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Rhodes CT, Asokumar D, Sohn M, Naskar S, Elisha L, Stevenson P, Lee DR, Zhang Y, Rocha PP, Dale RK, Lee S, Petros TJ. Loss of Ezh2 in the medial ganglionic eminence alters interneuron fate, cell morphology and gene expression profiles. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1334244. [PMID: 38419656 PMCID: PMC10899338 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1334244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) is responsible for trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), resulting in repression of gene expression. Here, we explore the role of Ezh2 in forebrain GABAergic interneuron development. Methods We removed Ezh2 in the MGE by generating Nkx2-1Cre;Ezh2 conditional knockout mice. We then characterized changes in MGE-derived interneuron fate and electrophysiological properties in juvenile mice, as well as alterations in gene expression, chromatin accessibility and histone modifications in the MGE. Results Loss of Ezh2 increases somatostatin-expressing (SST+) and decreases parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in the forebrain. We observe fewer MGE-derived interneurons in the first postnatal week, indicating reduced interneuron production. Intrinsic electrophysiological properties in SST+ and PV+ interneurons are normal, but PV+ interneurons display increased axonal complexity in Ezh2 mutant mice. Single nuclei multiome analysis revealed differential gene expression patterns in the embryonic MGE that are predictive of these cell fate changes. Lastly, CUT&Tag analysis revealed that some genomic loci are particularly resistant or susceptible to shifts in H3K27me3 levels in the absence of Ezh2, indicating differential selectivity to epigenetic perturbation. Discussion Thus, loss of Ezh2 in the MGE alters interneuron fate, morphology, and gene expression and regulation. These findings have important implications for both normal development and potentially in disease etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Rhodes
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dhanya Asokumar
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mira Sohn
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shovan Naskar
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lielle Elisha
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Parker Stevenson
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dongjin R Lee
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryan K Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Unit on Cellular and Molecular Neurodevelopment, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Kumon H, Yoshino Y, Funahashi Y, Ochi S, Iga JI, Ueno SI. Effects of gestational haloperidol exposure on mRNA expressions related to glutamate and GABA receptors in offspring. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:281-286. [PMID: 37860710 PMCID: PMC10582061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic treatment is vital for patients with schizophrenia even in the perinatal period, but the impact at the molecular biological level on offspring is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal haloperidol injection to pregnant mice on glutamate and GABA receptors in the brain of offspring mice. Eight-week-old pregnant mice were treated with either intraperitoneal haloperidol or normal saline injection, and their offspring were defined as F1 mice. In addition, eight-week-old male mice were used as acute mice that were intraperitoneally injected with haloperidol or normal saline for 20 days. mRNA expression levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Western blotting was performed of the frontal lobes of F1 mice. In the hippocampi of F1 mice, Grik3 (p = 0.023) and Gabra3 (p = 0.004) mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the haloperidol group than in the control group, whereas Gria2 (p < 0.001) and Grin2a (p < 0.001) mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the haloperidol group than in the control group. Gria2 (p = 0.015), and Grik3 (p = 0.037), and Grin2a (p = 0.012) mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the haloperidol group than in the control group in the frontal lobes of F1 mice. In the hippocampi of acute mice, Grik3 (p = 0.049) and Gabra3 (p = 0.007) mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in the haloperidol group. Fetal exposure to haloperidol can affect glutamate and GABA receptors through mRNA expression changes in the brain of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Funahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791–0295, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791–0295, Japan
| | | | - Shu-ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791–0295, Japan
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Susin E, Destexhe A. A Network Model of the Modulation of γ Oscillations by NMDA Receptors in Cerebral Cortex. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0157-23.2023. [PMID: 37940562 PMCID: PMC10668239 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0157-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic drugs such as ketamine induce symptoms close to schizophrenia and stimulate the production of γ oscillations, as also seen in patients, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we have used computational models of cortical networks generating γ oscillations, and have integrated the action of drugs such as ketamine to partially block NMDA receptors (NMDARs). The model can reproduce the paradoxical increase of γ oscillations by NMDA receptor antagonists, assuming that antagonists affect NMDA receptors with higher affinity on inhibitory interneurons. We next used the model to compare the responsiveness of the network to external stimuli, and found that when NMDA channels are blocked, an increase of γ power is observed altogether with an increase of network responsiveness. However, this responsiveness increase applies not only to γ states, but also to asynchronous states with no apparent γ. We conclude that NMDA antagonists induce an increased excitability state, which may or may not produce γ oscillations, but the response to external inputs is exacerbated, which may explain phenomena such as altered perception or hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Susin
- Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Paris-Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay, France 91400
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Paris-Saclay University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay, France 91400
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4
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Rudy MJ, Salois G, Cubello J, Newell R, Mayer-Proschel M. Gestational iron deficiency affects the ratio between interneuron subtypes in the postnatal cerebral cortex in mice. Development 2023; 150:dev201068. [PMID: 36805633 PMCID: PMC10110419 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Gestational iron deficiency (gID) is highly prevalent and associated with an increased risk of intellectual and developmental disabilities in affected individuals that are often defined by a disrupted balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain. Using a nutritional mouse model of gID, we previously demonstrated a shift in the E/I balance towards increased inhibition in the brains of gID offspring that was refractory to postnatal iron supplementation. We thus tested whether gID affects embryonic progenitor cells that are fated towards inhibitory interneurons. We quantified relevant cell populations during embryonic inhibitory neuron specification and found an increase in the proliferation of Nkx2.1+ interneuron progenitors in the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence at E14 that was associated with increased Shh signaling in gID animals at E12. When we quantified the number of mature inhibitory interneurons that are known to originate from the MGE, we found a persistent disruption of differentiated interneuron subtypes in early adulthood. Our data identify a cellular target that links gID with a disruption of cortical interneurons which play a major role in the establishment of the E/I balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Janine Cubello
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Robert Newell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Proschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Ji MH, Gao YZ, Shi CN, Wu XM, Yang JJ. Acute and long-term cognitive impairment following sepsis: mechanism and prevention. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:931-943. [PMID: 37615511 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2250917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a severe host response to infection, which induces both acute and long-term cognitive impairment. Despite its high incidence following sepsis, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and effective treatments are not available clinically. AREA COVERED This review focuses on elucidating the pathological mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment following sepsis. Specifically, the authors discuss the role of systemic inflammation response, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal dysfunction, and Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation in cognitive impairment after sepsis. Additionally, they review current strategies to ameliorate cognitive impairment. EXPERT OPINION Potential interventions to reduce cognitive impairment after sepsis include earlier diagnosis and effective infection control, hemodynamic homeostasis, and adequate brain perfusion. Furthermore, interventions to reduce inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal injury or death could be beneficial. Implementing strategies to minimize delirium, sleep disturbance, stress factors, and immobility are also recommended. Furthermore, avoiding neurotoxins and implementing early rehabilitation may also be important for preventing cognitive impairment after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Na Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Miao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hostetler RE, Hu H, Agmon A. Genetically Defined Subtypes of Somatostatin-Containing Cortical Interneurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526850. [PMID: 36778499 PMCID: PMC9915678 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inhibitory interneurons play a crucial role in proper development and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Of the different inhibitory subclasses, dendritic-targeting, somatostatin-containing (SOM) interneurons may be the most diverse. Earlier studies used transgenic mouse lines to identify and characterize subtypes of SOM interneurons by morphological, electrophysiological and neurochemical properties. More recently, large-scale studies classified SOM interneurons into 13 morpho-electro-transcriptomic (MET) types. It remains unclear, however, how these various classification schemes relate to each other, and experimental access to MET types has been limited by the scarcity of type-specific mouse driver lines. To begin to address these issues we crossed Flp and Cre driver mouse lines and a dual-color combinatorial reporter, allowing experimental access to genetically defined SOM subsets. Brains from adult mice of both sexes were retrogradely dye-labeled from the pial surface to identify layer 1-projecting neurons, and immunostained against several marker proteins, allowing correlation of genetic label, axonal target and marker protein expression in the same neurons. Using whole-cell recordings ex-vivo, we compared electrophysiological properties between intersectional and transgenic SOM subsets. We identified two layer 1-targeting intersectional subsets with non-overlapping marker protein expression and electrophysiological properties which, together with a previously characterized layer 4-targeting subtype, account for about half of all layer 5 SOM cells and >40% of all SOM cells, and appear to map onto 5 of the 13 MET types. Genetic access to these subtypes will allow researchers to determine their synaptic inputs and outputs and uncover their roles in cortical computations and animal behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory neurons are critically important for proper development and function of the cerebral cortex. Although a minority population, they are highly diverse, which poses a major challenge to investigating their contributions to cortical computations and animal and human behavior. As a step towards understanding this diversity we crossed genetically modified mouse lines to allow detailed examination of genetically-defined groups of the most diverse inhibitory subtype, somatostatin-containing interneurons. We identified and characterized three somatostatin subtypes in the deep cortical layers with distinct combinations of anatomical, neurochemical and electrophysiological properties. Future studies could now use these genetic tools to examine how these different subtypes are integrated into the cortical circuit and what roles they play during sensory, cognitive or motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hostetler
