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Yang CT, Lai RC, Phua VJX, Aw SE, Zhang B, Sim WK, Lim SK, Ng DCE. Standard Radio-Iodine Labeling Protocols Impaired the Functional Integrity of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3742. [PMID: 38612553 PMCID: PMC11011818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are an extensively studied cell type in clinical trials due to their easy availability, substantial ex vivo proliferative capacity, and therapeutic efficacy in numerous pre-clinical animal models of disease. The prevailing understanding suggests that their therapeutic impact is mediated by the secretion of exosomes. Notably, MSC exosomes present several advantages over MSCs as therapeutic agents, due to their non-living nature and smaller size. However, despite their promising therapeutic potential, the clinical translation of MSC exosomes is hindered by an incomplete understanding of their biodistribution after administration. A primary obstacle to this lies in the lack of robust labels that are highly sensitive, capable of directly and easily tagging exosomes with minimal non-specific labeling artifacts, and sensitive traceability with minimal background noise. One potential candidate to address this issue is radioactive iodine. Protocols for iodinating exosomes and tracking radioactive iodine in live imaging are well-established, and their application in determining the biodistribution of exosomes has been reported. Nevertheless, the effects of iodination on the structural or functional activities of exosomes have never been thoroughly examined. In this study, we investigate these effects and report that these iodination methods abrogate CD73 enzymatic activity on MSC exosomes. Consequently, the biodistribution of iodinated exosomes may reflect the biodistribution of denatured exosomes rather than functionally intact ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (R.C.L.); (B.Z.); (W.K.S.)
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd., 10 Choa Chu Kang Grove #13-22 Sol Acres, Singapore 688207, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Jing Xin Phua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (D.C.E.N.)
| | - Swee Eng Aw
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (R.C.L.); (B.Z.); (W.K.S.)
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd., 10 Choa Chu Kang Grove #13-22 Sol Acres, Singapore 688207, Singapore
| | - Wei Kian Sim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (R.C.L.); (B.Z.); (W.K.S.)
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd., 10 Choa Chu Kang Grove #13-22 Sol Acres, Singapore 688207, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (R.C.L.); (B.Z.); (W.K.S.)
- Paracrine Therapeutics Pte. Ltd., 10 Choa Chu Kang Grove #13-22 Sol Acres, Singapore 688207, Singapore
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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2
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Rakshit T, Pal S. Extracellular Vesicles for Drug Delivery and Theranostics In Vivo. JACS AU 2024; 4:318-327. [PMID: 38425894 PMCID: PMC10900499 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanopouches generated by all cells and are abundant in various body fluids. Depending on the parent and recipient cells, EVs exchange diverse constituents including nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and metabolites. Morphologically, EVs suffer from low zeta potentials and short circulation times, but they also offer low intrinsic immunogenicity and inherent stability. Some crucial factors for the effective clinical application of EVs include controlling immune system clearance, achieving the large-scale production of EVs with efficient quality control, and determining the dominant mechanism of the in vivo action of EVs. In this Perspective, we shed light on how these intriguing nano-objects are utilized in cellular imaging and drug delivery for disease therapeutics. We also discuss potential strategies for overcoming the associated limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatini Rakshit
- Department
of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of
Eminence, Delhi-NCR 201314, India
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bhilai, Durg 491001, India
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3
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Asfiya R, Xu L, Paramanantham A, Kabytaev K, Chernatynskaya A, McCully G, Yang H, Srivastava A. Physio-chemical Modifications to Re-engineer Small Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Anticancer Therapeutics Delivery and Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:697-722. [PMID: 38241003 PMCID: PMC10956554 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer theranostics developed through nanoengineering applications are essential for targeted oncologic interventions in the new era of personalized and precision medicine. Recently, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as an attractive nanoengineering platform for tumor-directed anticancer therapeutic delivery and imaging of malignant tumors. These natural nanoparticles have multiple advantages over synthetic nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as intrinsic targeting ability, less immunogenicity, and a prolonged circulation time. Since the inception of sEVs as a viable replacement for liposomes (synthetic nanoparticles) as a drug delivery vehicle, many studies have attempted to further the therapeutic efficacy of sEVs. This article discusses engineering strategies for sEVs using physical and chemical methods to enhance their anticancer therapeutic delivery performance. We review physio-chemical techniques of effective therapeutic loading into sEV, sEV surface engineering for targeted entry of therapeutics, and its cancer environment sensitive release inside the cells/organ. Next, we also discuss the novel hybrid sEV systems developed by a combination of sEVs with lipid and metal nanoparticles to garner each component's benefits while overcoming their drawbacks. The article extensively analyzes multiple sEV labeling techniques developed and investigated for live tracking or imaging sEVs. Finally, we discuss the theranostic potential of engineered sEVs in future cancer care regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Asfiya
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Lei Xu
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Anjugam Paramanantham
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Kuanysh Kabytaev
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Anna Chernatynskaya
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Grace McCully
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Hu Yang
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Centre, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
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4
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Saini S, Sreekumar A, Nathani S, Asante DM, Simmons MN. A novel exosome based therapeutic intervention against neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2816. [PMID: 38307935 PMCID: PMC10837194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a highly lethal variant of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with poor survival rates. Current treatment options for NEPC are limited to highly toxic platinum drugs highlighting the urgent need for new therapies. This study aimed to develop a novel therapeutic approach using engineered exosomes against NEPC. Exosomes were modified to target CEACAM5, an NEPC surface antigen, by attaching CEACAM5 antibodies to HEK293T exosomes. These exosomes were loaded with drugs inhibiting EZH2 and the androgen receptor (AR) as recent research shows a persistent role of AR in NEPC wherein it plays a concerted role with EZH2 in driving neuronal gene programs. In vitro experiments with NEPC cell lines demonstrated that CEACAM5-targeted exosomes were specifically taken up by NEPC cells, leading to reduced cellular viability and decreased expression of neuronal markers. Further in vivo tests using a NEPC patient-derived xenograft model (LuCaP145.1) showed significant tumor regression in mice treated with engineered exosomes compared to control mice receiving IgG-labeled exosomes. These results suggest that CEACAM5-engineered exosomes hold promise as a targeted therapy for NEPC. Importantly, our exosome engineering strategy is versatile and can be adapted to target various surface antigens in prostate cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Urology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Amritha Sreekumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sandip Nathani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Diana M Asante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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5
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Cheng Z, Shang J, Wang H, Yu L, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Du Y, Tian J. Molecular imaging-guided extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery for precise cancer management: Current status and future perspectives. J Control Release 2023; 362:97-120. [PMID: 37625599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), the mediators of intercellular communication, have attracted the attention of researchers for the important roles they play in cancer treatment. Compared with other inorganic nano-materials, EVs possess the advantages of higher biocompatibility, better physiochemical stability, easier surface modification, and excellent biosafety. They can be used as an advanced drug delivery system with an improved therapeutic index for various therapeutic agents. Engineered EV-based imaging and therapeutic agents (engineered EVs) have emerged as useful tools in targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy. Non-invasive tracing of engineered EVs contributes to a better evaluation of their functions in cancer progression, in vivo dynamic biodistribution, therapeutic response, and drug-loading efficiency. Recent advances in real-time molecular imaging (MI), and innovative EV labeling strategies have led to the development of novel tools that can evaluate the pharmacokinetics of engineered EVs in cancer management, which may accelerate further clinical translation of novel EV-based drug delivery platforms. Herein, we review the latest advances in EVs, their characteristics, and current examples of EV-based targeted drug delivery for cancer. Then, we discuss the prominent applications of MI for tracing both natural and engineered EVs. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and considerations of EVs in targeted cancer treatment and the limitations of different MI modalities. In the coming decades, EV-based therapeutic applications for cancer with improved drug loading and targeting abilities will be developed, and better anti-cancer effects of drug delivery nanoplatform will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongquan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jihuan Shang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Huarong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Leyi Yu
