need to be considered to overcome the limitations of the green synthesis process. The clean surfaces and minimal chemical residues of these nanoparticles contribute to their effectiveness. Certain metals exhibit enhanced antibacterial properties only in GS methods due to the presence of bioactive compounds from natural reducing agents such as Au and MgO. GS improves TiO2 antibacterial properties under visible light, while it would be impossible without UV activation. These nanoparticles have important antimicrobial properties for treating microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance against bacteria, fungi, and viruses by disrupting microbial membranes, generating ROS, and interfering with DNA and protein synthesis. Nanoscale size and large surface area make them critical for developing advanced antimicrobial treatments. They are effective antibacterial agents for treating infections, suitable in water purification systems, and fostering innovation by creating green, economically viable antibacterial materials. Therefore, green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial agents supports several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including health improvement, sustainability, and innovation.

Unlocking the Potential of Nanostructured ZnO on PPC Membranes: High-Throughput Synthesis, Morphology Tailoring, and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

The development of nanostructured ZnO (nano-ZnO) with tailored morphologies is critical for creating effective antibacterial materials. This study introduces a high-throughput platform for the in situ synthesis of PPC/nano-ZnO composites, enabling precise control over the morphology of nano-ZnO to optimize antibacterial performance. By leveraging electrospinning, heat treatment, and hydrothermal synthesis, we fabricated diverse nano-ZnO structures, including nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanoflowers, on PPC nanofiber membranes. The large experimental data set generated through high-throughput synthesis facilitated the creation of a phase diagram that correlates key synthetic parameters, such as Zn2+ concentration, heat treatment temperature, and hydrothermal conditions, with nano-ZnO morphology and antibacterial efficacy. Tailoring the morphology of nano-ZnO is essential for maximizing antibacterial activity, and our results demonstrate that nanorods exhibit the highest efficacy against Escherichia coli due to their enhanced surface area and physical penetration capabilities. Phase diagram analysis revealed that increased Zn precursor concentrations promoted the growth of rod- and flower-like structures, which were linked to superior antibacterial performance. The sample with the highest antibacterial efficacy showed a maximum inhibition zone of 17.88 mm. A mechanistic model suggests that the mechanical disruption of bacterial membranes by sharp nano-ZnO structures is a key contributor to antibacterial action. This work underscores the significance of morphology control in designing effective antibacterial nanomaterials and provides a systematic approach to optimizing their properties.

Anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of L-Glutaminase (Streptomyces roseolus strain ZKB1) capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles and its molecular characterization

The current investigation reports anti-cancer, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of L-Glutaminase (Streptomyces roseolus strain ZKB1) and L-Glutaminase capped nanoparticles. The highest L-Glutaminase production of 9.57 U/mL was achieved on the 4th day of fermentation when L-Glutamine was used as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Enhanced recycling stability was observed after 6 cycles using L-Glutaminase immobilized in 3% agar and agarose matrices. Free and immobilized L- Glutaminase showed Km of 13.89 ± 0.8 and 7.13 ± 0.3 mM and Vmax of 18.40 ± 1.5 and 24.21 ± 1.7 U/mg respectively. L- Glutaminase capped silver (AgNP) and zinc oxide (ZnONP) nanoparticles were synthesized and structurally characterized using UV visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD and AFM. L- Glutaminase capped AgNP and ZnONP exhibited good thermal stability with five and three stages weight loss pattern respectively based on TGA. L-Glutaminase capped AgNP exhibited highest inhibitory activity against B. subtilis (45 ± 0.5 mm) and E. coli (33 ± 0.8 mm) whereas, L-Glutaminase capped ZnONP demonstrated highest inhibition against E. coli (30 ± 0.3 mm) and B. cereus (25 ± 0.5 mm). Increased nanoparticles concentration exhibited increased inhibitory potential as compared to wild L-Glutaminase and lowest MIC of 0.09 µg/mL was exhibited against B. cereus. L-Glutaminase capped nanoparticles demonstrated significant antioxidant properties through in-vitro ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays in a dosage-dependent manner. L-Glutaminase and capped AgNP and ZnONP, demonstrated pronounced cell cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancerous cell line with 57.17 µg/mL, 8.13 µg/mL and 28.31 µg/mL IC50 values respectively, suggesting promising properties as anticancer agents in enzyme-based therapy. The results reveal promising biological activities with potential applications in healthcare sector.

"Harnessing green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for dual action in wound management: Antibiotic delivery and healing Promotion"

Wound infections are characterized by the invasion of microorganisms into bodily tissues, leading to inflammation and potentially affecting any type of wound, including surgical incisions and chronic ulcers. If left untreated, they can delay recovery and cause tissue damage. Healthcare providers face challenges in treating these infections, which necessitate efficient treatment plans involving microbiological testing and clinical evaluation. The effectiveness of conventional treatments like antibiotics is limited by resistance. Various forms of nanotechnology have been developed, each exhibiting unique properties that address particular issues with conventional therapies. Among all the Nanocarriers, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), offer promising treatments for persistent wound infections. ZnO NPs possess strong antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties, making them suitable for wound care applications. These nanoparticles can be produced economically and environmentally using green synthesis techniques that minimize toxicity and are biocompatible. While chemical and physical techniques offer precise control over nanoparticle characteristics, they often involve hazardous substances and energy-intensive procedures. The antibacterial qualities, low toxicity, and biological compatibility of green-synthesized ZnO NPs make them a promising treatment for wound infections. Their use in scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and wound dressings provides a viable approach to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance wound treatment outcomes. Furthermore research is necessary to fully realize the benefits of ZnO NPs in clinical practice.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized from Butea monosperma Flowers and Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots and their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the principal global health problems, and it is imperative to develop new drugs to reduce the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. The flower extract of Butea monosperma and the root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra are used to green synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using zinc acetate dihydrate. We characterized the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using various techniques. The UV-visible spectra of ZnO-NPs using flower extract of B. monosperma and root extract of G. glabra were observed at 276 and 261 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis depicted different functional groups. The size of the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was calculated at 19.72 nm. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that ZnO-NPs synthesized from flower extracts of B. monosperma were agglomerated in rod-shaped clusters. The nanoparticles synthesized from G. glabra were dispersed and semi-spherical in shape. The most pronounced increases in antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid [ABTS] were detected at the high concentrations of ZnO-NPs (800 µg/ml) biosynthesized from B. monosperma (48.8%) and G. glabra (38.8%). Antibiotics revealed smaller inhibition zones, while the higher concentrations of ZnO-NPs (800 µg/ml) biosynthesized from B. monosperma and G. glabra displayed strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results indicated that the ZnO-NPs synthesized using B. monosperma and G. glabra extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This green synthesis approach highlights plant-mediated ZnO-NPs potential as effective agents for biomedical applications and offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis methods.

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Cinnamomum-Based Extracts and Their Applications

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter on the nanoscale, with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. It involves designing, synthesising, characterising and applying these nanoscale materials. Nanoparticles (NPs) are known for their high surface-area to volume-ratio, surface charge density, low melting point, and distinguishably good optical/electrical properties. NPs exhibit an excellent drug delivery system, an effective contrast agent for vascular imaging, and effective antimicrobial activity. The biological synthesis of NPs is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique. This bottom-up technique utilises organisms' enzymes/bio-compounds and a plant extract as capping and reducing agents. Cinnamomum species are known for their intrinsic antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarises articles that greenly synthesised NPs using Cinnamomum species' extracts, describing their methodologies, characterisation of the nanoparticles and their medical applications.

