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Melink Z, Lustberg MB, Schnell PM, Mezzanotte-Sharpe J, Orchard TS. Effect of minocycline on changes in affective behaviors, cognitive function, and inflammation in breast cancer survivors undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024:10.1007/s10549-024-07457-w. [PMID: 39143391 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minocycline suppresses chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation in preclinical models, but its effects in cancer survivors are unknown. This study evaluated the longitudinal effects of minocycline on affective behaviors, cognitive functions, and inflammation in women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS This is a pilot, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of oral minocycline (100 mg BID) versus placebo for chemotherapy-induced affective disorders in women initiating chemotherapy for stage I-III BC. Participants received minocycline or placebo up to one week before chemotherapy, continuing through cycle 4 (C4). Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were assessed at baseline, each cycle of chemotherapy (C1-C4), 2-3-week post-chemotherapy (end of chemotherapy), and 6-month post-chemotherapy (6 M) as the primary outcomes. Sub-group analysis of CES-D and STAI based on the severity of symptoms was also performed. Changes in self-reported cognition and serum inflammatory markers were also evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-seven women enrolled and 55 completed the study. Except for Interleukin-8 (p ≤ 0.03), changes in inflammatory markers, cognitive function, CES-D, and STAI were not significantly different between groups from baseline to any cycle or post-chemotherapy time point (all p > 0.05), adjusting for baseline scores. Increases in serum Interleukin-8 from baseline to C4 and 6 M were ameliorated by minocycline (p < 0.05). The sub-group symptomatic for depression (CES-D > = 16 at baseline) treated with minocycline had a greater reduction in CES-D score compared to placebo from baseline to 6 M (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite attenuation of IL-8, minocycline did not alter self-reported affective symptoms or cognition in this cohort of BC survivors undergoing chemotherapy. The effect of minocycline on BC survivors symptomatic for depression before chemotherapy warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Melink
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Yale School of Medicine, Center for Breast Cancer, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Patrick M Schnell
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jessica Mezzanotte-Sharpe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tonya S Orchard
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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2
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Raghib MF, Bernitsas E. From Animal Models to Clinical Trials: The Potential of Antimicrobials in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3069. [PMID: 38002068 PMCID: PMC10668955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microbes, including bacteria and certain viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been linked to the pathogenesis of MS. While there is currently no cure for MS, antibiotics and antivirals have been studied as potential treatment options due to their immunomodulatory ability that results in the regulation of the immune process. The current issue addressed in this systematic review is the effect of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, and antiparasitic agents in animals and humans. We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for articles on antimicrobials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal models of MS, as well as in people with MS (pwMS). In animal models, antibiotics tested included beta-lactams, minocycline, rapamycin, macrolides, and doxycycline. Antivirals included acyclovir, valacyclovir, and ganciclovir. Hydroxychloroquine was the only antiparasitic that was tested. In pwMS, we identified a total of 24 studies, 17 of them relevant to antibiotics, 6 to antivirals, and 1 relevant to antiparasitic hydroxychloroquine. While the effect of antimicrobials in animal models was promising, only minocycline and hydroxychloroquine improved outcome measures in pwMS. No favorable effect of the antivirals in humans has been observed yet. The number and size of clinical trials testing antimicrobials have been limited. Large, multicenter, well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of antimicrobials in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faraz Raghib
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Evanthia Bernitsas
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Sastry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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3
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Sorensen PS, Magyari M, Sellebjerg F. An update on combination therapies for multiple sclerosis: where are we now? Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1173-1187. [PMID: 38058171 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2289572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In theory, combination of two agents, which are suboptimal when given individually, may result in a significant increase in therapeutic effect. Combination therapies have proven particularly effective against infections such as HIV, cancer, and also chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. AREAS COVERED The authors review the literature, searching for randomized placebo-controlled or comparative, double-blind or investigator-blinded clinical trials, not including open label clinical trials, of treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) with combination therapy or add-on therapy, including trials of induction therapy, trials for prevention of disease activity or worsening, amelioration of adverse effects, and treatment of relapses, and trials to increase remyelination. EXPERT OPINION Combination of two platform therapies (Interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate) was without additional effect. Clinical trials with add-on, often applying repurposed drugs (e.g. simvastatin, atorvastatin, minocycline, estriol, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, albuterol, vitamin D), have been negative, apart from monthly methylprednisolone that, however, had low tolerability. Combination therapy for neuroprotection/remyelination showed some interesting results, though we are still awaiting results of phase III trials. The results of combination of anti-inflammatory therapies have in general been disappointing. In the future, combination of new effective neuroprotective/remyelinating drugs and highly effective anti-inflammatory treatments may benefit people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Soelberg Sorensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Collongues N, Becker G, Jolivel V, Ayme-Dietrich E, de Seze J, Binamé F, Patte-Mensah C, Monassier L, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A Narrative Review on Axonal Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:981-1042. [PMID: 35610531 PMCID: PMC9338208 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in demyelination and neurodegeneration. The therapeutic strategy is now largely based on reducing inflammation with immunosuppressive drugs. Unfortunately, when disease progression is observed, no drug offers neuroprotection apart from its anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the assessment of neurodegeneration in MS and look at putative targets that might prove useful in protecting the axon from degeneration. Among them, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant agents, sex hormones, statins, channel blockers, growth factors, and molecules preventing glutamate excitotoxicity have already been studied. Some of them have reached phase III clinical trials and carry a great message of hope for our patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France. .,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France. .,University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme de Seze
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France.,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoé Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Single subcutaneous injection of the minocycline nanocomposite-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel for the effective attenuation of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121836. [PMID: 35597394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis induces a serious pathological and inflammatory response in the retina/choroid and results in vision impairment and blindness. Here, we report a minocycline (Mino) nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel offering a high drug payload and sustained drug release for the effective control of ocular inflammation via a single subcutaneous injection. In the presence of divalent cations (i.e., Ca2+), Mino was found to co-assemble with a phosphorylated peptide (i.e., NapGFFpY) via electrostatic interaction and consequently generating Mino nanocomposite. The drug entrapment efficiency (EE) of the Mino nanocomposite varied from 29.93±0.76% to 67.90±6.57%, depending on different component concentrations. After incorporation into 30 wt% poly (D,L-lactide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (D,L-lactide) (PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA) thermosensitive hydrogel, the resulting Mino nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel provided a sustained drug release over 21 days. In the experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) rat model, a single subcutaneous injection of the Mino nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel effectively alleviated ocular inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. As indicated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinogram (ERG) measurements, the Mino nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel treatment not only remarkably reduced destruction of the retina by EAU, but also greatly rescued retinal functions. Moreover, the proposed Mino nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel exerted its therapeutic effect on EAU primarily through a significant reduction of the influx of leukocytes and Th17 cells as well as suppression of microglia activation and apoptosis in the retina. Overall, the proposed Mino nanocomposite-loaded hydrogel might be a promising strategy for the clinical management of EAU.