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, China; Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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6
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Zou Z, Li H, Xu G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Tian K. Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Exosomes as Nanocarriers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4751-4778. [PMID: 37635911 PMCID: PMC10454833 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as natural nanocarriers, characterized with low immunogenicity, non-cytotoxicity and targeted delivery capability, which have advantages over synthetic nanocarriers. Recently, exosomes have shown great potential as diagnostic markers for diseases and are also considered as a promising cell-free therapy. Engineered exosomes have significantly enhanced the efficacy and precision of delivering therapeutic agents, and are currently being extensively employed in targeted therapeutic investigations for various ailments, including oncology, inflammatory disorders, and degenerative conditions. Particularly, engineered exosomes enable therapeutic agent loading, targeted modification, evasion of MPS phagocytosis, intelligent control, and bioimaging, and have been developed as multifunctional nano-delivery platforms in recent years. The utilization of bioactive scaffolds that are loaded with exosome delivery has been shown to substantially augment retention, extend exosome release, and enhance efficacy. This approach has advanced from conventional hydrogels to nanocomposite hydrogels, nanofiber hydrogels, and 3D printing, resulting in superior physical and biological properties that effectively address the limitations of natural scaffolds. Additionally, plant-derived exosomes, which can participate in gut flora remodeling via oral administration, are considered as an ideal delivery platform for the treatment of intestinal diseases. Consequently, there is great interest in exosomes and exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods of exosomes. Additionally, it examines the pathological and diagnostic mechanisms of exosomes in various diseases, including tumors, degenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of gut microbial-derived exosomes. Strategies and specific applications of engineered exosomes and bioactive scaffold-loaded exosome delivery are further summarized, especially some new techniques such as large-scale loading technique, macromolecular loading technique, development of multifunctional nano-delivery platforms and nano-scaffold-loaded exosome delivery. The potential benefits of using plant-derived exosomes for the treatment of gut-related diseases are also discussed. Additionally, the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of exosome-based nanocarriers for disease diagnosis and treatment are summarized from both preclinical and clinical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaijun Zou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxiang Hu
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Bao C, Xiang H, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Gao Q, Huang F, Mao L. A Review of Labeling Approaches Used in Small Extracellular Vesicles Tracing and Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4567-4588. [PMID: 37588627 PMCID: PMC10426735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from the endosomal compartment, are a kind of lipid bilayer vesicles released by almost all types of cells, serving as natural carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids for intercellular communication and transfer of bioactive molecules. The current findings suggest their vital role in physiological and pathological processes. Various sEVs labeling techniques have been developed for the more advanced study of the function, mode of action, bio-distribution, and related information of sEVs. In this review, we summarize the existing and emerging sEVs labeling techniques, including fluorescent labeling, radioisotope labeling, nanoparticle labeling, chemical contrast agents labeling, and label-free technique. These approaches will pave the way for an in-depth study of sEVs. We present a systematic and comprehensive review of the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these techniques, to help promote applications of these labeling approaches in future research on sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Banerjee A, Lino M, Jesus C, Ribeiro Q, Abrunhosa A, Ferreira L. Imaging platforms to dissect the in vivo communication, biodistribution and controlled release of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2023; 360:549-563. [PMID: 37406818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) work as communication vehicles, allowing the exchange of bioactive molecules (microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, etc) between neighbouring and distant cells in the organism. EVs are thus important players in several physiological and pathological processes. Thus, it is critical to understand their role in cellular/organ communication to fully evaluate their biological, diagnosis and therapeutic potential. In addition, recent studies have explored the controlled release of EVs for regenerative medicine applications and thus the evaluation of their release profile is important to correlate with biological activity. Here, we give a brief introduction about EV imaging platforms in terms of their sensitivity, penetration depth, cost, and operational simplicity, followed by a discussion of different EV labelling processes with their advantages and limitations. Next, we cover the relevance of these imaging platforms to dissect the tropism and biological role of endogenous EVs. We also cover the relevance of imaging platforms to monitor the accumulation of exogenous EVs and their potential cellular targets. Finally, we highlight the importance of imaging platforms to investigate the release profile of EVs from different controlled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Banerjee
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Lino
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Jesus
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Quélia Ribeiro
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- ICNAS/CIBIT - Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health/Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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9
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Petroni D, Fabbri C, Babboni S, Menichetti L, Basta G, Del Turco S. Extracellular Vesicles and Intercellular Communication: Challenges for In Vivo Molecular Imaging and Tracking. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1639. [PMID: 37376087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of cell-derived membrane vesicles released by various cell types that serve as mediators of intercellular signaling. When released into circulation, EVs may convey their cargo and serve as intermediaries for intracellular communication, reaching nearby cells and possibly also distant organs. In cardiovascular biology, EVs released by activated or apoptotic endothelial cells (EC-EVs) disseminate biological information at short and long distances, contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and related disorders. The significance of EC-EVs as mediators of cell-cell communication has advanced, but a thorough knowledge of the role that intercommunication plays in healthy and vascular disease is still lacking. Most data on EVs derive from in vitro studies, but there are still little reliable data available on biodistribution and specific homing EVs in vivo tissues. Molecular imaging techniques for EVs are crucial to monitoring in vivo biodistribution and the homing of EVs and their communication networks both in basal and pathological circumstances. This narrative review provides an overview of EC-EVs, trying to highlight their role as messengers of cell-cell interaction in vascular homeostasis and disease, and describes emerging applications of various imaging modalities for EVs visualization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Petroni
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Costanza Fabbri
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Babboni
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Basta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Del Turco
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR San Cataldo Research Area, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Ahmadi M, Emzhik M, Mosayebnia M. Nanoparticles labeled with gamma-emitting radioisotopes: an attractive approach for in vivo tracking using SPECT imaging. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1546-1583. [PMID: 36811810 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Providing accurate molecular imaging of the body and biological process is critical for diagnosing disease and personalizing treatment with the minimum side effects. Recently, diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals have gained more attention in precise molecular imaging due to their high sensitivity and appropriate tissue penetration depth. The fate of these radiopharmaceuticals throughout the body can be traced using nuclear imaging systems, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities. In this regard, nanoparticles are attractive platforms for delivering radionuclides into targets because they can directly interfere with the cell membranes and subcellular organelles. Moreover, applying radiolabeled nanomaterials can decrease their toxicity concerns because radiopharmaceuticals are usually administrated at low doses. Therefore, incorporating gamma-emitting radionuclides into nanomaterials can provide imaging probes with valuable additional properties compared to the other carriers. Herein, we aim to review (1) the gamma-emitting radionuclides used for labeling different nanomaterials, (2) the approaches and conditions adopted for their radiolabeling, and (3) their application. This study can help researchers to compare different radiolabeling methods in terms of stability and efficiency and choose the best way for each nanosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Emzhik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Mosayebnia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Niayesh Junction, Vali-E-Asr Ave, Tehran, 14155-6153, Iran.
