1
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Tosti E, Srivastava N, Edelmann W. Vaccination and Microbiota Manipulation Approaches for Colon Cancer Prevention in Rodent Models. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:429-438. [PMID: 37012205 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-23-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents the third most common cancer type worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and Western countries. Rodent models have been invaluable to study the etiology of colorectal cancer and to test novel chemoprevention avenues. In the past, the laboratory mouse has become one of the best preclinical models for these studies due to the availability of genetic information for commonly used mouse strains with well-established and precise gene targeting and transgenic techniques. Well-established chemical mutagenesis technologies are also being used to develop mouse and rat models of colorectal cancer for prevention and treatment studies. In addition, xenotransplantation of cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts has been useful for preclinical prevention studies and drug development. This review focuses on the recent use of rodent models to evaluate the utility of novel strategies in the prevention of colon cancers including immune prevention approaches and the manipulation of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tosti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nityanand Srivastava
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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2
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Gautam SK, Batra SK, Jain M. Molecular and metabolic regulation of immunosuppression in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:118. [PMID: 37488598 PMCID: PMC10367391 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), contributing to early metastasis and poor patient survival. Compared to the localized tumors, current standard-of-care therapies have failed to improve the survival of patients with metastatic PDAC, that necessecitates exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. While immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and therapeutic vaccines have emerged as promising treatment modalities in certain cancers, limited responses have been achieved in PDAC. Therefore, specific mechanisms regulating the poor response to immunotherapy must be explored. The immunosuppressive microenvironment driven by oncogenic mutations, tumor secretome, non-coding RNAs, and tumor microbiome persists throughout PDAC progression, allowing neoplastic cells to grow locally and metastasize distantly. The metastatic cells escaping the host immune surveillance are unique in molecular, immunological, and metabolic characteristics. Following chemokine and exosomal guidance, these cells metastasize to the organ-specific pre-metastatic niches (PMNs) constituted by local resident cells, stromal fibroblasts, and suppressive immune cells, such as the metastasis-associated macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The metastatic immune microenvironment differs from primary tumors in stromal and immune cell composition, functionality, and metabolism. Thus far, multiple molecular and metabolic pathways, distinct from primary tumors, have been identified that dampen immune effector functions, confounding the immunotherapy response in metastatic PDAC. This review describes major immunoregulatory pathways that contribute to the metastatic progression and limit immunotherapy outcomes in PDAC. Overall, we highlight the therapeutic vulnerabilities attributable to immunosuppressive factors and discuss whether targeting these molecular and immunological "hot spots" could improve the outcomes of PDAC immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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3
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Jallinoja VIJ, Carney BD, Zhu M, Bhatt K, Yazaki PJ, Houghton JL. Cucurbituril-Ferrocene: Host-Guest Based Pretargeted Positron Emission Tomography in a Xenograft Model. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1554-1558. [PMID: 34156824 PMCID: PMC9153067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pretargeted positron emission tomography is a macromolecule-driven nuclear medicine technique that involves targeting a preadministered antigen target-bound macromolecule with a radioligand in vivo, aiming to minimize the overall radiation dose. This study investigates the use of antibody based host-guest chemistry methodology for pretargeted positron emission tomography. We hypothesize that the novel pretargeting approach reported here overcomes the challenges the current pretargeting platforms have with the in vivo stability and modularity of the pretargeting components. A cucurbit[7]uril host molecule modified, anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody (M5A; CB7-M5A) and a 68Ga-radiolabeled ferrocene guest radioligand ([68Ga]Ga-NOTA-PEG3-NMe2-Fc) were studied as potential host-guest chemistry pretargeting agents for positron emission tomography in BxPC3 xenografted nude mice. The viability of the platform was studied via in vivo biodistribution and positron emission tomography. Tumor uptake of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-PEG3-NMe2-Fc was significantly higher in mice which received CB7-M5A prior to the radioligand injection (pretargeted) (3.3 ± 0.7%ID/g) compared to mice which only received the radioligand (nonpretargeted) (0.2 ± 0.1%ID/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma IJ Jallinoja