Methods

A literature search has been conducted on databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Frontier on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) using Cinnamomum-based extracts. Various articles reported the methodology of utilising Cinnamomum species' extracts as reducing and capping agents. Only original lab articles were considered.

Results

Various types of MNPs have been successfully synthesised. The most common Cinnamomum species utilised as extracts is Cinnamomum tamala. The most common applications tested were the MNPs' antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiabetic and anticancerous activity. MNPs also had a role in treating mice-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome and Parkinson-like neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusion

Cinnamomum species have been successfully utilised in the green synthesis of various MNPs. Silver and Gold NPs were the most reported. These MNPs proved their efficacy in multiple fields of medicine and biology, especially their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity. Notably, the newly synthesised NPs showed promising results in treating polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats.

A mechanistic overview on green assisted formulation of nanocomposites and their multifunctional role in biomedical applications

The importance of nanocomposites constantly attains attention because of their unique properties all across the fields especially in medical perspectives. The study of green-synthesized nanocomposites has grown to be extremely fascinating in the field of research. Nanocomposites are more promising than mono-metallic nanoparticles because they exhibit synergistic effects. This review encapsulates the current development in the formulation of plant-mediated nanocomposites by using several plant species and the impact of secondary metabolites on their biocompatible functioning. Phyto-synthesis produces diverse nanomaterials with biocompatibility, environment-friendliness, and in vivo actions, characterized by varying sizes, shapes, and biochemical nature. This process is advantageous to conventional physical and chemical procedures. New studies have been conducted to determine the biomedical efficacy of nanocomposites against various diseases. Unfortunately, there has been inadequate investigation into green-assisted nanocomposites. Incorporating phytosynthesized nanocomposites in therapeutic interventions not only enhances healing processes but also augments the host's immune defenses against infections. This review highlights the phytosynthesis of nanocomposites and their various biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-cancer, and other applications, as well as their toxicity. This review also explores the mechanistic action of nanocomposites to achieve their designated tasks. Biogenic nanocomposites for multimodal imaging have the potential to exchange the conventional methods and materials in biomedical research. Well-designed nanocomposites have the potential to be utilized in various biomedical fields as innovative theranostic agents with the subsequent objective of efficiently diagnosing and treating a variety of human disorders.

Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Shewanella putrefaciens and its application in preservation of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

Specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) are the key factors affecting the deterioration of large yellow croaker. This study investigated the antibacterial activity and mechanism of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against Shewanella putrefaciens. The effects of different concentrations of ZnO-NPs (0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL) combined with seawater slurry ice preservation on storage quality and microbial community of large yellow croaker were further investigated. The results showed that ZnO-NPs had a strong antibacterial effect on Shewanella putrefaciens, which destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in nucleic acid leakage and increased electrical conductivity. In addition, ZnO-NPs could effectively inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms, slow down the rate of lipid oxidation, delay the rise of pH value and total volatile basic nitrogen, and maintain the color of fish. Among them, 2 mg/mL ZnO-NPs treatment showed the best preservation effect on large yellow croaker. High-throughput sequencing results showed that Pseudoalteromonas and Shewanella became the dominant spoilage bacteria with the extension of storage time. ZnO-NPs significantly reduced the relative abundance of dominant spoilage bacteria and changed the microbial composition of fish. Inhibition of the growth of SSOs was important for delaying spoilage and prolonging the shelf-life of large yellow croaker. Therefore, ZnO-NPs combined with seawater slurry ice preservation could be used as a new storage method, which provides a new idea for food quality and safety control.

Antifungal Potential of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Controlling Cercospora Leaf Spot in Mung Bean

Agricultural growers worldwide face significant challenges in promoting plant growth. This research introduces a green strategy utilizing nanomaterials to enhance crop production. While high concentrations of nanomaterials are known to be hazardous to plants, this study demonstrates that low doses of biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) can serve as an effective regulatory tool to boost plant growth. These nanoparticles were produced using Nigella sativa seed extract and characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antifungal properties of ZnO NPs were evaluated against Cercospora canescens, the causative agent of Cercospora leaf spot in mung bean. Application of ZnO NPs significantly improved plant metrics, including shoot, root, pod, leaf, and root nodule counts, as well as plant length, fresh weight, and dry weight-all indicators of healthy growth. Moreover, low-dose ZnO NPs positively influenced enzymatic activity, physicochemical properties, and photosynthetic parameters. These findings suggest that biologically synthesized ZnO NPs offer a promising approach for enhancing crop yield and accelerating plant growth.

Antimicrobial activity prediction, inter- and intramolecular charge transfer investigation, reactivity analysis and molecular docking studies of adenine derivatives

The utilization of the density functional theory (DFT) methodology has developed as a highly efficient method for investigating molecular structure and vibrational spectra, and it is increasingly being employed in various applications relating to biological systems. This study focuses on conducting investigations, both experimental and computed, to analyze the molecular structure, electronic properties and features of (E)-4-(((9H-purin-6-yl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol (ANVA). The expression ANVA should be rewritten as follows: the compound is a derivative of adenine (primary amine), specifically a vanillin (aldehyde). The present study reports the synthesis, characterization, DFT, docking and antimicrobial activity of ANVA. The optimization of the molecular structure was conducted, and the determination of its structural features was performed using DFT with the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ method. The vibrational assignments were determined in detail by analyzing the potential energy distribution. A strong correlation was observed between the spectra that were observed and the spectra that were calculated. The calculation of intramolecular charge transfer was performed using natural bond orbital analysis. In addition, several computational methods were employed, including highest occupied molecular orbital-least unoccupied molecular orbital analysis, molecular electrostatic potential calculations, non-linear optical, reduced density gradient, localization orbital locator and electron localization function analysis. This paper examines the present use of adenine derivatives in combatting bacterial and fungal infections, as well as the inclusion of spectral and quantum chemical calculations in the discussion.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Metal nanoparticles incorporated chitosan-based electrospun nanofibre mats for wound dressing applications: A review

Wound healing is a dynamic physiological process essential for regenerating skin and maintaining coherence in hypodermic tissues. Chitosan-based electrospun nanofibre wound dressings show great promise for expediting the integration of skin and tissues due to their nano-topographic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and antimicrobial properties. However, their moderate bactericidal efficacy and limited mechanical strength hinder their widespread clinical application. The incorporation of specific metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and the functionalization of chitosan have brought attention to their crucial role in wound healing applications, yielding promising results by enhancing antibacterial properties, cell proliferation, cell signaling, and the mechanical robustness of the materials. Chitosan naturally mitigates the cytotoxicity of the incorporated metal nanoparticles within the nanofibers. Chitosan and modified chitosan-based electrospun mats incorporated with metal nanoparticles demonstrate substantial potential for expediting wound healing. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in electrospun chitosan-based mats containing MNPs aimed at enhancing wound healing. It covers various aspects, including modification techniques, fabrication methods, wound closure mechanisms, MNP release profiles, histological considerations, addresses existing challenges, and outlines potential future developments.

