1
|
Aaluri GR, Choudhary Y, Kumar S. Mitochondria-Associated MicroRNAs and Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Insights 2024; 19:26331055241254846. [PMID: 38800624 PMCID: PMC11127579 DOI: 10.1177/26331055241254846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs as a result of the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra causing motor and non-motor symptoms and has become more prevalent within the last several decades. With mitochondria being essential to cellular survival, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the disease progression by increasing neuron loss through (1) insufficient ATP production and (2) reactive oxygen species generation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules located throughout cells that regulate gene expression, particularly mitochondrial function. Through their own dysregulation, miRNAs offset the delicate balance of mitochondrial function by altering or dysregulating the expression of proteins, increasing neuroinflammation, increasing retention of toxic substances, limiting the removal of reactive oxygen species, and preventing mitophagy. Improper mitochondrial function places cells at increased risk of apoptosis, a major concern in individuals with PD due to their reduced number of dopaminergic neurons. This article has identified the 17 most promising mitochondrial associated miRNAs within PD: hsa-miR-4639-5p, miR-376a, miR-205, miR-421, miR-34b/c, miR-150, miR-7, miR-132, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-93, miR-106, miR-181, miR-193b, miR-128, miR-181a, and miR-124-3p. These miRNAs alter mitochondrial function and synaptic energy by impeding normal gene expression when up or downregulated. However, there is limited research regarding mitochondria-localized miRNAs that are typically seen in other diseases. Mitochondria-localized miRNA may have a greater impact on mitochondrial dysfunction due to their proximity. Further research is needed to determine the location of these miRNAs and to better understand their regulatory capabilities on mitochondrial and synaptic function within PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Reddy Aaluri
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L.
Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yashmit Choudhary
- Maxine L. Silva Health Magnet High School, 121 Val Verde St., El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L.
Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pucinelli CM, da Silva RAB, Nelson-Filho P, Lima RB, Lucisano MP, Marchesan JT, da Silva LAB. The effects of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition or knockout in experimental apical periodontitis induced in mice. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:285. [PMID: 38684528 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition or knockout in experimental apical periodontitis (AP) induced in mice. METHODS The experimental AP was induced by pulpal exposure. To evaluate NLRP3-specific inhibitor medication (MCC950), WT mice received intraperitoneal injections, while the control received PBS (n = 10). In addition, to evaluate NLRP3 knockout, 35 wild-type (WT) and 35 NLRP3-/- mice were divided into a control group (without pulpal exposure, n = 5) and three experimental groups: after 2, 14 and 42 days after pulpal exposure (n = 10). Microscopic and molecular analyzes were carried out using a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Exposure to MCC950 did not affect the periapical lesion size after 14 days (P = 0.584). However, exposed mice had a lower expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1 (P = 0.010, 0.016 and 0.002, respectively). Moreover, NLRP3-/- mice showed a smaller periapical lesion after 14 and 42 days (P = 0.023 and 0.031, respectively), as well as a lower expression of IL-1β after 42 days (P < 0.001), of IL-18 and caspase-1 after 14 (P < 0.001 and 0.035, respectively) and 42 days (P = 0.002 and 0.002, respectively). NLRP3-/- mice also showed a lower mRNA for Il-1β, Il-18 and Casp1 after 2 (P = 0.002, 0.036 and 0.001, respectively) and 14 days (P = 0.002, 0.002 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition or knockout can attenuate the inflammatory events that result in the periapical lesion (AP) formation after pulpal exposure in mice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The NLRP3 inflammasome may be a therapeutic target for AP, and new approaches may verify the impact of its inhibition (through intracanal medications or filling materials) on the bone repair process and treatment success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maschietto Pucinelli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barbosa Lima
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Julie Teresa Marchesan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (DCI), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang J, Wan Z, Qian C, Rasheed M, Cao C, Sun J, Wang X, Chen Z, Deng Y. The pyroptosis mediated biomarker pattern: an emerging diagnostic approach for Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:7. [PMID: 38172670 PMCID: PMC10765853 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1% of people over 60, and long-term levodopa treatment can cause side effects. Early diagnosis is of great significance in slowing down the pathological process of PD. Multiple pieces of evidence showed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) could participate in the progression of PD pathology. Pyroptosis is known to be regulated by ncRNAs as a key pathological feature of PD. Therefore, evaluating ncRNAs and pyroptosis-related proteins in serum could be worthy biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. METHODS NcRNAs and pyroptosis/inflammation mRNA levels were measured with reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Luciferase assays were performed to confirm GSDME as a target of miR-675-5p and HMGB1 as a target of miR-1247-5p. In the serum of healthy controls (n = 106) and PD patients (n = 104), RT-qPCR was utilized to assess miR-675-5p, miR-1247-5p, and two related ncRNAs (circSLC8A1and lncH19) levels. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured serum levels of pyroptosis-related proteins in controls (n = 54) and PD patients (n = 70). RESULTS Our data demonstrated that miR-675-5p and miR-1247-5p significantly changed in PD neuron and animal models. Overexpressed miR-675-5p or downregulated miR-1247-5p could regulate pyroptosis and inflammation in PD neuron models. Using the random forest algorithm, we constructed a classifier based on PD neuron-pyroptosis pathology (four ncRNAs and six proteins) having better predictive power than single biomarkers (AUC = 92%). Additionally, we verified the performance of the classifier in early-stage PD patients (AUC ≥ 88%). CONCLUSION Serum pyroptosis-related ncRNAs and proteins could serve as reliable, inexpensive, and non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for PD. LIMITATIONS All participants were from the same region. Additionally, longitudinal studies in the aged population are required to explore the practical application value of the classifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Wan
