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Dyukova I, Ben Faleh A, Warnke S, Yalovenko N, Yatsyna V, Bansal P, Rizzo TR. A new approach for identifying positional isomers of glycans cleaved from monoclonal antibodies. Analyst 2021; 146:4789-4795. [PMID: 34231555 PMCID: PMC8311261 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation patterns in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can vary significantly between different host cell types, and these differences may affect mAbs safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycan isomers with the terminal galactose position on either the Man α1-3 arm or the Man α1-6 arm have an impact on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. The development of a robust method to distinguish positional isomers of glycans is thus critical to guarantee mAb quality. In this work, we apply high-resolution ion mobility combined with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to distinguish isomeric glycans with different terminal galactose positions, using G1F as an example. Selective enzymatic synthesis of the G1(α1-6)F isomer allows us to assign the peaks in the arrival-time distributions and the infrared spectra to their respective isomeric forms. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of the host cell line (CHO and HEK-293) on the IgG G1F gycan profile at the isomer level. This work illustrates the potential of our approach for glycan analysis of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Dyukova
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ahmed Ben Faleh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Stephan Warnke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Natalia Yalovenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Vasyl Yatsyna
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics412 96 GothenburgSweden
| | - Priyanka Bansal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPMStation 6CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerland
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2
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Friligou I, Gassner J, Knoblauch D, Kagerer G, Popp F, Voit S, Engel AM, Leinenbach A, Steffen W, Haberger M, Tabarés G. Glycosylation of recombinant rabbit immunoglobulins influences protease susceptibility as shown by comprehensive mass spectrometric glycan analysis. Glycobiology 2021; 31:762-771. [PMID: 33554253 PMCID: PMC8351503 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins (rIgGs) have become increasingly important as therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools in recent years. Genetic engineering allows the introduction of non-natural features such as the Sortase motif for site-directed labeling. In this study, the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) was used for the proteolytic cleavage of rIgGs to produce their biotinylated Fab fragments by locating the cleavage site close to the hinge region. However, SrtA cleavage of engineered rabbit IgGs (rRb-IgGs) derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells showed significantly lower yields compared with their mouse counterparts. Nonrecombinant Rb-IgGs have N- and O-glycans, and the presence of O-glycans close to the hinge region of the rRb-IgGs might affect the susceptibility of these antibodies to SrtA cleavage. In addition, the glycosylation pattern of rIgGs differs depending on the host cell used for expression. Therefore, we analyzed the N- and O-glycans of various rRb-IgGs expressed in HEK293 cells, detecting and quantifying 13 different N-glycan and 3 different O-glycan structures. The distribution of the different detected glycoforms in our rRb-IgG N-glycan analysis is in agreement with previous studies on recombinant human IgG N-glycans, confirming the hypothesis that the host cell defines the glycosylation of the recombinant produced IgGs. O-glycosylation could be mapped onto the threonine residue within the hinge region sequence XPTCPPPX, as already described previously for nonrecombinant Rb-IgGs. Substitution of this threonine allowed an almost complete Fab fragment cleavage. Therefore, we could confirm the hypothesis that the O-glycans affect the SrtA activity, probably due to steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Friligou
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jana Gassner
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dominic Knoblauch
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Kagerer
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Popp
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Voit
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alfred M Engel
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Leinenbach
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wojtek Steffen
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Glòria Tabarés
- Department of Early Development and Reagent Design, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwaldstr. 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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3
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Abdo AIK, Ngoh YY, Lew MH, Dass SA, Rahumatullah A, Noordin R, Tye GJ. Generation of human scFv-IgG1Fc antibodies for detection of lymphatic filarial recombinant antigens, BmR1 and BmSXP. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:70-76. [PMID: 33258152 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects millions in tropical and subtropical countries and is caused by Wuchereria and Brugia species. Specific and sensitive detection methods are essential in mapping infected areas where rapid tests are needed to cover underdeveloped and remote regions, which facilitates eliminating the disease as a public health problem. A few commercialized rapid tests based on antigen or antibody detection are available, but the former only detects infection by Wuchereria species and cross-reacts with nonlymphatic filaria, whereas antibody detection might provide positive results of previous infection. Here, we report the production of three different recombinant immunoglobulin gamma (IgG)1 antibodies based on scFvs previously generated via human antibody phage display technology, that is, anti-BmR1 clone 4, anti-BmXSP clone 5B, and anti-BmXSP clone 2H2. The scFv sequences were cloned into a pCMV-IgG1 vector, then transfected into a HEK293F cell line. The generated antibodies were found to be able to bind to their respective targets even at relatively low concentration. Conjugation of Fc to scFv induces binder stability and provides multiple labeling sites for probes and signaling molecules that can be used in rapid tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ismail Khaled Abdo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ying Yuan Ngoh
