1
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Goodman MO, Faquih T, Paz V, Nagarajan P, Lane JM, Spitzer B, Maher M, Chung J, Cade BE, Purcell SM, Zhu X, Noordam R, Phillips AJK, Kyle SD, Spiegelhalder K, Weedon MN, Lawlor DA, Rotter JI, Taylor KD, Isasi CR, Sofer T, Dashti HS, Rutter MK, Redline S, Saxena R, Wang H. Genome-wide association analysis of composite sleep health scores in 413,904 individuals. Commun Biol 2025; 8:115. [PMID: 39856408 PMCID: PMC11760956 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of several individual sleep traits have identified hundreds of genetic loci, suggesting diverse mechanisms. Moreover, sleep traits are moderately correlated, so together may provide a more complete picture of sleep health, while illuminating distinct domains. Here we construct novel sleep health scores (SHSs) incorporating five core self-report measures: sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, chronotype, snoring, and daytime sleepiness, using additive (SHS-ADD) and five principal components-based (SHS-PCs) approaches. GWASs of these six SHSs identify 28 significant novel loci adjusting for multiple testing on six traits (p < 8.3e-9), along with 341 previously reported loci (p < 5e-08). The heritability of the first three SHS-PCs equals or exceeds that of SHS-ADD (SNP-h2 = 0.094), while revealing sleep-domain-specific genetic discoveries. Significant loci enrich in multiple brain tissues and in metabolic and neuronal pathways. Post-GWAS analyses uncover novel genetic mechanisms underlying sleep health and reveal connections (including potential causal links) to behavioral, psychological, and cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Goodman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tariq Faquih
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Paz
- Instituto de Psicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pavithra Nagarajan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Spitzer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Maher
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joon Chung
- Department of Informatics and Health Data Science, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J K Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon D Kyle
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Borghi R, Petrini S, Apollonio V, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Moreno S, Bertini E, Tartaglia M, Compagnucci C. Altered cytoskeleton dynamics in patient-derived iPSC-based model of PCDH19 clustering epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2025; 12:1518533. [PMID: 39834389 PMCID: PMC11743388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1518533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) is an adhesion molecule involved in cell-cell interaction whose mutations cause a drug-resistant form of epilepsy, named PCDH19-Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-CE, MIM 300088). The mechanism by which altered PCDH19 function drive pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Our previous work showed that PCDH19 dysfunction is associated with altered orientation of the mitotic spindle and accelerated neurogenesis, suggesting a contribution of altered cytoskeleton organization in PCDH19-CE pathogenesis in the control of cell division and differentiation. Here, we evaluate the consequences of altered PCDH19 function on microfilaments and microtubules organization, using a disease model obtained from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that iPSC-derived cortical neurons are characterized by altered cytoskeletal dynamics, suggesting that this protocadherin has a role in modulating stability of MFs and MTs. Consistently, the levels of acetylated-tubulin, which is related with stable MTs, are significantly increased in cortical neurons derived from the patient's iPSCs compared to control cells, supporting the idea that the altered dynamics of the MTs depends on their increased stability. Finally, performing live-imaging experiments using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and by monitoring GFP-tagged end binding protein 3 (EB3) "comets," we observe an impairment of the plus-end polymerization speed in PCDH19-mutated cortical neurons, therefore confirming the impaired MT dynamics. In addition to altering the mitotic spindle formation, the present data unveil that PCDH19 dysfunction leads to altered cytoskeletal rearrangement, providing therapeutic targets and pharmacological options to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Laboratories, Bambino Gesù, Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Apollonio
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Laboratories, Bambino Gesù, Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Neurology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Neurology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Research Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Chen S, You J, Zhou X, Li Y, Liu F, Teng Y, Teng H, Li Y, Liang D, Li Z, Wu L. PIGK defects induce apoptosis in Purkinje cells and acceleration of neuroectodermal differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:808. [PMID: 39521780 PMCID: PMC11550446 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-07201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 10/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in PIGK cause GPI biosynthesis defect 22 (GPIBD22), characterized with developmental delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar atrophy. The understanding of the underlying causes is limited due to the lack of suitable disease models. To address this gap, we generated a mouse model with PIGK deficits, specifically in Purkinje cells (Pcp2-cko) and an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model using the c.87dupT mutant (KI) found in GPIBD22 patients. Pcp2-cko mice demonstrated cerebellar atrophy, ataxia and progressive Purkinje cells loss which were accompanied by increased apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Similarly, KI iPSCs exhibited increased apoptosis and accelerated neural rosette formation, indicating that PIGK defects could impact early neural differentiation that confirmed by the RNA-Seq results of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The increased apoptosis and accelerated NPC differentiation in KI iPSCs are associated with excessive unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway activation, and can be rescued by UPR pathway inhibitor. Our study reveals potential pathogenic mechanism of GPIBD22 and providing new insights into the therapeutic strategy for GPIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiali You
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanling Teng
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Teng
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, MOE KeyLab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, Changsha, China.