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11
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Ashique S, Anand K. Radiolabelled Extracellular Vesicles as Imaging Modalities for Precise Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051426. [PMID: 37242668 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have been abandoned as bio-inspired drug delivery systems (DDS) in the biomedical field. ECVs have a natural ability to cross over extracellular and intracellular barriers, making them superior to manufactured nanoparticles. Additionally, they have the ability to move beneficial biomolecules among far-flung bodily cells. These advantages and the accomplishment of favorable in vivo results convincingly show the value of ECVs in medication delivery. The usage of ECVs is constantly being improved, as it might be difficult to develop a consistent biochemical strategy that is in line with their useful clinical therapeutic uses. Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have the potential to enhance the therapy of diseases. Imaging technologies, particularly radiolabelled imaging, have been exploited for non-invasive tracking to better understand their in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut 250103, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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12
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Aafreen S, Feng J, Wang W, Liu G. Theranostic extracellular vesicles: a concise review of current imaging technologies and labeling strategies. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:107-132. [PMID: 37829171 PMCID: PMC10568980 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, are naturally occurring nano- and micro-sized membrane vesicles playing an essential role in cell-to-cell communication. There is a recent increasing interest in harnessing the therapeutic potential of these natural nanoparticles to develop cell-free regenerative medicine and manufacture highly biocompatible and targeted drug and gene delivery vectors, amongst other applications. In the context of developing novel and effective EV-based therapy, imaging tools are of paramount importance as they can be used to not only elucidate the underlying mechanisms but also provide the basis for optimization and clinical translation. In this review, recent efforts and knowledge advances on EV-based therapies have been briefly introduced, followed by an outline of currently available labeling strategies by which EVs can be conjugated with various imaging agents and/or therapeutic drugs and genes. A comprehensive review of prevailing EV imaging technologies is then presented along with examples and applications, with emphasis on imaging probes and agents, corresponding labeling methods, and the pros and cons of each imaging modality. Finally, the potential of theranostic EVs as a powerful new weapon in the arsenal of regenerative medicine and nanomedicine is summarized and envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Aafreen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jonathan Feng
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wenshen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Ren Y, Zhang H. Emerging role of exosomes in vascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1090909. [PMID: 36937921 PMCID: PMC10017462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1090909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are biological small spherical lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by most cells in the body. Their contents include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can transfer material molecules between cells and consequently have a variety of biological functions, participating in disease development while exhibiting potential value as biomarkers and therapeutics. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes are vital mediators of vascular remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammatory cells, and adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can communicate through exosomes; such communication is associated with inflammatory responses, cell migration and proliferation, and cell metabolism, leading to changes in vascular function and structure. Essential hypertension (EH), atherosclerosis (AS), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the most common vascular diseases and are associated with significant vascular remodeling. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the involvement of exosomes in vascular remodeling through intercellular information exchange and provides new ideas for understanding related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honggang Zhang,
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14
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Yang H, Wang J, Huang G. Small extracellular vesicles in metabolic remodeling of tumor cells: Cargos and translational application. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009952. [PMID: 36588730 PMCID: PMC9800502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect is characterized by excessive consumption of glucose by the tumor cells under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. This metabolic reprogramming allows the tumor cells to adapt to the unique microenvironment and proliferate rapidly, and also promotes tumor metastasis and therapy resistance. Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells is driven by the aberrant expression and activity of metabolic enzymes, which results in the accumulation of oncometabolites, and the hyperactivation of intracellular growth signals. Recent studies suggest that tumor-associated metabolic remodeling also depends on intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), also known as exosomes, are smaller than 200 nm in diameter and are formed by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The sEVs are instrumental in transporting cargoes such as proteins, nucleic acids or metabolites between the tumor, stromal and immune cells of the TME, and are thus involved in reprogramming the glucose metabolism of recipient cells. In this review, we have summarized the biogenesis and functions of sEVs and metabolic cargos, and the mechanisms through they drive the Warburg effect. Furthermore, the potential applications of targeting sEV-mediated metabolic pathways in tumor liquid biopsy, imaging diagnosis and drug development have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Gang Huang, ; Hao Yang,
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Gang Huang, ; Hao Yang,
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15
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Alptekin A, Parvin M, Chowdhury HI, Rashid MH, Arbab AS. Engineered exosomes for studies in tumor immunology. Immunol Rev 2022; 312:76-102. [PMID: 35808839 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) with diameters of 30-150 nm secreted by most of the cells into the extracellular spaces and can alter the microenvironment through cell-to-cell interactions by fusion with the plasma membrane and subsequent endocytosis and release of the cargo. Because of their biocompatibility, low toxicity and immunogenicity, permeability (even through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)), stability in biological fluids, and ability to accumulate in the lesions with higher specificity, investigators have started making designer's exosomes or engineered exosomes to carry biologically active protein on the surface or inside the exosomes as well as using exosomes to carry drugs, micro RNA, and other products to the site of interest. In this review, we have discussed biogenesis, markers, and contents of various exosomes including exosomes of immune cells. We have also discussed the current methods of making engineered and designer's exosomes as well as the use of engineered exosomes targeting different immune cells in the tumors, stroke, as well as at peripheral blood. Genetic engineering and customizing exosomes create an unlimited opportunity to use in diagnosis and treatment. Very little use has been discovered, and we are far away to reach its limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alptekin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mahrima Parvin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Komuro H, Aminova S, Lauro K, Harada M. Advances of engineered extracellular vesicles-based therapeutics strategy. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:655-681. [PMID: 36277506 PMCID: PMC9586594 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2133342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-bound vesicles which encapsulate bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They mediate intercellular communication through transporting internally packaged molecules, making them attractive therapeutics carriers. Over the last decades, a significant amount of research has implied the potential of EVs servings as drug delivery vehicles for nuclear acids, proteins, and small molecular drugs. However, several challenges remain unresolved before the clinical application of EV-based therapeutics, including lack of specificity, stability, biodistribution, storage, large-scale manufacturing, and the comprehensive analysis of EV composition. Technical development is essential to overcome these issues and enhance the pre-clinical therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the current advancements in EV engineering which demonstrate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Komuro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shakhlo Aminova
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Lauro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Desjardins P, Berthiaume R, Couture C, Le-Bel G, Roy V, Gros-Louis F, Moulin VJ, Proulx S, Chemtob S, Germain L, Guérin SL. Impact of Exosomes Released by Different Corneal Cell Types on the Wound Healing Properties of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12201. [PMID: 36293057 PMCID: PMC9602716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal wound healing involves communication between the different cell types that constitute the three cellular layers of the cornea (epithelium, stroma and endothelium), a process ensured in part by a category of extracellular vesicles called exosomes. In the present study, we isolated exosomes released by primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs), corneal fibroblasts (hCFs) and corneal endothelial cells (hCEnCs) and determined whether they have wound healing characteristics of their own and to which point they modify the genetic and proteomic pattern of these cell types. Exosomes released by all three cell types significantly accelerated wound closure of scratch-wounded hCECs in vitro compared to controls (without exosomes). Profiling of activated kinases revealed that exosomes from human corneal cells caused the activation of signal transduction mediators that belong to the HSP27, STAT, β-catenin, GSK-3β and p38 pathways. Most of all, data from gene profiling analyses indicated that exosomes, irrespective of their cellular origin, alter a restricted subset of genes that are completely different between each targeted cell type (hCECs, hCFS, hCEnCs). Analysis of the genes specifically differentially regulated for a given cell-type in the microarray data using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that the mean gene expression profile of hCECs cultured in the presence of exosomes would likely promote cell proliferation and migration whereas it would reduce differentiation when compared to control cells. Collectively, our findings represent a conceptual advance in understanding the mechanisms of corneal wound repair that may ultimately open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve closure of corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rébecca Berthiaume
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Couture
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911312. [PMID: 36232613 PMCID: PMC9569979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The amount and composition of EVs in human biological fluids serve as biomarkers and are used for diagnosing diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. EVs are promising for use as therapeutic agents and as natural vectors for drug delivery. However, the successful use of EVs in clinical practice requires an understanding of their biodistribution in an organism. Numerous studies conducted so far on the biodistribution of EVs show that, after intravenous administration, EVs are mostly localized in organs rich in blood vessels and organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In order to improve resolution, new dyes and labels are being developed and detection methods are being optimized. In this work, we review all available modern methods and approaches used to assess the biodistribution of EVs, as well as discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Gao F, Xu Q, Tang Z, Zhang N, Huang Y, Li Z, Dai Y, Yu Q, Zhu J. Exosomes derived from myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitate castration-resistant prostate cancer progression via S100A9/circMID1/miR-506-3p/MID1. J Transl Med 2022; 20:346. [PMID: 35918733 PMCID: PMC9344715 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a major cause of recurrence and mortality among prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) regulate castration resistance in PCa. Previously, it was shown that intercellular communication was efficiently mediated by exosomes (Exos), but the role and the mechanism of MDSC-derived Exos in CRPC progression was unclear. Methods In this study, the circRNA expression profiles in PC3 cells treated with MDSC-Exo and control cells were investigated using a circRNA microarray. Results The data showed that circMID1 (hsa_circ_0007718) expression was elevated in PC3 cells treated with MDSC-Exo. Moreover, high circMID1 expression was found in PCa compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and in CRPC patients compared with hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) patients. Further studies showed that MDSC-Exo accelerated PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while circMID1 deficiency inhibited MDSC-Exo-regulated CRPC progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MDSC-derived exosomal S100A9 increased circMID1 expression to sponge miR-506-3p, leading to increased MID1 expression and accelerated tumor progression. Conclusion Together, our results showed that a S100A9/circMID1/miR-506-3p/MID1 axis existed in MDSC-Exo-regulated CRPC progression, which provided novel insights into MDSC-Exo regulatory mechanisms in CRPC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03494-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaoping Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jifanglu Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yasheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jifanglu Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Yu
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Arifin DR, Witwer KW, Bulte JWM. Non-Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo? J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12241. [PMID: 35844061 PMCID: PMC9289215 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer delimited vesicles released by nearly all cell types that serve as mediators of intercellular signalling. Recent evidence has shown that EVs play a key role in many normal as well as pathological cellular processes. EVs can be exploited as disease biomarkers and also as targeted, cell-free therapeutic delivery and signalling vehicles for use in regenerative medicine and other clinical settings. Despite this potential, much remains unknown about the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of EVs after administration into living subjects. The ability to non-invasively image exogeneous EVs, especially in larger animals, will allow a better understanding of their in vivo homing and retention patterns, blood and tissue half-life, and excretion pathways, all of which are needed to advance clinical diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications of EVs. We present the current state-of-the-art methods for labeling EVs with various diagnostic contrast agents and tracers and the respective imaging modalities that can be used for their in vivo visualization: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, magnetic particle imaging (MPI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). We review here the strengths and weaknesses of each of these EV imaging approaches, with special emphasis on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian R. Arifin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Neurologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Oncologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Biomedical Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Choi H, Kim MY, Kim DH, Yun H, Oh BK, Kim SB, Song IH, Park HS, Kim SE, Park C, Choi C. Quantitative Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics Study of GMP-Grade Exosomes Labeled with 89Zr Radioisotope in Mice and Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061118. [PMID: 35745690 PMCID: PMC9229812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the successful clinical advancement of exosome therapeutics, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profile of exogenous exosomes in various animal models must be determined. Compared with fluorescence or bioluminescence imaging, radionuclide imaging confers multiple advantages for the in vivo tracking of biomolecular therapeutics because of its excellent sensitivity for deep tissue imaging and potential for quantitative measurement. Herein, we assessed the quantitative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of good manufacturing practice-grade therapeutic exosomes labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr) after systemic intravenous administration in mice and rats. Quantitative biodistribution analysis by positron emission tomography/computed tomography and gamma counting in mice and rats revealed that the total 89Zr signals in the organs were lower in rats than in mice, suggesting a higher excretion rate of exosomes in rats. A prolonged 89Zr signal for up to 7 days in most organs indicated that substantial amounts of exosomes were taken up by the parenchymal cells in those organs, highlighting the therapeutic potential of exosomes for the intracellular delivery of therapeutics. Exosomes were mainly distributed in the liver and to a lesser extent in the spleen, while a moderately distributed in the kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, brain, and heart. Exosomes were rapidly cleared from the blood circulation, with a rate greater than that of free 89Zr, indicating that exosomes might be rapidly taken up by cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Myung-Yoon Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Dae-Hwan Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Hanoul Yun
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Byung-Koo Oh
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Su-Bin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
| | - In-Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Cheolhyoung Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +82-42-863-4450 (C.C.)