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6
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Zhang R, Yong VW, Xue M. Revisiting Minocycline in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Mechanisms and Clinical Translation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844163. [PMID: 35401553 PMCID: PMC8993500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important subtype of stroke with an unsatisfactory prognosis of high mortality and disability. Although many pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have been performed in the past decades, effective therapy that meaningfully improve prognosis and outcomes of ICH patients is still lacking. An active area of research is towards alleviating secondary brain injury after ICH through neuroprotective pharmaceuticals and in which minocycline is a promising candidate. Here, we will first discuss new insights into the protective mechanisms of minocycline for ICH including reducing iron-related toxicity, maintenance of blood-brain barrier, and alleviating different types of cell death from preclinical data, then consider its shortcomings. Finally, we will review clinical trial perspectives for minocycline in ICH. We hope that this summary and discussion about updated information on minocycline as a viable treatment for ICH can facilitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Florou DT, Mavropoulos A, Dardiotis E, Tsimourtou V, Siokas V, Aloizou AM, Liaskos C, Tsigalou C, Katsiari C, Sakkas LI, Hadjigeorgiou G, Bogdanos DP. Tetracyclines Diminish In Vitro IFN-γ and IL-17-Producing Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739186. [PMID: 34899697 PMCID: PMC8662812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Limited data from clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) reported that minocycline, a widely used antibiotic belonging to the family of tetracyclines (TCs), exerts a beneficial short-lived clinical effect A similar anti-inflammatory effect of minocycline attributed to a deviation from Th1 to Th2 immune response has been reported in experimental models of MS. Whether such an immunomodulatory mechanism is operated in the human disease remains largely unknown. Aim To assess the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of tetracyclines, and in particular minocycline and doxycycline, in naïve and treated patients with MS. Material and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 45 individuals (35 MS patients, amongst which 15 naïve patients and 10 healthy controls, HCs) were cultured with minocycline or doxycycline and conventional stimulants (PMA/Ionomycin or IL-12/IL-18). IFN-γ and IL-17 producing T-, NK- and NKT cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of TCs on cell viability and apoptosis was further assessed by flow cytometry with Annexin V staining. Results Both tetracyclines significantly decreased, in a dose dependent manner, IFN-γ production in NKT and CD4+ T lymphocytes from MS patients (naïve or treated) stimulated with IL-12/IL-18 but did not decrease IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells from naive MS or treated RRMS patients. They also decreased IL-17+ T and NKT cells following PMA and Ionomycin-stimulation. Tetracyclines did not affect the viability of cell subsets. Conclusion Tetracyclines can in vitro suppress IFN-γ and IL-17- producing cells from MS patients, and this may explain their potential therapeutic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina T Florou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthymios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vana Tsimourtou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Liaskos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Katsiari
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lazaros I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Hanumanthu V, Thakur V, Narang T, Dogra S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of minocycline and clofazimine in chronic and recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum-A randomized clinical trial. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e15125. [PMID: 34490707 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Management of chronic/recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is challenging. The majority of these patients become steroid-dependent and suffer from the adverse effects of long-term corticosteroid use. Minocycline has shown promising results in a small series of chronic/recurrent ENL patients. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of minocycline and clofazimine in patients with chronic/recurrent ENL. In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 60 participants with chronic/recurrent ENL were randomized (1:1) to receive either minocycline 100 mg once daily or clofazimine 100 mg thrice daily for 12 weeks along with prednisolone according to WHO protocol and followed up for 6 months. The outcome measures were mean time for initial control of ENL, proportion of patients having a recurrence of ENL, mean time for recurrence after initial control, additional prednisolone requirement, and frequency of adverse events. Initial control of ENL was achieved earlier in the minocycline group as compared to the clofazimine group (2.97 ± 1.9 weeks vs. 4 ± 1.96 weeks, respectively; p-0.048). The number of participants having ENL flares/recurrences during the study period was comparable in both groups (71.4% in clofazimine vs. 55.2% in minocycline group; p-0.2). The participants in the minocycline group remained in remission for a longer duration after initial control of ENL as compared to the clofazimine group (p-0.001). Mean additional prednisolone dose required for control of ENL flares/recurrences was also comparable in both groups (p-0.09). The minocycline group had fewer side effects than the clofazimine group (p-0.047). Minocycline led to a rapid and sustained improvement of ENL episodes with fewer adverse events showing a superior efficacy to clofazimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Hanumanthu
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Thakur
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Chauhan P, Kakkar AK, Singh H, Gautam CS. Minocycline for the management of multiple sclerosis: repositioning potential, opportunities, and challenges. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 21:35-43. [PMID: 33059513 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1838276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating inflammatory disorder with variable clinical and pathologic characteristics reflecting multiple underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Repositioning of existing drugs for the new indications offers several advantages including significant reduction in the cost and time of drug development and exemption from early phase clinical trials. Minocycline has been reported to exhibit immunomodulation in several pre-clinical and clinical studies through suppression of migratory inflammatory cells, modulation of peripheral immune response, and inhibition of microglial activation within the CNS. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review the repositioning potential of minocycline for the treatment of MS along with appraisal of the evidence obtained from preclinical and clinical research. The authors also discuss the advantages and potential safety concerns related to the use of minocycline for the management of MS. EXPERT OPINION Minocycline offers several distinct advantages in terms of well-known safety profile, lower cost of therapy, widespread availability, and being available as an oral formulation. The authors call upon the public and private funders to facilitate well designed and adequately powered randomized clinical trials that can provide conclusive evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of minocycline in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Kakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital , Chandigarh, India
| | - C S Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital , Chandigarh, India
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Zhou J, Yang J, Dai M, Lin D, Zhang R, Liu H, Yu A, Vakal S, Wang Y, Li X. A combination of inhibiting microglia activity and remodeling gut microenvironment suppresses the development and progression of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114108. [PMID: 32569628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious (autoimmune and immune-mediated) uveitis is an ocular inflammatory disease which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Due to the potential side effects of first-line drugs for clinical uveitis, novel drugs and targets against uveitis are still urgently needed. In the present study, using rat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model, we first found that minocycline treatment can substantially inhibit the development of EAU and improve the retinal function by suppressing the retinal microglial activation, and block the infiltration of inflammatory cells, including Th17, into the retina by decreasing the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression in resident and infiltrating cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that minocycline treatment can remodel the gut microenvironment of EAU rats by restoring the relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii, Streptococcus hyointestinalis, and Desulfovibrio sp. ABHU2SB and promoting a functional shift in the gut via reversing the levels of L-proline, allicin, aceturic acid, xanthine, and leukotriene B4, and especially increasing the production of propionic acid, histamine, and pantothenic acid. At last, we revealed that minocycline treatment can significantly attenuate the progression of EAU after inflammation onset, which may be explained by the role of minocycline in the remodeling of the gut microenvironment since selective elimination of retinal microglia on the later stages of EAU was shown to have little effect. These data clearly demonstrated that inhibition of microglial activation and remodeling of the gut microenvironment can suppress the development and progression of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Considering the excellent safety profile of minocycline in multiple clinical experiments, we suggest that minocycline may have therapeutic implications for clinical uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mali Dai
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Lin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshu Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ailing Yu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Serhii Vakal
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20541, Finland
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xingyi Li
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry & Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Advances in oral immunomodulating therapies in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:336-347. [PMID: 32059809 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral treatment options for disease-modifying therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis have substantially increased over the past decade with four approved oral compounds now available: fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and cladribine. Although these immunomodulating therapies are all orally administered, and thus convenient for patients, they have different modes of action. These distinct mechanisms of action allow better adaption of treatments according to individual comorbidities and offer different mechanisms of treatment such as inhibition of immune cell trafficking versus immune cell depletion, thereby substantially expanding the available treatment options. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS New sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators with more specific S1PR target profiles and potentially better safety profiles compared with fingolimod were tested in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. For example, siponimod, which targets S1PR1 and S1PR5, was approved in March, 2019, by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis including active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ozanimod, another S1P receptor modulator in the approval stage that also targets S1PR1 and S1PR5, reduced relapse rates and MRI activity in two phase 3 trials of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Blocking of matrix metalloproteinases or tyrosine kinases are novel modes of action in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis, which are exhibited by minocycline and evobrutinib, respectively. Minocycline reduced conversion to multiple sclerosis in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome. Evobrutinib reduced MRI activity in a phase 2 trial, and a phase 3 trial is underway, in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Diroximel fumarate is metabolised to monomethyl fumarate, the active metabolite of dimethyl fumarate, reduces circulating lymphocytes and modifies the activation profile of monocytes, and is being tested in this disease with the aim to improve gastrointestinal tolerability. The oral immunomodulator laquinimod did not reach the primary endpoint of reduction in confirmed disability progression in a phase 3 trial of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. In a phase 2 trial of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis, laquinimod also did not reach the primary endpoint of a reduction in brain volume loss, as a consequence the development of this drug will probably not be continued in multiple sclerosis. WHERE NEXT?: Several new oral compounds are in late-stage clinical development. With new modes of action introduced to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the question of how to select and sequence different treatments in individual patients arises. Balancing risks with the expected efficacy of disease-modifying therapies will still be key for treatment selection. However, risks as well as efficacy can change when moving from the controlled clinical trial setting to clinical practice. Because some oral treatments, such as cladribine, have long-lasting effects on the immune system, the cumulative effects of sequential monotherapies can resemble the effects of a concurrent combination therapy. This treatment scheme might lead to higher efficacy but also to new safety concerns. These sequential treatments were largely excluded in phase 2 and 3 trials; therefore, monitoring both short-term and long-term effects of sequential disease-modifying therapies in phase 4 studies, cohort studies, and registries will be necessary.