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Min Han Lew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Srzentić K, Fornelli L, Tsybin YO, Loo JA, Seckler H, Agar JN, Anderson LC, Bai DL, Beck A, Brodbelt JS, van der Burgt YEM, Chamot-Rooke J, Chatterjee S, Chen Y, Clarke DJ, Danis PO, Diedrich JK, D'Ippolito RA, Dupré M, Gasilova N, Ge Y, Goo YA, Goodlett DR, Greer S, Haselmann KF, He L, Hendrickson CL, Hinkle JD, Holt MV, Hughes S, Hunt DF, Kelleher NL, Kozhinov AN, Lin Z, Malosse C, Marshall AG, Menin L, Millikin RJ, Nagornov KO, Nicolardi S, Paša-Tolić L, Pengelley S, Quebbemann NR, Resemann A, Sandoval W, Sarin R, Schmitt ND, Shabanowitz J, Shaw JB, Shortreed MR, Smith LM, Sobott F, Suckau D, Toby T, Weisbrod CR, Wildburger NC, Yates JR, Yoon SH, Young NL, Zhou M. Interlaboratory Study for Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies by Top-Down and Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1783-1802. [PMID: 32812765 PMCID: PMC7539639 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics (www.topdownproteomics.org) launched the present study to assess the current state of top-down mass spectrometry (TD MS) and middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) for characterizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) primary structures, including their modifications. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing therapeutic antibody market, it is important to develop analytical strategies to characterize the heterogeneity of a therapeutic product's primary structure accurately and reproducibly. The major objective of the present study is to determine whether current TD/MD MS technologies and protocols can add value to the more commonly employed bottom-up (BU) approaches with regard to confirming protein integrity, sequencing variable domains, avoiding artifacts, and revealing modifications and their locations. We also aim to gather information on the common TD/MD MS methods and practices in the field. A panel of three mAbs was selected and centrally provided to 20 laboratories worldwide for the analysis: Sigma mAb standard (SiLuLite), NIST mAb standard, and the therapeutic mAb Herceptin (trastuzumab). Various MS instrument platforms and ion dissociation techniques were employed. The present study confirms that TD/MD MS tools are available in laboratories worldwide and provide complementary information to the BU approach that can be crucial for comprehensive mAb characterization. The current limitations, as well as possible solutions to overcome them, are also outlined. A primary limitation revealed by the results of the present study is that the expert knowledge in both experiment and data analysis is indispensable to practice TD/MD MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Srzentić
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Loo
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Henrique Seckler
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Dina L Bai
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunqiu Chen
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | - David J Clarke
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O Danis
- Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ying Ge
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Young Ah Goo
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David R Goodlett
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sylvester Greer
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | - Lidong He
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | | | - Joshua D Hinkle
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Matthew V Holt
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Sam Hughes
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald F Hunt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Anton N Kozhinov
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziqing Lin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Alan G Marshall
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Millikin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Neil R Quebbemann
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Wendy Sandoval
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Richa Sarin
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | | | | | - Jared B Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Lloyd M Smith
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Frank Sobott
- University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy Toby
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John R Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Nicolas L Young
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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5