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +82-42-863-4450 (C.C.)
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22
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Lai CH, Lee CL, Vu CA, Vu VT, Tsai YH, Chen WY, Cheng CM. Paper-Based Devices for Capturing Exosomes and Exosomal Nucleic Acids From Biological Samples. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836082. [PMID: 35497368 PMCID: PMC9039228 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanovesicles derived from cells, contain a variety of biomolecules that can be considered biomarkers for disease diagnosis, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Given knowledge and demand, inexpensive, robust, and easy-to-use tools that are compatible with downstream nucleic acid detection should be developed to replace traditional methodologies for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. This study deploys a paper-based extraction kit for exosome and exosomal miRNA analytical system with some quantifying methods to serve as an easy sample preparation for a possible POCT process. Exosomes concentrated from HCT116 cell cultures were arrested on paper-based immunoaffinity devices, which were produced by immobilizing anti-CD63 antibodies on Whatman filter paper, before being subjected to paper-based silica devices for nucleic acids to be trapped by silica nanoparticles adsorbed onto Whatman filter paper. Concentrations of captured exosomes were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrating that paper-based immunoaffinity devices succeeded in capturing and determining exosome levels from cells cultured in both neutral and acidic microenvironments, whereas microRNA 21 (miR-21), a biomarker for various types of cancers and among the nucleic acids absorbed onto the silica devices, was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to prove that paper-based silica devices were capable of trapping exosomal nucleic acids. The developed paper-based kit and the devised procedure was successfully exploited to isolate exosomes and exosomal nucleic acids from different biological samples (platelet-poor plasma and lesion fluid) as clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cao-An Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Van-Truc Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hung Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chao-Min Cheng, ; Wen-Yih Chen,
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chao-Min Cheng, ; Wen-Yih Chen,
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23
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Fisher WS, Tchounwou C, Wei S, Roberts L, Ewert KK, Safinya CR. Exosomes are secreted at similar densities by M21 and PC3 human cancer cells and show paclitaxel solubility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183841. [PMID: 34953781 PMCID: PMC8896395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted vesicles less than ≈150 nm in size that contain gene-encoding and gene-silencing RNA and cytosolic proteins with roles in intercellular communication. Interest in the use of exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles has grown since it was shown that they can bind specific cells and deliver intact genetic material to the cytosol of target cells. We isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs), consisting of a mixture of exosomes and microvesicles, from prostate (PC3) and melanoma (M21) cancer cell lines using serial ultracentrifugation. Interrogation via western blot analysis confirmed enrichment of CD63, a widely recognized EV surface protein, in the EV pellet from both cell lines. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of EV pellets revealed that the two cell lines produced distinct vesicle size profiles in the ≈30 nm to ≈400 nm range. NTA further showed that the fraction of exosomes to all EVs was constant, suggesting cellular mechanisms that control the fraction of secreted vesicles that are exosomes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the unmodified PC3 EVs showed vesicles with cup-like (i.e., nanocapsule) and previously unreported prolate morphologies. The observed non-spherical morphologies for dehydrated exosomal vesicles (size ≈30-100 nm) are most likely related to the dense packing of proteins in exosome membranes. Solubility phase diagram data showed that EVs enhanced the solubility of paclitaxel (PTX) in aqueous solution compared to a water-only control. Combined with their inherent targeting and cytosol delivery properties, these findings highlight the potential advantages of using exosomes as chemotherapeutic drug carriers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Fisher
- Materials Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Physics Department, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Christine Tchounwou
- Materials Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Physics Department, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sophia Wei
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Logan Roberts
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kai K Ewert
- Materials Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Physics Department, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Materials Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Physics Department, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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24
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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25
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Khan A, Man F, Faruqu FN, Kim J, Al-Salemee F, Carrascal-Miniño A, Volpe A, Liam-Or R, Simpson P, Fruhwirth GO, Al-Jamal KT, T. M. de Rosales R. PET Imaging of Small Extracellular Vesicles via [ 89Zr]Zr(oxinate) 4 Direct Radiolabeling. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:473-485. [PMID: 35224973 PMCID: PMC8931726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are increasingly gaining attention for their potential as drug delivery systems and biomarkers of disease. Therefore, it is important to understand their in vivo biodistribution using imaging techniques that allow tracking over time and at the whole-body level. Positron emission tomography (PET) allows short- and long-term whole-body tracking of radiolabeled compounds in both animals and humans and with excellent quantification properties compared to other nuclear imaging techniques. In this report, we explored the use of [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 (a cell and liposome radiotracer) for direct and intraluminal radiolabeling of several types of sEVs, achieving high radiolabeling yields. The radiosynthesis and radiolabeling protocols were optimized for sEV labeling, avoiding sEV damage, as demonstrated using several characterizations (cryoEM, nanoparticle tracking analysis, dot blot, and flow cytometry) and in vitro techniques. Using pancreatic cancer sEVs (PANC1) in a healthy mouse model, we showed that it is possible to track 89Zr-labeled sEVs in vivo using PET imaging for at least up to 24 h. We also report differential biodistribution of intact sEVs compared to intentionally heat-damaged sEVs, with significantly reduced spleen uptake for the latter. Therefore, we conclude that 89Zr-labeled sEVs using this method can reliably be used for in vivo PET tracking and thus allow efficient exploration of their potential as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea
A. Khan
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Francis Man
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical
Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Farid N. Faruqu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical
Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Jana Kim
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Amaia Carrascal-Miniño
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Alessia Volpe
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Revadee Liam-Or
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical
Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Paul Simpson
- Electron
Microscopy Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical
Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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26
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Phua VJX, Yang CT, Xia B, Yan SX, Liu J, Aw SE, He T, Ng DCE. Nanomaterial Probes for Nuclear Imaging. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040582. [PMID: 35214911 PMCID: PMC8875160 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear imaging is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique that is rapidly developing in medical theranostics. Nuclear imaging requires radiolabeling isotopes for non-invasive imaging through the radioactive decay emission of the radionuclide. Nuclear imaging probes, commonly known as radiotracers, are radioisotope-labeled small molecules. Nanomaterials have shown potential as nuclear imaging probes for theranostic applications. By modifying the surface of nanomaterials, multifunctional radio-labeled nanomaterials can be obtained for in vivo biodistribution and targeting in initial animal imaging studies. Various surface modification strategies have been developed, and targeting moieties have been attached to the nanomaterials to render biocompatibility and enable specific targeting. Through integration of complementary imaging probes to a single nanoparticulate, multimodal molecular imaging can be performed as images with high sensitivity, resolution, and specificity. In this review, nanomaterial nuclear imaging probes including inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs), organic nanomaterials such as liposomes, and exosomes are summarized. These new developments in nanomaterials are expected to introduce a paradigm shift in nuclear imaging, thereby creating new opportunities for theranostic medical imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jing Xin Phua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
| | - Chang-Tong Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6326-5666
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (T.H.)