Intraperitoneal hepatorenal toxicity of zinc oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles in rats: a systematic review

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in various industries due to their distinctive physico-chemical and biological properties. However, concerns have been raised about their potential toxicity in humans. While many studies have reviewed their effects on visceral organs upon ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, limited reviews are available regarding their adverse consequences on the liver and kidneys resulting from intraperitoneal administration in rats. Hence, this systematic review is the first to uniquely address this issue. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Google scholar to identify articles that explored the toxic effects of ZnO-NPs and NiO-NPs in rats following intraperitoneal injection. The quality of the articles was assessed using SYCLE's risk of bias tool, leading to the selection of 16 articles; 14 for ZnO-NPs, 1 for NiO-NPs and 1 for both NPs. This review revealed that ZnO-NPs induces an acute toxicity in liver and kidney that is dose dependent. The impairments were marked by changes in organs functional markers, lipid and glucose levels and antioxidant deficiencies and lipid peroxidation. NiO-NPs also showed considerable toxicity, despite the limited studies. Further, variability of physico-chemical properties among studies complicated the toxicity assessment. To conclude, this study provides a novel contribution by summarizing the literature findings that suggest potential adverse intraperitoneal hepatorenal toxic outcomes associated with ZnO-NPs and NiO-NPs. Future research should focus on long-term effects and standardizing protocols to ensure the safe use of ZnO-NPs and NiO-NPs in industrial and clinical practices.

Plant phytochemicals-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobial, pharmacological, and environmental applications

Nanotechnology is a fast-growing field with large number of applications. Therefore, the current study, was designed to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from A. modesta leaves extract through a cost-effective method. The prepared NPs were characterized through UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD and DLS analysis revealed the hexagonal nanocrystalline nature of ZnO NPs. The FTIR results displayed multiple fictional groups and UV results confirmed its optical properties. The average size of the NPs was 68.3 nm with a band gap of 2.71 eV. The SEM images divulge a clover leaf shape of ZnO NPs. The EDX spectrum revealed the presence of zinc and oxygen. The prepared NPs showed excellent biomedical application. The highest antileishmanial activity was 68%, anti-inflammatory activity was 78%, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was 79.1%, antibacterial potential (ZOI) 22.1 mm, and highest growth inhibition of 85 ± 2.1% against A. rabiei. The adsorption efficiency of 85.3% within 120 min was obtained. Conclusively ZnO NPs have shown potential biomedical and environmental applications and ought to be the more investigated to enhance their practical use.

Host immunomodulation strategies to combat pandemic-associated antimicrobial-resistant secondary bacterial infections

The incidence of secondary bacterial infections has increased in recent decades owing to various viral pandemics. These infections further increase the morbidity and mortality rates associated with viral infections and remain a significant challenge in clinical practice. Intensive antibiotic therapy has mitigated the threat of such infections; however, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have resulted in poor outcomes, such as inducing the emergence of bacterial populations with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and reducing the therapeutic options for this crisis. Several antibiotic substitutes have been suggested and employed; however, they have certain limitations and novel alternatives are urgently required. This review highlights host immunomodulation as a promising strategy against secondary bacterial infections to overcome AMR. The definition and risk factors of secondary bacterial infections, features and limitations of currently available therapeutic strategies, host immune responses, and future perspectives for treating such infections are discussed.

Effects of Chemically and Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Shelf Life and Sensory Quality of Minced Fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemically and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the shelf life and sensory quality of fish meat. In this study, ZnO-NPs were synthesized by employing the colloidal chemistry (CZnO-NPs) and green synthesis (GZnO-NPs) methods, and they were also characterized to assess their morphology. The synthesized ZnO-NPs, ZnO, and zinc acetate (ZnA) were used for the preservation and fortification of fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) meat at 20 mg/kg of Zn. In a six-day storage study at 4 °C, the fish samples were evaluated for their sensory attributes (color and odor), physicochemical quality (pH and total volatile base nitrogen), oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and peroxide value), and microbial loads at 0, 3, and 6 days of storage. The fortification of raw fish with the synthesized CZnO-NPs produced better sensory attributes (color and odor) and maintained a pH non-conducive to microbial growth throughout the entire storage period compared with the control, ZnO, and ZnA-fortified samples. The GZnO-NPs largely did not provide any added advantage over CZnO-NPs but sometimes responded better than the control, ZnO, and ZnA samples. Oxidative status and total volatile base nitrogen were lower for CZnO-NPs in refrigerated fish compared with the other treatments. The ZnO-NP-fortified fish had the lowest counts of total viable bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., and Vibrio spp. Hence, the fortification of fish with synthesized CZnO-NPs is promising as a food additive to reduce microbial spoilage and lipid peroxidation of fish in storage.

Radical scavenging potential of spectrophotometric, spectroscopic, microscopic, and EDX observed zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaves, buds, and flowers extract of Bauhinia Variegata Linn: A thorough comparative insight

The present study incorporated an environment-friendly and cost-efficient green synthesis method for fabricating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using various parts (leaves, buds, and flowers) of Bauhinia Variegate Linn. UV-Spectrophotometric analysis was used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO-NPs, which showed an absorption band within 360-380 nm range. Further techniques like FT-IR spectroscopy and (SEM) scanning electron microscopy equipped with a novel EDX were also included to confirm the synthesis, size, and shape of ZnO-NPs. Results obtained by FT-IR showed that the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract successfully acted as a capping agent. SEM micrographs confirmed irregularly shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 70-80 nm. The presence of Zinc and Oxygen peaks in EDX also confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The radical scavenging (antioxidant) potential of prepared nanoparticles was also evaluated by DPPH radical assay. The ZnO-NPs obtained from the ethanolic extract of buds showed the highest %RSA (86%) as compared to the flowers (79%) and leaves (76%). The current study findings showed the versatile morphology of all parts of the plant with significant antioxidant potential, establishing the use of Bauhinia Variegate in biological systems for various biomedical applications. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A thorough comparative analysis of the radical scavenging power of major parts of the Bauhinia Variegate, which is 1st of its kind. Extensive characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX to observe the conformational and morphological changes. Analysis of the reduction potential of leaves, buds, and flowers of a single plant for future directions in green synthesis.

Nanomaterials in biology and medicine: a new perspective on its toxicity and applications

Nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for application in biology and medicine. It is used for detecting biological molecules, imaging, and as therapeutic agents. Due to nano-size (1-100 nm) and high surface-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials possess highly specific and distinct characteristics in the biological environment. Recently, the use of nanomaterials as sensors, theranostic, and drug delivery agents has become popular. The safety of these materials is being questioned because of their biological toxicity, such as inflammatory responses, cardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity, inhalation problems, etc., which can have a negative impact on the environment. This review paper focuses primarily on the toxicological effects of nanomaterials along with the mechanisms involved in cell interactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species by nanoparticles, which is the fundamental source of nanotoxicity. We also emphasize the greener synthesis of nanomaterials in biomedicine, as it is non-hazardous, feasible, and economical. The review articles shed light on the complexities of nanotoxicology in biosystems and the environment.