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12
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Nazemi Z, Nourbakhsh MS, Kiani S, Heydari Y, Ashtiani MK, Daemi H, Baharvand H. Co-delivery of minocycline and paclitaxel from injectable hydrogel for treatment of spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2020; 321:145-158. [PMID: 32035190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces pathological and inflammatory responses that create an inhibitory environment at the site of trauma, resulting in axonal degeneration and functional disability. Combination therapies targeting multiple aspects of the injury, will likely be more effective than single therapies to facilitate tissue regeneration after SCI. In this study, we designed a dual-delivery system consisting of a neuroprotective drug, minocycline hydrochloride (MH), and a neuroregenerative drug, paclitaxel (PTX), to enhance tissue regeneration in a rat hemisection model of SCI. For this purpose, PTX-encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA microspheres along with MH were incorporated into the alginate hydrogel. A prolonged and sustained release of MH and PTX from the alginate hydrogel was obtained over eight weeks. The obtained hydrogels loaded with a combination of both drugs or each of them alone, along with the blank hydrogel (devoid of any drugs) were injected into the lesion site after SCI (at the acute phase). Histological assessments showed that the dual-drug treatment reduced inflammation after seven days. Moreover, a decrease in the scar tissue, as well as an increase in neuronal regeneration was observed after 28 days in rats treated with dual-drug delivery system. Over time, a fast and sustained functional improvement was achieved in animals that received dual-drug treatment compared with other experimental groups. This study provides a novel dual-drug delivery system that can be developed to test for a variety of SCI models or neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nazemi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yasaman Heydari
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Daemi
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Arezoomandan R, Aliaghaei A, Khodagholi F, Haghparast A. Minocycline induces the expression of intra-accumbal glutamate transporter-1 in the morphine-dependent rats. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 46:70-73. [PMID: 31630007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial glutamate transporters (GLT-1) is responsible for glutamate homeostasis. GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake can be affected by addictive drugs and can be used as a target in addiction pharmacotherapy. It has been shown that minocycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, can upregulate the expression of GLT-1. In the present study, in morphine-dependent rats, the effect of minocycline on expression of GLT-1 in nucleus accumbens was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The expression of GLT-1 significantly increased in minocycline treated animals. In line with other studies, our findings showed that restoring GLT-1 expression with minocycline might be considered as a potential target for correcting pre-clinical and clinical manifestations of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Arezoomandan
- Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Neuroscience Lab, Biology and Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Zhang T, Nong J, Alzahrani N, Wang Z, Oh SW, Meier T, Yang DG, Ke Y, Zhong Y, Fu J. Self-Assembly of DNA-Minocycline Complexes by Metal Ions with Controlled Drug Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29512-29521. [PMID: 31397552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we reported a study of metal ions-assisted assembly of DNA-minocycline (MC) complexes and their potential application for controlling MC release. In the presence of divalent cations of magnesium or calcium ions (M2+), MC, a zwitterionic tetracycline analogue, was found to bind to phosphate groups of nucleic acids via an electrostatic bridge of phosphate (DNA)-M2+-MC. We investigated multiple parameters for affecting the formation of DNA-Mg2+-MC complex, including metal ion concentrations, base composition, DNA length, and single- versus double-stranded DNA. For different nitrogen bases, single-stranded poly(A)20 and poly(T)20 showed a higher MC entrapment efficiency of DNA-Mg2+-MC complex than poly(C)20 and poly(G)20. Single-stranded DNA was also found to form a more stable DNA-Mg2+-MC complex than double-stranded DNA. Between different divalent metal ions, we observed that the formation of DNA-Ca2+-MC complex was more stable and efficient than the formation of DNA-Mg2+-MC complex. Toward drug release, we used agarose gel to encapsulate DNA-Mg2+-MC complexes and monitored MC release. Some DNA-Mg2+-MC complexes could prolong MC release from agarose gel to more than 10 days as compared with the quick release of free MC from agarose gel in less than 1 day. The released MC from DNA-Mg2+-MC complexes retained the anti-inflammatory bioactivity to inhibit nitric oxide production from pro-inflammatory macrophages. The reported study of metal ion-assisted DNA-MC assembly not only increased our understanding of biochemical interactions between tetracycline molecules and nucleic acids but also contributed to the development of a highly tunable drug delivery system to mediate MC release for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
| | - Jia Nong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Nouf Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Sung Won Oh
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
| | - Tristan Meier
- Eastern Regional High School , 1401 Laurel Oak Road , Voorhees , New Jersey 08043 , United States
| | - Dong Gyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Emory School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , 3141 Chestnut Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jinglin Fu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Camden , 315 Penn Street , Camden , New Jersey 08102 , United States
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15
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Zhang G, Zha J, Liu J, Di J. Minocycline impedes mitochondrial-dependent cell death and stabilizes expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in spinal cord injury. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:475-483. [PMID: 30899301 PMCID: PMC6425201 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the crucial mechanisms following spinal cord injury is mitochondria-associated cell death. Minocycline, an anti-inflammatory drug, is well known to impede mitochondrial cell death. However, there has been no study on the effect of minocycline linking Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS)-mediated cell death and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), the targets involved in mitochondrial cell death. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 15, divided into three groups) were subjected to traumatic spinal cord injury and were injected with minocycline (n = 5) (90 mg/kg and later a 45 mg/kg dose twice a day (every 12 h)). Injection with sterile PBS in injured animals served as the vehicle (n = 5) and another group comprised healthy animals (n = 5). TUNEL assay was used to quantify cell death. The release of Smac/Diablo, cytochrome-c (cyt-c), HIF-1α, FAS ligand (FASL) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured using ELISA. Expression of HIF-1α, FASL and other cell death associated factors was quantified at the mRNA and protein level and confirmed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was a marked reduction in the HIF-1α and FASL expression levels in the minocycline-treated group compared to the vehicle. The reduction of HIF-1α and FASL was associated with other factors linked to cell death (Smac/Diablo, cyt-c, TNF-α, p53, caspase-8 and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID)) (p < 0.5; *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle group, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle group). CONCLUSIONS The present study focuses on the investigation of minocycline in inhibiting mitochondria-associated cell death by modulating FASL and HIF-1α expression, which are seemingly interlinked mechanisms contributing to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junpu Zha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junchuan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Di
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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16
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Mukherjee A, Mehta BK, Sen KK, Banerjee S. Metabolic syndrome-associated cognitive decline in mice: Role of minocycline. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 50:61-68. [PMID: 30100653 PMCID: PMC6044134 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_110_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to characterize the mechanism associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS)-associated cognitive decline and determine the effect of minocycline on the above condition in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a HFHC diet-induced MetS model in mice. Diagnostic characteristics of MetS including waist circumference, lipid levels, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose were measured in these Swiss albino mice. Cognitive parameters were measured using passive avoidance and elevated plus maze test. Hippocampal acetylcholine esterase (AchE), reduced glutathione (GSH), and cytokine levels were measured and histopathological evaluation conducted. The MetS animals were administered minocycline (50 mg/kg; 10 days) and the above parameters were measured. RESULTS: We successfully induced MetS using HFHC diet in mice. Animals showed significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), waist circumference (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), and triglyceride (P < 0.01) and reduced high density lipoprotein levels (P < 0.05) compared to control animals. Both scopolamine and MetS significantly lowered (P < 0.01) step-down latency and increased transfer latency (P < 0.001). MetS animals showed significantly higher AchE (P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001) and Interleukin-1 β (P < 0.01) and lower GSH (P < 0.001) levels and reduced both CA1 (P < 0.001) and CA3 (P < 0.01) neuronal density compared to controls. Minocycline treatment partially reversed the above neurobehavioral and biochemical changes and improved hippocampal neuronal density in MetS animals. CONCLUSION: MetS led to hippocampal oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory changes with a corresponding loss of hippocampal neuronal density and cognitive decline. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property of minocycline may be responsible for its neuroprotective actions in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Bina K Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Kalyan K Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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17