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changling Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhe Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Widyarti S, Wibowo S, Sabarudin A, Abhirama I, Sumitro SB. Dysfunctional energy and future perspective of low dose H 2O 2 as protective agent in neurodegenerative disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18123. [PMID: 37519743 PMCID: PMC10372669 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people with neurodegenerative disease continues to increase every year. A new perspective is needed to overcome this disease. In this review, researchers collected information about dysfunctional energy in neurodegenerative diseases driven by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysregulation can cause damage to the neuron system. The increase in the amount and interaction of α-synuclein with SAMM50 and GABARAPL1 in the mitochondria is one of the factors causing neurodegenerative disease. As an energy provider in the body, the existence of harmonization in the regulation of mitochondria, specifically the mitochondrial outer membrane, is important. Low-dose hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has neuroprotective abilities to overcome the impairment function of mitochondria in neurodegenerative patients. Based on computational simulation of this case, it can be used as a basic concept for the development of the role of H2O2 in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Widyarti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Syahputra Wibowo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Teknika Selatan Sekip Utara, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Sabarudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Intan Abhirama
- Department of Neurology, Bogor Senior Hospital, Jl.Raya Tajur 16137, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sutiman Bambang Sumitro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uppala SN, Tryphena KP, Naren P, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Involvement of miRNA on Epigenetics landscape of Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to therapeutics. Mech Ageing Dev 2023:111826. [PMID: 37268278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutics for the effective management of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undertaken seriously by the scientific community as the burden of PD continues to increase. Several molecular pathways are being explored to identify novel therapeutic targets. Epigenetics is strongly implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including PD. Several epigenetic mechanisms were found to dysregulated in various studies. These mechanisms are regulated by several miRNAs which are associated with a variety of pathogenic mechanisms in PD. This concept is extensively investigated in several cancers but not well documented in PD. Identifying the miRNAs with dual role i.e., regulation of epigenetic mechanisms as well as modulation of proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of PD could pave way for the development of novel therapeutics to target them. These miRNAs could also serve as potential biomarkers and can be useful in the early diagnosis or assessment of disease severity. In this article we would like to discuss about various epigenetic changes operating in PD and how miRNAs are involved in the regulation of these mechanisms and their potential to be novel therapeutic targets in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Nikhil Uppala
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li RL, Wang LY, Duan HX, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu C, Peng W. Regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction induced cell apoptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for herbal medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937289. [PMID: 36210852 PMCID: PMC9535092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive neurodegeneration caused by genetic and environmental factors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the three most common neurodegenerative diseases clinically. Unfortunately, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year. However, the current available drugs have poor efficacy and large side effects, which brings a great burden to the patients and the society. Increasing evidence suggests that occurrence and development of the neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction, which can affect mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as mitochondrial mitophagy. Through the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, nerve cells undergo varying degrees of apoptosis. Interestingly, it has been shown in recent years that the natural agents derived from herbal medicines are beneficial for prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the potential therapeutic agents from herbal medicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases via suppressing apoptosis through regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, in order to provide a foundation for the development of more candidate drugs for neurodegenerative diseases from herbal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Chunjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao XY, Yang T, Gu Y, Sun XH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885500. [PMID: 35795234 PMCID: PMC9250984 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. There are currently no cures or preventative treatments for PD. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD. Because dopaminergic neurons have high energy demand, cells affected by PD exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction that promotes the disease-defining the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The mitochondrion has a particularly important role as the cellular “powerhouse” of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, mitochondria have become a promising therapeutic target for PD treatments. This review aims to describe mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathology of PD, outline the genes associated with familial PD and the factors related to sporadic PD, summarize current knowledge on mitochondrial quality control in PD, and give an overview of therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondria in neuroprotective interventions in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Hong Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo H, Peng C, Xu X, Peng Y, Shi F, Li Q, Dong J, Chen M. The Protective Effects of Mogroside V Against Neuronal Damages by Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Upregulating Sirtuin3. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2068-2084. [PMID: 35040040 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are thought to play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mogroside V (MV), extracted from Siraitia grosvenorii, exhibits antioxidant-like activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of MV in neuroprotection in PD and to reveal its mechanism of action. To that end, we firstly set up mice models of PD with unilateral striatum injection of 0.25 mg/kg rotenone (Rot) and co-treated with 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg MV by gavage. Results showed that Rot-induced motor impairments and dopaminergic neuronal damage were reversed by treatment of 10 mg/kg MV. Then, we established cellular models of PD using Rot-treated SH-SY5Y cells, which were divided into six groups, including control, Rot, and co-enzyme Q10 (CQ10), as well as MV groups, MV25, MV50, and MV100 treated with 25 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM MV doses, respectively. Results demonstrated that MV effectively attenuates Rot neurotoxicity through a ROS-related intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. MV reduced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), recovered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increased the oxygen consumption rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, treatment with MV led to a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells, as reflected by Annexin-V/propidium iodide co-staining using flow cytometry and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. In addition, the Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) protein level and activity were decreased upon exposure to Rot both in substantia nigra (SN) of mice and SH-SY5Y cells. SIRT3 impairment hyperacetylated a key mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). MV alleviates SIRT3 and SOD2 molecular changes. However, after successfully inhibiting SIRT3 by its specific inhibitor 3-1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl pyridine (3TYP), MV was not able to reduce ROS levels, reverse abnormal MMP, or decrease apoptotic cells. Motor impairments and dopaminergic neuronal injury in the SN were alleviated with the oral administration of MV in Rot-treated PD mice, indicating a relationship between protection against defective motility and preservation of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we conclude that MV can alleviate Rot-induced neurotoxicity in a PD model, and that SIRT3 may be an important regulator in the protection of MV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Luo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Caixia Peng
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuntao Peng
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang P, Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Feng L, Chen Z. Emerging Potential of Exosomal Non-coding RNA in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:819836. [PMID: 35360206 PMCID: PMC8960858 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.819836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released by cells and circulate freely in body fluids. Under physiological and pathological conditions, they serve as cargo for various biological substances such as nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ncRNA), lipids, and proteins. Recently, exosomes have been revealed to have an important role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative illnesses, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). When secreted from damaged neurons, these exosomes are enriched in non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) and display wide distribution characteristics in the brain and periphery, bridging the gap between normal neuronal function and disease pathology. However, the current status of ncRNAs carried in exosomes regulating neuroprotection and PD pathogenesis lacks a systematic summary. Therefore, this review discussed the significance of ncRNAs exosomes in maintaining the normal neuron function and their pathogenic role in PD progression. Additionally, we have emphasized the importance of ncRNAs exosomes as potential non-invasive diagnostic and screening agents for the early detection of PD. Moreover, bioengineered exosomes are proposed to be used as drug carriers for targeted delivery of RNA interference molecules across the blood-brain barrier without immune system interference. Overall, this review highlighted the diverse characteristics of ncRNA exosomes, which may aid researchers in characterizing future exosome-based biomarkers for early PD diagnosis and tailored PD medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhan Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chaolei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Feng,
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Zixuan Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen R, Gu X, Wang X. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease and advances in detection. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 529:76-86. [PMID: 35176268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a threatening neurodegenerative disorder that seriously affects patients' life quality. Substantial evidence links the overexpression and abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) to PD. α-Syn has been identified as a characteristic biomarker of PD, which indicates its great value of diagnosis and designing effective therapeutic strategy. This article systematically summarizes the pathogenic process of α-Syn based on recent researches, outlines and compares commonly used analysis and detection technologies of α-Syn. Specifically, the detection of α-Syn by new electrochemical, photochemical, and crystal biosensors is mainly examined. Furthermore, the speculation of future study orientation is discussed, which provides reference for the further research and application of α-Syn as biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao Y, Li B, Ismail N, Smith K, Li T, Dai R, Deng Y. Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Endogenous Neurotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12805. [PMID: 34884606 PMCID: PMC8657695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up-regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- Neuroimmunology, Stress and Endocrinology (NISE) Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.I.); (K.S.)