| | - Sean Xuexian Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Swee Eng Aw
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (T.H.)
| | - David Chee Eng Ng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Radiological Sciences Division, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (V.J.X.P.); (S.X.Y.); (S.E.A.); (D.C.E.N.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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27
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Giraud R, Moyon A, Simoncini S, Duchez AC, Nail V, Chareyre C, Bouhlel A, Balasse L, Fernandez S, Vallier L, Hache G, Sabatier F, Dignat-George F, Lacroix R, Guillet B, Garrigue P. Tracking Radiolabeled Endothelial Microvesicles Predicts Their Therapeutic Efficacy: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Peripheral Ischemia Mouse Model Using SPECT/CT Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010121. [PMID: 35057018 PMCID: PMC8778059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles, so-called endothelial large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), are of great interest as biological markers and cell-free biotherapies in cardiovascular and oncologic diseases. However, their therapeutic perspectives remain limited due to the lack of reliable data regarding their systemic biodistribution after intravenous administration. Methods: Applied to a mouse model of peripheral ischemia, radiolabeled endothelial LEVs were tracked and their in vivo whole-body distribution was quantified by microSPECT/CT imaging. Hindlimb perfusion was followed by LASER Doppler and motility impairment function was evaluated up to day 28 post-ischemia. Results: Early and specific homing of LEVs to ischemic hind limbs was quantified on the day of ischemia and positively correlated with reperfusion intensity at a later stage on day 28 after ischemia, associated with an improved motility function. Conclusions: This concept is a major asset for investigating the biodistribution of LEVs issued from other cell types, including cancer, thus partly contributing to better knowledge and understanding of their fate after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Giraud
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
- Radiopharmacy, Pôle Pharmacie, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anaïs Moyon
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
- Radiopharmacy, Pôle Pharmacie, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Simoncini
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Anne-Claire Duchez
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Vincent Nail
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
- Radiopharmacy, Pôle Pharmacie, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Chareyre
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Ahlem Bouhlel
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Laure Balasse
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Samantha Fernandez
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Loris Vallier
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Guillaume Hache
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Florence Sabatier
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
- Radiopharmacy, Pôle Pharmacie, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Garrigue
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.G.); (A.M.); (S.S.); (A.-C.D.); (C.C.); (A.B.); (L.B.); (L.V.); (G.H.); (F.S.); (F.D.-G.); (R.L.); (B.G.)
- CERIMED, CNRS, Marseille, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.N.); (S.F.)
- Radiopharmacy, Pôle Pharmacie, University Hospitals of Marseille, APHM, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Choi H, Choi Y, Yim HY, Mirzaaghasi A, Yoo JK, Choi C. Biodistribution of Exosomes and Engineering Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Exosomes. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:499-511. [PMID: 34260047 PMCID: PMC8325750 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nano-sized vesicles which deliver diverse biological molecules for intercellular communication. Due to their therapeutic potential, exosomes have been engineered in numerous ways for efficient delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to various target organs, tissues, and cells. In vivo administered exosomes are normally delivered to the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract and show rapid clearance from the blood circulation after systemic injection. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of exosomes can be modulated by engineering various factors such as cellular origin and membrane protein composition of exosomes. Recent advances accentuate the potential of targeted delivery of engineered exosomes even to the most challenging organs including the central nervous system. Major breakthroughs have been made related to various imaging techniques for monitoring in vivo biodistribution and PK of exosomes, as well as exosomal surface engineering technologies for inducing targetability. For inducing targeted delivery, therapeutic exosomes can be engineered to express various targeting moieties via direct modification methods such as chemically modifying exosomal surfaces with covalent/non-covalent bonds, or via indirect modification methods by genetically engineering exosome-producing cells. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of biodistribution and PK of exosomes, factors determining the targetability and organotropism of exosomes, and imaging technologies to monitor in vivo administered exosomes. In addition, we highlight recent advances in strategies for inducing targeted delivery of exosomes to specific organs and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoorim Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Yim
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Amin Mirzaaghasi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Yoo
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, 40-20, Techno 6-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34014, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Alptekin A, Khan MB, Ara R, Rashid MH, Kong F, Parvin M, Frank JA, Chopra R, Dhandapani K, Arbab AS. Pulsed Focal Ultrasound as a Non-Invasive Method to Deliver Exosomes in the Brain/Stroke. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1170-1183. [PMID: 34167630 PMCID: PMC11060887 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, a component of extracellular vesicles, are shown to carry important small RNAs, mRNAs, protein, and bioactive lipid from parent cells and are found in most biological fluids. Investigators have demonstrated the importance of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in repairing stroke lesions. However, exosomes from endothelial progenitor cells have not been tested in any stroke model, nor has there been an evaluation of whether these exosomes target/home to areas of pathology. Targeted delivery of intravenous administered exosomes has been a great challenge, and a targeted delivery system is lacking to deliver naïve (unmodified) exosomes from endothelial progenitor cells to the site of interest. Pulsed focused ultrasound is being used for therapeutic and experimental purposes. There has not been any report showing the use of low-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound to deliver exosomes to the site of interest in stroke models. In this proof of principle study, we have shown different parameters of pulsed focused ultrasound to deliver exosomes in the intact and stroke brain with or without intravenous administration of nanobubbles. The study results showed that administration of nanobubbles is detrimental to the brain structures (micro bleeding and white matter destruction) at peak negative pressure of >0.25 megapascal, despite enhanced delivery of intravenous administered exosomes. However, without nanobubbles, pulsed focused ultrasound enhances the delivery of exosomes in the stroke area without altering the brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxan Ara
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A. Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Science, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Department of Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Ali S. Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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30
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Sharma V, Aggarwal A, Jacob J, Sahni D. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Bridging the gap between inflammation and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13021. [PMID: 33455004 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has been identified as one of the deadliest malignancies because it remains asymptomatic and usually presents in the advanced stage. Tumour immune evasion is a well-known mechanism of tumorigenesis in various forms of human malignancies. Chronic inflammation via complex networking of various inflammatory cytokines in the local tissue microenvironment dysregulates the immune system and support tumour development. Pro-inflammatory mediators present in the tumour microenvironment increase the tumour burden by causing immune suppression through the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory cells. These cells, along-with myofibroblasts, create a highly immunosuppressive and resistant tumour microenvironment and are thus considered as one of the culprits for the failure of anti-cancer chemotherapies in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Targeting these MDSCs using various combinatorial approaches might have the potential for abrogating the resistance and suppressive nature of the pancreatic tumour microenvironment. Therefore, there is more curiosity in studying the crosstalk of MDSCs with other immune cells during pathological conditions and the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression in the current scenario. In this article, the possible role of MDSCs in inflammation-mediated tumour progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Justin Jacob
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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31
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Komuro H, Kawai-Harada Y, Aminova S, Pascual N, Malik A, Contag CH, Harada M. Engineering Extracellular Vesicles to Target Pancreatic Tissue In Vivo. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:378-390. [PMID: 33912378 PMCID: PMC8077969 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.54879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally released, cell-derived vesicles that mediate intracellular communication, in part, by transferring genetic information and, thus, have the potential to be modified for use as a therapeutic gene or drug delivery vehicle. Advances in EV engineering suggest that directed delivery can be accomplished via surface alterations. Here we assess enriched delivery of engineered EVs displaying an organ targeting peptide specific to the pancreas. We first characterized the size, morphology, and surface markers of engineered EVs that were decorated with a recombinant protein specific to pancreatic β-cells. This β-cell-specific recombinant protein consists of the peptide p88 fused to the EV-binding domain of lactadherin (C1C2). These engineered EVs, p88-EVs, specifically bound to pancreatic β-cells in culture and transferred encapsulated plasmid DNA (pDNA) as early as in 10 min suggesting that the internalization of peptide-bearing EVs is a rapid process. Biodistribution of p88-EVs administrated intravenously into mice showed an altered pattern of EV localization and improved DNA delivery to the pancreas relative to control EVs, as well as an accumulation of targeting EVs to the pancreas using luciferase activity as a readout. These findings demonstrate that systemic administration of engineered EVs can efficiently deliver their cargo as gene carriers to targeted organs in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuki Kawai-Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Shakhlo Aminova