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Takeda A, Shinozaki Y, Kashiwagi K, Ohno N, Eto K, Wake H, Nabekura J, Koizumi S. Microglia mediate non-cell-autonomous cell death of retinal ganglion cells. Glia 2018; 66:2366-2384. [PMID: 30375063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is well known in the neuronal death in the brain and is also linked to neuronal damages in the retina. Recent accumulating evidence show that microglia greatly affect excitotoxicity in the brain, but their roles in retina have received only limited attention. Here, we report that retinal excitotoxicity is mediated by microglia. To this end, we employed three discrete methods, that is, pharmacological inhibition of microglia by minocycline, pharmacological ablation by an antagonist for colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (PLX5622), and genetic ablation of microglia using Iba1-tTA::DTAtetO/tetO mice. Intravitreal injection of NMDA increased the number of apoptotic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) followed by reduction in the number of RGCs. Although microglia did not respond to NMDA directly, they became reactive earlier than RGC damages. Inhibition or ablation of microglia protected RGCs against NMDA. We found up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine genes including Il1b, Il6 and Tnfa, among which Tnfa was selectively blocked by minocycline. PLX5622 also suppressed Tnfa expression. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) signals were restricted in microglia at very early followed by spreading into other cell types. TNFα up-regulation in microglia and other cells were significantly attenuated by minocycline and PLX5622, suggesting a central role of microglia for TNFα induction. Both inhibition of TNFα and knockdown of TNF receptor type 1 by siRNA protected RGCs against NMDA. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a phenotypic change of microglia into a neurotoxic one is a critical event for the NMDA-induced degeneration of RGCs, suggesting an importance of non-cell-autonomous mechanism in the retinal neuronal excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takeda
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Aichi, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development, NIPS, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Homeostatic Development, NIPS, Aichi, Japan.,Division of System Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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18
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Morris G, Walker AJ, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Cell Death Pathways: a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neuroscientists. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5767-5786. [PMID: 29052145 PMCID: PMC5994217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the first part, the following mechanisms involved in different forms of cell death are considered, with a view to identifying potential therapeutic targets: tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and their engagement by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP)-1 cleavage; the apoptosis signalling kinase (ASK)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) axis; lysosomal permeability; activation of programmed necrotic cell death; oxidative stress, caspase-3 inhibition and parthanatos; activation of inflammasomes by reactive oxygen species and the development of pyroptosis; oxidative stress, calcium dyshomeostasis and iron in the development of lysosomal-mediated necrosis and lysosomal membrane permeability; and oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis. In the second part, there is a consideration of the role of lethal and sub-lethal activation of these pathways in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, with particular reference to the TNF-α-TNFR signalling axis; dysregulation of ASK-1-JNK signalling; prolonged or chronic PARP-1 activation; the role of pyroptosis and chronic inflammasome activation; and the roles of lysosomal permeabilisation, necroptosis and ferroptosis. Finally, it is suggested that, in addition to targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory processes generally, neuropsychiatric disorders may respond to therapeutic targeting of TNF-α, PARP-1, the Nod-like receptor NLRP3 inflammasome and the necrosomal molecular switch receptor-interacting protein kinase-3, since their widespread activation can drive and/or exacerbate peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation even in the absence of cell death. To this end, the use is proposed of a combination of the tetracycline derivative minocycline and N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive treatment for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- , Bryn Road Seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, , SA15 2LW, UK
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - A J Walker
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - M Berk
- The Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - M Maes
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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19
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De Angelis F, Plantone D, Chataway J. Pharmacotherapy in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:499-526. [PMID: 29968175 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by demyelination, neuroaxonal loss and a heterogeneous clinical course. Multiple sclerosis presents with different phenotypes, most commonly a relapsing-remitting course and, less frequently, a progressive accumulation of disability from disease onset (primary progressive multiple sclerosis). The majority of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, after a variable time, switch to a stage characterised by gradual neurological worsening known as secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying multiple sclerosis, and it is believed that multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors are elements driving inflammation and ultimately neurodegeneration. Axonal loss and grey matter damage have been regarded as amongst the leading causes of irreversible neurological disability in the progressive stages. There are over a dozen disease-modifying therapies currently licenced for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but none of these has provided evidence of effectiveness in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Recently, there has been some early modest success with siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and ocrelizumab in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Finding treatments to delay or prevent the courses of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is an unmet and essential goal of the research in multiple sclerosis. In this review, we discuss new findings regarding drugs with immunomodulatory, neuroprotective or regenerative properties and possible treatment strategies for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We examine the field broadly to include trials where participants have progressive or relapsing phenotypes. We summarise the most relevant results from newer investigations from phase II and III randomised controlled trials over the past decade, with particular attention to the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana De Angelis
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Domenico Plantone
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
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20
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Zhang G, Zha J, Liu J, Di J. WITHDRAWN: Minocycline an antimicrobial agent attenuates the mitochondrial dependent cell death and stabilizes the expression of HIF-1α in spinal cord injury. Microb Pathog 2018:S0882-4010(18)30284-5. [PMID: 29530807 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Junpu Zha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Junchuan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jun Di
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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21
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Jankowsky JL, Zheng H. Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:89. [PMID: 29273078 PMCID: PMC5741956 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is behaviorally identified by progressive memory impairment and pathologically characterized by the triad of β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration. Genetic mutations and risk factors have been identified that are either causal or modify the disease progression. These genetic and pathological features serve as basis for the creation and validation of mouse models of AD. Efforts made in the past quarter-century have produced over 100 genetically engineered mouse lines that recapitulate some aspects of AD clinicopathology. These models have been valuable resources for understanding genetic interactions that contribute to disease and cellular reactions that are engaged in response. Here we focus on mouse models that have been widely used stalwarts of the field or that are recently developed bellwethers of the future. Rather than providing a summary of each model, we endeavor to compare and contrast the genetic approaches employed and to discuss their respective advantages and limitations. We offer a critical account of the variables which may contribute to inconsistent findings and the factors that should be considered when choosing a model and interpreting the results. We hope to present an insightful review of current AD mouse models and to provide a practical guide for selecting models best matched to the experimental question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Milewski K, Oria M. What we know: the inflammatory basis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1239-1247. [PMID: 26497651 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) degeneration appearing in patients with cirrhosis is responsible for cognitive and persistent motor impairments that lead to an important impact on life quality. Brain injury affects certain areas of the CNS that might affect two types of cells: neurons and astrocytes. The process leading to brain injury could be induced by portosystemic shunting accompanied by hyperammonemia and by the activation of peripheral inflammation, manifested as episodic encephalopathy. Hyperammonemia combined with a decrease on the BCA/AAA ratio induces alterations of energetic metabolism and the formation of free radicals in the CNS. This process would be stimulated by the activation of peripheral inflammatory mediators that could act on receptors of the blood brain barrier such as TLR4, activating inflammatory responses in the CNS. As a result, a persistent activation of microglia and an irreversible neuronal and astrocytic injury would be induced. A new knowledge of the mechanisms leading to brain injury in cirrhosis would develop protective strategies to correct changes of nitrogen metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Milewski
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Oria
- Translational Research in Fetal Surgery for Congenital Malformations, Center for Fetal, Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 11020, S 8.400 AT, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK.