Exploration of Metal-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Agent: A Comprehensive Review

Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has captured significant interest, especially in the medical field, where the unique characteristics of nanoscale particles offer substantial advantages. The family of nanosized materials, specifically iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), has emerged as promising due to their magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and substantial surface area for therapeutic molecule attachment. The review explores various strategies to enhance the antibacterial properties of IONPs, such as metal doping, which modifies their physicochemical, biological, electrical, and optical properties. Metal-doped IONPs, including those with nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, gold, and others, have shown that they effectively eradicate viruses and bacteria. The mechanisms behind their enhanced antibacterial activity involve generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting antibiotic-resistant genes, disrupting cell walls and DNA, dysfunction of efflux pumps, and internalizing nanoparticles. The review also addresses the potential toxicity of IONPs, highlighting factors such as their dimension, form, and outermost layers, which change how they affect the overall condition of cellular structures. Surface coatings using polymers and essential oils are among the strategies being investigated as potential ways to reduce toxicity. This review additionally looks into IONPs' drug delivery potential for antibiotics and antifungals. The integration of IONPs with various pharmaceutical compounds and their controlled release mechanisms are also detailed. The review concludes by offering a positive outlook on the potential enhancements and prospects of IONPs. Challenges in synthesis technologies, size tuning, and surface alteration are acknowledged, emphasizing the need for continued research to fully harness the capabilities of IONPs in biomedical applications.

Enhanced binding interaction and antibacterial inhibition for nanometal oxide particles activated with Aloe Vulgarize through one-pot ultrasonication techniques

The interaction of green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with bacterial strains are still scarcely reported. This work was conducted to study the green-one-pot-synthesized ZnO NPs from the Aloe Vulgarize (AV) leaf peel extract assisted with different sonication techniques followed by the physicochemical, biological activities and molecular docking studies. The NPs structure was analyzed using FTIR, UV-vis and EDX. The morphology, particle size and crystallinity of ZnO NPs were identified using FESEM and XRD. It was found that the formed flower-like structure with sharp edge and fine size of particulates in ZnO NPs/AV could enhance the bacterial inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all the tested bacterial strains is at 3.125 µg/ml and the bacterial growth curve are dependent on the ZnO NPs dosage. The results of disc diffusion revealed that the ZnO NPs/AV possess better antibacterial effect with bigger ZOI due to the presence of AV active ingredient. The molecular docking between active ingredients of AV in the NPs with the protein of IFCM and 1MWU revealed that low binding energy (Ebind = -6.56 kcal/mol and -8.99 kcal/mol, respectively) attributes to the excessive hydrogen bond from AV that highly influenced their interaction with the amino acid of the selected proteins. Finally, the cytotoxicity test on the biosynthesized ZnO NPs with concentration below 20 µg/ml are found nontoxic on the HDF cell. Overall, ZnO NPs/20 % AV (probe sonication) is considered as the best synthesis option due to its efficient one-pot method, short sonication time but own the best antibacterial effect.

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Synthesis and Characterization

Nanotechnology has gained popularity in recent years due to its wide-ranging applications within the scientific community. The three main methods for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical, chemical, and biological. However, the adverse effects associated with physical and chemical methods have led to a growing interest in biological methods. Interestingly, green synthesis using plants has gained prominence in developing new treatments for bacterial infections. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) produced using environmentally friendly methods are more biocompatible and have potential applications as antibacterial agents in the biomedical field. As a result, this review discusses the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, factors influencing optimal synthesis, characterization techniques, and the antibacterial activity of some plant-mediated ZnO NPs. It also provides a comprehensive and analytical exploration of ZnO NP biosynthesis, the role of phytochemical compounds as reducing and stabilizing agents, the mechanism of action of their antibacterial properties and further highlights the challenges and prospects in this innovative research area.

Antifungal properties and molecular docking of ZnO NPs mediated using medicinal plant extracts

Significant postharvest losses and food safety issues persist in many developing nations, primarily due to fungal activities, including mycotoxin production. In this study, green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from leaf extracts of Syzygium cordatum (ZnO 1), Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), Bidens pilosa (ZnO 3), and Ximenia caffra (ZnO 4). Physicochemical characteristics of the ZnO-NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a wurtzite crystal structure in the hexagonal shape of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with an average size ranging between 25 and 43 nm. The microscopic examination of the morphology revealed the presence of spherical particles with sizes ranging from 37 to 47 nm in diameter. The antifungal efficacy of the ZnO-NPs was assessed against pathogenic plant fungi, including Botrytis sp. (STEU 7866), Penicillium sp. (STEU 7865), and Pilidiella granati (STEU 7864), using the poisoned food technique. Further antifungal evaluation of the ZnOPs was performed using the broth microdilution assay. A significant interaction between the type of ZnO-NPs and fungal species was observed, with the highest susceptibility in Mucor sp. to ZnO 2, achieving over 50% inhibition. Penicillium sp. also showed high susceptibility to all ZnO-NPs. Molecular docking results confirmed the strong H-bonding interactions of ZnO-NPs with fungal receptors in Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. and P. granati exhibited the least susceptibility. Further tests revealed that ZnO 2 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Botrytis sp., with a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg/mL, attributed to its larger positive zeta potential. This study indicates that ZnO NPs, particularly those mediated using Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), have promising potential as effective antifungal agents, which could play a significant role in reducing postharvest decay and losses.

Enhanced bactericidal, antibiofilm and antioxidative response of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract synthesized ZnO NPs loaded with commercial antibiotic

Globally, antibiotic resistance is a challenging issue in healthcare sector. The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has forced us to modify existing medicines and or formulate newer medicines that are effective and inexpensive. In this perspective, this study involves the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by utilizing the Lawsonia inermis (Li) leaf extract. The prepared L. inermis leaf extract mediated ZnO NPs (Li-ZnO NPs) were bio-physically characterized. The antibacterial and radical scavenging effects of Li-ZnO NPs were evaluated. In addition, ZnO NPs were conjugated with standard antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) and its drug loading efficiency, drug release and antibacterial efficacy were tested and compared with non-drug loaded ZnO NPs. An absorbance peak at 340 nm was noted for Li-ZnO NPs. After conjugation with the drug, two absorbance peaks- one at 242 nm characteristic of ciprofloxacin and the other at 350 nm characteristics of ZnO NPs were observed. The crystallite size was 18.7 nm as determined by XRD. The antibacterial effect was higher on Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) than the Gram-negative pathogens (E. coli and K. pneumoniae). Inhibition of S. aureus and S. pyogenes biofilm at 100 μg mL-1were, respectively, 97.5 and 92.6%. H2O2 free radicals was inhibited to 90% compared to the standard ascorbic acid at 100 μg mL-1. After drug loading, the FTIR spectrum confirmed the existence of ciprofloxacin peaks at 965 cm-1 and Zn-O bond at 492 cm-1. The drug loading capacity of 15 nm sized ZnO NPs was higher (58, 75, 90 and 95% at 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% drug concentrations, respectively) compared to 20 nm. Similarly, the percentage of drug (ciprofloxacin) released from 15 nm ZnO NPs were increased to 90% at 10% drug-loaded samples, respectively. Also, the antibiotic loaded ZnO NPs had significant antibacterial effects against tested bacteria compared to Li-ZnO NPs and ciprofloxacin alone. This revealed that the antibiotic loaded ZnO NPs offer a sustainable route to treat multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Green synthesis of Fe and Zn-NPs, phytochemistry and pharmacological evaluation of Phlomis cashmeriana Royle ex Benth