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Kronimus Y, Dodel R, Galuska SP, Neumann S. IgG Fc N-glycosylation: Alterations in neurologic diseases and potential therapeutic target? J Autoimmun 2019; 96:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Montero-Morales L, Maresch D, Castilho A, Turupcu A, Ilieva KM, Crescioli S, Karagiannis SN, Lupinek C, Oostenbrink C, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Recombinant plant-derived human IgE glycoproteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 161:81-87. [PMID: 28400175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing biotechnological interest in human IgE antibodies demands advanced systems which allow their proper expression. However, this is still a challenge due to the complexity of the molecule, particularly regarding the diverse N-glycosylation pattern. Here, we present the expression of recombinant IgE in wild type and glycan-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in-depth N-glycosylation analyses. Mass spectrometric profiling revealed that plant IgE has a site occupancy rate that ranges from non-occupied at glycosite 6 (GS6) to 100% occupancy at GS1 and 2. Similarly to human cell-derived IgE, plant versions carry complex N-glycans at GS1-5 and oligomannosidic structures at GS7. Computational modelling suggests that spatial position (or orientation) of glycans can impair processing or site occupancy on adjacent glycosites. IgE expressed in glycoengineered and wild type plants carry, respectively, GnGn and plant-typical GnGnXF structures at large homogeneity. This contrasts with the glycan diversity of HEK cell-derived IgE, carrying at least 20 different glycoforms. Importantly, IgE glycoengineering allows the control of its glycosylation, a so far unmet need when using well-established expression systems. This enables the elucidation of possible carbohydrate-dependent IgE functions. SIGNIFICANCE Targeted glycosylation of recombinant proteins may provide an advantage in therapeutic applications. Despite increasing biotechnological interest in IgE antibodies, knowledge and impact of glycosylation on this antibody class are scarce. With the ability to glyco-engineer recombinant IgE, we provide an important step towards the generation of IgE with other targeted N-glycans. This will facilitate detailed structure-function studies and may lead to the production of IgE with optimized activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montero-Morales
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegül Turupcu
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Dept. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Production process reproducibility and product quality consistency of transient gene expression in HEK293 cells with anti-PD1 antibody as the model protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1889-1898. [PMID: 27853858 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Demonstration of reproducibility and consistency of process and product quality is one of the most crucial issues in using transient gene expression (TGE) technology for biopharmaceutical development. In this study, we challenged the production consistency of TGE by expressing nine batches of recombinant IgG antibody in human embryonic kidney 293 cells to evaluate reproducibility including viable cell density, viability, apoptotic status, and antibody yield in cell culture supernatant. Product quality including isoelectric point, binding affinity, secondary structure, and thermal stability was assessed as well. In addition, major glycan forms of antibody from different batches of production were compared to demonstrate glycosylation consistency. Glycan compositions of the antibody harvested at different time periods were also measured to illustrate N-glycan distribution over the culture time. From the results, it has been demonstrated that different TGE batches are reproducible from lot to lot in overall cell growth, product yield, and product qualities including isoelectric point, binding affinity, secondary structure, and thermal stability. Furthermore, major N-glycan compositions are consistent among different TGE batches and conserved during cell culture time.
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8
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Monteil DT, Juvet V, Paz J, Moniatte M, Baldi L, Hacker DL, Wurm FM. A comparison of orbitally-shaken and stirred-tank bioreactors: pH modulation and bioreactor type affect CHO cell growth and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1174-1180. [PMID: 27453130 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) support the suspension cultivation of animal cells at volumetric scales up to 200 L and are a potential alternative to stirred-tank bioreactors (STRs) due to their rapid and homogeneous mixing and high oxygen transfer rate. In this study, a Chinese hamster ovary cell line producing a recombinant antibody was cultivated in a 5 L OSR and a 3 L STR, both operated with or without pH control. Effects of bioreactor type and pH control on cell growth and metabolism and on recombinant protein production and glycosylation were determined. In pH-controlled bioreactors, the glucose consumption and lactate production rates were higher relative to cultures grown in bioreactors without pH control. The cell density and viability were higher in the OSRs than in the STRs, either with or without pH control. Volumetric recombinant antibody yields were not affected by the process conditions, and a glycan analysis of the antibody by mass spectrometry did not reveal major process-dependent differences in the galactosylation index. The results demonstrated that OSRs are suitable for recombinant protein production from suspension-adapted animal cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1174-1180, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique T Monteil
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Juvet
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Paz
- Proteomics Core Facility (PCF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility (PCF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - David L Hacker
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wurm
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC), École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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9
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Dong Q, Yan X, Liang Y, Stein SE. In-Depth Characterization and Spectral Library Building of Glycopeptides in the Tryptic Digest of a Monoclonal Antibody Using 1D and 2D LC–MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1472-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dong
- Biomolecular
Measurement
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau
Drive, Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xinjian Yan
- Biomolecular
Measurement
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau
Drive, Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yuxue Liang
- Biomolecular
Measurement
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau
Drive, Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stephen E. Stein
- Biomolecular
Measurement
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau
Drive, Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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10
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Kunert R, Reinhart D. Advances in recombinant antibody manufacturing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3451-61. [PMID: 26936774 PMCID: PMC4803805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the first use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein expression, production processes have steadily improved through numerous advances. In this review, we have highlighted several key milestones that have contributed to the success of CHO cells from the beginning of their use for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression until today. The main factors influencing the yield of a production process are the time to accumulate a desired amount of biomass, the process duration, and the specific productivity. By comparing maximum cell densities and specific growth rates of various expression systems, we have emphasized the limiting parameters of different cellular systems and comprehensively described scientific approaches and techniques to improve host cell lines. Besides the quantitative evaluation of current systems, the quality-determining properties of a host cell line, namely post-translational modifications, were analyzed and compared to naturally occurring polyclonal immunoglobulin fractions from human plasma. In summary, numerous different expression systems for mAbs are available and also under scientific investigation. However, CHO cells are the most frequently investigated cell lines and remain the workhorse for mAb production until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Reinhart
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Dyson MR. Fundamentals of Expression in Mammalian Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:217-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Liu R, Giddens J, McClung CM, Magnelli PE, Wang LX, Guthrie EP. Evaluation of a glycoengineered monoclonal antibody via LC-MS analysis in combination with multiple enzymatic digestion. MAbs 2015; 8:340-6. [PMID: 26514686 PMCID: PMC4966608 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics properties of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and glycoengineering is now being used to produce mAbs with improved efficacy. In this work, a glycoengineered version of rituximab was produced by chemoenzymatic modification to generate human-like N-glycosylation with α 2,6 linked sialic acid. This modified rituximab was comprehensively characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared to commercially available rituximab. As anticipated, the majority of N-glycans were converted to α 2,6 linked sialic acid, in contrast to CHO-produced rituximab, which only contains α 2,3 linked sialic acid. Typical posttranslational modifications, such as pyro-glutamic acid formation at the N-terminus, oxidation at methionine, deamidation at asparagine, and disulfide linkages were also characterized in both the commercial and glycoengineered mAbs using multiple enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometric analysis. The comparative study reveals that the glycoengineering approach does not cause any additional posttranslational modifications in the antibody except the specific transformation of the glycoforms, demonstrating the mildness and efficiency of the chemoenzymatic approach for glycoengineering of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Liu
- a New England Biolabs Inc. , Ipswich , MA 01938
| | - John Giddens
- b Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry ; University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742
| | | | | | - Lai-Xi Wang
- b Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry ; University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742
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13
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Nichols P, Li L, Kumar S, Buck PM, Singh SK, Goswami S, Balthazor B, Conley TR, Sek D, Allen MJ. Rational design of viscosity reducing mutants of a monoclonal antibody: hydrophobic versus electrostatic inter-molecular interactions. MAbs 2015; 7:212-30. [PMID: 25559441 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High viscosity of monoclonal antibody formulations at concentrations ≥100 mg/mL can impede their development as products suitable for subcutaneous delivery. The effects of hydrophobic and electrostatic intermolecular interactions on the solution behavior of MAB 1, which becomes unacceptably viscous at high concentrations, was studied by testing 5 single point mutants. The mutations were designed to reduce viscosity by disrupting either an aggregation prone region (APR), which also participates in 2 hydrophobic surface patches, or a negatively charged surface patch in the variable region. The disruption of an APR that lies at the interface of light and heavy chain variable domains, VH and VL, via L45K mutation destabilized MAB 1 and abolished antigen binding. However, mutation at the preceding residue (V44K), which also lies in the same APR, increased apparent solubility and reduced viscosity of MAB 1 without sacrificing antigen binding or thermal stability. Neutralizing the negatively charged surface patch (E59Y) also increased apparent solubility and reduced viscosity of MAB 1, but charge reversal at the same position (E59K/R) caused destabilization, decreased solubility and led to difficulties in sample manipulation that precluded their viscosity measurements at high concentrations. Both V44K and E59Y mutations showed similar increase in apparent solubility. However, the viscosity profile of E59Y was considerably better than that of the V44K, providing evidence that inter-molecular interactions in MAB 1 are electrostatically driven. In conclusion, neutralizing negatively charged surface patches may be more beneficial toward reducing viscosity of highly concentrated antibody solutions than charge reversal or aggregation prone motif disruption.