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kevin Smith
- Neuroimmunology, Stress and Endocrinology (NISE) Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Tianmei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chau E, Kim H, Shin J, Martinez A, Kim JR. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein aggregation by AM17, a synthetic resveratrol derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 574:85-90. [PMID: 34454326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked to the aberrant self-assembly of the amyloid protein, α-synuclein (αS), where αS monomers aggregate to form oligomers and fibrils. Out of the three conformers, αS oligomers are the major toxic agents in PD, while αS fibrils may work as a reservoir for toxic oligomeric conformers. Thus, compounds that inhibit aggregation of αS monomers and disaggregate αS oligomers and fibrils may serve as therapeutic agents against PD. In this regard, resveratrol and its synthetic derivatives (e.g., AM17, which contains a copper ion-selective ionophoric motif) have previously been examined for their inhibitory effects on aggregation of amyloid proteins, such as the β-amyloid peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, we employed an array of experimental tools, such as Thioflavin T fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, immuno-dot blot assays, SDS- and native-PAGE, and circular dichroism, to determine the impact of AM17 and resveratrol on αS aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, we show for the first time that AM17 not only inhibits aggregation of αS monomers but also disaggregates αS oligomers and fibrils, independent of the copper ions. Similar αS aggregation inhibitory effects were observed with resveratrol only in the presence of the copper ion. The present study supports the high promise of applicability of AM17 as an effective amyloid aggregation inhibitor for various conformers and protein sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Hyunjoo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Jineun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Alberto Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, New York City College of Technology, 300 Jay St, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stetska VO, Dovbynchuk TV, Makedon YS, Dziubenko NV. The effect of water-soluble pristine C60 fullerene on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the mechanisms that leads to the dysfunction and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and presumed to be underway during the prodromal phase. Therefore, therapy, which is effective against pre-motor symptoms, might be effective in preventing or delaying the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic efficiency of pristine C60 fullerene aqueous solution (C60FAS) during Parkinson’s disease in rats. The unilateral dopamine deficiency was induced in male Wistar rats (220–250 g) by stereotaxic microinjection of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 12 μg). C60FAS was injected to rats intraperitoneally daily for 10 days (0.65 mg/kg per day). The percentage of destroyed dopaminergic neurons was determined by the apomorphine test and by IHC staining of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in substantia nigra. We evaluated the rat body weight, the water and food intake, Open Field behavioural test, the level of biochemical antioxidant system, the activity of peritoneal macrophages. Levels of spontaneous and carbachol-stimulated colon motility were estimated by ballonographic method in vivo. C60FAS showed a positive tendency to increase the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the midbrain, which was associated with more profound improvement in apomorphine-rotation behaviour and slight relief of the anxiety level in Open Field test. Furthermore, C60FAS treatment increased the index of stimulated distal colon motor activity while it did not have a significant effect on water content in feces and total gastrointestinal transit time. C60FAS treatment did not affect water intake behaviour or body weight changes while it induced an increase of glutathione level and decrease activity of glutathione peroxidase in the brain as well as an increase in activity of peritoneal macrophages in 6-OHDA-Parkinson’s disease rats. These findings confirmed the potential therapeutic effectiveness of water-soluble pristine C60 fullerene in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, though there is ground for caution because of its systemic mild toxic effect.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Z, Rasheed M, Deng Y. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dysfunction: Implication for Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13012. [PMID: 34414627 PMCID: PMC9048811 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the crucial factors involved in PD’s pathogenicity, which emerges from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These factors cause differential molecular expression in neurons, such as varied transcriptional regulation of genes, elevated oxidative stress, α‐synuclein aggregation and endogenous neurotoxins release, which induces epigenetic modifications and triggers energy crisis by damaging mitochondria of the dopaminergic neurons (DN). So far, these events establish a complicated relationship with underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial anomalies in PD, which has remained unclear for years and made PD diagnosis and treatment extremely