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Hang Hu
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, WV Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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7
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Schulmann A, Marenco S, Vawter MP, Akula N, Limon A, Mandal A, Auluck PK, Patel Y, Lipska BK, McMahon FJ. Antipsychotic drug use complicates assessment of gene expression changes associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:93. [PMID: 36932057 PMCID: PMC10023659 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent postmortem transcriptomic studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) have shown hundreds of differentially expressed genes. However, the extent to which these gene expression changes reflect antipsychotic drug (APD) exposure remains uncertain. We compared differential gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of SCZ patients who tested positive for APDs at the time of death with SCZ patients who did not. APD exposure was associated with numerous changes in the brain transcriptome, especially among SCZ patients on atypical APDs. Brain transcriptome data from macaques chronically treated with APDs showed that APDs affect the expression of many functionally relevant genes, some of which show expression changes in the same directions as those observed in SCZ. Co-expression modules enriched for synaptic function showed convergent patterns between SCZ and some of the APD effects, while those associated with inflammation and glucose metabolism exhibited predominantly divergent patterns between SCZ and APD effects. In contrast, major cell-type shifts inferred in SCZ were primarily unaffected by APD use. These results show that APDs may confound SCZ-associated gene expression changes in postmortem brain tissue. Disentangling these effects will help identify causal genes and improve our neurobiological understanding of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schulmann
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nirmala Akula
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ajeet Mandal
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yash Patel
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Singh M, Sapkota K, Sakimura K, Kano M, Cowell RM, Overstreet-Wadiche L, Hablitz JJ, Nakazawa K. Maturation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission From Neocortical Parvalbumin Interneurons Involves N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Recruitment of Cav2.1 Channels. Neuroscience 2023; 513:38-53. [PMID: 36682446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction during brain development is likely to contribute to the manifestation of schizophrenia (SCZ) in young adulthood. The cellular targets of NMDAR hypofunction appear to be at least in part corticolimbic fast-spiking (FS) interneurons. However, functional alterations in parvalbumin (PV)-positive FS interneurons following NMDAR hypofunction are poorly understood. Paired patch-clamp recordings from murine cortical PV interneurons and pyramidal neurons revealed that genetic deletion of NMDAR subunit Grin1 in prospective PV interneurons before the second postnatal week impaired evoked- and synchronized-GABA release. Whereas intrinsic excitability and spiking characteristics were also disturbed by Grin1 deletion, neither restoring their excitability by K+ channel blockade nor increasing extracellular Ca2+ rescued the GABA release. GABA release was also insensitive to the Cav2.1 channel antagonist ω-agatoxin IVA. Heterozygous deletion of Cacna1a gene (encoding Cav2.1) in PV interneurons produced a similar GABA release phenotype as the Grin1 mutants. Treatment with the Cav2.1/2.2 channel agonist GV-58 augmented somatic Ca2+ currents and GABA release in Cacna1a-haploinsufficient PV interneurons, but failed to enhance GABA release in the Grin1-deleted PV interneurons. Taken together, our results suggest that Grin1 deletion in prospective PV interneurons impairs proper maturation of membrane excitability and Cav2.1-recruited evoked GABA release. This may increase synaptic excitatory/inhibitory ratio in principal neurons, contributing to the emergence of SCZ-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Kiran Sapkota
- Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kazu Nakazawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Dubonyte U, Asenjo-Martinez A, Werge T, Lage K, Kirkeby A. Current advancements of modelling schizophrenia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:183. [PMID: 36527106 PMCID: PMC9756764 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence of 1-2% world-wide and substantial health- and social care costs. The pathology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, however the underlying cause still remains elusive. SZ has symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, confused thoughts, diminished emotional responses, social withdrawal and anhedonia. The onset of psychosis is usually in late adolescence or early adulthood. Multiple genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing studies have provided extraordinary insights into the genetic variants underlying familial as well as polygenic forms of the disease. Nonetheless, a major limitation in schizophrenia research remains the lack of clinically relevant animal models, which in turn hampers the development of novel effective therapies for the patients. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has allowed researchers to work with SZ patient-derived neuronal and glial cell types in vitro and to investigate the molecular basis of the disorder in a human neuronal context. In this review, we summarise findings from available studies using hiPSC-based neural models and discuss how these have provided new insights into molecular and cellular pathways of SZ. Further, we highlight different examples of how these models have shown alterations in neurogenesis, neuronal maturation, neuronal connectivity and synaptic impairment as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of miRNAs in SZ patient-derived cultures compared to controls. We discuss the pros and cons of these models and describe the potential of using such models for deciphering the contribution of specific human neural cell types to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Dubonyte
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Asenjo-Martinez
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lage
- grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Agnete Kirkeby
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Experimental Medical Science and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ostos S, Aparicio G, Fernaud-Espinosa I, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Quantitative analysis of the GABAergic innervation of the soma and axon initial segment of pyramidal cells in the human and mouse neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3882-3909. [PMID: 36058205 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perisomatic GABAergic innervation in the cerebral cortex is carried out mostly by basket and chandelier cells, which differentially participate in the control of pyramidal cell action potential output and synchronization. These cells establish multiple synapses with the cell body (and proximal dendrites) and the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, respectively. Using multiple immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy and 3D quantification techniques, we have estimated the number and density of GABAergic boutons on the cell body and AIS of pyramidal neurons located through cortical layers of the human and mouse neocortex. The results revealed, in both species, that there is clear variability across layers regarding the density and number of perisomatic GABAergic boutons. We found a positive linear correlation between the surface area of the soma, or the AIS, and the number of GABAergic terminals in apposition to these 2 neuronal domains. Furthermore, the density of perisomatic GABAergic boutons was higher in the human cortex than in the mouse. These results suggest a selectivity for the GABAergic innervation of the cell body and AIS that might be related to the different functional attributes of the microcircuits in which neurons from different layers are involved in both human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ostos
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Aparicio
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Casas BS, Arancibia-Altamirano D, Acevedo-La Rosa F, Garrido-Jara D, Maksaev V, Pérez-Monje D, Palma V. It takes two to tango: Widening our understanding of the onset of schizophrenia from a neuro-angiogenic perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946706. [PMID: 36092733 PMCID: PMC9448889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating mental disorder characterized by perturbations in thinking, perception, and behavior, along with brain connectivity deficiencies, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and loss of gray brain matter. To date, schizophrenia has no cure and pharmacological treatments are only partially efficacious, with about 30% of patients describing little to no improvement after treatment. As in most neurological disorders, the main descriptions of schizophrenia physiopathology have been focused on neural network deficiencies. However, to sustain proper neural activity in the brain, another, no less important network is operating: the vast, complex and fascinating vascular network. Increasing research has characterized schizophrenia as a systemic disease where vascular involvement is important. Several neuro-angiogenic pathway disturbances have been related to schizophrenia. Alterations, ranging from genetic polymorphisms, mRNA, and protein alterations to microRNA and abnormal metabolite processing, have been evaluated in plasma, post-mortem brain, animal models, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models. During embryonic brain development, the coordinated formation of blood vessels parallels neuro/gliogenesis and results in the structuration of the neurovascular niche, which brings together physical and molecular signals from both systems conforming to the Blood-Brain barrier. In this review, we offer an upfront perspective on distinctive angiogenic and neurogenic signaling pathways that might be involved in the biological causality of schizophrenia. We analyze the role of pivotal angiogenic-related pathways such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and HIF signaling related to hypoxia and oxidative stress events; classic developmental pathways such as the NOTCH pathway, metabolic pathways such as the mTOR/AKT cascade; emerging neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative processes such as UPR, and also discuss non-canonic angiogenic/axonal guidance factor signaling. Considering that all of the mentioned above pathways converge at the Blood-Brain barrier, reported neurovascular alterations could have deleterious repercussions on overall brain functioning in schizophrenia.