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11774, USA
| | - Brandon D Carney
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11774, USA
| | - Meiying Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Kavita Bhatt
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11774, USA
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Jacob L Houghton
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11774, USA
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4
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Horn LA, Fousek K, Hamilton DH, Hodge JW, Zebala JA, Maeda DY, Schlom J, Palena C. Vaccine Increases the Diversity and Activation of Intratumoral T Cells in the Context of Combination Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050968. [PMID: 33669155 PMCID: PMC7956439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy has spurred the development of novel combinations of drugs tailored to specific cancer types, including non-inflamed tumors with low T-cell infiltration. Cancer vaccines can potentially be utilized as part of these combination immunotherapies to enhance antitumor efficacy through the expansion of tumor-reactive T cells. Utilizing murine models of colon and mammary carcinoma, here we investigated the effect of adding a recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine targeting tumor-associated antigens with an IL-15 super agonist adjuvant to a multimodal regimen consisting of a bifunctional anti-PD-L1/TGF-βRII agent along with a CXCR1/2 inhibitor. We demonstrate that the addition of vaccine induced a greater tumor infiltration with T cells highly positive for markers of proliferation and cytotoxicity. In addition to this enhancement of cytotoxic T cells, combination therapy showed a restructured tumor microenvironment with reduced Tregs and CD11b+Ly6G+ myeloid cells. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells exhibited an upregulation of gene signatures characteristic of a Th1 response and presented with a more diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. These results provide the rationale for the addition of vaccine-to-immune checkpoint blockade-based therapies being tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Horn
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Kristen Fousek
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Duane H. Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - John A. Zebala
- Syntrix Pharmaceuticals, Auburn, WA 98001, USA; (J.A.Z.); (D.Y.M.)
| | - Dean Y. Maeda
- Syntrix Pharmaceuticals, Auburn, WA 98001, USA; (J.A.Z.); (D.Y.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.F.); (D.H.H.); (J.W.H.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-858-3475; Fax: +1-240-541-4558
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5
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Pancreatic Cancer UK Grand Challenge: Developments and challenges for effective CAR T cell therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2020; 20:394-408. [PMID: 32173257 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Death from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is rising across the world and PDAC is predicted to be the second most common cause of cancer death in the USA by 2030. Development of effective biotherapies for PDAC are hampered by late presentation, a low number of differentially expressed molecular targets and a tumor-promoting microenvironment that forms both a physical, collagen-rich barrier and is also immunosuppressive. In 2017 Pancreatic Cancer UK awarded its first Grand Challenge Programme award to tackle this problem. The team plan to combine the use of novel CAR T cells with strategies to overcome the barriers presented by the tumor microenvironment. In advance of publication of those data this review seeks to highlight the key problems in effective CAR T cell therapy of PDAC and to describe pre-clinical and clinical progress in CAR T bio-therapeutics.
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6
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PDL1-targeted vaccine exhibits potent antitumor activity by simultaneously blocking PD1/PDL1 pathway and activating PDL1-specific immune responses. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:170-182. [PMID: 32092355 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade, only a subset of people exhibits durable responses, suggesting that an alternative immunotherapeutic strategy is required. This paper reported a two-in-one cancer vaccine that targets programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) that blocks the PD1/PDL1 pathway and also activates antitumor immune response. The PDL1- NitraTh vaccine, which consists of the extracellular domain of PDL1 and nitrated T cell epitope, effectively broke the immune tolerance of PDL1 and elicited PDL1-specific humoral and cellular immunity. The treatment of PDL1-NitraTh exhibited potent antitumor activity. Moreover, immunization of PDL1 vaccine increased the infiltration of tumor lymphocytes and decreased the proportion of Treg cells in tumor tissues, suggesting that the vaccine may remodel the tumor microenvironment. The upregulation of PDL1 in tumor tissues was induced by PDL1-NitraTh vaccine but not in spleen and lymphomas. This upregulation of PDL1 is beneficial to the antitumor activity of PDL1-specific humoral and cellular immunity induced by PDL1-NitraTh. In summary, PDL1-targeted vaccine exhibits potent antitumor activity and may provide an alternative immunotherapy strategy for patients who are not sensitive to PDL1 antibody drugs.