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4
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Xu R, Liu Z, Li H, Luo L, Zheng Y, Mu F, Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu Y. Influence of PCDH9 (rs9540720) and narcissistic personality traits on the incidence of major depressive disorder in Chinese first-year university students: findings from a 2-year cohort study. Front Genet 2024; 14:1267972. [PMID: 38384361 PMCID: PMC10879931 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1267972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the influence of the polymorphism of the protocadherin 9 (PCDH9) gene and the narcissistic personality trait (NPT) on the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) in Chinese first-year university students. Methods: A 2-year cohort study was conducted among Chinese first-year university students who were enrolled in 2018 from two universities in Shandong Province, China. The snapshot technique was used to detect the genotypes of PCDH9 (rs9540720). The Chinese version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used for the MDD assessment. The NPTs were measured by 11 items based on DSM-IV. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Logistic regression modeling was carried out to examine the relationship between rs9540720, NPTs, and the incidence of MDD. Results: A total of 5,327 students participated in the baseline and follow-up studies and provided their blood samples. PCDH9 (rs9540720) (ORGG+GA = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.35-4.02) and NPTs (OR5-9 = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.40-3.64) increased the risk of MDD onset. There was no multiplicative interaction between NPTs and Rs9540720 (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.30-7.63). Furthermore, there was no additive interaction between them (RERI = 2.40, 95% CI: -0.82-5.62; AP = 0.47, 95% CI: -0.04-0.97; and S = 2.37, 95% CI: 0.54-10.33). Conclusion: PCDH9 (rs9540720) and more NPTs are the risk factors for the incidence of MDD in Chinese first-year university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xu
- School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyun Li
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Hematology, Tai’an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fuqin Mu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Weixin Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianli Wang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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5
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Goodman MO, Faquih T, Paz V, Nagarajan P, Lane JM, Spitzer B, Maher M, Chung J, Cade BE, Purcell SM, Zhu X, Noordam R, Phillips AJK, Kyle SD, Spiegelhalder K, Weedon MN, Lawlor DA, Rotter JI, Taylor KD, Isasi CR, Sofer T, Dashti HS, Rutter MK, Redline S, Saxena R, Wang H. Genome-wide association analysis of composite sleep health scores in 413,904 individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.02.24302211. [PMID: 38352337 PMCID: PMC10863010 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.24302211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of several individual sleep traits have identified hundreds of genetic loci, suggesting diverse mechanisms. Moreover, sleep traits are moderately correlated, and together may provide a more complete picture of sleep health, while also illuminating distinct domains. Here we construct novel sleep health scores (SHSs) incorporating five core self-report measures: sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, chronotype, snoring, and daytime sleepiness, using additive (SHS-ADD) and five principal components-based (SHS-PCs) approaches. GWASs of these six SHSs identify 28 significant novel loci adjusting for multiple testing on six traits (p<8.3e-9), along with 341 previously reported loci (p<5e-08). The heritability of the first three SHS-PCs equals or exceeds that of SHS-ADD (SNP-h2=0.094), while revealing sleep-domain-specific genetic discoveries. Significant loci enrich in multiple brain tissues and in metabolic and neuronal pathways. Post GWAS analyses uncover novel genetic mechanisms underlying sleep health and reveal connections to behavioral, psychological, and cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Goodman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tariq Faquih
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Paz
- Instituto de Psicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pavithra Nagarajan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Spitzer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Maher
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joon Chung
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. K. Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon D. Kyle
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Mesías RE, Zaki Y, Guevara CA, Friedman LG, Hussein A, Therrien K, Magee AR, Tzavaras N, Del Valle P, Baxter MG, Huntley GW, Benson DL. Development and cadherin-mediated control of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in mice. iScience 2023; 26:108002. [PMID: 37854688 PMCID: PMC10579443 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Action-outcome associations depend on prefrontal cortex (PFC) projections to the dorsal striatum. To assess how these projections form, we measured PFC axon patterning, synapse formation, and functional maturation in the postnatally developing mouse striatum. Using Hotspot analysis, we show that PFC axons form an adult-like pattern of clustered terminations in the first postnatal week that remains largely stable thereafter. PFC-striatal synaptic strength is adult-like by P21, while excitatory synapse density increases until adulthood. We then tested how the targeted deletion of a candidate adhesion/guidance protein, Cadherin-8 (Cdh8), from corticostriatal neurons regulates pathway development. Mutant mice showed diminished PFC axon targeting and reduced spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity in the dorsal striatum. They also exhibited impaired behavioral performance in action-outcome learning. The data show that PFC-striatal axons form striatal territories through an early, directed growth model and they highlight essential contributions of Cdh8 to the anatomical and functional features critical for the formation of action-outcome associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E. Mesías
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yosif Zaki
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christopher A. Guevara
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lauren G. Friedman
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ayan Hussein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karen Therrien
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Magee
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tzavaras
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Del Valle
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark G. Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - George W. Huntley
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deanna L. Benson
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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7
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Rakotomamonjy J, Rylaarsdam L, Fares-Taie L, McDermott S, Davies D, Yang G, Fagbemi F, Epstein M, Fairbanks-Santana M, Rozet JM, Guemez-Gamboa A. PCDH12 loss results in premature neuronal differentiation and impeded migration in a cortical organoid model. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112845. [PMID: 37480564 PMCID: PMC10521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are cell adhesion molecules that regulate many essential neurodevelopmental processes related to neuronal maturation, dendritic arbor formation, axon pathfinding, and synaptic plasticity. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in PCDH12 are associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Despite the highly deleterious outcome resulting from loss of PCDH12, little is known about its role during brain development and disease. Here, we show that PCDH12 loss severely impairs cerebral organoid development, with reduced proliferative areas and disrupted laminar organization. 2D models further show that neural progenitor cells lacking PCDH12 prematurely exit the cell cycle and differentiate earlier when compared with wild type. Furthermore, we show that PCDH12 regulates neuronal migration and suggest that this could be through a mechanism requiring ADAM10-mediated ectodomain shedding and/or membrane recruitment of cytoskeleton regulators. Our results demonstrate a critical involvement of PCDH12 in cortical organoid development, suggesting a potential cause for the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PCDH12-related NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rakotomamonjy
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Rylaarsdam
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lucas Fares-Taie
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology (LGO), INSERM UMR1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine and Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sean McDermott
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Devin Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - George Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fikayo Fagbemi
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maya Epstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Martín Fairbanks-Santana
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology (LGO), INSERM UMR1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine and Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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8
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Mesías RE, Zaki Y, Guevara CA, Friedman LG, Hussein A, Therrien K, Magee AR, Tzavaras N, Valle PD, Baxter MG, Huntley GW, Benson DL. Development of prefrontal corticostriatal connectivity in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532475. [PMID: 36993639 PMCID: PMC10054964 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rational decision making is grounded in learning to associate actions with outcomes, a process that depends on projections from prefrontal cortex to dorsomedial striatum. Symptoms associated with a variety of human pathological conditions ranging from schizophrenia and autism to Huntington's and Parkinson's disease point toward functional deficits in this projection, but its development is not well understood, making it difficult to investigate how perturbations in development of this circuitry could contribute to pathophysiology. We applied a novel strategy based on Hotspot Analysis to assess the developmental progression of anatomical positioning of prefrontal cortex to striatal projections. Corticostriatal axonal territories established at P7 expand in concert with striatal growth but remain largely unchanged in positioning through adulthood, indicating they are generated by directed, targeted growth and not modified extensively by postnatal experience. Consistent with these findings, corticostriatal synaptogenesis increased steadily from P7 to P56, with no evidence for widescale pruning. As corticostriatal synapse density increased over late postnatal ages, the strength of evoked PFC input onto dorsomedial striatal projection neurons also increased, but spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity was stable. Based on its pattern of expression, we asked whether the adhesion protein, Cdh8, influenced this progression. In mice lacking Cdh8 in PFC corticostriatal projection neurons, axon terminal fields in dorsal striatum shifted ventrally. Corticostriatal synaptogenesis was unimpeded, but spontaneous EPSC frequency declined and mice failed to learn to associate an action with an outcome. Collectively these findings show that corticostriatal axons grow to their target zone and are restrained from an early age, do not undergo postnatal synapse pruning as the most dominant models predict, and that a relatively modest shift in terminal arbor positioning and synapse function has an outsized, negative impact on corticostriatal-dependent behavior.