This investigation portrays the phytochemical screening, green synthesis, characterization of Fe and Zn nanoparticles, their antibacterial, anti-inflammation, cytotoxicity, and anti-thrombolytic activities. Four dissimilar solvents such as, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were used to prepare the extracts of Phlomis cashmeriana Royle ex Benth. This is valued medicinal plant (Family Lamiaceae), native to mountains of Afghanistan and Kashmir. In the GC-MS study of its extract, the identified phytoconstituents have different nature such as terpenoids, alcohol and esters. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, UV, XRD, and FT-IR. The phytochemical analysis showed that the plant contains TPC (total phenolic content) 297.51 mg GAE/g and TFC (total flavonoid content) 467.24 mg CE/g. The cytotoxicity values have shown that the chloroform, n-butanol and aqueous extracts were more toxic than other extracts. The anti-inflammatory potential of n-butanol and aqueous extracts was found higher than all other extracts. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts have low MIC values against both E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. Chloroform and aqueous extracts have great anti-thrombolytic potential than all other extracts. Overall, this study successfully synthesized the nanoparticles and provides evidence that P. cashmeriana have promising bioactive compounds that could serve as potential source in the drug formulation.

Harnessing biological synthesis: Zinc oxide nanoparticles for plant biotic stress management

Crop growth and yield are negatively impacted by increased biotic stress in the agricultural sector due to increasing global warming and changing climatic patterns. The host plant's machinery is exploited by biotic stress, which is caused by organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, nematodes, and mites. This results in nutrient deprivation, increased reactive oxygen species and disturbances in physiological, morphological, and molecular processes. Although used widely, conventional disease management strategies like breeding, intercropping, and chemical fertilizers have drawbacks in terms of time commitment and environmental impact. An environmentally beneficial substitute is offered by the developing field of nanotechnology, where nanoparticles such as zinc oxide are gaining popularity due to their potential applications as antimicrobials and nano-fertilizers. This review delves into the biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles employing plants and microbes, function of ZnO nanoparticles in biotic stress mitigation, elucidating their effectiveness and toxicological implications in agricultural. This study supports a cautious approach, stressing the prudent application of ZnO nanoparticles to avoid possible toxicity, in line with the larger global agenda to end hunger, guarantee food security, and advance sustainable agriculture.

Harnessing Walnut-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach to Combat the Disease Complex of Meloidogyne arenaria and Macrophomina phaseolina in Cowpea

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit diverse applications, including antimicrobial, UV-blocking, and catalytic properties, due to their unique structure and properties. This study focused on the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Juglans regia leaves and their application in mitigating the impact of simultaneous infection by Meloidogyne arenaria (root-knot nematode) and Macrophomina phaseolina (root-rot fungus) in cowpea plants. The characterization of ZnO NPs was carried out through various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Powder-XRD analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The study confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional purity. Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities. The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. SEM studies revealed physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment. In infected cowpea plants, ZnO NPs significantly improved plant growth parameters, including plant length, fresh mass, and dry mass, especially at higher concentrations. Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment. Additionally, ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes and effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots. Furthermore, histochemical analyses demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly and effective solution to manage disease complex in cowpea caused by simultaneous nematode and fungal infections.

Cytotoxicity of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Musa acuminata on Vero cells

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have become a highly regarded substance in various industries especially biologically synthesized ZnO NPs due to their adherence to the principles of green chemistry. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on biological systems. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs that were synthesized through chemical (C-ZnO NPs) and green approach using Musa acuminata leaf aqueous extract (Ma-ZnO NPs) on Vero cells. Characterization of ZnO NPs through Uv-Vis, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. MTT and ROS assays revealed that C- and Ma-ZnO NPs induced a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Remarkably, Ma-ZnO NPs showed significantly higher cell viability compared to C-ZnO NPs. The corelation of ROS and vell viability suggest that elevated ROS levels can lead to cell damage and even cell death. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Ma-ZnO NPs exposed cells had more viable cells and a smaller cell population in the late and early apoptotic stage. Furthermore, more cells were arrested in the G1 phase upon exposure to C-ZnO NPs, which is associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ROS generation, proving its higher cytotoxicity than Ma-ZnO NPs. Similarly, time-dependent cytotoxicity and morphological alterations were observed in C- and Ma-ZnO NPs treated cells, indicating cellular damage. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a time-dependent increase in ROS formation in cells exposed to C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. In conclusion, the findings suggest that green ZnO NPs possess a favourable biocompatibility profile, exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs on Vero cells. These results emphasize the potential of green synthesis methods for the development of safer and environmentally friendly ZnO NPs.

Sustainable fabrication of dimorphic plant derived ZnO nanoparticles and exploration of their biomedical and environmental potentialities

Although, different plant species were utilized for the fabrication of polymorphic, hexagonal, spherical, and nanoflower ZnO NPs with various diameters, few studies succeeded in synthesizing small diameter ZnO nanorods from plant extract at ambient temperature. This work sought to pioneer the ZnO NPs fabrication from the aqueous extract of a Mediterranean salt marsh plant species Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. and assess the role of temperature in the fabrication process. Various techniques have been used to evaluate the quality and physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) was used as the primary test for formation confirmation. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of two different shapes of ZnO NPs, nano-rods and near hexagonal NPs at varying reaction temperatures. The nano-rods were about 25.3 and 297.9 nm in diameter and in length, respectively while hexagonal NPs were about 29.3 nm. The UV-VIS absorption spectra of the two forms of ZnO NPs produced were 370 and 365 nm for nano-rods and hexagonal NPs, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed Zn-O stretching at 642 cm-1 and XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the produced ZnO NPs. Thermogravimetric analysis; TGA was also used to confirm the thermal stability of ZnO NPs. The anti-tumor activities of the two prepared ZnO NPs forms were investigated by the MTT assay, which revealed an effective dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on A-431 cell lines. Both forms displayed considerable antioxidant potential, particularly the rod-shaped ZnO NPs, with an IC50 of 148.43 µg mL-1. The rod-shaped ZnO NPs were superior candidates for destroying skin cancer, with IC50 of 93.88 ± 1 µg mL-1 ZnO NPs. Thus, rod-shaped ZnO NPs are promising, highly biocompatible candidate for biological and biomedical applications. Furthermore, both shapes of phyto-synthesized NPs demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. The outcomes highlight the potential of phyto-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly alternative for water and wastewater disinfection.

The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and its metal nanoparticles in oral bacteria

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles' morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against P. gingivalis and partial antagonistic effects against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. M. alternifolia phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance.

Effect of mPEG-PLGA on Drug Crystallinity and Release of Long-Acting Injection Microspheres: In Vitro and In Vivo Perspectives

PURPOSE

Traditional progesterone (PRG) injections require long-term administration, leading to poor patient compliance. The emergence of long-acting injectable microspheres extends the release period to several days or even months. However, these microspheres often face challenges such as burst release and incomplete drug release. This study aims to regulate drug release by altering the crystallinity of the drug during the release process from the microspheres.