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathaniel Pascual
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Anshu Malik
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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32
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Elashiry MM, Rashid MH, Ara R, Arbab AS, Elawady AR, Hamrick M, Liu Y, Zhi W, Lucas R, Vazquez J, Cutler CW. Proteomic Characterization, Biodistribution, and Functional Studies of Immune-Therapeutic Exosomes: Implications for Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636222. [PMID: 33841418 PMCID: PMC8027247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-derived exosomes (DC EXO), natural nanoparticles of endosomal origin, are under intense scrutiny in clinical trials for various inflammatory diseases. DC EXO are eobiotic, meaning they are well-tolerated by the host; moreover, they can be custom-tailored for immune-regulatory or -stimulatory functions, thus presenting attractive opportunities for immune therapy. Previously we documented the efficacy of immunoregulatory DCs EXO (regDCs EXO) as immunotherapy for inflammatory bone disease, in an in-vivo model. We showed a key role for encapsulated TGFβ1 in promoting a bone sparing immune response. However, the on- and off-target effects of these therapeutic regDC EXO and how target signaling in acceptor cells is activated is unclear. In the present report, therapeutic regDC EXO were analyzed by high throughput proteomics, with non-therapeutic EXO from immature DCs and mature DCs as controls, to identify shared and distinct proteins and potential off-target proteins, as corroborated by immunoblot. The predominant expression in regDC EXO of immunoregulatory proteins as well as proteins involved in trafficking from the circulation to peripheral tissues, cell surface binding, and transmigration, prompted us to investigate how these DC EXO are biodistributed to major organs after intravenous injection. Live animal imaging showed preferential accumulation of regDCs EXO in the lungs, followed by spleen and liver tissue. In addition, TGFβ1 in regDCs EXO sustained downstream signaling in acceptor DCs. Blocking experiments suggested that sustaining TGFβ1 signaling require initial interaction of regDCs EXO with TGFβ1R followed by internalization of regDCs EXO with TGFβ1-TGFβ1R complex. Finally, these regDCs EXO that contain immunoregulatory cargo and showed biodistribution to lungs could downregulate the main severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) target receptor, ACE2 on recipient lung parenchymal cells via TGFβ1 in-vitro. In conclusion, these results in mice may have important immunotherapeutic implications for lung inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Ainshams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Rashid
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Roxan Ara
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed R Elawady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center of Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jose Vazquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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33
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Radioiodine labeling and in vivo trafficking of extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5041. [PMID: 33658566 PMCID: PMC7930277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodistribution and role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are still largely unknown. Reliable tracking methods for EVs are needed. In this study, nuclear imaging using radioiodine were developed and applied for tracking EVs derived from cell lines. EVs were obtained from supernatant of thyroid cancer cell (Cal62) and natural killer cells (NK92-MI) using sequential ultracentrifuges. Sulfosuccinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxypheynyl) propionate were labeled to membrane of Cal62 and NK92-MI cell derived EVs, then the EVs were labeled with radioiodine (I-131 and I-125) using pre-coated iodination tubes (RI-EVs). In vivo gamma camera images were obtained after intravenous injection of the RI-EVs, and ex vivo biodistribution study was also performed. EVs were labeled with radioiodine and radiochemical purity of the RI-EV was more than 98%. Results of nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy showed that there was no significant difference in EVs before and after the radioiodine labeling. After intravenous injection of RI-EVs to mice, gamma camera imaging well visualized the real-time biodistribution of the RI-EVs. RI-EVs were mainly visualized at liver, spleen, and lung. Nuclear imaging system of EVs derived from thyroid cancer and NK cells using radioiodine labeling of the EVs was established. Thus, this system might be helpful for in vivo tracking of EVs.
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34
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Khan AA, T. M. de Rosales R. Radiolabelling of Extracellular Vesicles for PET and SPECT imaging. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:256-274. [PMID: 33654653 PMCID: PMC7914338 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.51676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and microvesicles have gained recent attention as potential biomarkers of disease as well as nanomedicinal tools, but their behaviour in vivo remains mostly unexplored. In order to gain knowledge of their in vivo biodistribution it is important to develop imaging tools that allow us to track EVs over time and at the whole-body level. Radionuclide-based imaging (PET and SPECT) have properties that allow us to do so efficiently, mostly due to their high sensitivity, imaging signal tissue penetration, and accurate quantification. Furthermore, they can be easily translated from animals to humans. In this review, we summarise and discuss the different studies that have used PET or SPECT to study the behaviour of EVs in vivo. With a focus on the different radiolabelling methods used, we also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each one, and the challenges of imaging EVs due to their variable stability and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- Dept. of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Pellico J, Gawne PJ, T M de Rosales R. Radiolabelling of nanomaterials for medical imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3355-3423. [PMID: 33491714 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer unique physical, chemical and biological properties of interest for medical imaging and therapy. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing effort to translate nanomaterial-based medicinal products (so-called nanomedicines) into clinical practice and, although multiple nanoparticle-based formulations are clinically available, there is still a disparity between the number of pre-clinical products and those that reach clinical approval. To facilitate the efficient clinical translation of nanomedicinal-drugs, it is important to study their whole-body biodistribution and pharmacokinetics from the early stages of their development. Integrating this knowledge with that of their therapeutic profile and/or toxicity should provide a powerful combination to efficiently inform nanomedicine trials and allow early selection of the most promising candidates. In this context, radiolabelling nanomaterials allows whole-body and non-invasive in vivo tracking by the sensitive clinical imaging techniques positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Furthermore, certain radionuclides with specific nuclear emissions can elicit therapeutic effects by themselves, leading to radionuclide-based therapy. To ensure robust information during the development of nanomaterials for PET/SPECT imaging and/or radionuclide therapy, selection of the most appropriate radiolabelling method and knowledge of its limitations are critical. Different radiolabelling strategies are available depending on the type of material, the radionuclide and/or the final application. In this review we describe the different radiolabelling strategies currently available, with a critical vision over their advantages and disadvantages. The final aim is to review the most relevant and up-to-date knowledge available in this field, and support the efficient clinical translation of future nanomedicinal products for in vivo imaging and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pellico
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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36
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Rashid MH, Borin TF, Ara R, Piranlioglu R, Achyut BR, Korkaya H, Liu Y, Arbab AS. Critical immunosuppressive effect of MDSC‑derived exosomes in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:1171-1181. [PMID: 33469683 PMCID: PMC7860000 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an indispensable component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Along with the role of MDSC immunosuppression and antitumor immunity, MDSCs facilitate tumor growth, differentiation, and metastasis in several ways that are yet to be explored. Like any other cell type, MDSCs also release a tremendous number of exosomes, or nanovesicles of endosomal origin, that participate in intercellular communications by dispatching biological macromolecules. There have been no investigational studies conducted to characterize the role of MDSC-derived exosomes (MDSC exo) in modulating the TME. In this study, we isolated MDSC exo and demonstrated that they carry a significant level of proteins that play an indispensable role in tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. We observed a higher yield and more substantial immunosuppressive potential of exosomes isolated from MDSCs in the primary tumor area than those in the spleen or bone marrow. Our in vitro data suggest that MDSC exo are capable of hyper-activating or exhausting CD8 T-cells and induce reactive oxygen species production that elicits activation-induced cell death. We confirmed the depletion of CD8 T-cells in vivo by treating mice with MDSC exo. We also observed a reduction in pro-inflammatory M1-macrophages in the spleen of those animals. Our results indicate that the immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting functions of MDSCs are also implemented by MDSC-derived exosomes which would open up a new avenue of MDSC research and MDSC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Rashid
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Thaiz F Borin
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Raziye Piranlioglu
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bhagelu R Achyut
- Cancer Animal Models Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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37
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Han S, Qi Y, Luo Y, Chen X, Liang H. Exosomal Long Non-Coding RNA: Interaction Between Cancer Cells and Non-Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:617837. [PMID: 33520726 PMCID: PMC7840842 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.617837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles released by many kinds of cells, and are indispensable in cell-to-cell communication by delivering functional biological components both locally and systemically. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are long transcripts over 200 nucleotides that exhibit no or limited protein-coding potentials. LncRNAs are dramatic gene expression regulators, and can be selectively sorted into exosomes. Exosomal lncRNAs derived from cancer cells and stromal cells can mediate the generation of pre-metastatic niches (PMNs) and thus promote the progression of cancer. In this review, we summarized the fundamental biology and characteristics of exosomal lncRNAs. Besides, we provided an overview of current research on functions of exosomal lncRNAs between cancer cells and non-cancer cells. A deep understanding of exosomal lncRNAs' role in cancer will be facilitated to find important implications for cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqi Han