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9
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Kim J, Lee C, Ko BJ, Yoo DA, Won S, Phillippy AM, Fedrigo O, Zhang G, Howe K, Wood J, Durbin R, Formenti G, Brown S, Cantin L, Mello CV, Cho S, Rhie A, Kim H, Jarvis ED. False gene and chromosome losses in genome assemblies caused by GC content variation and repeats. Genome Biol 2022; 23:204. [PMID: 36167554 PMCID: PMC9516821 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many short-read genome assemblies have been found to be incomplete and contain mis-assemblies. The Vertebrate Genomes Project has been producing new reference genome assemblies with an emphasis on being as complete and error-free as possible, which requires utilizing long reads, long-range scaffolding data, new assembly algorithms, and manual curation. A more thorough evaluation of the recent references relative to prior assemblies can provide a detailed overview of the types and magnitude of improvements. RESULTS Here we evaluate new vertebrate genome references relative to the previous assemblies for the same species and, in two cases, the same individuals, including a mammal (platypus), two birds (zebra finch, Anna's hummingbird), and a fish (climbing perch). We find that up to 11% of genomic sequence is entirely missing in the previous assemblies. In the Vertebrate Genomes Project zebra finch assembly, we identify eight new GC- and repeat-rich micro-chromosomes with high gene density. The impact of missing sequences is biased towards GC-rich 5'-proximal promoters and 5' exon regions of protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs. Between 26 and 60% of genes include structural or sequence errors that could lead to misunderstanding of their function when using the previous genome assemblies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal novel regulatory landscapes and protein coding sequences that have been greatly underestimated in previous assemblies and are now present in the Vertebrate Genomes Project reference genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung June Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ahn Yoo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyoung Won
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivier Fedrigo
- Vertebrate Genome Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | | | | | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giulio Formenti
- Vertebrate Genome Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA
| | - Samara Brown
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA
| | - Lindsey Cantin
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Seoae Cho
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arang Rhie
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heebal Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Vertebrate Genome Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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10
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Wu J, Zhao Z, Shi Y, He M. Cortical VIP + Interneurons in the Upper and Deeper Layers Are Transcriptionally Distinct. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1779-1795. [PMID: 35708842 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Different interneuron classes have distinct laminar distribution patterns which contribute to the layer-specific organization of cortical microcircuits. However, laminar differences within the same interneuron classes are not well recognized. Despite systematic efforts towards neuron cell-type taxonomy in the neocortex by single-cell transcriptomics, less attention has been driven towards laminar differences in interneurons compared to projection neurons. VIP+ interneurons are the major interneuron class that mostly populate superficial layers and mediate disinhibition. A few reports noted the morphological and electrophysiological differences between VIP+ interneurons residing in layers I-III (upper layer) and layers IV-VI (deeper layer), but little is known about their molecular differences. Here, we delineated the laminar difference in their transcriptome employing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from public databases. Analysis of 1175 high-quality VIP+ interneurons in the primary visual cortex (VISp) showed that the upper layer and deeper layer VIP+ interneurons are transcriptionally distinct distinguished by genes implicated in synapse organization and regulation of membrane potential. Similar differences are also observed in the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and primary motor cortex (MOp). Cross-comparing between the top 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with Allen Mouse Brain in situ hybridization database, we identified Tac2 and CxCl14 as potential marker genes of upper layer VIP+ interneurons across most cortical regions. Importantly, such expression patterns are conserved in the human brain. Together, we revealed significant laminar differences in transcriptomic profiles within VIP+ interneurons, which provided new insight into their molecular heterogeneity that may contribute to their functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Wu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhirong Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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11
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Hoshina N, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Rally VR, Sant J, Hoshina M, Seiglie MP, Umemori H. ASD/OCD-Linked Protocadherin-10 Regulates Synapse, But Not Axon, Development in the Amygdala and Contributes to Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4250-4266. [PMID: 35504727 PMCID: PMC9145243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1843-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Protocadherin-10 (PCDH10) gene is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). The PCDH10 protein is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the δ2-protocadherin family. PCDH10 is highly expressed in the developing brain, especially in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the role of PCDH10 in vivo has been debatable: one paper reported that a Pcdh10 mutant mouse line showed changes in axonal projections; however, another Pcdh10 mutant mouse line was reported to have failed to detect axonal phenotypes. Therefore, the actual roles of PCDH10 in the brain remain to be elucidated. We established a new Pcdh10 KO mouse line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, without inserting gene cassettes to avoid nonspecific effects, examined the roles of PCDH10 in the brain, and studied the behavioral consequences of Pcdh10 inactivation. Here, we show that Pcdh10 KO mice do not show defects in axonal development. Instead, we find that Pcdh10 KO mice exhibit impaired development of excitatory synapses in the dorsal BLA. We further demonstrate that male Pcdh10 KO mice exhibit