METHODS

This research incorporates methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres to enhance their hydrophilicity, thus regulating the release rate and drug morphology during release. This modification aims to address the issues of burst and incomplete release in traditional PLGA microspheres. PRG was used as the model drug. PRG/mPEG-PLGA/PLGA microspheres (PmPPMs) were prepared via an emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to investigate the presence of PRG in PmPPMs and its physical state changes during release.

RESULTS

The addition of mPEG-PLGA altered the crystallinity of the drug within the microspheres at different release stages. The crystallinity correlated positively with the amount of mPEG-PLGA incorporated; the greater the amount, the faster the drug release from the formulation. The bioavailability and muscular irritation of the long-acting injectable were assessed through pharmacokinetic and muscle irritation studies in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The results indicated that PmPPMs containing mPEG-PLGA achieved low burst release and sustained release over 7 days, with minimal irritation and self-healing within this period. PmPPMs with 5% mPEG-PLGA showed a relative bioavailability (Frel) of 146.88%.

IN CONCLUSION

In summary, adding an appropriate amount of mPEG to PLGA microspheres can alter the drug release process and enhance bioavailability.

Mechanistic insight into the anti-alternaria activity of bimetallic zinc oxide and silver/zinc oxide nanoparticles

Alternaria alternata is an opportunistic phytopathogen that negatively impact the growth and production of a wide variety of host plants. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal potential of biogenic ZnO, and bimetallic silver and zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized using seed extract of Abrus precatorious and characterized using different analytical tools. In vitro antifungal potentials of ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were carried out using the food poison technique. Morphological and ultrastructure of the A. alternata treated with the nanoparticles were carried out using high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy (HRSEM and HRTEM). In addition, changes in polysaccharide production, chitin content and enzymatic (cellulase and lipase) activities of A. alternata were assayed. Double peak signifying a UVmax of 353.88 and 417.25 nm representing Ag and ZnO respectively was formed in the bimetallic nanoparticles. HRSEM and HRTEM results shows agglomerated nanoparticles with particle and crystallite size of 23.94 and 16.84 nm for ZnO nanoparticles, 35.12 and 28.99 nm for Ag/ZnO nanoparticles respectively. In vitro antifungal assay shows a significant concentration-dependent inhibition (p < 0.05) of A. alternata mycelia with highest percentage inhibition of 73.93 % (ZnO nanoparticles) and 68.26 % (Ag/ZnO nanoparticles) at 200 ppm. HRSEM and HRTEM micrographs of the treated A. alternata mycelia shows alteration of the cellular structure, clearance of the cytoplasmic organelles and localization of the nanoparticles within the cell. A. alternata treated with 200 ppm nanoparticles show a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the polysaccharides and chitin contents, cellulase and lipase activities. The results suggests that ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles mode of action may be via alteration of the fungal cell wall through the inhibition of polysaccharides, chitin, cellulases and lipases synthesis. ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles may be a promising tool for the management and control of disease causing fungal phytopathogens.

Green route to fabrication of Semal-ZnO nanoparticles for efficient solar-driven catalysis of noxious dyes in diverse aquatic environments

This work successfully demonstrates a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing Semal-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Bombax ceiba L. These NPs exhibit an absorption peak at approximately 390 nm in the UV-visible spectrum and an energy gap (Eg) of 3.11 eV. Detailed analyses of the morphology and particle size using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, and HR-TEM reveal crystallographic peaks attributable to the hexagonal phase, with an average crystal size of 17 nm. The Semal-ZnO NPs also exhibit a notable photocatalytic efficiency for degrading methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight in different water samples collected from diverse natural sources, indicating that they are promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The photocatalytic efficiency of the biofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs is impressive, exhibiting a photodegradation rate of up to 99% for MB and 79% for MO in different water samples under exposure to sunlight. The novel phytofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs are thus a beacon of hope for the environment, with their desirable photocatalytic efficiency, pseudo-first-order kinetics, and ability to break down noxious dye pollutants in various aquatic environments.

One-Pot Biopreparation of Trimetallic ZnO–MgO–CuO Nanoparticles: Enhanced Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial Activities and Molecular Docking Studies

Nowadays, metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) are powerful tools for biological applications due to their distinctive features. Moreover, the biological efficacy of multimetallic NPs is more fascinating because of their structural modifications and synergistic effects. This study utilized the one-pot green route to fabricate trimetallic ZnO-MgO-CuO (ZMC) NPs employing a greener reducing agent from Artemisiaabyssinica leaf extract (AALE). The crystal structure, size, compositions, shapes, and external topology of ZMC NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV–Visible (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy combined with selected area electron diffraction (TEM/HRTEM-SAED). The outcomes suggested that the bio-prepared ZMC NPs are highly crystalline and have hexagonal structures lattice with monoclinic symmetry and spherical morphology with average crystalline and particle sizes of 14.67 and 15.13 nm, respectively. Using MTT assay, the bio-prepared ZMC NPs demonstrated high inhibition percentage (94.37 ± 0.14 at 250 mg/mL) with an IC50 value of 24.83 mg/mL for MCF-7 cell lines. The in-vitro antibacterial potential of ZMC NPs has been evaluated against four bacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) strains and has demonstrated the highest inhibition zone (35 ± 0.03 mm) against the S. aureus strain and the lowest inhibition zone (31 ± 0.11) against the E. coli strain. Moreover, ZMC NPs have also shown strong molecular binding interactions with amino acids of estrogen receptor (ERα), S. aureus, and E. coli with binding energies of − 9.85, − 12.31, and − 6.04 kcal/mole, respectively.

Graphical Abstract

Electrospun nanofibers synthesized from polymers incorporated with bioactive compounds for wound healing

The development of innovative wound dressing materials is crucial for effective wound care. It's an active area of research driven by a better understanding of chronic wound pathogenesis. Addressing wound care properly is a clinical challenge, but there is a growing demand for advancements in this field. The synergy of medicinal plants and nanotechnology offers a promising approach to expedite the healing process for both acute and chronic wounds by facilitating the appropriate progression through various healing phases. Metal nanoparticles play an increasingly pivotal role in promoting efficient wound healing and preventing secondary bacterial infections. Their small size and high surface area facilitate enhanced biological interaction and penetration at the wound site. Specifically designed for topical drug delivery, these nanoparticles enable the sustained release of therapeutic molecules, such as growth factors and antibiotics. This targeted approach ensures optimal cell-to-cell interactions, proliferation, and vascularization, fostering effective and controlled wound healing. Nanoscale scaffolds have significant attention due to their attractive properties, including delivery capacity, high porosity and high surface area. They mimic the Extracellular matrix (ECM) and hence biocompatible. In response to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant, biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings are gradually replacing conventional antibiotic delivery systems. This emerging class of wound dressings comprises biopolymeric nanofibers with inherent antibacterial properties, nature-derived compounds, and biofunctional agents. Nanotechnology, diminutive nanomaterials, nanoscaffolds, nanofibers, and biomaterials are harnessed for targeted drug delivery aimed at wound healing. This review article discusses the effects of nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with nanoparticles on wound healing, including biological (in vivo and in vitro) and mechanical outcomes.