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Key Words
- APR, Aggregation Prone Region
- ASA, Accessible Surface Area
- ASAFv-HPH, hydrophilic accessible surface area of the Fv portion
- ASAFv-HYD, hydrophobic accessible surface area of the Fv portion
- CE, Capillary Electrophoresis
- CH2
- CH3, third constant domain in heavy chain
- CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary
- D0, diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution
- DFv, dipole moment of Fv
- DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering
- ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- Fv, fragment variable
- HC, heavy chain
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain
- MAB 1 Control, MAB 1 expressed in CHO cells
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NTU, Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Pagg-VH, aggregation propensity of VH domain
- Pagg-VL, aggregation propensity of VL domain
- RPM, revolutions per minute
- SE-HPLC, Size Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Tm, thermal transition temperature
- VH, variable domain in the heavy chain
- VL, variable domain in the light chain
- ZDHH, Debye-Huckel Henry Charge
- ZFv, net charge of the Fv
- ZFv-app, apparent charge of the Fv
- aggregation prone regions
- cIEF, capillary Isoelectric Focusing
- cP, centipoise
- high concentration
- kD, protein-protein interaction parameter
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- molecular modeling
- monoclonal antibodies
- negatively charged patches
- rational design
- second constant domain in the heavy chain
- solubility
- viscosity
- ΔGFv, change in Free energy of Fv
- η, solution viscosity
- η0, solvent viscosity
- ηrel, relative viscosity
- ξFv, zeta-potential of the Fv
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilarin Nichols
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development; Pfizer Inc. ; Andover , MA USA
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14
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Bondt A, Rombouts Y, Selman MHJ, Hensbergen PJ, Reiding KR, Hazes JMW, Dolhain RJEM, Wuhrer M. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fab glycosylation analysis using a new mass spectrometric high-throughput profiling method reveals pregnancy-associated changes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3029-39. [PMID: 25004930 PMCID: PMC4223489 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-linked glycosylation of the constant fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin G has been shown to change during pathological and physiological events and to strongly influence antibody inflammatory properties. In contrast, little is known about Fab-linked N-glycosylation, carried by ∼ 20% of IgG. Here we present a high-throughput workflow to analyze Fab and Fc glycosylation of polyclonal IgG purified from 5 μl of serum. We were able to detect and quantify 37 different N-glycans by means of MALDI-TOF-MS analysis in reflectron positive mode using a novel linkage-specific derivatization of sialic acid. This method was applied to 174 samples of a pregnancy cohort to reveal Fab glycosylation features and their change with pregnancy. Data analysis revealed marked differences between Fab and Fc glycosylation, especially in the levels of galactosylation and sialylation, incidence of bisecting GlcNAc, and presence of high mannose structures, which were all higher in the Fab portion than the Fc, whereas Fc showed higher levels of fucosylation. Additionally, we observed several changes during pregnancy and after delivery. Fab N-glycan sialylation was increased and bisection was decreased relative to postpartum time points, and nearly complete galactosylation of Fab glycans was observed throughout. Fc glycosylation changes were similar to results described before, with increased galactosylation and sialylation and decreased bisection during pregnancy. We expect that the parallel analysis of IgG Fab and Fc, as set up in this paper, will be important for unraveling roles of these glycans in (auto)immunity, which may be mediated via recognition by human lectins or modulation of antigen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bondt
- From the ‡Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; ¶Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice H J Selman
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R Reiding
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M W Hazes
- From the ‡Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Radboud J E M Dolhain
- From the ‡Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- §Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; ‖Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; **Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Meuris L, Santens F, Elson G, Festjens N, Boone M, Dos Santos A, Devos S, Rousseau F, Plets E, Houthuys E, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Cons L, Chatel L, Devreese B, Callewaert N. GlycoDelete engineering of mammalian cells simplifies N-glycosylation of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:485-9. [PMID: 24752077 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the N-glycans on therapeutic proteins causes difficulties for protein purification and process reproducibility and can lead to variable therapeutic efficacy. This heterogeneity arises from the multistep process of mammalian complex-type N-glycan synthesis. Here we report a glycoengineering strategy--which we call GlycoDelete--that