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12
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Cellular and genetic drivers of RNA editing variation in the human brain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2997. [PMID: 35637184 PMCID: PMC9151768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional adenosine-to-inosine modifications amplify the functionality of RNA molecules in the brain, yet the cellular and genetic regulation of RNA editing is poorly described. We quantify base-specific RNA editing across three major cell populations from the human prefrontal cortex: glutamatergic neurons, medial ganglionic eminence-derived GABAergic neurons, and oligodendrocytes. We identify more selective editing and hyper-editing in neurons relative to oligodendrocytes. RNA editing patterns are highly cell type-specific, with 189,229 cell type-associated sites. The cellular specificity for thousands of sites is confirmed by single nucleus RNA-sequencing. Importantly, cell type-associated sites are enriched in GTEx RNA-sequencing data, edited ~twentyfold higher than all other sites, and variation in RNA editing is largely explained by neuronal proportions in bulk brain tissue. Finally, we uncover 661,791 cis-editing quantitative trait loci across thirteen brain regions, including hundreds with cell type-associated features. These data reveal an expansive repertoire of highly regulated RNA editing sites across human brain cell types and provide a resolved atlas linking cell types to editing variation and genetic regulatory effects. Here the authors provide a deep catalogue of cell-specific A-to-I editing sites in the human cortex. Thousands of sites are enriched and elevated in neurons relative to glial cells, and are genetically regulated across multiple brain regions.
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13
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NKCC1 to KCC2 mRNA Ratio in Schizophrenia and Its Psychopathology: a Case-Control Study. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1670-1681. [PMID: 35624355 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating, destructive, and chronic mental disorder and affects approximately one percent of the human population. Diagnosis in psychiatry is based on the patient's descriptions of his/her symptoms, interviewer's observations, history of disorder over time, and response to treatment. All of these data measure phenotype-based functions. But it appears that accurate diagnosis of such a complex disorder must be based on valid and reliable factors. In the present study, gene selection was based on the possible role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in psychopathology of SCZ and expression in blood. We evaluated the association of Na+-K+-Cl- co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) genes' messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels, and also the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) scores in an SCZ group. By using real-time PCR (RT-PCR), the present study is the first attempt to explore levels of NKCC1 and KCC2 expression at mRNA level and their relative expression in human peripheral blood of patients with SCZ. Our results showed that the NKCC1 to KCC2 mRNA ratio is significantly increased (but based on the delta cycle of threshold [∆Ct] is significantly lower) in the total sample of cases rather than controls (p = 0.045) and also higher in male sample cases rather than male controls (p = 0.016). In female samples, we found a trend toward a significant effect between the case and control participants (p = 0.075). We also found statistically significant association between mRNA of NKCC1 and KCC2 genes and NKCC1/KCC2 mRNA ratio with the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) scores.
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14
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5-HT2A receptor dysregulation in a schizophrenia relevant mouse model of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:168. [PMID: 35459266 PMCID: PMC9033804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) is known to augment cortical serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs), which is implicated in psychosis. However, the pathways from NMDAR hypofunction to 5-HT2AR up-regulation are unclear. Here we addressed in mice whether genetic deletion of the indispensable NMDAR-subunit Grin1 principally in corticolimbic parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, could up-regulate 5-HT2ARs leading to cortical hyper-excitability. First, in vivo local-field potential recording revealed that auditory cortex in Grin1 mutant mice became hyper-excitable upon exposure to acoustic click-train stimuli that release 5-HT in the cortex. This excitability increase was reproduced ex vivo where it consisted of an increased frequency of action potential (AP) firing in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mutant auditory cortex. Application of the 5-HT2AR agonist TCB-2 produced similar results. The effect of click-trains was reversed by the 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907 both in vivo and ex vivo. Increase in AP frequency of pyramidal neurons was also reversed by application of Gαq protein inhibitor BIM-46187 and G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel activator ML297. In fast-spiking interneurons, 5-HT2AR activation normally promotes GABA release, contributing to decreased excitability of postsynaptic pyramidal neurons, which was missing in the mutants. Moreover, unlike the controls, the GABAA receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline had little effect on AP frequency of mutant pyramidal neurons, indicating a disinhibition state. These results suggest that the auditory-induced hyper-excitable state is conferred via GABA release deficits from Grin1-lacking interneurons leading to 5-HT2AR dysregulation and GIRK channel suppression in cortical pyramidal neurons, which could be involved in auditory psychosis.
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15
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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16
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Beeraka NM, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Aliev G. Recent Reports on Redox Stress-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Variations, Neuroglial Interactions, and NMDA Receptor System in Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2472-2496. [PMID: 35083660 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic psychiatric disorder affecting several people worldwide. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations could invoke changes in the OXPHOS system, calcium buffering, and ROS production, which have significant implications for glial cell survival during SZ. Oxidative stress has been implicated in glial cells-mediated pathogenesis of SZ; the brain comparatively more prone to oxidative damage through NMDAR. A confluence of scientific evidence points to mtDNA alterations, Nrf2 signaling, dynamic alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and provocation of oxidative stress that enhance pathophysiology of SZ. Furthermore, the alterations in excitatory signaling related to NMDAR signaling were particularly reported for SZ pathophysiology. Current review reported the recent evidence for the role of mtDNA variations and oxidative stress in relation to pathophysiology of SZ, NMDAR hypofunction, and glutathione deficiency. NMDAR system is influenced by redox dysregulation in oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant mediators. Several studies have demonstrated the relationship of these variables on severity of pathophysiology in SZ. An extensive literature search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS, BIOSIS Preview, Google scholar, and Cochrane databases. We summarize consistent evidence pointing out a plausible model that may elucidate the crosstalk between mtDNA alterations in glial cells and redox dysregulation during oxidative stress and the perturbation of NMDA neurotransmitter system during current therapeutic modalities for the SZ treatment. This review can be beneficial for the development of promising novel diagnostics, and therapeutic modalities by ascertaining the mtDNA variations, redox state, and efficacy of pharmacological agents to mitigate redox dysregulation and augment NMDAR function to treat cognitive and behavioral symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Beeraka
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Barrio Santa Helena, University of Tolima, 730006, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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17
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Guler EM, Kurtulmus A, Gul AZ, Kocyigit A, Kirpinar I. Oxidative stress and schizophrenia: A comparative cross-sectional study of multiple oxidative markers in patients and their first-degree relatives. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14711. [PMID: 34370389 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic, disruptive mental disorder with unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Several studies evidenced that oxidative stress (OS) may be one of the causal factors to play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Our study aims to contribute to the SCZ research by investigating a possible relationship between the severity of illness (scored with "The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]") and OS biomarkers in patients. We additionally assess the "first-degree-relatives (FDRs)" oxidative status with multiple parameters to test the idea of oxidative imbalance leads to disease progression as a genetical susceptibility factor. METHODS This study included: 50 adult patients with SCZ, 50 unaffected FDRs, and 50 controls. OS biomarkers included myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), native thiol (NT). Photometric methods were used to measure the parameters in the peripheral blood samples of participants. Disulphide (DS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) parameters were calculated. RESULTS TOS, DS, OSI levels were significantly higher, and TAS, TT, NT levels were significantly lower in both SCZ and FDRs than controls. In the SCZ group, MPO activity was significantly higher compared with other groups. Results in this study did not provide a strong correlation between the PANSS and selected biomarkers. There was a slightly negative correlation between TT and PANSS in the SCZ group (P = .041, r = -.297). CONCLUSION OS biomarkers increased significantly in the peripheral blood of SCZ patients compared with other groups indicates the presence of OS in the aetiology of the disease. Mid-levels of oxidative markers found in FDRs imply that unaffected first-degree relatives have an increased risk for turning up to the clinical presentation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kurtulmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Education Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Zehra Gul