reduced anxiety-related behaviors, impaired fear conditioning, decreased stress-coping responses, and mildly impaired social recognition and communication. These results indicate that PCDH10 plays a critical role in excitatory synapse development, but not axon development, in the dorsal BLA and that PCDH10 regulates anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors. Our results reveal the roles of PCDH10 in the brain and its relationship to relevant psychiatric disorders such as ASD, OCD, and MD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProtocadherin-10 (PCDH10) encodes a cell adhesion molecule and is implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depression (MD). PCDH10 is highly expressed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, the phenotypes of previously published Pcdh10 mutant mice are debatable, and some are possibly because of the nonspecific effects of the LacZ/Neo cassette inserted in the mice. We have generated a new Pcdh10 mutant mouse line without the LacZ/Neo cassette. Using our new mouse line, we reveal the roles of PCDH10 for excitatory synapse development in the BLA. The mutant mice exhibit anxiety-related, fear-related, and stress-related behaviors, which are relevant to ASD, OCD, and MD, suggesting a possible treatment strategy for such psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naosuke Hoshina
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Veronica R Rally
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jaanvi Sant
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Miyuki Hoshina
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mariel P Seiglie
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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12
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Borghi R, Magliocca V, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Modeling PCDH19-CE: From 2D Stem Cell Model to 3D Brain Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073506. [PMID: 35408865 PMCID: PMC8998847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is a genetic disease characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum ranging from focal epilepsy with rare seizures and normal cognitive development to severe drug-resistant epilepsy associated with intellectual disability and autism. Unfortunately, little is known about the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disease and an effective treatment is lacking. Studies with zebrafish and murine models have provided insights on the function of PCDH19 during brain development and how its altered function causes the disease, but these models fail to reproduce the human phenotype. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a complementary experimental approach for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE during neurogenesis and studying the pathology in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) environment through the development of brain organoids. We report on recent progress in the development of human brain organoids with a particular focus on how this 3D model may shed light on the pathomechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Tanaka K. Astroglia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:139-149. [PMID: 34888834 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has a prevalence rate of 1-3% in the general population and has been ranked as one of the top ten leading causes of illness-related disability (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Kessler et al. 2005). OCD is characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) (Leckman et al. 1997). There are various OCD-related disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), grooming disorders (e.g., skin-picking, trichotillomania), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that share considerable overlapping features with OCD (Browne et al. 2014). Although the neurobiological basis of OCD still remains obscure, neuroimaging studies in patients with OCD and OCD-related disorders have consistently identified hyperactivity in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum (Cerliani et al. 2015; Hou et al. 2014; Jung et al. 2017; Neuner et al. 2014). However, the cellular and synaptic abnormalities underlying this hyperactivity are unclear. The most prominent theory regarding the underlying mechanisms of OCD and OCD-related disorders is an increased excitation to inhibition (E/I) ratio due to increased glutamatergic excitation or reduced GABAergic inhibition (Albin and Mink 2006; Rubenstein and Merzenich 2003; Wu et al. 2012). A proper E/I ratio is achieved by factors expressed in neuron and glia. In astrocytes, both the glutamate transporter GLT1 and GABA transporter GAT-3 are critical for regulating the E/I balance (Aida et al. 2015; Aizawa et al. 2020; Boddum et al. 2016; Cui et al. 2014; Kersanté et al. 2013; Kiryk et al. 2008; Matos et al. 2018; Scimemi 2014; Sugimoto et al. 2018; Sugiyama et al. 2017; Tanaka et al. 1997; Zhao et al. 2018). Although astrocyte dysfunction has not been directly explored in OCD patients, several animal studies have found that astrocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of OCD. In this chapter, I highlight recent studies in which astrocyte dysfunction contributed to E/I imbalance, leading to pathological repetitive behaviors shared between patients with OCD, TS, and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohichi Tanaka
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Hudson JD, Tamilselvan E, Sotomayor M, Cooper SR. A complete Protocadherin-19 ectodomain model for evaluating epilepsy-causing mutations and potential protein interaction sites. Structure 2021; 29:1128-1143.e4. [PMID: 34520737 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin superfamily members play a critical role in differential adhesion during neurodevelopment, and their disruption has been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19), a member of the δ-protocadherin subfamily of cadherins, cause a unique form of epilepsy called PCDH19 clustering epilepsy. While PCDH19 and other non-clustered δ-protocadherins form multimers with other members of the cadherin superfamily to alter adhesiveness, the specific protein surfaces responsible for these interactions are unknown. Only portions of the PCDH19 extracellular domain structure had been solved previously. Here, we present a structure of the missing segment from zebrafish Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) and create a complete ectodomain model. This model shows the structural environment for 97% of disease-causing missense mutations and reveals two potential surfaces for intermolecular interactions that could modify Pcdh19's adhesive strength and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hudson
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | - Elakkiya Tamilselvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA.