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Hahn JN, Kaushik DK, Mishra MK, Wang J, Silva C, Yong VW. Impact of Minocycline on Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer, a Factor Implicated in Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3850-3860. [PMID: 27733550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN, CD147) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated on leukocytes in active lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Administration of anti-EMMPRIN Abs reduces the severity of EAE. Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with immune-modulatory properties that decreases the severity of EAE; it was recently found to attenuate the conversion from a first demyelinating event to clinically definite MS in a phase III trial. We investigated whether and how minocycline affects the expression of EMMPRIN on T cells in culture and in mice afflicted with EAE. EMMPRIN expression in cultures of mouse splenocytes or human PBMCs was elevated upon polyclonal T cell activation, and this was reduced by minocycline correspondent with decreased P-Akt levels. An established MS medication, IFN-β, also diminished EMMPRIN levels on human cells whereas this was not readily observed for fingolimod or monomethylfumarate. In EAE-afflicted mice, minocycline treatment significantly reduced EMMPRIN levels on splenic lymphocytes at the presymptomatic (day 7) phase, and prevented the development of disease. Day 7 spleen transcripts from minocycline-treated EAE mice had a significantly lower MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, and significantly lower MCT-1 and CD98 levels, factors associated with EMMPRIN function. Day 16 (peak clinical severity) CNS samples from EAE mice had prominent representation of inflammatory perivascular cuffs, inflammatory molecules and EMMPRIN, and these were abrogated by minocycline. Overall, minocycline attenuated the activation-induced elevation of EMMPRIN on T cells in culture and in EAE mice, correspondent with reduced immune function and EAE CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Hahn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deepak K Kaushik
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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24
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Deguchi T, Adachi R, Kamioka H, Kim DG, Fields HW, Takano-Yamamoto T, Ichikawa H, Yamashiro T. Effect of minocycline on induced glial activation by experimental tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 149:881-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sørensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Lycke J, Färkkilä M, Créange A, Lund CG, Schluep M, Frederiksen JL, Stenager E, Pfleger C, Garde E, Kinnunen E, Marhardt K. Minocycline added to subcutaneous interferon β-1a in multiple sclerosis: randomized RECYCLINE study. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:861-70. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Sørensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Department of Neurology; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Department of Neurology; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Lycke
- Department of Neurology; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Färkkilä
- Department of Neurology; University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Créange
- Service de Neurologie; Hôpital Henri Mondor; Université Paris Est Créteil; Créteil France
| | - C. G. Lund
- Department of Neurology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Schluep
- Service de Neurologie; Département des Neurosciences Cliniques; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - J. L. Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology; Glostrup Esbjerg, Sonderborg, and Vejle, and University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. Stenager
- Department of Neurology; Esbjerg Hospital; Sonderborg Hospital; Vejle Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - C. Pfleger
- Department of Neurology; Aalborg Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - E. Garde
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance; Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research; Hvidovre Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. Kinnunen
- Department of Neurology; HUS Hyvinkään Hospital; Hyvinkää Finland
| | - K. Marhardt
- Merck Serono Global Medical Affairs; Merck GmbH; Vienna Austria
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Astrogliopathology in neurological, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 85:254-261. [PMID: 25843667 PMCID: PMC4592688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglial cells represent a main element in the maintenance of homeostasis and providing defense to the brain. Consequently, their dysfunction underlies many, if not all, neurological, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. General astrogliopathy is evident in diametrically opposing morpho-functional changes in astrocytes, i.e. their hypertrophy along with reactivity or atrophy with asthenia. Neurological disorders with astroglial participation can be genetic, of which Alexander disease is a primary sporadic astrogliopathy, environmentally caused, such as heavy metal encephalopathies, or neurodevelopmental in origin. Astroglia contribute to neurodegenerative processes seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Furthermore, astroglia also play a role in major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to depression, as well as in addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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27
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Singh A, Kumar A. Microglial Inhibitory Mechanism of Coenzyme Q10 Against Aβ (1-42) Induced Cognitive Dysfunctions: Possible Behavioral, Biochemical, Cellular, and Histopathological Alterations. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:268. [PMID: 26617520 PMCID: PMC4637408 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating disease with complex pathophysiology. Amyloid beta (Aβ) (1-42) is a reliable model of AD that recapitulates many aspects of human AD. Objective: The intent of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and its modulation by minocycline (microglial inhibitor) against Aβ (1-42) induced cognitive dysfunction in rats. Method: Intrahippocampal (i.h.) Aβ (1-42) (1 μg/μl; 4μl/site) were administered followed by drug treatment with galantamine (2 mg/kg), CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg), minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) and their combinations for a period of 21 days. Various neurobehavioral parameters followed by biochemical, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level, proinflammatory markers (TNF-α), mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes (I-IV) and histopathological examinations were assessed. Results: Aβ (1-42) administration significantly impaired cognitive performance in Morris water maze (MWM) performance test, causes oxidative stress, raised AChE level, caused neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and histopathological alterations as compared to sham treatment. Treatment with CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg) and minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) alone for 21 days significantly improved cognitive performance as evidenced by reduced transfer latency and increased time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ), reduced AChE activity, oxidative damage (reduced LPO, nitrite level and restored SOD, catalase and GHS levels), TNF-α level, restored mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex (I, II, III, IV) activities and histopathological alterations as compared to Aβ (1-42) treated animals. Further, combinations of minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) with CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly modulates the protective effect of CoQ10 dose dependently as compared to their effect alone. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of CoQ10 could be due to its microglia inhibitory mechanism along with its mitochondrial restoring and anti-oxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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Fatemi SH, Folsom TD. GABA receptor subunit distribution and FMRP-mGluR5 signaling abnormalities in the cerebellum of subjects with schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:42-56. [PMID: 25432637 PMCID: PMC5301472 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABAergic receptor abnormalities have been documented in several major psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. Abnormal expression of mRNA and protein for multiple GABA receptors has also been observed in multiple brain regions leading to alterations in the balance between excitatory/inhibitory signaling in the brain with potential profound consequences for normal cognition and maintenance of mood and perception. Altered expression of GABAA receptor subunits has been documented in fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) knockout mice, suggesting that loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), impacts GABAA subunit expression. Recent postmortem studies from our laboratory have shown reduced expression of FMRP in the brains of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and autism. FMRP acts as a translational repressor and, under normal conditions, inhibits metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-mediated signaling. In fragile X syndrome (FXS), the absence of FMRP is hypothesized to lead to unregulated mGluR5 signaling, ultimately resulting in the behavioral and intellectual impairments associated with this disorder. Our laboratory has identified changes in mGluR5 expression in autism, schizophrenia, and mood disorders. In the current review article, we discuss our postmortem data on GABA receptors, FMRP, and mGluR5 levels and compare our results with other laboratories. Finally, we discuss the interactions between these molecules and the potential for new therapeutic interventions that target these interconnected signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Timothy D Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Zhang Z, Nong J, Zhong Y. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective layer-by-layer coatings for neural implants. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:046015. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/046015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Minocycline protection of neomycin induced hearing loss in gerbils. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:934158. [PMID: 25950003 PMCID: PMC4407513 DOI: 10.1155/2015/934158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This animal study was designed to determine if minocycline ameliorates cochlear damage is caused by intratympanic injection of the ototoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin. Baseline auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured in gerbils that received 40 mM intratympanic neomycin either with 0, 1.2, or 1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal minocycline. Four weeks later auditory-evoked brainstem responses were measured and compared to the baseline measurements. Minocycline treatments of 1.2 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg resulted in significantly lower threshold increases compared to 0 mg/kg, indicating protection of hearing loss between 6 kHz and 19 kHz. Cochleae were processed for histology and sectioned to allow quantification of the spiral ganglion neurons and histological evaluation of organ of Corti. Significant reduction of spiral ganglion neuron density was demonstrated in animals that did not receive minocycline, indicating that those receiving minocycline demonstrated enhanced survival of spiral ganglion neurons, enhanced survival of sensory hairs cells and spiral ganglion neurons, and reduced hearing threshold elevation correlates with minocycline treatment demonstrating that neomycin induced hearing loss can be reduced by the simultaneous application of minocycline.
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Sumitani M, Ueda H, Hozumi J, Inoue R, Kogure T, Yamada Y, Kogure T. Minocycline Does Not Decrease Intensity of Neuropathic Pain Intensity, But Does Improve Its Affective Dimension. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2015; 30:31-5. [PMID: 25700217 DOI: 10.3109/15360288.2014.1003674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent understanding of the neuron-glia communication shed light on an important role of microglia to develop neuropathic pain The analgesic effect of minocycline on neuropathic pain is promising but it remains unclear in clinical settings. This study included 20 patients with neuropathic pain of varied etiologies. We administered 100 mg/day of minocycline for 1 week and then 200 mg/day for 3 weeks, as an open-label adjunct to conventional analgesics. An 11-point numerical rating scale. (NRS) and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) were used to evaluate pain severity. The data were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks of therapy and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All except two of the patients tolerated the full dose of minocycline. There was no significant improvement in the scoring of NRS (5.6 ± 1.2 at baseline vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 at 4 weeks; P =.60). The total score of the SF-MPQ decreased significantly (17.2 ± 7.4 vs. 13.9 ± 9.6; P =.02), particularly in the affective subscale (4.4 ± 2.7 vs. 3.3 ± 3.6; P =.007) but not so in the sensory subscale (12.8 ± 5.2 vs. 10.6 ± 6.2; P =.06). We conclude that minocycline failed to decrease pain intensity but succeeded in reducing the affective dimension associated with neuropathic pain.
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Kumar P, Kretzschmar B, Herold S, Nau R, Kreutzfeldt M, Schütze S, Bähr M, Hein K. Beneficial effect of chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection in a model of multiple sclerosis is mediated through the secretion of extracellular adherence protein. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:22. [PMID: 25644616 PMCID: PMC4322648 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infections have been assumed to worsen multiple sclerosis (MS) disease symptoms and to lead to increased neurodegeneration. However, the underlying biological mechanisms for these effects are complex and poorly understood. Here, we assessed the disease-modulating effects of chronic infection with Staphylococcus aureus, a common human pathogen, on the clinical course and the extent of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Methods To conduct this study, we established a persistent chronic infection in female brown Norway rats by inoculating Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria in a subcutaneously implanted tissue cages. Results In this study, we observed that the introduction of a localized S. aureus infection during the subclinical phase of EAE induced a chronic systemic inflammatory response, consisting of increased T- and B-cell counts and systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines. Unexpectedly, the S. aureus infection completely prevented the development of clinical EAE, and markedly reduced inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of the optic nerve, while it increased the number of surviving retinal neurons. Using a S. aureus strain that lacked the extracellular adherence protein (Eap), we determined that the extracellular adherence protein is at least partially responsible for the inhibitory effect of S. aureus infection on autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Conclusions Our results demonstrate for the first time that chronic infection with S. aureus has a beneficial effect on EAE, indicating a dual role of infection in the pathogenesis of MS. We also showed that secretion of Eap by S. aureus plays a major role in preventing autoimmune inflammation of the CNS. Moreover, we identified Eap as a factor responsible for this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Kretzschmar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Herold
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire 1, Rue Michel-Servet 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Nong J, Nix CA, Ji HF, Zhong Y. Metal ion-assisted self-assembly of complexes for controlled and sustained release of minocycline for biomedical applications. Biofabrication 2015; 7:015006. [PMID: 25599696 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of novel drug delivery complexes self-assembled by divalent metal ion-assisted coacervation for controlled and sustained release of a hydrophilic small drug molecule minocycline hydrochloride (MH). MH is a multifaceted agent that has demonstrated therapeutic effects in infection, inflammation, tumor, as well as cardiovascular, renal, and neurological disorders due to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. However, the inability to translate the high doses used in experimental animals to tolerable doses in human patients limits its clinical application. Localized delivery can potentially expose the diseased tissue to high concentrations of MH that systemic delivery cannot achieve, while minimizing the side effects from systemic exposure. The strong metal ion binding-assisted interaction enabled high drug entrapment and loading efficiency, and stable long term release for more than 71 d. Released MH demonstrated potent anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, MH release from the complexes is pH-sensitive as the chelation between minocycline and metal ions decreases with pH, allowing 'smart' drug release in response to the severity of pathology-induced tissue acidosis. This novel metal ion binding-mediated drug delivery mechanism can potentially be applied to other drugs that have high binding affinity for metal ions and may lead to the development of new delivery systems for a variety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Skripuletz T, Manzel A, Gropengießer K, Schäfer N, Gudi V, Singh V, Salinas Tejedor L, Jörg S, Hammer A, Voss E, Vulinovic F, Degen D, Wolf R, Lee DH, Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Baumgärtner W, Gold R, Linker RA, Stangel M. Pivotal role of choline metabolites in remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:398-413. [PMID: 25524711 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective approaches for central nervous system regeneration have not been successful in clinical practice so far and compounds that enhance remyelination are still not available for patients with multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine potential regenerative effects of the substance cytidine-5'-diphospho (CDP)-choline in two different murine animal models of multiple sclerosis. The effects of exogenously applied CDP-choline were tested in murine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, the cuprizone-induced mouse model of de- and remyelination was used to specifically test the hypothesis that CDP-choline directly increases remyelination. We found that CDP-choline ameliorated the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and exerted beneficial effects on myelin, oligodendrocytes and axons. After cuprizone-induced demyelination, CDP-choline effectively enhanced myelin regeneration and reversed motor coordination deficits. The increased remyelination arose from an increase in the numbers of proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes. Further in vitro studies suggest that this process is regulated by protein kinase C. We thus identified a new mechanism to enhance central nervous system remyelination via the choline pathway. Due to its regenerative action combined with an excellent safety profile, CDP-choline could become a promising substance for patients with multiple sclerosis as an add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skripuletz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Manzel
- 2 Ruhr-University Bochum, International Graduate School of Neuroscience, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nora Schäfer
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jörg
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Hammer
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Voss
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franca Vulinovic