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Kirpinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Klimczak P, Rizzo A, Castillo-Gómez E, Perez-Rando M, Gramuntell Y, Beltran M, Nacher J. Parvalbumin Interneurons and Perineuronal Nets in the Hippocampus and Retrosplenial Cortex of Adult Male Mice After Early Social Isolation Stress and Perinatal NMDA Receptor Antagonist Treatment. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:733989. [PMID: 34630066 PMCID: PMC8493248 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.733989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both early life aversive experiences and intrinsic alterations in early postnatal neurodevelopment are considered predisposing factors for psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus have protracted postnatal development and are affected in schizophrenic patients. Interestingly, similar alterations have been observed in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Studies in patients and animal models of schizophrenia have found alterations in cortical parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons, making them good candidates to study the etiopathology of this disorder. Some of the alterations observed in PV+ interneurons may be mediated by perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized regions of the extracellular matrix, which frequently surround these inhibitory neurons. In this study, we have used a double hit model (DHM) combining a single perinatal injection of an NMDAR antagonist (MK801) to disturb early postnatal development and post-weaning social isolation as an early life aversive experience. We have investigated PV expressing interneurons and PNNs in the hippocampus and the RSC of adult male mice, using unbiased stereology. In the CA1, but not in the CA3 region, of the hippocampus, the number of PNNs and PV + PNN+ cells was affected by the drug treatment, and a significant decrease of these parameters was observed in the groups of animals that received MK801. The percentage of PNNs surrounding PV+ cells was significantly decreased after treatment in both hippocampal regions; however, the impact of isolation was observed only in CA1, where isolated animals presented lower percentages. In the RSC, we observed significant effects of isolation, MK801 and the interaction of both interventions on the studied parameters; in the DHM, we observed a significantly lower number of PV+, PNNs, and PV+PNN+cells when compared to control mice. Similar significant decreases were observed for the groups of animals that were just isolated or treated with MK801. To our knowledge, this is the first report on such alterations in the RSC in an animal model combining neurodevelopmental alterations and aversive experiences during infancy/adolescence. These results show the impact of early-life events on different cortical regions, especially on the structure and plasticity of PV+ neurons and their involvement in the emergence of certain psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Klimczak
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arianna Rizzo
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Esther Castillo-Gómez
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Perez-Rando
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza Gramuntell
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Marc Beltran
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Ji JL, Helmer M, Fonteneau C, Burt JB, Tamayo Z, Demšar J, Adkinson BD, Savić A, Preller KH, Moujaes F, Vollenweider FX, Martin WJ, Repovš G, Murray JD, Anticevic A. Mapping brain-behavior space relationships along the psychosis spectrum. eLife 2021; 10:66968. [PMID: 34313219 PMCID: PMC8315806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in advancing effective patient-specific therapies for psychiatric disorders highlight a need to develop a stable neurobiologically grounded mapping between neural and symptom variation. This gap is particularly acute for psychosis-spectrum disorders (PSD). Here, in a sample of 436 PSD patients spanning several diagnoses, we derived and replicated a dimensionality-reduced symptom space across hallmark psychopathology symptoms and cognitive deficits. In turn, these symptom axes mapped onto distinct, reproducible brain maps. Critically, we found that multivariate brain-behavior mapping techniques (e.g. canonical correlation analysis) do not produce stable results with current sample sizes. However, we show that a univariate brain-behavioral space (BBS) can resolve stable individualized prediction. Finally, we show a proof-of-principle framework for relating personalized BBS metrics with molecular targets via serotonin and glutamate receptor manipulations and neural gene expression maps derived from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Collectively, these results highlight a stable and data-driven BBS mapping across PSD, which offers an actionable path that can be iteratively optimized for personalized clinical biomarker endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lisa Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Markus Helmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Clara Fonteneau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | | | - Zailyn Tamayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Jure Demšar
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brendan D Adkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | | | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Moujaes
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J Martin
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, San Francisco, United States
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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21
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Genestine M, Ambriz D, Crabtree GW, Dummer P, Molotkova A, Quintero M, Mela A, Biswas S, Feng H, Zhang C, Canoll P, Hargus G, Agalliu D, Gogos JA, Au E. Vascular-derived SPARC and SerpinE1 regulate interneuron tangential migration and accelerate functional maturation of human stem cell-derived interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:e56063. [PMID: 33904394 PMCID: PMC8099424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons establish inhibitory microcircuits throughout the neocortex and their dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and neuropsychiatric diseases. Developmentally, interneurons migrate from a distal progenitor domain in order to populate the neocortex - a process that occurs at a slower rate in humans than in mice. In this study, we sought to identify factors that regulate the rate of interneuron maturation across the two species. Using embryonic mouse development as a model system, we found that the process of initiating interneuron migration is regulated by blood vessels of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), an interneuron progenitor domain. We identified two endothelial cell-derived paracrine factors, SPARC and SerpinE1, that enhance interneuron migration in mouse MGE explants and organotypic cultures. Moreover, pre-treatment of human stem cell-derived interneurons (hSC-interneurons) with SPARC and SerpinE1 prior to transplantation into neonatal mouse cortex enhanced their migration and morphological elaboration in the host cortex. Further, SPARC and SerpinE1-treated hSC-interneurons also exhibited more mature electrophysiological characteristics compared to controls. Overall, our studies suggest a critical role for CNS vasculature in regulating interneuron developmental maturation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Genestine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daisy Ambriz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregg W Crabtree
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Patrick Dummer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael Quintero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Angeliki Mela
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Huijuan Feng
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative ScholarNew YorkUnited States
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Interneuron Origins in the Embryonic Porcine Medial Ganglionic Eminence. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3105-3119. [PMID: 33637558 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2738-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interneurons contribute to the complexity of neural circuits and maintenance of normal brain function. Rodent interneurons originate in embryonic ganglionic eminences, but developmental origins in other species are less understood. Here, we show that transcription factor expression patterns in porcine embryonic subpallium are similar to rodents, delineating a distinct medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitor domain. On the basis of Nkx2.1, Lhx6, and Dlx2 expression, in vitro differentiation into neurons expressing GABA, and robust migratory capacity in explant assays, we propose that cortical and hippocampal interneurons originate from a porcine MGE region. Following xenotransplantation into adult male and female rat hippocampus, we further demonstrate that porcine MGE progenitors, like those from rodents, migrate and differentiate into morphologically distinct interneurons expressing GABA. Our findings reveal that basic rules for interneuron development are conserved across species, and that porcine embryonic MGE progenitors could serve as a valuable source for interneuron-based xenotransplantation therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we demonstrate that porcine medial ganglionic eminence, like rodents, exhibit a distinct transcriptional and interneuron-specific antibody profile, in vitro migratory capacity and are amenable to xenotransplantation. This is the first comprehensive examination of embryonic interneuron origins in the pig; and because a rich neurodevelopmental literature on embryonic mouse medial ganglionic eminence exists (with some additional characterizations in other species, e.g., monkey and human), our work allows direct neurodevelopmental comparisons with this literature.