shortens the Golgi N-glycosylation pathway in mammalian cells. This shortening results in the expression of proteins with small, sialylated trisaccharide N-glycans and reduced complexity compared to native mammalian cell glycoproteins. GlycoDelete engineering does not interfere with the functioning of N-glycans in protein folding, and the physiology of cells modified by GlycoDelete is similar to that of wild-type cells. A therapeutic human IgG expressed in GlycoDelete cells had properties, such as reduced initial clearance, that might be beneficial when the therapeutic goal is antigen neutralization. This strategy for reducing N-glycan heterogeneity on mammalian proteins could lead to more consistent performance of therapeutic proteins and modulation of biopharmaceutical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Meuris
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [3]
| | - Francis Santens
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [3]
| | - Greg Elson
- 1] NovImmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland. [2]
| | - Nele Festjens
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Morgane Boone
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Devos
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyn Plets
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erica Houthuys
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Laura Cons
- NovImmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Fornelli L, Ayoub D, Aizikov K, Beck A, Tsybin YO. Middle-Down Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies with Electron Transfer Dissociation Orbitrap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3005-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4036857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fornelli
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74160 St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yury O. Tsybin
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Daramola O, Stevenson J, Dean G, Hatton D, Pettman G, Holmes W, Field R. A high-yielding CHO transient system: Coexpression of genes encoding EBNA-1 and GS enhances transient protein expression. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:132-41. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Jessica Stevenson
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Greg Dean
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Gary Pettman
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - William Holmes
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Ray Field
- Cell Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune; Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
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18
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Hacker DL, Kiseljak D, Rajendra Y, Thurnheer S, Baldi L, Wurm FM. Polyethyleneimine-based transient gene expression processes for suspension-adapted HEK-293E and CHO-DG44 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:67-76. [PMID: 24021764 PMCID: PMC7129890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of principles of TGE using mammalian cells. Description of TGE processes for HEK293 and CHO cells. Description of orbitally shaken bioreactors for suspension cell cultivation. Description of polyethylenime-based transfection processes.
Transient gene expression (TGE) from mammalian cells is an increasingly important tool for the rapid production of recombinant proteins for research applications in biochemistry, structural biology, and biomedicine. Here we review methods for the transfection of human embryo kidney (HEK-293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in suspension culture using the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hacker
- Protein Expression Core Facility, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Transfected HEK293 cells expressing functional recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)--a receptor associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69999. [PMID: 23936131 PMCID: PMC3723725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system. Human ICAM-1 mediates adhesion and migration of leucocytes, and is implicated in inflammatory pathologies, autoimmune diseases and in many cancer processes. Additionally, ICAM-1 acts as receptor for pathogens like human rhinovirus and Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. A group of related P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) domains, the DBLβ, mediates ICAM-1 binding of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. This ICAM‑1-binding phenotype has been suggested to be involved in the development of cerebral malaria. However, more studies identifying cross-reactive antibody and ICAM-1-binding epitopes and the establishment of a clinical link between DBLβ expression and e.g. cerebral malaria are needed before the DBLβ domains can be put forward as vaccine candidates and go into clinical trials. Such studies require availability of functional recombinant ICAM-1 in large quantities. In this study, we compared recombinant ICAM-1 expressed in HEK293 and COS-7 cells with mouse myeloma NS0 ICAM-1 purchased from a commercial vendor in terms of protein purity, yield, fold, ability to bind DBLβ, and relative cost. We present a HEK293 cell-based, high-yield expression and purification scheme for producing inexpensive, functional ICAM‑1. ICAM-1 expressed in HEK293 is applicable to malaria research and can also be useful in other research fields.