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diane Degen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Wolf
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany 5 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- 6 Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J. Minocycline: far beyond an antibiotic. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:337-52. [PMID: 23441623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in therapeutic use for over 30 years because of its antibiotic properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and some sexually transmitted diseases. Recently, it has been reported that tetracyclines can exert a variety of biological actions that are independent of their anti-microbial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, and inhibition of proteolysis, angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. These findings specifically concern to minocycline as it has recently been found to have multiple non-antibiotic biological effects that are beneficial in experimental models of various diseases with an inflammatory basis, including dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Of note, minocycline has also emerged as the most effective tetracycline derivative at providing neuroprotection. This effect has been confirmed in experimental models of ischaemia, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Moreover, other pre-clinical studies have shown its ability to inhibit malignant cell growth and activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus, and to prevent bone resorption. Considering the above-mentioned findings, this review will cover the most important topics in the pharmacology of minocycline to date, supporting its evaluation as a new therapeutic approach for many of the diseases described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garrido-Mesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain.
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Zwicker JD, Zhang Y, Ren J, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Greer JJ, Funk GD. Glial TLR4 signaling does not contribute to opioid-induced depression of respiration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:857-68. [PMID: 25103966 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids activate glia in the central nervous system in part by activating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) complex. TLR4/MD2-mediated activation of glia by opioids compromises their analgesic actions. Glial activation is also hypothesized as pivotal in opioid-mediated reward and tolerance and as a contributor to opioid-mediated respiratory depression. We tested the contribution of TLR4 to opioid-induced respiratory depression using rhythmically active medullary slices that contain the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC, an important site of respiratory rhythm generation) and adult rats in vivo. Injection with DAMGO (μ-opioid receptor agonist; 50 μM) or bath application of DAMGO (500 nM) or fentanyl (1 μM) slowed frequency recorded from XII nerves to 40%, 40%, or 50% of control, respectively. This DAMGO-mediated frequency inhibition was unaffected by preapplication of lipopolysaccharides from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (a TLR4 antagonist, 2,000 ng/ml) or (+)naloxone (1-10 μM, a TLR4-antagonist). Bath application of (-)naloxone (500 nM; a TLR4 and μ-opioid antagonist), however, rapidly reversed the opioid-mediated frequency decrease. We also compared the opioid-induced respiratory depression in slices in vitro in the absence and presence of bath-applied minocycline (an inhibitor of microglial activation) and in slices prepared from mice injected (ip) 18 h earlier with minocycline or saline. Minocycline had no effect on respiratory depression in vitro. Finally, the respiratory depression evoked in anesthetized rats by tail vein infusion of fentanyl was unaffected by subsequent injection of (+)naloxone, but completely reversed by (-)naloxone. These data indicate that neither activation of microglia in preBötC nor TLR4/MD2-activation contribute to opioid-induced respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Zwicker
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland; and
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - John J Greer
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory D Funk
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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Sühs KW, Fairless R, Williams SK, Heine K, Cavalié A, Diem R. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Blockade Is Neuroprotective in Experimental Autoimmune Optic Neuritis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:507-18. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Minocycline upregulates pro-survival genes and downregulates pro-apoptotic genes in experimental glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:761-72. [PMID: 24566901 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, was reported to be neuroprotective in experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying that neuroprotective effect in murine glaucoma. METHODS Elevated intraocular pressure was induced in 159 rats by the translimbal photocoagulation laser model. Minocycline 22 mg/kg or saline was injected intraperitoneally starting 3 days before the induction of glaucoma, and continued daily until the animals were sacrificed. The effect of minocycline on gene expression was evaluated using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array for apoptosis. The involvement of selected pro-apoptotic, pro-survival, and inflammatory genes was further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR at multiple time points. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the effect of minocycline on microglial activation and to localize Bcl-2 changes. RESULTS Minocycline significantly increased the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 expression at day 8 and day 14 after the induction of glaucoma (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03 respectively), and decreased IL-18 expression in the retina at day 14 and day 30 (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001 respectively). PCR arrays suggested that additional genes were affected by minocycline, including Tp53bp2, TRAF4, osteoprotegerin, caspase 1 and 4, and members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Additionally, minocycline decreased the amount of activated microglia in glaucomatous eyes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that minocycline upregulates pro-survival genes and downregulates apoptotic genes, thus shifting the balance toward the anti-apoptotic side in experimental glaucoma.
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Lo A. Advancement of therapies for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1355-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.9.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is pathologically characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Axonal damage, along with neuronal loss, occurs from disease onset and may lead to progressive and permanent disability. In contrast with the inflammatory pathways, the molecular mechanisms leading to MS neurodegeneration remain largely elusive. With improved understanding of these mechanisms, new potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection have emerged. We review the current understanding of neurodegenerative processes at play in MS and discuss potential outcome measures and targets for neuroprotection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 675 Nelson Rising Lane, 2nd floor, Room 221F, Box 3206, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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Hou Y, Ryu CH, Park KY, Kim SM, Jeong CH, Jeun SS. Effective combination of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and minocycline in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:77. [PMID: 23826999 PMCID: PMC3854709 DOI: 10.1186/scrt228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Minocycline ameliorates the clinical severity of MS and exhibits antiinflammatory, neuroprotective activities, and good tolerance for long-term use, whereas it is toxic to the CNS. Recently, the immunomodulation and neuroprotection capabilities of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were shown in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we evaluated whether the combination of hBM-MSCs and a low-dose minocycline could produce beneficial effects in EAE mice. METHODS The sensitivity of hBM-MSCs to minocycline was determined by an established cell-viability assay. Minocycline-treated hBM-MSCs were also characterized with flow cytometry by using MSC surface markers and analyzed for their multiple differentiation capacities. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by using immunization with MOG35-55. Immunopathology assays were used to detect the inflammatory cells, demyelination, and neuroprotection. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)/interleukin-10 (IL-10), the hallmark cytokines that direct Th1 and Th2 development, were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to elucidate the cell apoptosis in the spinal cords of EAE mice. RESULTS Minocycline did not affect the viability, surface phenotypes, or differentiation capacity of hBM-MSCs, while minocycline affected the viability of astrocytes at a high dose. In vivo efficacy experiments showed that combined treatment, compared to the use of minocycline or hBM-MSCs alone, resulted in a significant reduction in clinical scores, along with attenuation of inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, the combined treatment with hBM-MSCs and minocycline enhanced the immunomodulatory effects, which suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and conversely increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). In addition, TUNEL staining also demonstrated a significant decrease of the number of apoptotic cells in the combined treatment compared with either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of hBM-MSCs and minocycline provides a novel experimental protocol to enhance the therapeutic effects in MS.