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Hall LS, Medway CW, Pain O, Pardiñas AF, Rees EG, Escott-Price V, Pocklington A, Bray NJ, Holmans PA, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. A transcriptome-wide association study implicates specific pre- and post-synaptic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:159-167. [PMID: 31691811 PMCID: PMC7416679 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex highly heritable disorder. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci that influence the risk of developing schizophrenia, although the causal variants driving these associations and their impacts on specific genes are largely unknown. We identify a significant correlation between schizophrenia risk and expression at 89 genes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P ≤ 9.43 × 10-6), including 20 novel genes. Genes whose expression correlate with schizophrenia were enriched for those involved in abnormal CNS synaptic transmission (PFDR = 0.02) and antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I (PFDR = 0.02). Within the CNS synaptic transmission set, we identify individual significant candidate genes to which we assign direction of expression changes in schizophrenia. The findings provide strong candidates for experimentally probing the molecular basis of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey S Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Christopher W Medway
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Oliver Pain
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Elliott G Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Andrew Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Yang JM, Shen CJ, Chen XJ, Kong Y, Liu YS, Li XW, Chen Z, Gao TM, Li XM. erbb4 Deficits in Chandelier Cells of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Confer Cognitive Dysfunctions: Implications for Schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4334-4346. [PMID: 30590426 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
erbb4 is a known susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Chandelier cells (ChCs, also known as axo-axonic cells) are a distinct GABAergic interneuron subtype that exclusively target the axonal initial segment, which is the site of pyramidal neuron action potential initiation. ChCs are a source of ErbB4 expression and alterations in ChC-pyramidal neuron connectivity occur in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of schizophrenic patients and animal models of schizophrenia. However, the contribution of ErbB4 in mPFC ChCs to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia remains unknown. By conditional deletion or knockdown of ErbB4 from mPFC ChCs, we demonstrated that ErbB4 deficits led to impaired ChC-pyramidal neuron connections and cognitive dysfunctions. Furthermore, the cognitive dysfunctions were normalized by L-838417, an agonist of GABAAα2 receptors enriched in the axonal initial segment. Given that cognitive dysfunctions are a core symptom of schizophrenia, our results may provide a new perspective for understanding the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that GABAAα2 receptors may be potential pharmacological targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Yang
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Jie Shen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Wegrzyn D, Manitz MP, Kostka M, Freund N, Juckel G, Faissner A. Poly I:C-induced maternal immune challenge reduces perineuronal net area and raises spontaneous network activity of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3920-3941. [PMID: 32757397 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system (MIA) during gestation is linked to neuropsychiatric diseases like schizophrenia. While many studies address behavioural aspects, less is known about underlying cellular mechanisms. In the following study, BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) (20 µg/ml) or saline (0.9%) at gestation day (GD) 9.5 before hippocampal neurons were isolated and cultured from embryonic mice for further analysis. Interestingly, strongest effects were observed when the perineuronal net (PNN) wearing subpopulation of neurons was analysed. Here, a significant reduction of aggrecan staining intensity, area and soma size could be detected. Alterations of PNNs are often linked to neuropsychiatric diseases, changes in synaptic plasticity and in electrophysiology. Utilizing multielectrode array analysis (MEA), we observed a remarkable increase of the spontaneous network activity in neuronal networks after 21 days in vitro (DIV) when mother mice suffered a prenatal immune challenge. As PNNs are associated with GABAergic interneurons, our data indicate that this neuronal subtype might be stronger affected by a prenatal MIA. Degradation or damage of this subtype might cause the hyperexcitability observed in the whole network. In addition, embryonic neurons of the Poly I:C condition developed significantly shorter axons after five days in culture, while dendritic parameters and apoptosis rate remained unchanged. Structural analysis of synapse numbers revealed an increase of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) puncta after 14 DIV and an increase of presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut) puncta after 21 DIV, while inhibitory synaptic proteins were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Manitz
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Kostka
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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26
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Carment L, Dupin L, Guedj L, Térémetz M, Cuenca M, Krebs MO, Amado I, Maier MA, Lindberg PG. Neural noise and cortical inhibition in schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1298-1304. [PMID: 32585356 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural information processing is subject to noise and this leads to variability in neural firing and behavior. Schizophrenia has been associated with both more variable motor control and impaired cortical inhibition, which is crucial for excitatory/inhibitory balance in neural commands. HYPOTHESIS In this study, we hypothesized that impaired intracortical inhibition in motor cortex would contribute to task-related motor noise in schizophrenia. METHODS We measured variability of force and of electromyographic (EMG) activity in upper limb and hand muscles during a visuomotor grip force-tracking paradigm in patients with schizophrenia (N = 25), in unaffected siblings (N = 17) and in healthy control participants (N = 25). Task-dependent primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). RESULTS During force maintenance patients with schizophrenia showed increased variability in force and EMG, despite similar mean force and EMG magnitudes. Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia also showed increased M1 excitability and reduced cortical inhibition during grip-force tracking. EMG variability and force variability correlated negatively to cortical inhibition in patients with schizophrenia. EMG variability also correlated positively to negative symptoms. Siblings had similar variability and cortical inhibition compared to controls. Increased EMG and force variability indicate enhanced motor noise in schizophrenia, which relates to reduced motor cortex inhibition. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that excessive motor noise in schizophrenia may arise from an imbalance of M1 excitation/inhibition of GABAergic origin. Thus, higher motor noise may provide a useful marker of impaired cortical inhibition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Carment
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France.
| | - Lucile Dupin
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Laura Guedj
- Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, C3RP, Université de Paris, GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Térémetz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France; Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, C3RP, Université de Paris, GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France; Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, C3RP, Université de Paris, GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France; Université de Paris, CNRS UMR, 8002, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS, GDR3557, Paris, France
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27
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Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol treatment during adolescence and alterations in the inhibitory networks of the adult prefrontal cortex in mice subjected to perinatal NMDA receptor antagonist injection and to postweaning social isolation. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:177. [PMID: 32488050 PMCID: PMC7266818 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) continues its development during adolescence and alterations in its structure and function, particularly of inhibitory networks, have been detected in schizophrenic patients. Since cannabis use during adolescence is a risk factor for this disease, our main objective was to investigate whether THC administration during this period might exacerbate alterations in prefrontocortical inhibitory networks in mice subjected to a perinatal injection of MK801 and postweaning social isolation. This double-hit model (DHM) combines a neurodevelopmental manipulation and the exposure to an aversive experience during early life; previous work has shown that DHM mice have important alterations in the structure and connectivity of PFC interneurons. In the present study we found that DHM had reductions in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), GAD67 expression and cingulate 1 cortex volume. Interestingly, THC by itself induced increases in PPI and decreases in the dendritic complexity of somatostatin expressing interneurons. Both THC and DHM reduced the density of parvalbumin expressing cells surrounded by perineuronal nets and, when combined, they disrupted the ratio between the density of puncta expressing excitatory and inhibitory markers. Our results support previous work showing alterations in parameters involving interneurons in similar animal models and schizophrenic patients. THC treatment does not modify further these parameters, but changes some others related also to interneurons and their plasticity, in some cases in the opposite direction to those induced by the DHM, suggesting a protective effect.
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28
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Kathuria A, Lopez-Lengowski K, Watmuff B, McPhie D, Cohen BM, Karmacharya R. Synaptic deficits in iPSC-derived cortical interneurons in schizophrenia are mediated by NLGN2 and rescued by N-acetylcysteine. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:321. [PMID: 31780643 PMCID: PMC6882825 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human postmortem studies suggest a major role for abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Cortical interneurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of schizophrenia subjects showed significantly lower levels of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), replicating findings from multiple postmortem studies, as well as reduced levels of synaptic proteins gehpyrin and NLGN2. Co-cultures of the interneurons with excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons from schizophrenia iPSCs showed reduced synaptic puncta density and lower action potential frequency. NLGN2 overexpression in schizophrenia neurons rescued synaptic puncta deficits while NLGN2 knockdown in healthy neurons resulted in reduced synaptic puncta density. Schizophrenia interneurons also had significantly smaller nuclear area, suggesting an innate oxidative stressed state. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine increased the nuclear area in schizophrenia interneurons, increased NLGN2 expression and rescued synaptic deficits. These results implicate specific deficiencies in the synaptic machinery in cortical interneurons as critical regulators of synaptic connections in schizophrenia and point to a nexus between oxidative stress and NLGN2 expression in mediating synaptic deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kathuria
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kara Lopez-Lengowski
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- 0000 0004 0386 9924grid.32224.35Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Donna McPhie
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,0000 0000 8795 072Xgrid.240206.2Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. .,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Ca2+ binding proteins (CBP) are of key importance for calcium to play its role as a pivotal second messenger. CBP bind Ca2+ in specific domains, contributing to the regulation of its concentration at the cytosol and intracellular stores. They also participate in numerous cellular functions by acting as Ca2+ transporters across cell membranes or as Ca2+-modulated sensors, i.e. decoding Ca2+ signals. Since CBP are integral to normal physiological processes, possible roles for them in a variety of diseases has attracted growing interest in recent years. In addition, research on CBP has been reinforced with advances in the structural characterization of new CBP family members. In this chapter we have updated a previous review on CBP, covering in more depth potential participation in physiopathological processes and candidacy for pharmacological targets in many diseases. We review intracellular CBP that contain the structural EF-hand domain: parvalbumin, calmodulin, S100 proteins, calcineurin and neuronal Ca2+ sensor proteins (NCS). We also address intracellular CBP lacking the EF-hand domain: annexins, CBP within intracellular Ca2+ stores (paying special attention to calreticulin and calsequestrin), proteins that contain a C2 domain (such as protein kinase C (PKC) or synaptotagmin) and other proteins of interest, such as regucalcin or proprotein convertase subtisilin kexins (PCSK). Finally, we summarise the latest findings on extracellular CBP, classified according to their Ca2+ binding structures: (i) EF-hand domains; (ii) EGF-like domains; (iii) ɣ-carboxyl glutamic acid (GLA)-rich domains; (iv) cadherin domains; (v) Ca2+-dependent (C)-type lectin-like domains; (vi) Ca2+-binding pockets of family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107426. [PMID: 31629007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction plays a key role in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since NMDAR hypofunction has also been reported in autism, Alzheimer's disease and cognitive dementia, it is crucial to identify the location, timing, and mechanism of NMDAR hypofunction for schizophrenia for better understanding of disease etiology and for novel therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first discuss the shared underlying mechanisms of NMDAR hypofunction in NMDAR antagonist models and the anti-NMDAR autoantibody model of schizophrenia and suggest that NMDAR hypofunction could occur in GABAergic neurons in both models. Preclinical models using transgenic mice have shown that NMDAR hypofunction in cortical GABAergic neurons, in particular parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, in the early postnatal period confers schizophrenia-related phenotypes. Recent studies suggest that NMDAR hypofunction can also occur in PV-positive GABAergic neurons with alterations of NMDAR-associated proteins, such as neuregulin/ErbB4, α7nAChR, and serine racemase. Furthermore, several environmental factors, such as oxidative stress, kynurenic acid and hypoxia, may also potentially elicit NMDAR hypofunction in GABAergic neurons in early postnatal period. Altogether, the studies discussed here support a central role for GABAergic abnormalities in the context of NMDAR hypofunction. We conclude by suggesting potential therapeutic strategies to improve the function of fast-spiking neurons.