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7
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Aranda F, Barajas M, Huarte E. Transgenic Tumor Models for Evaluating CAR T-Cell Immunotherapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e66. [PMID: 31539924 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy against tumor antigens involves a recombinant immunoreceptor that combines an antibody-derived targeting fragment with signaling domains capable of activating T cells and fusion of this receptor domain to a costimulatory domain (typically CD28 or 4-1BB). Clinical trials of CAR T-cell therapeutics targeting CD19 antigens for relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies have shown unparalleled results and consequently have recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, the lack of efficacy beyond B-cell malignancies, the emergence of resistance to CAR T-cell therapy due to loss of the antigenic epitope, and severe cases of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity necessitate further preclinical studies. As it is very complicated to develop a single animal model that would replicate the complexity of the clinical scenario, this article focuses on transgenic models used to study human tumor-associated antigens in an immunocompetent model. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institute d'Investigacions Biomédiques August pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Chakraborty D, Pati S, Bose S, Dhar S, Dutta S, Sa G. Cancer immunotherapy: present scenarios and the future of immunotherapy. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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9
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Abraham TS, Flickinger JC, Waldman SA, Snook AE. TCR Retrogenic Mice as a Model To Map Self-Tolerance Mechanisms to the Cancer Mucosa Antigen GUCY2C. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1301-1310. [PMID: 30642983 PMCID: PMC6363846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing self-tolerance mechanisms and their failure is critical to understand immune homeostasis, cancer immunity, and autoimmunity. However, examination of self-tolerance mechanisms has relied primarily on transgenic mice expressing TCRs targeting well-characterized, but nonphysiologic, model Ags, such as OVA and hemagglutinin. Identifying TCRs directed against bona fide self-antigens is made difficult by the extraordinary diversity of TCRs and the low prevalence of Ag-specific clones (<10-100 naive cells per organism), limiting dissection of tolerance mechanisms restricting immunity to self-proteins. In this study, we isolated and characterized TCRs recognizing the intestinal epithelial cell receptor and colorectal cancer Ag GUCY2C to establish a model to study self-antigen-specific tolerance mechanisms. GUCY2C-specific CD4+ effector T cells were isolated from immunized, nontolerant Gucy2c -/- mice. Next-generation sequencing identified GUCY2C-specific TCRs, which were engineered into CD4+ T cells in vitro to confirm TCR recognition of GUCY2C. Further, the generation of "retrogenic" mice by reconstitution with TCR-transduced hematopoietic stem cells resulted in normal CD4+ T cell development, responsiveness to immunization, and GUCY2C-induced tolerance in recipient mice, recapitulating observations in conventional models. This retrogenic model can be employed to define self-tolerance mechanisms restricting T and B cell responses to GUCY2C to optimize colorectal cancer immunotherapy without autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara S Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - John C Flickinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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10
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de Aguiar RB, Parise CB, Souza CRT, Braggion C, Quintilio W, Moro AM, Navarro Marques FL, Buchpiguel CA, Chammas R, de Moraes JZ. Blocking FGF2 with a new specific monoclonal antibody impairs angiogenesis and experimental metastatic melanoma, suggesting a potential role in adjuvant settings. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:151-60. [PMID: 26655277 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), overexpressed in melanomas, plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic use of a new anti-FGF2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3F12E7, using for that the B16-F10 melanoma model. The FGF2 neutralizing effect of this antibody was certified by in vitro assays, which allowed the further track of its possible in vivo application. 3F12E7 mAb could be retained in B16-F10 tumors, as shown by antibody low-pH elution and nuclear medicine studies, and also led to reduction in number and size of metastatic foci in lungs, when treatment starts one day after intravenous injection of B16-F10 cells. Such data were accompanied by decreased CD34(+) tumor vascular density and impaired subcutaneous tumor outgrowth. Treatments starting one week after melanoma cell intravenous injection did not reduce tumor burden, remaining the therapeutic effectiveness restricted to early-adopted regimens. Altogether, the presented anti-FGF2 3F12E7 mAb stands as a promising agent to treat metastatic melanoma tumors in adjuvant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barbosa de Aguiar
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Arnaldo 251, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Bellini Parise
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rosal Teixeira Souza
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Arnaldo 251, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Braggion
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Quintilio
- Laboratório de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Laboratório de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Navarro Marques
- Centro de Medicina Nuclear, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Trav. Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos s/n, 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
- Centro de Medicina Nuclear, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Trav. Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos s/n, 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr Arnaldo 251, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jane Zveiter de Moraes