difficult. Therefore, in this review, we endeavored to discuss the complex association of epigenetic modifications and other associated vital factors in mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose a hypothesis that describes a vicious cycle in which mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress act as a hub for regulating DA neuron's fate in PD. Oxidative stress triggers the release of endogenous neurotoxins (CTIQs) that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction along with abnormal α‐synuclein aggregation and epigenetic modifications. These disturbances further intensify oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, amplifying the synthesis of CTIQs and works vice versa. This vicious cycle may result in the degeneration of DN to hallmark Parkinsonism. Furthermore, we have also highlighted various endogenous compounds and epigenetic marks (neurotoxic and neuroprotective), which may help for devising future diagnostic biomarkers and target specific drugs using novel PD management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bohnen NI. Vulnerabilities of Aging and Biological Effects of Physical Activity Provide New Clues for Interventions in Parkinson's Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:687-689. [PMID: 32150615 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Departments of Radiology & Neurology, University of Michigan, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan & Ann Arbor VAMC
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prasuhn J, Davis RL, Kumar KR. Targeting Mitochondrial Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615461. [PMID: 33469539 PMCID: PMC7813753 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, but mitochondrial dysfunction has an established and prominent role. This is supported by an already large and rapidly growing body of evidence showing that the role of mitochondrial (dys)function is central and multifaceted. However, there are clear gaps in knowledge, including the dilemma of explaining why inherited mitochondriopathies do not usually present with parkinsonian symptoms. Many aspects of mitochondrial function are potential therapeutic targets, including reactive oxygen species production, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking, mitochondrial metal ion homeostasis, sirtuins, and endoplasmic reticulum links with mitochondria. Potential therapeutic strategies may also incorporate exercise, microRNAs, mitochondrial transplantation, stem cell therapies, and photobiomodulation. Despite multiple studies adopting numerous treatment strategies, clinical trials to date have generally failed to show benefit. To overcome this hurdle, more accurate biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction are required to detect subtle beneficial effects. Furthermore, selecting study participants early in the disease course, studying them for suitable durations, and stratifying them according to genetic and neuroimaging findings may increase the likelihood of successful clinical trials. Moreover, treatments involving combined approaches will likely better address the complexity of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, selecting the right patients, at the right time, and using targeted combination treatments, may offer the best chance for development of an effective novel therapy targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ionescu MI. Molecular docking investigation of the amantadine binding to the enzymes upregulated or downregulated in Parkinson's disease. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:149-175. [PMID: 35300368 PMCID: PMC8915579 DOI: 10.5599/admet.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Levodopa in combination with amantadine has a demonstrated efficacy in motility impairment. An extensive investigation of some enzymes described to be upregulated or downregulated in PD was made - adenylate kinase (AK), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1), nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 3 (NDK3), purine nucleoside phosphorylase 1 (PNP1), and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E). Also, creatine kinase (CK) was included in the study because it is one of the main enzymes involved in the regulation of the nucleotide ratio in energy metabolism. To date, there is no proven link between amantadine treatment of PD and these enzymes. Because there are many AKs isoforms modified in PD, the AK was the first investigated. The molecular docking experiments allow the analysis of the selective binding of amantadine - unionized (with -NH2 group) and ionized form (with -NH3 + group) - to the AKs' isoforms implicated in PD. Using available X-ray 3D structures of human AKs in closed-conformation, it was demonstrated that there are notable differences between the interactions of the two forms of amantadine for the zebrafish AK1 (5XZ2), human AK2 (2C9Y), human AK5 (2BWJ), and AK from B.stearothermophilus. The cytosolic human AK1 and human AK2 mostly interact with ionized amantadine by AMP binding residues. The human AK5 interaction with ionized amantadine does not involve the residues from the catalytic site. Among other enzymes tested in the present study, APRT revealed the best results in respect of binding amantadine ionized form. The results offer a new perspective for further investigation of the connections between amantadine treatment of PD and some enzymes involved in purine metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ileana Ionescu