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20
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Vestrheim AC, Moen A, Egge-Jacobsen W, Bratlie DB, Michaelsen TE. Different glycosylation pattern of human IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies isolated from transiently as well as permanently transfected cell lines. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:419-28. [PMID: 23488770 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effector functions of IgG depend on the presence of carbohydrates attached to asparagine 297 in the Fc-portion. In this report, glycosylation profiles of recombinant wild-type and mutant IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies produced from three cell lines were analysed using LC-ESI-Orbitrap. Clear differences were detected between IgG1 and IgG3 glycoforms, where IgG1 generally contained fucosylated glycoforms, whilst IgG3 mainly were non-fucosylated. When using NS-0 and J558L cells for permanent transfection, IgG1 wt glycoforms differed between the two cell lines, whilst IgG3 wt glycoforms did not. Transiently transfected HEK 293E cells were used to produce IgG1 and IgG3 wt and mutants, affecting complement activation. Cell supernatants were harvested at early and late time points and analysed separately. IgGs harvested late showed simpler and less developed glycosylation structure compared to those harvested early. The IgG harvested early was slightly more effective in complement activation than those harvested late, whilst the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was unaltered. Generally, the glycosylation pattern of the mutants tested, including a hinge truncate mutant of IgG3, did not differ significantly from the wild-type IgGs. The striking difference in glycosylation pattern of IgG1 compared to IgG3 therefore appears not to be due to the long hinge region of IgG3 (62 amino acids) relative to the IgG1 hinge region (15 amino acids). Furthermore, mutation variants at or near the C1q binding site showed similar glycosylation structure and difference in their complement activation activity observed earlier is thus most likely due to differences in protein structure only.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Vestrheim
- Department of Bacteriology & Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Thompson NJ, Rosati S, Rose RJ, Heck AJR. The impact of mass spectrometry on the study of intact antibodies: from post-translational modifications to structural analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012. [PMID: 23183499 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics, targeting a variety of diseases ranging from cancers to neurodegenerative disorders. In developmental stages and prior to clinical use, these molecules require thorough structural characterisation, but their large size and heterogeneity present challenges for most analytical techniques. Over the past 20 years, mass spectrometry (MS) has transformed from a tool for small molecule analysis to a technique that can be used to study large intact proteins and non-covalent protein complexes. Here, we review several MS-based techniques that have emerged for the analysis of intact mAbs and discuss the prospects of using these technologies for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Thompson
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Butler M, Meneses-Acosta A. Recent advances in technology supporting biopharmaceutical production from mammalian cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:885-94. [PMID: 23053101 PMCID: PMC7080107 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The demand for production of glycoproteins from mammalian cell culture continues with an increased number of approvals as biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of unmet medical needs. This is particularly the case for humanized monoclonal antibodies which are the largest and fastest growing class of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. This demand has fostered efforts to improve the efficiency of production as well as to address the quality of the final product. Chinese hamster ovary cells are the predominant hosts for stable transfection and high efficiency production on a large scale. Specific productivity of recombinant glycoproteins from these cells can be expected to be above 50 pg/cell/day giving rise to culture systems with titers of around 5 g/L if appropriate fed-batch systems are employed. Cell engineering can delay the onset of programmed cell death to ensure prolonged maintenance of productive viable cells. The clinical efficacy and quality of the final product can be improved by strategic metabolic engineering. The best example of this is the targeted production of afucosylated antibodies with enhanced antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, an important function for use in cancer therapies. The development of culture media from non-animal sources continues and is important to ensure products of consistent quality and without the potential danger of contamination. Process efficiencies may also be improved by employing disposable bioreactors with the associated minimization of downtime. Finally, advances in downstream processing are needed to handle the increased supply of product from the bioreactor but maintaining the high purity demanded of these biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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23
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Fornelli L, Damoc E, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL, Aizikov K, Denisov E, Makarov A, Tsybin YO. Analysis of intact monoclonal antibody IgG1 by electron transfer dissociation Orbitrap FTMS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1758-67. [PMID: 22964222 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structural information of proteins employed as biotherapeutics is essential if one wishes to understand their structure-function relationship, as well as in the rational design of new therapeutics and for quality control. Given both the large size (around 150 kDa) and the structural complexity of intact immunoglobulin G (IgG), which includes a variable number of disulfide bridges, its extensive fragmentation and subsequent sequence determination by means of tandem mass spectrometry (MS) are challenging. Here, we applied electron transfer dissociation (ETD), implemented on a hybrid Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS), to analyze a commercial recombinant IgG in a liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) top-down experiment. The lack of sensitivity typically observed during the top-down MS of large proteins was addressed by averaging time-domain transients recorded in different LC-MS/MS experiments before performing Fourier transform signal processing. The results demonstrate that an improved signal-to-noise ratio, along with the higher resolution and mass accuracy provided by Orbitrap FTMS (relative to previous applications of top-down ETD-based proteomics on IgG), is essential for comprehensive analysis. Specifically, ETD on Orbitrap FTMS produced about 33% sequence coverage of an intact IgG, signifying an almost 2-fold increase in IgG sequence coverage relative to prior ETD-based analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies of a similar subclass. These results suggest the potential application of the developed methodology to other classes of large proteins and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fornelli
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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