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15
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Takahashi M, Fukabori R, Kawasaki H, Kobayashi K, Kawakami K. The distribution of Cdh20 mRNA demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of spiny projection neurons in the rat dorsolateral striatum. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3655-3675. [PMID: 34240415 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of rodents is functionally subdivided into somatotopic subregions that represent each body part along both the dorsoventral and anteroposterior (A-P) axes and play crucial roles in sensorimotor functions via corticostriatal pathways. However, little is known about the spatial gene expression patterns and heterogeneity of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) within somatotopic subregions. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule gene Cdh20, which encodes a Type II cadherin, is expressed in discrete subregions covering the inner orofacial area and part of the forelimb area in the ventral domain of the DLS (v-DLS) in rats. Cdh20-expressing cells were localized in the v-DLS at the intermediate level of the striatum along the A-P axis and could be classified as direct-pathway SPNs or indirect-pathway SPNs. Unexpectedly, comprehensive analysis revealed that Cdh20 is expressed in SPNs in the rat DLS but not in the mouse DLS or the ferret putamen (Pu). Our observations reveal that Cdh20 expression demarcates somatotopic subregions and subpopulations of SPNs specifically in the rat DLS and suggest divergent regulation of genes differentially expressed in the v-DLS and Pu among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
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16
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Hoshina N, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Hoshina M, Umemori H. Female-specific synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of PCDH19 disorder. Science 2021; 372:372/6539/eaaz3893. [PMID: 33859005 PMCID: PMC9873198 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) mutations cause early-onset seizures and cognitive impairment. The PCDH19 gene is on the X-chromosome. Unlike most X-linked disorders, PCDH19 mutations affect heterozygous females (PCDH19HET♀ ) but not hemizygous males (PCDH19HEMI♂ ); however, the reason why remains to be elucidated. We demonstrate that PCDH19, a cell-adhesion molecule, is enriched at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Pcdh19HET♀ but not Pcdh19HEMI♂ mice show impaired mossy fiber synaptic structure and physiology. Consistently, Pcdh19HET♀ but not Pcdh19HEMI♂ mice exhibit reduced pattern completion and separation abilities, which require mossy fiber synaptic function. Furthermore, PCDH19 appears to interact with N-cadherin at mossy fiber synapses. In Pcdh19HET♀ conditions, mismatch between PCDH19 and N-cadherin diminishes N-cadherin-dependent signaling and impairs mossy fiber synapse development; N-cadherin overexpression rescues Pcdh19HET♀ phenotypes. These results reveal previously unknown molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the female-specific PCDH19 disorder phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hisashi Umemori
- Corresponding author. Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Center for Life Sciences 13074, Boston, MA 02115,
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17
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Liu S, Trupiano MX, Simon J, Guo J, Anton ES. The essential role of primary cilia in cerebral cortical development and disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:99-146. [PMID: 33706927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mia X Trupiano
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeremy Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jiami Guo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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18
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Right Place at the Right Time: How Changes in Protocadherins Affect Synaptic Connections Contributing to the Etiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122711. [PMID: 33352832 PMCID: PMC7766791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurons need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to a functional neuronal circuitry. Mistakes during this process, leading to the formation of improper neuronal connectivity, can result in a number of brain abnormalities and impairments collectively referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), present on the cell surface, take part in the neurodevelopmental process regulating migration and recognition of specific cells to form functional neuronal assemblies. Among CAMs, the members of the protocadherin (PCDH) group stand out because they are involved in cell adhesion, neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon pathfinding and fasciculation, and synapse formation and stabilization. Given the critical role of these macromolecules in the major neurodevelopmental processes, it is not surprising that clinical and basic research in the past two decades has identified several PCDH genes as responsible for a large fraction of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present article, we review these findings with a focus on the non-clustered PCDH sub-group, discussing the proteins implicated in the main neurodevelopmental disorders.
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19
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Family-wide Structural and Biophysical Analysis of Binding Interactions among Non-clustered δ-Protocadherins. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2655-2671.e7. [PMID: 32101743 PMCID: PMC7082078 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, close relatives of clustered protocadherins, function in cell adhesion and motility and play essential roles in neural patterning. To understand the molecular interactions underlying these functions, we used solution biophysics to characterize binding of δ1- and δ2-protocadherins, determined crystal structures of ectodomain complexes from each family, and assessed ectodomain assembly in reconstituted intermembrane junctions by cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). Homophilic trans (cell-cell) interactions were preferred for all δ-protocadherins, with additional weaker heterophilic interactions observed exclusively within each subfamily. As expected, δ1- and δ2-protocadherin trans dimers formed through antiparallel EC1-EC4 interfaces, like clustered protocadherins. However, no ectodomain-mediated cis (same-cell) interactions were detectable in solution; consistent with this, cryo-ET of reconstituted junctions revealed dense assemblies lacking the characteristic order observed for clustered protocadherins. Our results define non-clustered protocadherin binding properties and their structural basis, providing a foundation for interpreting their functional roles in neural patterning.
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21
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Protocadherin-Mediated Cell Repulsion Controls the Central Topography and Efferent Projections of the Abducens Nucleus. Cell Rep 2020; 24:1562-1572. [PMID: 30089266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial motor nuclei in the brainstem innervate diverse types of head and neck muscles. Failure in establishing these neuromuscular connections causes congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) characterized by abnormal craniofacial movements. However, mechanisms that link cranial motor nuclei to target muscles are poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we report that protocadherin-mediated repulsion mediates neuromuscular connection in the ocular motor system in zebrafish. We identify pools of abducens motor neurons that are topographically arranged according to soma size and convergently innervate a single muscle. Disruptions of Duane retraction syndrome-associated transcription factors reveal that these neurons require Mafba/MAFB, but not Sall4/SALL4, for differentiation. Furthermore, genetic perturbations of Pcdh17/protocadherin-17 result in defective axon growth and soma clumping, thereby abolishing neuromuscular connectivity. Our results suggest that protocadherin-mediated repulsion forms the central topography and efferent projection pattern of the abducens nucleus following Mafba-dependent specification and imply potential involvement of protocadherins in CCDD etiology.
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22
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Guo J, Otis JM, Suciu SK, Catalano C, Xing L, Constable S, Wachten D, Gupton S, Lee J, Lee A, Blackley KH, Ptacek T, Simon JM, Schurmans S, Stuber GD, Caspary T, Anton ES. Primary Cilia Signaling Promotes Axonal Tract Development and Is Disrupted in Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders Models. Dev Cell 2019; 51:759-774.e5. [PMID: 31846650 PMCID: PMC6953258 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate axonal growth and connectivity are essential for functional wiring of the brain. Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD), a group of ciliopathies in which mutations disrupt primary cilia function, are characterized by axonal tract malformations. However, little is known about how cilia-driven signaling regulates axonal growth and connectivity. We demonstrate that the deletion of related JSRD genes, Arl13b and Inpp5e, in projection neurons leads to de-fasciculated and misoriented axonal tracts. Arl13b deletion disrupts the function of its downstream effector, Inpp5e, and deregulates ciliary-PI3K/AKT signaling. Chemogenetic activation of ciliary GPCR signaling and cilia-specific optogenetic modulation of downstream second messenger cascades (PI3K, AKT, and AC3) commonly regulated by ciliary signaling receptors induce rapid changes in axonal dynamics. Further, Arl13b deletion leads to changes in transcriptional landscape associated with dysregulated PI3K/AKT signaling. These data suggest that ciliary signaling acts to modulate axonal connectivity and that impaired primary cilia signaling underlies axonal tract defects in JSRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiami Guo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, USA.