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, .,Department of Microbiology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Angeloni C, Gatti M, Prata C, Hrelia S, Maraldi T. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Counteracting Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093299. [PMID: 32392722 PMCID: PMC7246730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases include a variety of pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and so forth, which share many common characteristics such as oxidative stress, glycation, abnormal protein deposition, inflammation, and progressive neuronal loss. The last century has witnessed significant research to identify mechanisms and risk factors contributing to the complex etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as genetic, vascular/metabolic, and lifestyle-related factors, which often co-occur and interact with each other. Apart from several environmental or genetic factors, in recent years, much evidence hints that impairment in redox homeostasis is a common mechanism in different neurological diseases. However, from a pharmacological perspective, oxidative stress is a difficult target, and antioxidants, the only strategy used so far, have been ineffective or even provoked side effects. In this review, we report an analysis of the recent literature on the role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal ganglion cells, and ataxia. Moreover, the contribution of stem cells has been widely explored, looking at their potential in neuronal differentiation and reporting findings on their application in fighting oxidative stress in different neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the exposure to mesenchymal stem cells or their secretome can be considered as a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance antioxidant capacity and neurotrophin expression while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which are common aspects of neurodegenerative pathologies. Further studies are needed to identify a tailored approach for each neurodegenerative disease in order to design more effective stem cell therapeutic strategies to prevent a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gómez‐Gálvez Y, Fuller HR, Synowsky S, Shirran SL, Gates MA. Quantitative proteomic profiling of the rat substantia nigra places glial fibrillary acidic protein at the hub of proteins dysregulated during aging: Implications for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1417-1432. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gómez‐Gálvez
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele University Keele UK
- School of Medicine Keele University Keele UK
| | - Heidi R. Fuller
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele University Keele UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital Oswestry UK
| | - Silvia Synowsky
- BSRC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility University of St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Sally L. Shirran
- BSRC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility University of St Andrews Fife UK
| | - Monte A. Gates
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Keele University Keele UK
- School of Medicine Keele University Keele UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng F, Lu L, Wei F, Wu D, Wang K, Tang J. The onjisaponin B metabolite tenuifolin ameliorates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2020; 31:456-465. [PMID: 32168102 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Onjisaponin B (OB) is the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb polygala, which is effective against neurodegenerative disorders. However, the target of OB is currently unknown. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are both risk factors for the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we used a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced subacute mouse model of PD to explore the efficacy and neuroprotective mechanism of OB in PD. Immunohistochemistry was used to mark dopaminergic (DA) neurons and microglia in the substantia nigra pars compact. Administration of OB (20 and 40 mg/kg) prevented the degeneration of DA neurons and improved motor impairment in the rotarod test. Furthermore, OB attenuated microglia over-activation and reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as determined by ELISA. Meanwhile, the activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were used to measure the level of oxidative stress in brain homogenates and suppression of excessive lipid epoxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activity were found in OB-treated PD mice. Finally, OB inhibits the expression of the p65 subunit of NF-κB in the nucleus and attenuated expression of the RhoA and ROCK2 proteins in PD mice. Consequently, our results show that OB ameliorates DA neurodegeneration in a MPTP-induced mouse model of PD through anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities mediated via the RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway. This finding demonstrates that OB may be a promising drug for DA neuron degeneration, which may provide a new therapeutic agent for future discovery of drugs for PD.See video abstract: http://links.lww.com/WNR/A580.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou
| | - Linyu Lu
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Die Wu
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Tang
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|