Green synthesis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in Satureja hortensis Leave Extract: Evaluation of Antifungal Effects on Botryosphaeriaceae Species

In recent years, green synthesis methods of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been attractive because of the more facile, cheaper, and appropriate features associated with biomolecules in MNPs biosynthesis. This research represented an easy, fast, and environmentally friendly method to biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Satureja hortensis leaf extract as stabilizer and reducer. The SPIONPs synthesized in co-precipitation method. The biosynthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs were studied their antifungal effects against three Botryosphaeriaceae plant pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum. UV-visible spectra (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties and verify the formation of green synthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks at 243 and 448 nm for SPIONs and 436 nm for AgNPs, respectively. Microscopic and XRD analysis showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs was found spherical in shape with an average particle size of SPIONPs and AgNPs 10 and 12 nm, respectively. The antifungal test against Botryosphaeriaceae species showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs possess antifungal properties against B. dothidea, D. seriata, and N. parvum. However, AgNPs exhibits greater antifungal activity than SPIONPs. The results of the cytotoxicity tests of SPIONs and AgNPs on the MCF-7 cell line showed that AgNPs was significantly more cytotoxic towards the MCF-7 cell line, whereas no significant cytotoxic effect was recorded by SPIONs. Therefore, these biosynthesized MNPs could be substituted for toxic fungicides that are extensively applied in agriculture and contribute to environmental health and food safety.

Bio-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles and the aqueous binder-based anode derived thereof for lithium-ion cells

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are a promising anode material for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their good rate capability, low cost, non-toxicity, excellent structural stability, extended cycle life, and low volumetric change (∼4%) during the Li+ insertion/de-insertion process. In the present paper, anatase TiO2-NPs with an average particle size of ~ 12 nm were synthesized via a green synthesis route using Beta vulgaris (Beetroot) extract, and the synthesized TiO2-NPs were evaluated as anode material in LIBs. Furthermore, we employed an aqueous binder (1:1 mixture of carboxy methyl cellulose and styrene butadiene) for electrode processing, making the process cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The results revealed that the Li/TiO2 half-cells delivered an initial discharge capacity of 209.7 mAh g-1 and exhibited superior rate capability (149 mAh g-1 at 20 C) and cycling performances. Even at the 5C rate, the material retained a capacity of 82.2% at the end of 100 cycles. The synthesis route of TiO2-NPs and the aqueous binder-based electrode processing described in the present work are facile, green, and low-cost and are thus practically beneficial for producing low-cost and high-performance anodes for advanced LIBs.

Tecoma stans floral extract-mediated synthesis of MgFe2O4/ZnO nanoparticles for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of coomassie brilliant blue dye

Toxic organic dyes-containing wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalytic techniques is widely applied, but adsorbents and photocatalysts are often synthesized through chemical methods, leading to secondary pollution by released chemicals. Here, we report a benign method using Tecoma stans floral extract to produce MgFe2O4/ZnO (MGFOZ) nanoparticles for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) dye. Green MGFOZ owned a surface area of 9.65 m2/g and an average grain size of 54 nm. This bio-based nanomaterial showed higher removal percentage and better recyclability (up to five cycles) than green MgFe2O4 and ZnO nanoparticles. CBB adsorption by MGFOZ was examined by kinetic and isotherm models with better fittings of Bangham and Langmuir or Temkin. RSM-based optimization was conducted to reach an actual adsorption capacity of 147.68 mg/g. Moreover, MGFOZ/visible light system showed a degradation efficiency of 89% CBB dye after 120 min. CBB adsorption can be controlled by both physisorption and chemisorption while •O2- and •OH radicals are responsible for photo-degradation of CBB dye. This study suggested that MGFOZ can be a promising adsorbent and catalyst for removal of organic dyes in water.

Studies on photocatalytic mineralization of organic pesticides by bimetallic Cu-Zn nanoparticles derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) using green chemistry approach

Compared to monometallic nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis and characterization have attracted more attention due to their superior environmental protection properties. In this study, we discuss the preparation and characterization of Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles using Zinger extract, as well as their potential role in photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and cypermethrin. Surface properties were assessed with SEM and TEM, while UV-VIS, XRD, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials. It was observed that higher pH conditions were more conducive to the development of stable Cu-Zn BMNPs with diameters ranging from 60 to 100 nm. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that the Cu-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles photodegraded 53-95% of the pesticides, monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, and carbendazim during the 24-72-h incubation period. A number of pesticides may be photocatalytically degraded by primary reactive radicals produced by nanoparticles. We propose that the use of bimetallic nanoparticles could be one alternative strategy for pesticide mineralization.

Bacillus safensis filtrate-based ZnO nanoparticles control black heart rot disease of apricot fruits by maintaining its soluble sugars and carotenoids

Black heart rot is a serious disease of apricot and it has been reported to be caused by Alternaria solani, around the world. The present research was designed to control this disastrous disease using zinc oxide nanoparticles (b-ZnO NPs). These NPs were synthesized in the filtrate of a useful bacterium (Bacillus safensis) and applied to control black heart rot of apricot. After synthesis, the reduction of b-ZnO NPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, at 330 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra ensured the presence of multiple functional groups (alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds and amines) on the surface of b-ZnO NPs. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis elucidated their average size (18 nm) while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph described the spherical shape of b-ZnO NPs. The synthesized b-ZnO NPs were applied in four different concentrations (0.25 mg/ml, 0.50 mg/ml, 0.75 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml) under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. These NPs were very efficient in inhibiting mycelial growth (85.1%) of A. solani at 0.75 mg/ml concentration of NPs, in vitro. Same concentration also performed best, in vivo, and significantly reduced disease incidence (by 67%) on self-inoculated apricot fruit. Apart from this, application of b-ZnO NPs helped apricot fruit to maintain its quality under fungal-stress conditions. The decay of apricot fruit was reduced and they maintained greater firmness and higher weight. Moreover, b-ZnO NPs treated fruits controlled black heart rot disease by maintaining higher contents of ascorbic acid, soluble sugars and carotenoids. These b-ZnO NPs were produced in powder form for their easy carriage to the farmers' fields.