| | - James M Otis
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah K Suciu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christy Catalano
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sandii Constable
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Biophysical Imaging, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Gupton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Janice Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine H Blackley
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Travis Ptacek
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Kasuga Y, Fudge AD, Zhang Y, Li H. Characterization of a long noncoding RNA Pcdh17it as a novel marker for immature premyelinating oligodendrocytes. Glia 2019; 67:2166-2177. [PMID: 31328332 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) proliferate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs) during postnatal development and into adulthood in the central nervous system (CNS). Following the initiation of differentiation, OPs give rise to immature, premyelinating OLs, which undergo further differentiation and mature into myelin-forming OLs. We identified an immature OL-specific long noncoding RNA, named Pcdh17it. Through co-localization analysis and morphological characterization of OLs, we found that Pcdh17it is a specific marker for newly born immature OLs in the developing and adult forebrain of mice, and we used this new marker to analyze OL generation over the lifespan of mice. Pcdh17it is an effective tool for monitoring newly born OLs in adult brain, allowing detailed study of the dynamics of OP differentiation into OLs in the normal and pathological CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kasuga
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexander D Fudge
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
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24
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Rhee YH, Puspita L, Sulistio YA, Kim SW, Vidyawan V, Elvira R, Chang MY, Shim JW, Lee SH. Efficient Neural Differentiation of hPSCs by Extrinsic Signals Derived from Co-cultured Neural Stem or Precursor Cells. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1299-1312. [PMID: 31043343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs; up to 30% of total cells) present in the cultures of neural stem or precursor cells (NPCs) completely disappeared within several days when cultured under neural differentiation culture conditions. Intriguingly, the disappearance of undifferentiated cells was not due to cell death but was instead mediated by neural conversion of hPSCs. Based on these findings, we propose pre-conditioning of donor NPC cultures under terminal differentiation culture conditions as a simple but efficient method of eliminating undifferentiated cells to treat neurologic disorders. In addition, we could establish a new neural differentiation protocol, in which undifferentiated hPSCs co-cultured with NPCs become differentiated neurons or NPCs in an extremely efficient, fast, and reproducible manner across the hESC and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Lesly Puspita
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Vincencius Vidyawan
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Rosalie Elvira
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Shim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31151, Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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25
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Sachse SM, Lievens S, Ribeiro LF, Dascenco D, Masschaele D, Horré K, Misbaer A, Vanderroost N, De Smet AS, Salta E, Erfurth ML, Kise Y, Nebel S, Van Delm W, Plaisance S, Tavernier J, De Strooper B, De Wit J, Schmucker D. Nuclear import of the DSCAM-cytoplasmic domain drives signaling capable of inhibiting synapse formation. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899669. [PMID: 30745319 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DSCAM and DSCAML1 are immunoglobulin and cell adhesion-type receptors serving important neurodevelopmental functions including control of axon growth, branching, neurite self-avoidance, and neuronal cell death. The signal transduction mechanisms or effectors of DSCAM receptors, however, remain poorly characterized. We used a human ORFeome library to perform a high-throughput screen in mammalian cells and identified novel cytoplasmic signaling effector candidates including the Down syndrome kinase Dyrk1a, STAT3, USP21, and SH2D2A. Unexpectedly, we also found that the intracellular domains (ICDs) of DSCAM and DSCAML1 specifically and directly interact with IPO5, a nuclear import protein of the importin beta family, via a conserved nuclear localization signal. The DSCAM ICD is released by γ-secretase-dependent cleavage, and both the DSCAM and DSCAML1 ICDs efficiently translocate to the nucleus. Furthermore, RNA sequencing confirms that expression of the DSCAM as well as the DSCAML1 ICDs alone can profoundly alter the expression of genes associated with neuronal differentiation and apoptosis, as well as synapse formation and function. Gain-of-function experiments using primary cortical neurons show that increasing the levels of either the DSCAM or the DSCAML1 ICD leads to an impairment of neurite growth. Strikingly, increased expression of either full-length DSCAM or the DSCAM ICD, but not the DSCAML1 ICD, significantly decreases synapse numbers in primary hippocampal neurons. Taken together, we identified a novel membrane-to-nucleus signaling mechanism by which DSCAM receptors can alter the expression of regulators of neuronal differentiation and synapse formation and function. Considering that chromosomal duplications lead to increased DSCAM expression in trisomy 21, our findings may help uncover novel mechanisms contributing to intellectual disability in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M Sachse
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lievens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Dascenco
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Delphine Masschaele
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Horré
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Misbaer
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Vanderroost
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Sophie De Smet
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yoshiaki Kise
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Nebel
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joris De Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Bisogni AJ, Ghazanfar S, Williams EO, Marsh HM, Yang JYH, Lin DM. Tuning of delta-protocadherin adhesion through combinatorial diversity. eLife 2018; 7:e41050. [PMID: 30547884 PMCID: PMC6326727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta-protocadherins (δ-Pcdhs) play key roles in neural development, and expression studies suggest they are expressed in combination within neurons. The extent of this combinatorial diversity, and how these combinations influence cell adhesion, is poorly understood. We show that individual mouse olfactory sensory neurons express 0-7 δ-Pcdhs. Despite this apparent combinatorial complexity, K562 cell aggregation assays revealed simple principles that mediate tuning of δ-Pcdh adhesion. Cells can vary the number of δ-Pcdhs expressed, the level of surface expression, and which δ-Pcdhs are expressed, as different members possess distinct apparent adhesive affinities. These principles contrast with those identified previously for the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs), where the particular combination of cPcdhs expressed does not appear to be a critical factor. Despite these differences, we show δ-Pcdhs can modify cPcdh adhesion. Our studies show how intra- and interfamily interactions can greatly amplify the impact of this small subfamily on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bisogni
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Eric O Williams