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Stock ML, Fiedler KJ, Acharya S, Lange JK, Mlynarczyk GSA, Anderson SJ, McCormack GR, Kanuri SH, Kondru NC, Brewer MT, Carlson SA. Antibiotics acting as neuroprotectants via mechanisms independent of their anti-infective activities. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:174-82. [PMID: 23748053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review considers available evidence that some antibiotics have ancillary neuroprotective effects. Notably, β-lactam antibiotics are believed to increase the expression of glutamate transporter GLT1, potentially relieving the neurological excitotoxicity that characterizes disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Minocycline has shown promise in reducing the severity of a number of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis, most likely by reducing apoptosis and the expression of inflammatory mediators in the brain. Rapamycin inhibits the activity of a serine/threonine protein kinase that has a role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurologic diseases. Herein we examine the unique neuroprotective aspects of these drugs originally developed as anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2028 VetMed, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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McHugh D. GPR18 in microglia: implications for the CNS and endocannabinoid system signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1575-82. [PMID: 22563843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of what is presently known about the G protein coupled receptor GPR18 in terms of its expression and distribution, pharmacology and potential implications for central nervous system and endocannabinoid system signalling. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McHugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
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Niimi N, Kohyama K, Matsumoto Y. Minocycline suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by increasing tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Neuropathology 2013; 33:612-20. [PMID: 23581743 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are secreted by activated T cells play a significant role in degradation of the extracellular matrix around the blood vessels and facilitate autoimmune neuroinflammation; however, it remains unclear how MMPs act in lesion formation and whether MMP-targeted therapies are effective in disease suppression. In the present study, we attempted to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for MMP-2, MMP-9, and minocycline, all of which have MMP-inhibiting functions. Minocycline, but not siRNAs, significantly suppressed disease development. In situ zymography revealed that gelatinase activities were almost completely suppressed in the spinal cords of minocycline-treated animals, while significant gelatinase activities were measured in the EAE lesions of control animals. However, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNAs and proteins in the spinal cords of treated rats were unexpectedly upregulated. At the same time, mRNA for tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)-1 and -2 were also upregulated. The EnzChek Gelatinase/Collagenase assay using tissue containing native MMPs and TIMPs demonstrated that gelatinase activity levels in the spinal cords of treated rats were suppressed to the same level as those in normal spinal cord tissues. Finally, double immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that MMP-9 immunoreactivities of treated rats were almost the same as those of control rats and that MMP-9 and TIMP-1 immunoreactivities were colocalized in the spinal cord. These findings suggest that minocycline administration does not suppress MMPs at mRNA and protein levels but that it suppresses gelatinase activities by upregulating TIMPs. Thus, MMP-targeted therapies should be designed after the mechanisms of candidate drugs have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Department of Immunotherapy Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Das A, Guyton MK, Smith A, Wallace G, McDowell ML, Matzelle DD, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpain inhibitor attenuated optic nerve damage in acute optic neuritis in rats. J Neurochem 2012; 124:133-46. [PMID: 23106593 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON), which is an acute inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), often occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS). ON is an early diagnostic sign in most MS patients caused by damage to the optic nerve leading to visual dysfunction. Various features of both MS and ON can be studied following induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, in Lewis rats. Inflammation and cell death in the optic nerve, with subsequent damage to the retinal ganglion cells in the retina, are thought to correlate with visual dysfunction. Thus, characterizing the pathophysiological changes that lead to visual dysfunction in EAE animals may help develop novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We treated EAE animals with and without the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (CP). Our studies demonstrated that the Ca(2+)-activated neutral protease calpain was upregulated in the optic nerve following induction of EAE at the onset of clinical signs (OCS) of the disease, and these changes were attenuated following treatment with CP. These reductions correlated with decreases in inflammation (cytokines, iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB), and microgliosis (i.e. activated microglia). We observed that calpain inhibition reduced astrogliosis (reactive astroglia) and expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4). The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokine production and also expression of the Th1-related CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokine receptors influence many pathological processes and play both causative and protective roles in neuron damage. Our data indicated that CP suppressed cytokine imbalances. Also, Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, production of tBid, PARP-1, expression and activities of calpain and caspases, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were attenuated after treatment with CP. Our results demonstrated that CP decreased demyelination [loss of myelin basic protein (MBP)] and axonal damage [increase in dephosphorylated neurofilament protein (de-NFP)], and also promoted intracellular neuroprotective pathways in optic nerve in EAE rats. Thus, these data suggest that calpain is involved in inflammatory as well as in neurodegenerative aspects of the disease and may be a promising target for treating ON in EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Minocycline attenuates mechanical allodynia and expression of spinal NMDA receptor 1 subunit in rat neuropathic pain model. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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What is behind the non-antibiotic properties of minocycline? Pharmacol Res 2012; 67:18-30. [PMID: 23085382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in use in therapy for over 30 years for its antibiotic properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It displays antibiotic activity due to its ability to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and thus inhibit protein synthesis. More recently, it has been described to exert a variety of biological actions beyond its antimicrobial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, inhibition of proteolysis, as well as suppression of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, which have been confirmed in different experimental models of non-infectious diseases. There are also many studies that have focused on the mechanisms involved in these non-antibiotic properties of minocycline, including anti-oxidant activity, inhibition of several enzyme activities, inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of immune cell activation and proliferation. This review summarizes the current findings in this topic, mainly focusing on the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of minocycline.
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Minocycline cannot protect neurons against bilirubin-induced hyperexcitation in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Brites D. The evolving landscape of neurotoxicity by unconjugated bilirubin: role of glial cells and inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:88. [PMID: 22661946 PMCID: PMC3361682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in the first week of postnatal life. Although generally harmless, some neonates may develop very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), which may surpass the protective mechanisms of the brain in preventing UCB accumulation. In this case, both short-term and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as acute and chronic UCB encephalopathy, known as kernicterus, or more subtle alterations defined as bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) may be produced. There is a tremendous variability in babies' vulnerability toward UCB for reasons not yet explained, but preterm birth, sepsis, hypoxia, and hemolytic disease are comprised as risk factors. Therefore, UCB levels and neurological abnormalities are not strictly correlated. Even nowadays, the mechanisms of UCB neurotoxicity are still unclear, as are specific biomarkers, and little is known about lasting sequelae attributable to hyperbilirubinemia. On autopsy, UCB was shown to be within neurons, neuronal processes, and microglia, and to produce loss of neurons, demyelination, and gliosis. In isolated cell cultures, UCB was shown to impair neuronal arborization and to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia and astrocytes. However, cell dependent sensitivity to UCB toxicity and the role of each nerve cell type remains not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive insight into cell susceptibilities and molecular targets of UCB in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and on phenotypic and functional responses of microglia to UCB. Interplay among glia elements and cross-talk with neurons, with a special emphasis in the UCB-induced immunostimulation, and the role of sepsis in BIND pathogenesis are highlighted. New and interesting data on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of different pharmacological agents are also presented, as novel and promising additional therapeutic approaches to BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Unit, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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