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and molecular docking of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from pumpkin seeds

This study aimed to investigate the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) produced from Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin seeds) and their selective cytotoxic effectiveness on human colon cancer cells (HCT 116) and African Green Monkey Kidney, Vero cells. The study also investigated the antioxidant activity of ZnONPs. The study also examined ZnONPs' antioxidant properties. This was motivated by the limited research on the comparative cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on normal and HCT116 cells. The ZnO NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscope/Selected Area Electron Diffraction (TEM/SAED), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) for determination of chemical fingerprinting, heat stability, size, and morphology of the elements, respectively. Based on the results, ZnO NPs from pumpkins were found to be less than 5 μm and agglomerates in nature. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs fingerprinting and SEM-EDX element analysis were similar to previous literature, suggesting the sample was proven as ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs also stable at a temperature of 380°C indicating that the green material is quite robust at 60-400°C. The cell viability of Vero cells and HCT 116 cell line were measured at two different time points (24 and 48 h) to assess the cytotoxicity effects of ZnO NP on these cells using AlamarBlue assay. Cytotoxic results have shown that ZnO NPs did not inhibit Vero cells but were slightly toxic to cancer cells, with a dose-response curve IC50 = ~409.7 μg/mL. This green synthesis of ZnO NPs was found to be non-toxic to normal cells but has a slight cytotoxicity effect on HCT 116 cells. A theoretical study used molecular docking to investigate nanoparticle interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), exploring its mechanism in inhibiting CDK2's role in cancer. Further study should be carried out to determine suitable concentrations for cytotoxicity studies. Additionally, DPPH has a significant antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 of 142.857 μg/mL. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pumpkin seed extracts facilitated a rapid, high-yielding, and environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to investigate the optical properties, scalability, size, shape, dispersity, and stability of ZnO NPs. The cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on Vero and HCT 116 cells was assessed, showing no inhibition of Vero cells and cytotoxicity of cancer cells. The DPPH assay was also used to investigate the antioxidant potential of biogenic nanoparticles. A molecular docking study was performed to investigate the interaction of ZnO NPs with CDK2 and to explore the mechanism by which they inhibit CDK2's role in cancer.

Low concentration zinc oxide nanoparticles enrichment enhances bacterial and pro-inflammatory resistance of calcium silicate-based cements

Calcium silicate-based cement (CSC) is a commonly used material in endodontic treatment. However, it has limited antibacterial activity, especially for cases involving primary infections. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are recognized for their potential in biomedical applications due to their antibacterial properties and ability to reduce inflammation. This study aims to optimize CSC by incorporating ZnO-NPs to maintain its physical properties, enhance its antibacterial activity, and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. ZnO-NPs were integrated into a commercial CSC (Endocem MTA) at 1 wt% (CSZ1) or 3 wt% (CSZ3). Setting time, compressive strength, and X-ray diffraction were then measured. In addition, pH, calcium ion release, and zinc ion release were measured for 7 days. Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and viability of murine macrophages (RAW264.7) were determined using colorimetric assays. Gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide induced RAW264.7 were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results were compared to an unmodified CSC group. In the CSZ3 group, there was a significant increase of approximately 12% in setting time and a reduction of about 36.4% in compressive strength compared to the control and CSZ1 groups. The presence of ZnO-NPs was detected in both CSZ1 and CSZ3. Both CSC and CSZ1 groups maintained an alkaline pH and released calcium ions, while zinc ions were significantly released in the CSZ1 group. Additionally, CSZ1 showed a 1.8-fold reduction of bacterial activity and exhibited around 85% reduction in colony-forming units compared to the CSC group. Furthermore, the CSZ1 group showed a more than 39% reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the CSC group. Thus, enriching CSC with 1 wt% ZnO-NPs can enhance its antibacterial activity and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines without showing any tangible adverse effects on its physical properties.

Recent advancements in sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using various plant extracts for environmental remediation

The sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using plant extracts has gained significant attention in recent years due to its eco-friendly nature and potential applications in numerous fields. This synthetic approach reduces the reliance on non-renewable resources and eliminates the need for hazardous chemicals, minimizing environmental pollution and human health risks. These ZnO-NPs can be used in environmental remediation applications, such as wastewater treatment or soil remediation, effectively removing pollutants and improving overall ecosystem health. These NPs possess a high surface area and band gap of 3.2 eV, can produce both OH° (hydroxide) and O2-° (superoxide) radicals for the generation of holes (h+) and electrons (e-), resulting in oxidation and reduction of the pollutants in their valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) resulting in degradation of dyes (95-100% degradation of MB, MO, and RhB dyes), reduction and removal of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, Cr6+, etc.), degradation of pharmaceutical compounds (paracetamol, urea, fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)) using photocatalysis. Here, we review an overview of various plant extracts used for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their potential applications in environmental remediation including photocatalysis, adsorption, and heavy metal remediation. This review summarizes the most recent studies and further research perspectives to explore their applications in various fields.

Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants

Researchers are swarming to nanotechnology because of its potentially game-changing applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. This fast-growing, cutting-edge technology is trying different approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles of specific sizes and shapes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized using physical and chemical processes; there is an urgent demand to establish environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways for their synthesis. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis has emerged as a simple, economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly method. In particular, phytoassisted plant extract synthesis is easy, reliable, and expeditious. Diverse phytochemicals present in the extract of various plant organs such as root, leaf, and flower are used as a source of reducing as well as stabilizing agents during production. Green synthesis is based on principles like prevention/minimization of waste, reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of safer (or non-toxic) solvent/auxiliaries as well as renewable feedstock. Being free of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals and the addition of external stabilizing or capping agents makes the nanoparticles produced using green synthesis methods particularly desirable. Different metallic nanomaterials are produced using phytoassisted synthesis methods, such as silver, zinc, gold, copper, titanium, magnesium, and silicon. Due to significant differences in physical and chemical properties between nanoparticles and their micro/macro counterparts, their characterization becomes essential. Various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques have been employed for conformational details of nanoparticles, like shape, size, dispersity, homogeneity, surface structure, and inter-particle interactions. UV-visible spectroscopy is used to examine the optical properties of NPs in solution. XRD analysis confirms the purity and phase of NPs and provides information about crystal size and symmetry. AFM, SEM, and TEM are employed for analyzing the morphological structure and particle size of NPs. The nature and kind of functional groups or bioactive compounds that might account for the reduction and stabilization of NPs are detected by FTIR analysis. The elemental composition of synthesized NPs is determined using EDS analysis. Nanoparticles synthesized by green methods have broad applications and serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Various metal and metal oxide NPs such as Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), etc. have been proven to have a positive effect on plant growth and development. They play a potentially important role in the germination of seeds, plant growth, flowering, photosynthesis, and plant yield. The present review highlights the pathways of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, various techniques used for their characterization, and their possible roles in the physiology of plants.

Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of green synthesis metals and their oxide nanoparticles in periodontitis

Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent dental diseases, causes the loss of bone and gum tissue that hold teeth in place. Several bacteria, commonly present in clinically healthy oral cavities, may induce and perpetuate periodontitis when their concentration rises in the gingival sulcus. Antibacterial effect against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic and drug-resistant ones, has been shown for several distinct transient metal and metal oxide NPs. Therefore, NPs may be used in biomedicine to treat periodontal problems and in nanotechnology to inhibit the development of microorganisms. Instead of using harmful chemicals or energy-intensive machinery, biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested. To produce metal and metal oxide NPs, the ideal technique is "Green" synthesis because of its low toxicity and safety for human health and the environment. Gold NPs (AuNPs) appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than other nanometals because their antibacterial activity is not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). AgNPs also possess chemical stability, catalytic activity, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity, to name a few of their other advantageous characteristics. It was observed that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and copper (Cu) NPs exhibited discernible inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. ZnO NPs demonstrated bactericidal activity against the microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Medications containing magnetic NPs are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are implicated in elevating salivary peroxidase activity in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, specific metallic NPs have the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of periodontitis treatments when combined. Therefore, these NPs, as well as their oxide NPs, are only some of the metals and metal oxides that have been synthesized in environmentally friendly ways and shown to have therapeutic benefits against periodontitis.