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- Department of Biology and ChemistryFitchburg State UniversityFitchburgUnited States
| | - Heather M Marsh
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jean YH Yang
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - David M Lin
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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27
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CNOT3 targets negative cell cycle regulators in non-small cell lung cancer development. Oncogene 2018; 38:2580-2594. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Bovio PP, Franz H, Heidrich S, Rauleac T, Kilpert F, Manke T, Vogel T. Differential Methylation of H3K79 Reveals DOT1L Target Genes and Function in the Cerebellum In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4273-4287. [PMID: 30302725 PMCID: PMC6505521 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) mediates methylation of histone H3 at position lysine 79 (H3K79). Conditional knockout of Dot1l in mouse cerebellar granule cells (Dot1l-cKOAtoh1) led to a smaller external granular layer with fewer precursors of granule neurons. Dot1l-cKOAtoh1 mice had impaired proliferation and differentiation of granular progenitors, which resulted in a smaller cerebellum. Mutant mice showed mild ataxia in motor behavior tests. In contrast, Purkinje cell-specific conditional knockout mice showed no obvious phenotype. Genome-wide transcription analysis of Dot1l-cKOAtoh1 cerebella using microarrays revealed changes in genes that function in cell cycle, cell migration, axon guidance, and metabolism. To identify direct DOT1L target genes, we used genome-wide profiling of H3K79me2 and transcriptional analysis. Analysis of differentially methylated regions (DR) and differentially expressed genes (DE) revealed in total 12 putative DOT1L target genes in Dot1l-cKOAtoh1 affecting signaling (Tnfaip8l3, B3galt5), transcription (Otx1), cell migration and axon guidance (Sema4a, Sema5a, Robo1), cholesterol and lipid metabolism (Lss, Cyp51), cell cycle (Cdkn1a), calcium-dependent cell-adhesion or exocytosis (Pcdh17, Cadps2), and unknown function (Fam174b). Dysregulated expression of these target genes might be implicated in the ataxia phenotype observed in Dot1l-cKOAtoh1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Piero Bovio
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heidrich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tudor Rauleac
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kilpert
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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29
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Xiao X, Zhang C, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Wang L, Li L, Zhou D, Yuan TF, Wang C, Chang H, Wu Y, Li Y, Wu DD, Yao YG, Li M. The cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB)-1 gene increases risk of major psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1957-1967. [PMID: 29158582 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) are primary psychiatric disorders sharing substantial genetic risk factors. We previously reported that two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2709370 and rs6785 in the cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB)-1 gene (CREB1) were associated with the risk of BPD and abnormal hippocampal function in populations of European ancestry. In the present study, we further expanded our analyses of rs2709370 and rs6785 in multiple BPD, SCZ and MDD data sets, including the published Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) genome-wide association study, the samples used in our previous CREB1 study, and six additional cohorts (three new BPD samples, two new SCZ samples and one new MDD sample). Although the associations of both CREB1 SNPs with each illness were not replicated in the new cohorts (BPD analysis in 871 cases and 1089 controls (rs2709370, P=0.0611; rs6785, P=0.0544); SCZ analysis in 1273 cases and 1072 controls (rs2709370, P=0.230; rs6785, P=0.661); and MDD analysis in 129 cases and 100 controls (rs2709370, P=0.114; rs6785, P=0.188)), an overall meta-analysis of all included samples suggested that both SNPs were significantly associated with increased risk of BPD (11 105 cases and 51 331 controls; rs2709370, P=2.33 × 10-4; rs6785, P=6.33 × 10-5), SCZ (34 913 cases and 44 528 controls; rs2709370, P=3.96 × 10-5; rs6785, P=2.44 × 10-5) and MDD (9369 cases and 9619 controls; rs2709370, P=0.0144; rs6785, P=0.0314), with the same direction of allelic effects across diagnostic categories. We then examined the impact of diagnostic status on CREB1 mRNA expression using data obtained from independent brain tissue samples, and observed that the mRNA expression of CREB1 was significantly downregulated in psychiatric patients compared with healthy controls. The protein-protein interaction analyses showed that the protein encoded by CREB1 directly interacted with several risk genes of psychiatric disorders identified by GWAS. In conclusion, the current study suggests that CREB1 might be a common risk gene for major psychiatric disorders, and further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - C Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - M Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - L Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - D Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - T-F Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology in Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - H Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Y Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - D-D Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Y-G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - M Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Abstract
The cadherin superfamily comprises a large, diverse collection of cell surface receptors that are expressed in the nervous system throughout development and have been shown to be essential for the proper assembly of the vertebrate nervous system. As our knowledge of each family member has grown, it has become increasingly clear that the functions of various cadherin subfamilies are intertwined: they can be present in the same protein complexes, impinge on the same developmental processes, and influence the same signaling pathways. This interconnectedness may illustrate a central way in which core developmental events are controlled to bring about the robust and precise assembly of neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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31
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Pavlovic M, Ray P, Pavlovic K, Kotamarti A, Chen M, Zhang MQ. DIRECTION: a machine learning framework for predicting and characterizing DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in mammalian genomes. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:2986-2994. [PMID: 28505334 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA are major epigenetic modifications known to significantly alter mammalian gene expression. High-throughput assays to detect these modifications are expensive, labor-intensive, unfeasible in some contexts and leave a portion of the genome unqueried. Hence, we devised a novel, supervised, integrative learning framework to perform whole-genome methylation and hydroxymethylation predictions in CpG dinucleotides. Our framework can also perform imputation of missing or low quality data in existing sequencing datasets. Additionally, we developed infrastructure to perform in silico, high-throughput hypotheses testing on such predicted methylation or hydroxymethylation maps. Results We test our approach on H1 human embryonic stem cells and H1-derived neural progenitor cells. Our predictive model is comparable in accuracy to other state-of-the-art DNA methylation prediction algorithms. We are the first to predict hydroxymethylation in silico with high whole-genome accuracy, paving the way for large-scale reconstruction of hydroxymethylation maps in mammalian model systems. We designed a novel, beam-search driven feature selection algorithm to identify the most discriminative predictor variables, and developed a platform for performing integrative analysis and reconstruction of the epigenome. Our toolkit DIRECTION provides predictions at single nucleotide resolution and identifies relevant features based on resource availability. This offers enhanced biological interpretability of results potentially leading to a better understanding of epigenetic gene regulation. Availability and implementation http://www.pradiptaray.com/direction, under CC-by-SA license. Contacts pradiptaray@gmail.com or mchen@utdallas.edu or michael.zhang@utdallas.