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Firor AE, Jares A, Ma Y. From humble beginnings to success in the clinic: Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells and implications for immunotherapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1087-98. [PMID: 25956686 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 50 years, disease burden has steadily shifted from infectious disease to cancer. Standard chemotherapy has long been the mainstay of cancer medical management, and despite vast efforts towards more targeted and personalized drug therapy, many cancers remain refractory to treatment, with high rates of relapse and poor prognosis. Recent dramatic immunotherapy clinical trials have demonstrated that engineering T-cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to target CD19 can lead to complete remission in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies, generating a great deal of enthusiasm in the field. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the history of adoptive T-cell therapy, including CARs, in solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies. CAR therapy has the potential to fundamentally transform cancer treatment with specific and even personalized targeting of tissue- and tumor-specific antigens. However, before CARs become standard first-line treatment modalities, critical issues regarding efficacy, combinatorial regimens, and mechanisms of treatment failure and toxicity will need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Firor
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alexander Jares
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yupo Ma
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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12
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Aurisicchio L, Peruzzi D, Koo G, Wei WZ, La Monica N, Ciliberto G. Immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of a dual-component genetic cancer vaccine cotargeting carcinoembryonic antigen and HER2/neu in preclinical models. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:121-31. [PMID: 24195644 PMCID: PMC3922413 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cancer vaccine efforts have been directed to simultaneously cotarget multiple tumor antigens, with the intent to achieve broader immune responses and more effective control of cancer growth. Genetic cancer vaccines based on in vivo muscle electro-gene-transfer of plasmid DNA (DNA-EGT) and adenoviral vectors represent promising modalities to elicit powerful immune responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)/neu. Combinations of these modalities of immunization (heterologous prime-boost) can induce superior immune reactions as compared with single-modality vaccines. We have generated a dual component-dual target genetic cancer vaccine consisting of a DNA moiety containing equal amounts of two plasmids, one encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of HER2 (ECD.TM) and the other encoding CEA fused to the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LTB), and of an adenoviral subtype 6 dicistronic vector carrying the same two tumor antigens gene constructs. The CEA/HER2 vaccine was tested in two different CEA/HER2 double-transgenic mouse models and in NOD/scid-DR1 mice engrafted with the human immune system. The immune response was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA. The CEA/HER2 vaccine was able to break immune tolerance against both antigens. Induction of a T cell and antibody immune response was detected in immune-tolerant mice. Most importantly, the vaccine was able to slow the growth of HER2/neu⁺ and CEA⁺ tumors. A significant T cell response was measured in NOD/scid-DR1 mice engrafted with human cord blood cells. In conclusion, the CEA/HER2 genetic vaccine was immunogenic and able to confer significant therapeutic effects. These data warrant the evaluation of this vaccination strategy in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aurisicchio
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Peruzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Koo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Wei-Zen Wei
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Nicola La Monica
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), National Cancer Institute G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
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13
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Induction of antitumor immunity ex vivo using dendritic cells transduced with fowl pox vector expressing MUC1, CEA, and a triad of costimulatory molecules (rF-PANVAC). J Immunother 2013; 35:555-69. [PMID: 22892452 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31826a73de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fowl pox vector expressing the tumor-associated antigens, mucin-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the context of costimulatory molecules (rF-PANVAC) has shown promise as a tumor vaccine. However, vaccine-mediated expansion of suppressor T-cell populations may blunt clinical efficacy. We characterized the cellular immune response induced by ex vivo dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with (rF)-PANVAC. Consistent with the functional characteristics of potent antigen-presenting cells, rF-PANVAC-DCs demonstrated strong expression of mucin-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86, and CD83; decreased levels of phosphorylated STAT3, and increased levels of Tyk2, Janus kinase 2, and STAT1. rF-PANVAC-DCs stimulated expansion of tumor antigen-specific T cells with potent cytolytic capacity. However, rF-PANVAC-transduced DCs also induced the concurrent expansion of FOXP3 expressing CD4CD25 regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibited T-cell activation. Moreover, Tregs expressed high levels of Th2 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13] together with phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT6. In contrast, the vaccine-expanded Treg population expressed high levels of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and interferon-γ and the proinflammatory receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and IL-17A suggesting that these cells may share effector functions with conventional TH17 T cells. These data suggest that Tregs expanded by rF-PANVAC-DCs, exhibit immunosuppressive properties potentially mediated by Th2 cytokines, but simultaneous expression of Th1 and Th17-associated factors suggests a high degree of plasticity.