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31
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Zhu X, Yao Y, Li X, Dong J, Zhang A. Alteration of GABAergic signaling is associated with anxiety-like behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:141-148. [PMID: 30951784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is one of the most common neurological diseases, is accompanied by a high incidence of psychiatric disorders. Among these psychiatric disorders, anxiety is one of the major psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy patients. However, anxiety in epilepsy patients often remains unrecognized and untreated. It is believed that the inhibitory networks of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission play pivotal roles in the modulation of emotion and mood responses in both physiological and pathological conditions. The impairment of neurotransmission mediated by GABAergic signaling is related to the pathophysiology of anxiety. However, it remains unclear whether and how GABAergic signaling modulates anxiety responses in the context of an epileptic brain. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of inhibitory networks of GABAergic signaling in the anxiety-like behavior of epileptic mice. Our results show epileptic mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, and this increased anxiety-like behavior was accompanied by a decrease in GABAergic interneurons and an increase in GABA type A receptor (GABAAR) β3 subunit (GABRB3) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the activation of GABAARs produced an anxiolytic-like effect, while the inhibition of GABAARs elicited an anxiogenic-like effect in the epileptic mice, suggesting that the alteration of GABAergic signaling is associated with anxiety-like behavior in epileptic mice. Thus, targeting GABAergic signaling in the epileptic brain may provide an effective anxiolytic treatment in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Su T, Lu Y, Geng Y, Lu W, Chen Y. How could N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Lead to Excitation Instead of Inhibition? BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2018.2018.9050009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors mainly known to mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. Interestingly, low-dose NMDAR antagonists lead to increased, instead of decreased, functional connectivity; and they could cause schizophrenia- and/or antidepressant-like behavior in both humans and rodents. In addition, human genetic evidences indicate that NMDAR loss of function mutations underlie certain forms of epilepsy, a disease featured with abnormal brain hyperactivity. Together, they all suggest that under certain conditions, NMDAR activation actually lead to inhibition, but not excitation, of the global neuronal network. Apparently, these phenomena are rather counterintuitive to the receptor's basic role in mediating excitatory synaptic transmission. How could it happen? Recently, this has become a crucial question in order to fully understand the complexity of NMDAR function, particularly in disease. Over the past decades, different theories have been proposed to address this question. These include theories of “NMDARs on inhibitory neurons are more sensitive to antagonism”, or “basal NMDAR activity actually inhibits excitatory synapse”, etc. Our review summarizes these efforts, and also provides an introduction of NMDARs, inhibitory neurons, and their relationships with the related diseases. Advances in the development of novel NMDAR pharmacological tools, particularly positive allosteric modulators, are also included to provide insights into potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Su
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Lu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yelin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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33
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Cortical interneuron function in autism spectrum condition. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:146-154. [PMID: 30367159 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (INs) are a diverse group of neurons that project locally and shape the function of neural networks throughout the brain. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a proper balance of glutamate and GABA signaling is essential for both the proper function and development of the brain. Dysregulation of this system may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum condition (ASC). We evaluate the development and function of INs in rodent and human models and examine how neurodevelopmental dysfunction may produce core symptoms of ASC. Finding common physiological mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders may lead to novel pharmacological targets and candidates that could improve the cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with ASC.
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Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Medial Prefrontal γ-Aminobutyric Acid Among Schizophrenia Patients: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J ECT 2018; 34:227-232. [PMID: 29877964 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has often been applied to augment antipsychotics for schizophrenia patients. However, the underpinning mechanism is still unclear. Previous studies of major depressive disorder reported an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) after ECT. The present study investigated the effects of ECT on medial prefrontal GABA in schizophrenia using a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS Inpatients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) were assigned to 2 groups, ECT group (n = 14) receiving ECT plus antipsychotic drugs (APD) and drug group (n = 17) only receiving antipsychotic drugs. Medial prefrontal GABA+/Cr concentrations of all patients were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline and after 4-week treatment. Sex- and age-matched healthy comparisons (n = 19) were scanned at baseline. RESULTS γ-Aminobutyric acid level did not show a significant difference among 3 groups. However, when 2 patient groups were combined, their GABA level was significantly lower than that in healthy comparisons group. For schizophrenia patients, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that both the group effect and group × time interaction were insignificant, but the time effect of baseline versus after treatment was significant. Exploratory post hoc paired t test found a significant increase of GABA only in ECT group, but not in drug group. No correlation was found between GABA change and clinical symptom improvement in either group. CONCLUSIONS γ-Aminobutyric acid level in the medial prefrontal lobe was reduced in schizophrenia patients. An increase in GABA concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex is more significantly associated with ECT plus antipsychotics than antipsychotics alone, possibly supporting the hypothesis of ECT augmentation for GABA mediated neural inhibition.
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35
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Quattrocolo G, Isaac M, Zhang Y, Petros TJ. Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains. J Vis Exp 2018:57723. [PMID: 29939182 PMCID: PMC6101640 DOI: 10.3791/57723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the roles of intrinsic vs. extrinsic mechanisms that regulate this differentiation process is a conundrum for all developmental neurobiologists. This issue is magnified for GABAergic interneurons, an incredibly heterogeneous cell population that is born from transient embryonic structures and undergo a protracted migratory phase to disperse throughout the telencephalon. To explore how different brain environments affect interneuron fate and maturation, we developed a protocol for harvesting fluorescently labeled immature interneuron precursors from specific brain regions in newborn mice (P0-P2). At this age, interneuron migration is nearly complete and these cells are residing in their final resting environments with relatively little synaptic integration. Following collection of single cell solutions via flow cytometry, these interneuron precursors are transplanted into P0-P2 wildtype postnatal pups. By performing both homotopic (e.g., cortex-to-cortex) or heterotopic (e.g., cortex-to-hippocampus) transplantations, one can assess how challenging immature interneurons in new brain environments affects their fate, maturation, and circuit integration. Brains can be harvested in adult mice and assayed with a wide variety of posthoc analysis on grafted cells, including immunohistochemical, electrophysiological and transcriptional profiling. This general approach provides investigators with a strategy to assay how distinct brain environments can influence numerous aspects of neuron development and identify if specific neuronal characteristics are primarily driven by hardwired genetic programs or environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Quattrocolo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
| | - Maria Isaac
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health;
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36
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Common basis for orofacial clefting and cortical interneuronopathy. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:8. [PMID: 29317601 PMCID: PMC5802454 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) of the lip and/or palate are among the most common human birth defects. Current treatment strategies focus on functional and cosmetic repair but even when this care is available, individuals born with OFCs are at high risk for persistent neurobehavioral problems. In addition to learning disabilities and reduced academic achievement, recent evidence associates OFCs with elevated risk for a constellation of psychiatric outcomes including anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. The relationship between these outcomes and OFCs is poorly understood and controversial. Recent neuroimaging studies in humans and mice demonstrate subtle morphological brain abnormalities that co-occur with OFCs but specific molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been investigated. Here, we provide the first evidence directly linking OFC pathogenesis to abnormal development of GABAergic cortical interneurons (cINs). Lineage tracing revealed that the structures that form the upper lip and palate develop in molecular synchrony and spatiotemporal proximity to cINs, suggesting these populations may have shared sensitivity to genetic and/or teratogenic insult. Examination of cIN development in a mouse model of nonsyndromic OFCs revealed significant disruptions in cIN proliferation and migration, culminating in misspecification of the somatostatin-expressing subgroup. These findings reveal a unified developmental basis for orofacial clefting and disrupted cIN development, and may explain the significant overlap in neurobehavioral and psychiatric outcomes associated with OFCs and cIN dysfunction. This emerging mechanistic understanding for increased prevalence of adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in OFC patients is the entry-point for developing evidence-based therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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37
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Tischfield DJ, Anderson SA. Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286389 DOI: 10.3791/56358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Tischfield
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania;
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38
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Jørgensen L, Al-Khawaja A, Kickinger S, Vogensen SB, Skovgaard-Petersen J, Rosenthal E, Borkar N, Löffler R, Madsen KK, Bräuner-Osborne H, Schousboe A, Ecker GF, Wellendorph P, Clausen RP. Structure–Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1). J Med Chem 2017; 60:8834-8846. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jørgensen
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anas Al-Khawaja