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqiang Qi
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Luo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, China
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38
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Li Y, Tang Y, Yang GY. Therapeutic application of exosomes in ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 6:483-495. [PMID: 33431513 PMCID: PMC8485240 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the world, with limited effective treatments. Increasing evidence demonstrates that exosomes are involved in ischaemic pathology and exhibit restorative therapeutic effects by mediating cell–cell communication. The potential of exosome therapy for ischaemic stroke has been actively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we mainly discuss the current knowledge of therapeutic applications of exosomes from different cell types, different exosomal administration routes, and current advances of exosome tracking and targeting in ischaemic stroke. We also briefly summarised the pathology of ischaemic stroke, exosome biogenesis, exosome profile changes after stroke as well as registered clinical trials of exosome-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China .,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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39
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Hwang DW, Suh M, Lee DS. Exosome Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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40
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Gao Y, Chu C, Jablonska A, Bulte JWM, Walczak P, Janowski M. Imaging as a tool to accelerate the translation of extracellular vesicle-based therapies for central nervous system diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1688. [PMID: 33336512 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural and diverse lipid bilayer-enclosed particles originating from various cellular components and containing an abundance of cargoes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have gained considerable interest as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Their therapeutic value depends on cell origin but can be further enhanced by enrichment of cargo when used as drug carriers. Therefore, there has been significant effort directed toward introducing them to clinical practice. However, it is essential to avoid the failures we have seen with whole-cell therapy, in particular for the treatment of the CNS. Successful launching of clinical studies is contingent upon the understanding of the biodistribution of EVs, including their uptake and clearance from organs and specific homing into the region of interest. A multitude of noninvasive imaging methods has been explored in vitro to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of EVs administered in vivo. However, only a few studies have been performed to track the delivery of EVs, especially delivery to the brain, which is the most therapeutically challenging organ. We focus here on the use of advanced imaging techniques as an essential tool to facilitate the acceleration of clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics, especially in the CNS arena. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Almeida S, Santos L, Falcão A, Gomes C, Abrunhosa A. In Vivo Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles by Nuclear Imaging: Advances in Radiolabeling Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249443. [PMID: 33322484 PMCID: PMC7764519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally secreted vesicles that have attracted a large amount of interest in nanomedicine in recent years due to their innate biocompatibility, high stability, low immunogenicity, and important role in cell-to-cell communication during pathological processes. Their versatile nature holds great potential to improve the treatment of several diseases through their use as imaging biomarkers, therapeutic agents, and drug-delivery vehicles. However, the clinical translation of EV-based approaches requires a better understanding of their in vivo behavior. Several imaging technologies have been used for the non-invasive in vivo tracking of EVs, with a particular emphasis on nuclear imaging due to its high sensitivity, unlimited penetration depth and accurate quantification. In this article, we will review the biological function and inherent characteristics of EVs and provide an overview of molecular imaging modalities used for their in vivo monitoring, with a special focus on nuclear imaging. The advantages of radionuclide-based imaging modalities make them a promising tool to validate the use of EVs in the clinical setting, as they have the potential to characterize in vivo the pharmacokinetics and biological behavior of the vesicles. Furthermore, we will discuss the current methods available for radiolabeling EVs, such as covalent binding, encapsulation or intraluminal labeling and membrane radiolabeling, reporting the advantages and drawbacks of each radiolabeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Almeida
- CIBIT/ICNAS—Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.A.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Liliana Santos
- CIBIT/ICNAS—Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.A.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT/ICNAS—Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.A.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Célia Gomes
- iCBR—Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC—Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- CIBIT/ICNAS—Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.A.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (A.A.)
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Pelissier Vatter FA, Lucotti S, Zhang H. Recent Advances in Experimental Models of Breast Cancer Exosome Secretion, Characterization and Function. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:305-317. [PMID: 33351162 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is responsible for 15% of all the cancer deaths among women in the USA. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has the potential to act as a driver of breast cancer progression and metastasis. The TME is composed of stromal cells within an extracellular matrix and soluble cytokines, chemokines and extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles that actively influence cell behavior. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and large oncosomes that orchestrate fundamental processes during tumor progression through direct interaction with target cells. Long before tumor cell spread to future metastatic sites, tumor-secreted exosomes enter the circulation and establish distant pre-metastatic niches, hospitable and permissive milieus for metastatic colonization. Emerging evidence suggests that breast cancer exosomes promote tumor progression and metastasis by inducing vascular leakiness, angiogenesis, invasion, immunomodulation and chemoresistance. Exosomes are found in almost all physiological fluids including plasma, urine, saliva, and breast milk, providing a valuable resource for the development of non-invasive cancer biomarkers. Here, we review work on the role of exosomes in breast cancer progression and metastasis, and describe the most recent advances in models of exosome secretion, isolation, characterization and functional analysis. We highlight the potential applications of plasma-derived exosomes as predictive biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring. We finally describe the therapeutic approaches of exosomes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier Vatter
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Serena Lucotti
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Lorenc T, Chrzanowski J, Olejarz W. Current Perspectives on Clinical Use of Exosomes as a Personalized Contrast Media and Theranostics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3386. [PMID: 33207614 PMCID: PMC7698051 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An appropriate combination of biomarkers and imaging technologies will become standard practice in the future. Because the incidence of and mortality from cancers is rising, the further study of new approaches for the early detection and precise characterization of tumors is essential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, prove to have great potential when it comes to diagnosis and targeted therapy. Due to their natural ability to pass through biological barriers, depending on their origin, EVs can accumulate at defined sites, including tumors, preferentially. This manuscript discusses the difficulties and simplicities of processing cell-derived materials, packaging diverse groups of agents in EVs, and activating the biological complex. Developing exosome-based diagnostic techniques to detect disease precisely and early as well as treat disease marks a new era of personalized radiology and nuclear medicine. As circulating drug delivery vehicles for novel therapeutic modalities, EVs offer a new platform for cancer theranostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Lorenc
- Ist Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Street, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julian Chrzanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (W.O.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (W.O.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Fu X, Luo H, Zheng Y, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Yang Y. CTLA-4 immunotherapy exposes differences in immune response along with different tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15656-15669. [PMID: 32805718 PMCID: PMC7467381 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is accompanied by a changing tumor microenvironment and mutations that increase the resistance to therapy. Here, we used syngeneic models to evaluate the drug response of tumors of the same type of different sizes. We used the in vivo efficacy and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay to assess the difference in responses in response to treatment with the same concentration of anti-CTLA-4. Flow cytometry analysis revealed changes in the immune subpopulations changes the spleen, peripheral blood, lymph node, and tumor tissue across different tumor growth phases. For example, naive CD4+T, CD4+TCM, CD8+TEM, T, B, Treg, CD8+TCM exhibited different percentages depending on the specific immune organ. To further expose the changes in the immune microenvironment, the level of expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 showed statistically significant difference in related subsets for each four immune tissues in different tumor sizes. In addition, the ratios of CD4 + Teff/ CD4 + Treg and CD8 + T/Treg in corresponding immune tissue were also associated with statistically significant differences alongside tumor growth in different animal models. These results reveal the ongoing changes in the immune microenvironment during tumor progression and anti-CTLA-4 antibody immunotherapy effect depends on the expression level of immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Fu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Yuhui Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yeguo Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Elashiry M, Elashiry MM, Elsayed R, Rajendran M, Auersvald C, Zeitoun R, Rashid MH, Ara R, Meghil MM, Liu Y, Arbab AS, Arce RM, Hamrick M, Elsalanty M, Brendan M, Pacholczyk R, Cutler CW. Dendritic cell derived exosomes loaded with immunoregulatory cargo reprogram local immune responses and inhibit degenerative bone disease in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1795362. [PMID: 32944183 PMCID: PMC7480413 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1795362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic bone degenerative diseases represent a major threat to the health and well-being of the population, particularly those with advanced age. This study isolated exosomes (EXO), natural nano-particles, from dendritic cells, the “directors” of the immune response, to examine the immunobiology of DC EXO in mice, and their ability to reprogram immune cells responsible for experimental alveolar bone loss in vivo. Distinct DC EXO subtypes including immune-regulatory (regDC EXO), loaded with TGFB1 and IL10 after purification, along with immune stimulatory (stimDC EXO) and immune “null” immature (iDCs EXO) unmodified after purification, were delivered via I.V. route or locally into the soft tissues overlying the alveolar bone. Locally administrated regDC EXO showed high affinity for inflamed sites, and were taken up by both DCs and T cells in situ. RegDC EXO-encapsulated immunoregulatory cargo (TGFB1 and IL10) was protected from proteolytic degradation. Moreover, maturation of recipient DCs and induction of Th17 effectors was suppressed by regDC EXO, while T-regulatory cell recruitment was promoted, resulting in inhibition of bone resorptive cytokines and reduction in osteoclastic bone loss. This work is the first demonstration of DC exosome-based therapy for a degenerative alveolar bone disease and provides the basis for a novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Mythily Rajendran