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Chmielewski M, Hahn O, Rappl G, Nowak M, Schmidt-Wolf IH, Hombach AA, Abken H. T cells that target carcinoembryonic antigen eradicate orthotopic pancreatic carcinomas without inducing autoimmune colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1095-107.e2. [PMID: 22750462 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New treatment approaches are needed for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells; we investigated the effects of cytolytic T cells that recognize CEA in a mouse model of pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Immune-competent mice that expressed the CEA transgene (CEAtg) in the intestinal and pulmonary tracts were given intrapancreatic injections of Panc02 CEA(+) cells (express CEA and click beetle luciferase) and tumors were grown for 10 days. Mice were then given single intravenous injections of T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with high specificity, but moderate affinity, for CEA and a luminescence marker. RESULTS Injection of the anti-CEA CAR T cells reduced the size of pancreatic tumors to below the limit of detection in all mice and produced long-term tumor eradication in 67% of mice. T cells also eradicated CEA(+) fibrosarcoma cells injected 45 days later. Bioluminescence imaging revealed the accumulation and persistence of the T cells at the tumor site. The efficacy of the T cells did not require lymphodepletion and was not reduced by soluble CEA. Mice developed some noninflammatory infiltrations of CAR(+) T cells in intestine and lung, but there was no evidence of destruction of CEA(+) healthy tissues. CONCLUSIONS Injection of T cells that target CEA can eradicate tumors grown from CEA(+) pancreatic carcinoma cells in the pancreas of CEAtg mice without autoimmune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Chmielewski
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne and Clinic I Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Chang HP, Chen JY, Zhong PS, Chang YH, Liang M. Synthesis and characterization of a new polymer–drug conjugate with pH-induced activity. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Parkhurst MR, Yang JC, Langan RC, Dudley ME, Nathan DAN, Feldman SA, Davis JL, Morgan RA, Merino MJ, Sherry RM, Hughes MS, Kammula US, Phan GQ, Lim RM, Wank SA, Restifo NP, Robbins PF, Laurencot CM, Rosenberg SA. T cells targeting carcinoembryonic antigen can mediate regression of metastatic colorectal cancer but induce severe transient colitis. Mol Ther 2010; 19:620-6. [PMID: 21157437 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous T lymphocytes genetically engineered to express a murine T cell receptor (TCR) against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were administered to three patients with metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard treatments. All patients experienced profound decreases in serum CEA levels (74-99%), and one patient had an objective regression of cancer metastatic to the lung and liver. However, a severe transient inflammatory colitis that represented a dose limiting toxicity was induced in all three patients. This report represents the first example of objective regression of metastatic colorectal cancer mediated by adoptive T cell transfer and illustrates the successful use of a TCR, raised in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mice, against a human tumor associated antigen. It also emphasizes the destructive power of small numbers of highly avid T cells and the limitations of using CEA as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Parkhurst
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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17
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A Novel Mouse Model for Evaluation and Prediction of HLA-A2-restricted CEA Cancer Vaccine Responses. J Immunother 2009; 32:744-54. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181aee1b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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A Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine Targeting Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Intestinal Carcinomas. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:125-36. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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19
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Peruzzi D, Dharmapuri S, Cirillo A, Bruni BE, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Colloca S, Ciliberto G, La Monica N, Aurisicchio L. A novel chimpanzee serotype-based adenoviral vector as delivery tool for cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:1293-300. [PMID: 19162112 PMCID: PMC7115565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of adenovirus (Ad) as vaccine vectors is hindered by pre-existing immunity to human Ads in most of the human population. In order to overcome this limitation, uncommon alternative Ad serotypes need to be utilized. In this study, an E1-E3 deleted recombinant Ad based on the chimpanzee serotype 3 (ChAd3) was engineered to express human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) protein or rat neu extracellular/transmembrane domains (ECD.TM). ChAd3 vectors were tested in CEA transgenic (CEA.Tg) and BALB/NeuT mice, which show immunologic tolerance to these antigens. ChAd3 is capable of inducing an immune response comparable to that of hAd5 serotype-based vectors, thus breaking tolerance to tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and achieving anti-tumor effects. Of importance is that ChAd3 can overcome hAd5 pre-existing immunity and work in conjunction with DNA electroporation (DNA-EP) and other Ad vaccines based on common human serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Peruzzi