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kickinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stine B. Vogensen
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Skovgaard-Petersen
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Rosenthal
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nrupa Borkar
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebekka Löffler
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten K. Madsen
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard F. Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus P. Clausen
- Department of Drug
Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ghoshal A, Moran SP, Dickerson JW, Joffe ME, Grueter BA, Xiang Z, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Role of mGlu 5 Receptors and Inhibitory Neurotransmission in M 1 Dependent Muscarinic LTD in the Prefrontal Cortex: Implications in Schizophrenia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2254-2265. [PMID: 28679049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective potentiation of the mGlu5 subtype of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor using positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) has robust cognition-enhancing effects in rodent models that are relevant for schizophrenia. Until recently, these effects were thought to be due to potentiation of mGlu5-induced modulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) currents and NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, "biased" mGlu5 PAMs that do not potentiate mGlu5 effects on NMDAR currents show efficacy that is similar to that of prototypical mGlu5 PAMs, suggesting that NMDAR-independent mechanisms must be involved in these actions. We now report that synaptic activation of mGlu5 is required for a form of long-term depression (mLTD) in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is induced by activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChR) receptors, which was previously thought to be independent of mGlu5 activation. Interestingly, a biased mGlu5 PAM, VU0409551, that does not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, potentiated induction of mLTD. Furthermore, coactivation of mGlu5 and M1 receptors increased GABAA-dependent inhibitory tone in the PFC pyramidal neurons, which likely contributes to the observed mLTD. Finally, systemic administration of the biased mGlu5 PAM reversed deficits in mLTD and associated cognitive deficits in a model of cortical disruption caused by repeated phencyclidine exposure that is relevant for schizophrenia and was previously shown to be responsive to selective M1 muscarinic receptor PAMs. These studies provide exciting new insights into a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 PAMs can reverse deficits in PFC function and cognition that is independent of modulation of NMDAR currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Max E. Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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40
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Namba H, Nagano T, Jodo E, Eifuku S, Horie M, Takebayashi H, Iwakura Y, Sotoyama H, Takei N, Nawa H. Epidermal growth factor signals attenuate phenotypic and functional development of neocortical GABA neurons. J Neurochem 2017; 142:886-900. [PMID: 28608461 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic development of neocortical GABA neurons is highly plastic and promoted by various neurotrophic factors such as neuregulin-1. A subpopulation of GABA neurons expresses not only neuregulin receptor (ErbB4) but also epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (ErbB1) during development, but the neurobiological action of EGF on this cell population is less understood than that of neuregulin-1. Here, we examined the effects of exogenous EGF on immature GABA neurons both in culture and in vivo and also explored physiological consequences in adults. We prepared low density cultures from the neocortex of rat embryos and treated neocortical neurons with EGF. EGF decreased protein levels of glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67), and EGF influences on neuronal survival and glial proliferation were negligible or limited. The EGF treatment also diminished the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). In vivo administration of EGF to mouse pups reproduced the above GABAergic phenomena in neocortical culture. In EGF-injected postnatal mice, GAD- and parvalbumin-immunoreactivities were reduced in the frontal cortex. In addition, postnatal EGF treatment decreased mIPSC frequency in, and the density of, GABAergic terminals on pyramidal cells. Although these phenotypic influences on GABA neurons became less marked during development, it later resulted in the reduced β- and γ-powers of sound-evoked electroencephalogram in adults, which is regulated by parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons and implicated in the schizophrenia pathophysiology. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the ErbB4 ligand of neuregulin-1, the ErbB1 ligand of EGF exerts unique maturation-attenuating influences on developing cortical GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadasato Nagano
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Niigata Prefecture, Higashi-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eiichi Jodo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
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41
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Coyle J, Didriksen M, Gill K, Grace AA, Hensch TK, LaMantia AS, Lindemann L, Maynard TM, Meyer U, Morishita H, O'Donnell P, Puhl M, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a common mechanism in models of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:936-943. [PMID: 28322275 PMCID: PMC5491690 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the etiology across schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, PVI circuits are altered in these psychiatric disorders. Identifying mechanism(s) underlying PVI deficits is essential to establish treatments targeting in particular cognition. On the basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show PVI deficits to be all accompanied by oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex. Specifically, oxidative stress is negatively correlated with the integrity of PVIs and the extracellular perineuronal net enwrapping these interneurons. Oxidative stress may result from dysregulation of systems typically affected in schizophrenia, including glutamatergic, dopaminergic, immune and antioxidant signaling. As convergent end point, redox dysregulation has successfully been targeted to protect PVIs with antioxidants/redox regulators across several animal models. This opens up new perspectives for the use of antioxidant treatments to be applied to at-risk individuals, in close temporal proximity to environmental impacts known to induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-H Cabungcal
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Coyle
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Didriksen
- Synaptic transmission H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - K Gill
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T K Hensch
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A-S LaMantia
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Lindemann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharmaceutical and Early Development, Neuroscience, Opthalmology & Rare Disease (NORD) DTA, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T M Maynard
- George Washington Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Morishita
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA,FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Friedman Brain Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Puhl
- Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne CH-1008, Switzerland. E-mail:
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42
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Tasic L, Pontes JGM, Carvalho MS, Cruz G, Dal Mas C, Sethi S, Pedrini M, Rizzo LB, Zeni-Graiff M, Asevedo E, Lacerda ALT, Bressan RA, Poppi RJ, Brietzke E, Hayashi MAF. Metabolomics and lipidomics analyses by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of schizophrenia patient serum reveal potential peripheral biomarkers for diagnosis. Schizophr Res 2017; 185:182-189. [PMID: 28040324 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using 1H NMR-based metabolomics in association to chemometrics analysis, we analyzed here the metabolic differences between schizophrenia patients (SCZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs). HCs and SCZ patients underwent clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). SCZ patients were further assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). Using the principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) in obtained NMR data, a clear group separation between HCs and SCZ patients was achieved. Interestingly, all metabolite compounds identified as exclusively present in the SCZ group, except for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were never previously associated with mental disorders. Although the initial perception of an absence of obvious biological link among the different key molecules exclusively observed in each group, and no identification of any specific pathway yet, the present work represents an important contribution for the identification of potential biomarkers to inform diagnosis, as it was possible to completely separate the affected SCZ patients from HCs, with no outliers or exceptions. In addition, the data presented here reinforced the role of the modulation of glycolysis pathway and the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Tasic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - João G M Pontes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Michelle S Carvalho
- Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Cruz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolines Dal Mas
- Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumit Sethi
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pedrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acioly L T Lacerda
- Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronei Jesus Poppi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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43
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Feldmeyer D, Qi G, Emmenegger V, Staiger JF. Inhibitory interneurons and their circuit motifs in the many layers of the barrel cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 368:132-151. [PMID: 28528964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen substantial progress in studying the structural and functional properties of GABAergic interneurons and their roles in the neuronal networks of barrel cortex. Although GABAergic interneurons represent only about 12% of the total number of neocortical neurons, they are extremely diverse with respect to their structural and functional properties. It has become clear that barrel cortex interneurons not only serve the maintenance of an appropriate excitation/inhibition balance but also are directly involved in sensory processing. In this review we present different interneuron types and their axonal projection pattern framework in the context of the laminar and columnar organization of the barrel cortex. The main focus is here on the most prominent interneuron types, i.e. basket cells, chandelier cells, Martinotti cells, bipolar/bitufted cells and neurogliaform cells, but interneurons with more unusual axonal domains will also be mentioned. We describe their developmental origin, their classification with respect to molecular, morphological and intrinsic membrane and synaptic properties. Most importantly, we will highlight the most prominent circuit motifs these interneurons are involved in and in which way they serve feed-forward inhibition, feedback inhibition and disinhibition. Finally, this will be put into context to their functional roles in sensory signal perception and processing in the whisker system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Feldmeyer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vishalini Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen D-37075, Germany.