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Carol Auersvald
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Rana Zeitoun
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roxan Ara
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- Department of Periodontics, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Hygiene, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Marshall Brendan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Rafal Pacholczyk
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA
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Salunkhe S, Dheeraj, Basak M, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Surface functionalization of exosomes for target-specific delivery and in vivo imaging & tracking: Strategies and significance. J Control Release 2020; 326:599-614. [PMID: 32730952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanovesicles excreted by many cells for intercellular communication and for transfer of materials including proteins, nucleic acids and even synthetic therapeutic agents. Surface modification of exosomes imparts additional functionality to the exosomes to enable site specific drug delivery and in vivo imaging and tracking and is an emerging area in drug delivery research. The present review focuses upon these modifications on the exosomal surface, the chemistry involved and their impact on targeted drug delivery for the treatment of brain, breast, lung, liver, colon tumors and, heart diseases and for understanding their in vivo fate including their uptake mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. The specific exosomal membrane proteins such as tetraspanins (CD63, CD81, CD9), lactadherin (LA), lysosome associated membrane protein-2b (Lamp-2b) and, glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) involved in functionalization of exosome surface have also been discussed along with different strategies of surface modification like genetic engineering, covalent modification (click chemistry and metabolic engineering of parent cells of exosomes) and non-covalent modification (multivalent electrostatic interactions, ligand-receptor interaction, hydrophobic interaction, aptamer based modification and modification by anchoring CP05 peptide) along with optical (fluorescent and bioluminescent) and radioactive isotope labelling techniques of exosomes for imaging purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dheeraj
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Takeda Y, Kobayashi S, Kitakaze M, Yamada D, Akita H, Asai A, Konno M, Arai T, Kitagawa T, Ofusa K, Yabumoto M, Hirotsu T, Vecchione A, Taniguchi M, Doki Y, Eguchi H, Ishii H. Immuno-Surgical Management of Pancreatic Cancer with Analysis of Cancer Exosomes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071645. [PMID: 32659892 PMCID: PMC7408222 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles secreted from various cells and especially cancer cells, mesenchymal cells, macrophages and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), are involved in biologically malignant behaviors of cancers. Recent studies have revealed that EXs contain microRNAs on their inside and express proteins and glycolipids on their outsides, every component of which plays a role in the transmission of genetic and/or epigenetic information in cell-to-cell communications. It is also known that miRNAs are involved in the signal transduction. Thus, EXs may be useful for monitoring the TME of tumor tissues and the invasion and metastasis, processes that are associated with patient survival. Because several solid tumors secrete immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed cell death-ligand 1, the EX-mediated mechanisms are suggested to be potent targets for monitoring patients. Therefore, a companion therapeutic approach against cancer metastasis to distant organs is proposed when surgical removal of the primary tumor is performed. However, EXs and immune checkpoint mechanisms in pancreatic cancer are not fully understood, we provide an update on the recent advances in this field and evidence that EXs will be useful for maximizing patient benefit in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Takeda
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Masatoshi Kitakaze
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Ayumu Asai
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Takahiro Arai
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Unitech Co., Ltd., Kashiwa 277-0005, Japan
| | - Toru Kitagawa
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
- Kyowa-kai Medical Corporation, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| | - Ken Ofusa
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Prophoenix Division, Food and Life-Science Laboratory, Idea Consultants, Inc., Osaka-city, Osaka 559-8519, Japan
| | - Masami Yabumoto
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
- Kinshu-kai Medical Corporation, Osaka 558-0041, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hirotsu
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Hirotsu Bio Science Inc., Tokyo 107-0062, Japan
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Santo Andrea Hospital, via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan;
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (Y.T.); (M.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (T.K.); (K.O.); (M.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.D.); (H.E.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)6-6210-8406 (ext. 8405); Fax: +81-(0)6-6210-8407
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Perspectives in Manipulating EVs for Therapeutic Applications: Focus on Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134623. [PMID: 32610582 PMCID: PMC7369858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention from oncologists due to their assumed usefulness as prognostic markers, vaccines to induce anti-cancer immune response, and physiological delivery tools. The latter application, which supports the reduction of side effects of treatment, is still fraught with many challenges, including established methods for loading EVs with selected cargo and directing them towards target cells. EVs could be loaded with selected cargo either in vitro using several physicochemical techniques, or in vivo by modification of parental cell, which may have an advantage over in vitro procedures, since some of them significantly influence EVs’ properties. Otherwise, our research findings suggest that EVs could be passively supplemented with micro RNAs (miRNAs) or miRNA antagonists to induce expected biological effect. Furthermore, our observations imply that antigen-specific antibody light chains could coat the surface of EVs to increase the specificity of cell targeting. Finally, the route of EVs’ administration also determines their bioavailability and eventually induced therapeutic effect. Besides, EV membrane lipids may possibly possess immune adjuvant activity. The review summarizes the current knowledge on the possibilities to manipulate EVs to use them as a delivery tool, with the special emphasis on anti-cancer therapy.
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Ebnoether E, Muller L. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Cancer with a Special Focus on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124344. [PMID: 32570802 PMCID: PMC7352611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles part of a recently described intercellular communication system. Their properties seem promising as a biomarker in cancer research, where more sensitive monitoring and therapeutic applications are desperately needed. In the case of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), overall survival often remains poor, although huge technological advancements in the treatment of this disease have been made. In the following review, diagnostic and therapeutic properties are highlighted and summarised. Impressive first results have been obtained but more research is needed to implement these innovative techniques into daily clinical routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Ebnoether
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Zhu L, Shi Y, Liu L, Wang H, Shen P, Yang H. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis via delivering miR-142-3p: therapeutic potential for intervertebral disc degenerative diseases. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1727-1739. [PMID: 32635856 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1769301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of lower back pain (LBP), and puzzles massive individuals worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been demonstrated to potentially ameliorate IDD progression, while the underlying mechanism has not been fully explained. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was used to induce nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) injury. Bone marrow MSCs-derived exosomes were isolated using the super centrifugation method, and characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot. Cell viability was determined by MTT, while apoptosis was measured by Annexin-V staining using flow cytometry. miR-142-3fp and gene expressions were measured by real-time PCR. The protein expressions were determined by western blot. Herein, we found exosomes from bone marrow MSCs are circular vesicles, about 80 nm in diameter, and with robust expression of TSG101 and CD63, but without of Calnexin. MSCs exosomes alleviated NPCs apoptosis by reducing IL-1β-induced inflammatory cytokines secretion and MAPK signaling activation. Additionally, MSCs exosomes inhibited NPCs apoptosis and MAPK signaling by delivering miR-142-3p that targets mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3). Overexpression of MLK3 abolished the effects of MSCs exosomes on the inflammatory condition, cell apoptosis, and MAPK signaling activation in NPCs. The results confirmed that bone marrow MSCs-derived exosomes-packaged miR-142-3p alleviates NPCs injury through suppressing MAPK signaling by targeting MLK3. The work highlights the therapeutic effect of MSCs on IDD progression, and bone marrow MSCs exosomes might be apromising therapeutic strategy for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhui Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Ninth People's Hospital of Suzhou , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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