- Oncology/Functional Department, IRBM-Merck Research Labs-via Pontina Km30.6, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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20
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Bos R, van Duikeren S, Morreau H, Franken K, Schumacher TNM, Haanen JB, van der Burg SH, Melief CJM, Offringa R. Balancing between antitumor efficacy and autoimmune pathology in T-cell-mediated targeting of carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8446-55. [PMID: 18922918 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is intensively studied as a potential target for immunotherapy of colorectal cancers. Although overexpressed by tumors, CEA is also expressed in normal tissues, raising questions about the feasibility and safety of CEA-targeted immunotherapy. We investigated these issues in transgenic mice in which the expression of human CEA in normal tissues closely resembles that in man. Our data show that the T-cell response against CEA in these mice is blunted by both thymic and peripheral tolerance. Consequently, effective tumor targeting is only achieved by adoptive transfer of T cells from nontolerant donors in combination with interventions that eliminate peripheral immune regulatory mechanisms. However, such treatments can result in severe intestinal autoimmune pathology associated with weight loss and mortality. Interestingly, preconditioning of recipient mice by depletion of T-regulatory cells results in immune-mediated tumor control in the absence of toxicity. In this setting, CEA-specific T-cell responses are lower than those induced by toxic regimens and accompanied by additional T-cell responses against non-self antigen. These findings illustrate the importance of testing adoptive immunotherapies targeting self antigens such as CEA in preclinical in vivo models and show that the choice of immune intervention regimen critically determines the balance between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Bos
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Tumor Immunology Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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21
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Ryan SO, Gantt KR, Finn OJ. Tumor antigen-based immunotherapy and immunoprevention of cancer. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:179-89. [PMID: 17106205 DOI: 10.1159/000097020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Any approach to the treatment and prevention of cancer must face the daunting reality that each cancer may be as individual as the patient in whom it has evolved. The challenge is also to develop a therapy that would eradicate that which is abnormal while preserving what is normal. For many years, therapies have been sought that could target a specific abnormal cancerous processes, such as rapid division or increased vascular flow, but with only limited success. Unfortunately, these successes have also been accompanied by varying degrees of toxicity and there is currently no standard therapy that can eradicate clinical disease and prevent recurrence while leaving normal tissue unharmed. However, approaches directed towards manipulating tumor-specific immunity hold promise for effective treatment and lasting cure. These approaches are based on the exceptional specificity of the immune system, the potential for long-term protective memory, and the accumulated evidence that affected individuals have spontaneous immune responses against their own tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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22
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Wang LF, Liu BR, Qian XP, Yin HT, Yu LX, Wei J. Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen in four different human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2933-2937. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i30.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and its significance in the four different colon adenocarcinoma cell lines.
METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the expression of CEA in the cell culture medium and the immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of CEA in LS174T, SW480, LoVo and HCT-8 cell lines, separately. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the expression of CEA mRNA in the four kinds of cell lines was also carried out.
RESULTS: A great variation in CEA content was found among the four kinds of colon cancer cell lines. The expression of CEA was detectable at the protein and mRNA level in LS174T and SW480 cell lines, and moreover, it was higher in the former (culture supernatant fluid: 1050 ± 25.0 ng/107 cells vs 66 ± 5.6 ng/107 cells, P < 0.0001; mRNA: 1.137 ± 0.155 vs 0.399 ± 0.135, P = 0.003). Meanwhile, CEA was negatively expressed in LoVo cells no matter at the protein or mRNA level, and HCT-8 cells were only found with weakly-positive immunohistochemical staining.
CONCLUSION: There is a great variation in CEA expression among the four kinds of human colon cancer cell lines as compared with the reported results previously. The expression change of CEA in the different cell lines may affect its in vitrobiological behavior and further lead to the uncertainty of the experiment.