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Early Social Isolation Stress and Perinatal NMDA Receptor Antagonist Treatment Induce Changes in the Structure and Neurochemistry of Inhibitory Neurons of the Adult Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0034-17. [PMID: 28466069 PMCID: PMC5411163 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0034-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to aversive experiences during early life influences brain development and leads to altered behavior. Moreover, the combination of these experiences with subtle alterations in neurodevelopment may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent hypotheses suggest that imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) neurotransmission, especially in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, may underlie their etiopathology. In order to understand better the neurobiological bases of these alterations, we studied the impact of altered neurodevelopment and chronic early-life stress on these two brain regions. Transgenic mice displaying fluorescent excitatory and inhibitory neurons, received a single injection of MK801 (NMDAR antagonist) or vehicle solution at postnatal day 7 and/or were socially isolated from the age of weaning until adulthood (3 months old). We found that anxiety-related behavior, brain volume, neuronal structure, and the expression of molecules related to plasticity and E/I neurotransmission in adult mice were importantly affected by early-life stress. Interestingly, many of these effects were potentiated when the stress paradigm was applied to mice perinatally injected with MK801 ("double-hit" model). These results clearly show the impact of early-life stress on the adult brain, especially on the structure and plasticity of inhibitory networks, and highlight the double-hit model as a valuable tool to study the contribution of early-life stress in the emergence of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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45
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Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons for cell-based therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:57-85. [PMID: 28554401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many neurological disorders stem from defects in or the loss of specific neurons. Neuron transplantation has tremendous clinical potential for central nervous system therapy as it may allow for the targeted replacement of those cells that are lost in diseases. Normally, most neurons are added during restricted periods of embryonic and fetal development. The permissive milieu of the developing brain promotes neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Once this active period of neurogenesis ends, the chemical and physical environment of the brain changes dramatically. The brain parenchyma becomes highly packed with neuronal and glial processes, extracellular matrix, myelin, and synapses. The migration of grafted cells to allow them to home into target regions and become functionally integrated is a key challenge to neuronal transplantation. Interestingly, transplanted young telencephalic inhibitory interneurons are able to migrate, differentiate, and integrate widely throughout the postnatal brain. These grafted interneurons can also functionally modify local circuit activity. These features have facilitated the use of interneuron transplantation to study fundamental neurodevelopmental processes including cell migration, cell specification, and programmed neuronal cell death. Additionally, these cells provide a unique opportunity to develop interneuron-based strategies for the treatment of diseases linked to interneuron dysfunction and neurological disorders associated to circuit hyperexcitability.
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46
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Ansen-Wilson LJ, Lipinski RJ. Gene-environment interactions in cortical interneuron development and dysfunction: A review of preclinical studies. Neurotoxicology 2017; 58:120-129. [PMID: 27932026 PMCID: PMC5328258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are a diverse group of locally projecting neurons essential to the organization and regulation of neural networks. Though they comprise only ∼20% of neurons in the neocortex, their dynamic modulation of cortical activity is requisite for normal cognition and underlies multiple aspects of learning and memory. While displaying significant morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological variability, cINs collectively function to maintain the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the cortex by dampening hyperexcitability and synchronizing activity of projection neurons, primarily through use of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Disruption of the excitatory-inhibitory balance is a common pathophysiological feature of multiple seizure and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. While most studies have focused on genetic disruption of cIN development in these conditions, emerging evidence indicates that cIN development is exquisitely sensitive to teratogenic disruption. Here, we review key aspects of cIN development, including specification, migration, and integration into neural circuits. Additionally, we examine the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to common chemical and environmental agents disrupt these events in preclinical models. Understanding how genetic and environmental factors interact to disrupt cIN development and function has tremendous potential to advance prevention and treatment of prevalent seizure and neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Ansen-Wilson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1010B McArdle Building, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Cortical interneuron specification: the juncture of genes, time and geometry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:17-24. [PMID: 27889625 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental neuroscience is how hundreds of diverse cell types are generated to form specialized brain regions. The ganglionic eminences (GEs) are embryonic brain structures located in the ventral telencephalon that produce many inhibitory GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid)-ergic cell types, including long-range projection neurons and local interneurons (INs), which disperse widely throughout the brain. While much has been discovered about the origin and wiring of these cells, a major question remains: how do neurons originating in the GEs become specified during development as one differentiated subtype versus another? This review will cover recent work that has advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms governing cortical interneuron subtype specification, particularly progenitors' spatial origin, birthdates, lineage, and mode of division.
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48
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Sullivan CS, Kümper M, Temple BS, Maness PF. The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Promotes Clustering and Activation of EphA3 Receptors in GABAergic Interneurons to Induce Ras Homolog Gene Family, Member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated Growth Cone Collapse. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26262-26272. [PMID: 27803162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity is achieved during development of cortical networks and adjusted through synaptic plasticity. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA3 regulate the perisomatic synapse density of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in the mouse frontal cortex through ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse. In this study, it was demonstrated that binding of NCAM and EphA3 occurred between the NCAM Ig2 domain and EphA3 cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The binding interface was further refined through molecular modeling and mutagenesis and shown to be comprised of complementary charged residues in the NCAM Ig2 domain (Arg-156 and Lys-162) and the EphA3 CRD (Glu-248 and Glu-264). Ephrin-A5 induced co-clustering of surface-bound NCAM and EphA3 in GABAergic cortical interneurons in culture. Receptor clustering was impaired by a charge reversal mutation that disrupted NCAM/EphA3 association, emphasizing the importance of the NCAM/EphA3 binding interface for cluster formation. NCAM enhanced ephrin-A5-induced EphA3 autophosphorylation and activation of RhoA GTPase, indicating a role for NCAM in activating EphA3 signaling through clustering. NCAM-mediated clustering of EphA3 was essential for ephrin-A5-induced growth cone collapse in cortical GABAergic interneurons, and RhoA and a principal effector, Rho-associated protein kinase, mediated the collapse response. This study delineates a mechanism in which NCAM promotes ephrin-A5-dependent clustering of EphA3 through interaction of the NCAM Ig2 domain and the EphA3 CRD, stimulating EphA3 autophosphorylation and RhoA signaling necessary for growth cone repulsion in GABAergic interneurons in vitro, which may extend to remodeling of axonal terminals of interneurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Sullivan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Maike Kümper
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Brenda S Temple
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
| | - Patricia F Maness
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264
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49
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Uehara T, Sumiyoshi T, Kurachi M. New Pharmacotherapy Targeting Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia via Modulation of GABA Neuronal Function. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:793-801. [PMID: 26630957 PMCID: PMC4759318 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151009120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder. Cognitive impairment is a core symptom in patients with the illness, and has been suggested a major predictor of functional outcomes. Reduction of parvalbumin (PV)-positive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons has been associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, in view of the link between the abnormality of GABA neurons and cognitive impairments of the disease. It is assumed that an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory (E-I) activity induced by low activity of glutamatergic projections and PV-positive GABA interneurons in the prefrontal cortex resulted in sustained neural firing and gamma oscillation, leading to impaired cognitive function. Therefore, it is important to develop novel pharmacotherapy targeting GABA neurons and their activities. Clinical evidence suggests serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor agonist improves cognitive disturbances of schizophrenia, consistent with results from preclinical studies, through mechanism that corrects E-I imbalance via the suppression of GABA neural function. On the other hand, T-817MA, a novel neurotrophic agent, ameliorated loss of PV-positive GABA neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and reduction of gamma-band activity, as well as cognitive dysfunction in animal model of schizophrenia. In conclusion, a pharmacotherapy to alleviate abnormalities in GABA neurons through 5-HT1A agonists and T-817MA is expected to prevent the onset and/or progression of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-cho, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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50
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Castillo-Gómez E, Pérez-Rando M, Vidueira S, Nacher J. Polysialic Acid Acute Depletion Induces Structural Plasticity in Interneurons and Impairs the Excitation/Inhibition Balance in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Organotypic Cultures. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:170. [PMID: 27445697 PMCID: PMC4925659 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is affected in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. Recent studies suggest that imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory activity (E/I) may be responsible for this cortical dysfunction and therefore, may underlie the core symptoms of these diseases. This E/I imbalance seems to be correlated with alterations in the plasticity of interneurons but there is still scarce information on the mechanisms that may link these phenomena. The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is a good candidate, because it modulates the neuronal plasticity of interneurons and its expression is altered in schizophrenia and major depression. To address this question, we have developed an in vitro model using mPFC organotypic cultures of transgenic mice displaying fluorescent spiny interneurons. After enzymatic depletion of PSA, the spine density of interneurons, the number of synaptic puncta surrounding pyramidal neuron somata and the E/I ratio were strongly affected. These results point to the polysialylation of NCAM as an important factor in the maintenance of E/I balance and the structural plasticity of interneurons. This may be particularly relevant for better understanding the etiology of schizophrenia and major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castillo-Gómez
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM): Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthMadrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Rando
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Vidueira
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit/BIOTECMED, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM): Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthMadrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValencia, Spain
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