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Giannetti P, Facciabene A, La Monica N, Aurisicchio L. Individual mouse analysis of the cellular immune response to tumor antigens in peripheral blood by intracellular staining for cytokines. J Immunol Methods 2006; 316:84-96. [PMID: 17010367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the experimental animal models, mice remain the most widely used for the evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies. Vaccines against parasites and viral antigens are commonly administered to the appropriate mouse strain which also allows testing of the therapeutic effect. Similarly, in mice transgenic for human tumor associated antigens (TAA), cancer vaccines must lead to breakage of immune tolerance to elicit a significant effect on the tumor. However, one of the major drawbacks in the monitoring of cellular immune responses induced by vaccination is that functional immunological assays require suppression of the animals to collect the spleen or lymph nodes for analysis. Here, we report the application of a rapid intracellular staining (ICS) method to quantify antigen-specific T cells responses in small volumes of murine blood. Genetic vaccination with plasmid DNA followed by electroporation (DNA-EP) and the use of adenoviral vectors (Ad) encoding CEA as a model target antigen were applied to different strains of mice. Optimal blood volume, number of lymphocytes, sensitivity and reproducibility of intracellular staining for IFN-gamma were determined both in non-tolerant/wild type mice as well as in tolerant CEA transgenic mice upon restimulation of PBMCs with CEA peptides. Groups of vaccinated mice were then sacrificed and PBMCs and splenocytes from individual animals were compared for intracytoplasmic detection of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. A significant correlation was observed between splenic and blood immune responses. Finally, the cellular immune response was followed over time in groups of vaccinated mice. The kinetics of IFN-gamma producing effectors were measured after priming and successive boosting with adenoviral vectors. We show that intracellular staining for mouse PBMCs is a rapid and simple method to measure antigen-specific immune responses. It does not require animal euthanasia and mirrors the response observed in lymphoid organs such as the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Giannetti
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM) Via Pontina km 30,600 Pomezia, 00040 Italy
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Liu Y, Jiang H. Electroanalytical Determination of Carcinoembryonic Antigen at a Silica Nanoparticles/Titania Sol–Gel Composite Membrane-Modified Gold Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Nöckel J, van den Engel NK, Winter H, Hatz RA, Zimmermann W, Kammerer R. Characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines established from CEA424/SV40 T antigen-transgenic mice with or without a human CEA transgene. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:57. [PMID: 16536871 PMCID: PMC1421424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Patients with gastric cancer at an advanced disease stage have a poor prognosis, due to the limited efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, the development of new therapies, like immunotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer is of utmost importance. Since the usability of existing preclinical models for the evaluation of immunotherapies for gastric adenocarcinomas is limited, the goal of the present study was to establish murine in vivo models which allow the stepwise improvement of immunotherapies for gastric cancer. Methods Since no murine gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines are available we established four cell lines (424GC, mGC3, mGC5, mGC8) from spontaneously developing tumors of CEA424/SV40 T antigen (CEA424/Tag) mice and three cell lines derived from double-transgenic offsprings of CEA424/Tag mice mated with human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-transgenic (CEA424/Tag-CEA) mice (mGC2CEA, mGC4CEA, mGC11CEA). CEA424/Tag is a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse strain harboring the Tag under the control of a -424/-8 bp CEA gene promoter which leads to the development of invasive adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach. Tumor cell lines established from CEA424/Tag-CEA mice express the well defined tumor antigen CEA under the control of its natural regulatory elements. Results The epithelial origin of the tumor cells was proven by morphological criteria including the presence of mucin within the cells and the expression of the cell adhesion molecules EpCAM and CEACAM1. All cell lines consistently express the transgenes CEA and/or Tag and MHC class I molecules leading to their susceptibility to lysis by Tag-specific CTL in vitro. Despite the presentation of CTL-epitopes derived from the transgene products the tumor cell lines were tumorigenic when grafted into C57BL/6, CEA424/Tag or CEA424/Tag-CEA-transgenic hosts and no significant differences in tumor take and tumor growth were observed in the different hosts. Although no spontaneous tumor rejection was observed, vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with lysates from gastric carcinoma cell lines protected C57BL/6 mice from tumor challenge, demonstrating the tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines in nontransgenic mice of the H-2b haplotype. Conclusion These tumor cell lines grafted in different syngeneic hosts should prove to be very useful to optimize immunotherapy regimens to be finally tested in transgenic animals developing primary gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nöckel
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Natasja K van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Hatz
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, GSF National Research Center for the Environment and Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
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