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pavlovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Pradipta Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | - Aaron Kotamarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology.,TNLIST, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Homan CC, Pederson S, To TH, Tan C, Piltz S, Corbett MA, Wolvetang E, Thomas PQ, Jolly LA, Gecz J. PCDH19 regulation of neural progenitor cell differentiation suggests asynchrony of neurogenesis as a mechanism contributing to PCDH19 Girls Clustering Epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:106-119. [PMID: 29763708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19-Girls Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-GCE) is a childhood epileptic encephalopathy characterised by a spectrum of neurodevelopmental problems. PCDH19-GCE is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-chromosome gene, Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) encoding a cell-cell adhesion molecule. Intriguingly, hemizygous males are generally unaffected. As PCDH19 is subjected to random X-inactivation, heterozygous females are comprised of a mosaic of cells expressing either the normal or mutant allele, which is thought to drive pathology. Despite being the second most prevalent monogeneic cause of epilepsy, little is known about the role of PCDH19 in brain development. In this study we show that PCDH19 is highly expressed in human neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) and investigate its function in vitro in these cells of both mouse and human origin. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse NSPCs lacking Pcdh19 revealed changes to genes involved in regulation of neuronal differentiation, and we subsequently show that loss of Pcdh19 causes increased NSPC neurogenesis. We reprogramed human fibroblast cells harbouring a pathogenic PCDH19 mutation into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and employed neural differentiation of these to extend our studies into human NSPCs. As in mouse, loss of PCDH19 function caused increased neurogenesis, and furthermore, we show this is associated with a loss of human NSPC polarity. Overall our data suggests a conserved role for PCDH19 in regulating mammalian cortical neurogenesis and has implications for the pathogenesis of PCDH19-GCE. We propose that the difference in timing or "heterochrony" of neuronal cell production originating from PCDH19 wildtype and mutant NSPCs within the same individual may lead to downstream asynchronies and abnormalities in neuronal network formation, which in-part predispose the individual to network dysfunction and epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Homan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Thu-Hien To
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Chuan Tan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Sandra Piltz
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Mark A Corbett
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia.
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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33
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Xiao X, Zheng F, Chang H, Ma Y, Yao YG, Luo XJ, Li M. The Gene Encoding Protocadherin 9 (PCDH9), a Novel Risk Factor for Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1128-1137. [PMID: 28990594 PMCID: PMC5854803 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic analyses have identified only a handful of robust risk loci for major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition to the published genome-wide significant genes, it is believed that there are undiscovered 'treasures' underlying the current MDD genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and gene expression data sets, and digging into these data will allow better understanding of the illness and development of new therapeutic approaches. For this purpose, we performed a meta-analytic study combining three MDD GWAS data sets (23andMe, CONVERGE, and PGC), and then conducted independent replications of significant loci in two additional samples. The genome-wide significant variants then underwent explorative analyses on MDD-related phenotypes, cognitive function alterations, and gene expression in brains. In the discovery meta-analysis, a previously unidentified single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9540720 in the PCDH9 gene was genome-wide significantly associated with MDD (p=1.69 × 10-8 in a total of 89 610 cases and 246 603 controls), and the association was further strengthened when additional replication samples were included (p=1.20 × 10-8 in a total of 136 115 cases and 355 275 controls). The risk SNP was also associated with multiple MDD-related phenotypes and cognitive function impairment in diverse samples. Intriguingly, the risk allele of rs9540720 predicted lower PCDH9 expression, consistent with the diagnostic analysis results that PCDH9 mRNA expression levels in the brain and peripheral blood tissues were reduced in MDD patients compared with healthy controls. These convergent lines of evidence suggest that PCDH9 is likely a novel risk gene for MDD. Our study highlights the necessity and importance of excavating the public data sets to explore risk genes for MDD, and this approach is also applicable to other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fanfan Zheng
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32 Jiao-Chang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China, Tel: +86 871 65190162, Fax: +86 871 65190162, E-mail:
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34
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Ancot F, Lemay P, Knowler SP, Kennedy K, Griffiths S, Cherubini GB, Sykes J, Mandigers PJJ, Rouleau GA, Rusbridge C, Kibar Z. A genome-wide association study identifies candidate loci associated to syringomyelia secondary to Chiari-like malformation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. BMC Genet 2018; 19:16. [PMID: 29566674 PMCID: PMC5865342 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia (SM) is a common condition affecting brachycephalic toy breed dogs and is characterized by the development of fluid-filled cavities within the spinal cord. It is often concurrent with a complex developmental malformation of the skull and craniocervical vertebrae called Chiari-like malformation (CM) characterized by a conformational change and overcrowding of the brain and cervical spinal cord particularly at the craniocervical junction. CM and SM have a polygenic mode of inheritance with variable penetrance. RESULTS We identified six cranial T1-weighted sagittal MRI measurements that were associated to maximum transverse diameter of the syrinx cavity. Increased syrinx transverse diameter has been correlated previously with increased likelihood of behavioral signs of pain. We next conducted a whole genome association study of these traits in 65 Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) dogs (33 controls, 32 with extreme phenotypes). Two loci on CFA22 and CFA26 were found to be significantly associated to two traits associated with a reduced volume and altered orientation of the caudal cranial fossa. Their reconstructed haplotypes defined two associated regions that harbor only two genes: PCDH17 on CFA22 and ZWINT on CFA26. PCDH17 codes for a cell adhesion molecule expressed specifically in the brain and spinal cord. ZWINT plays a role in chromosome segregation and its expression is increased with the onset of neuropathic pain. Targeted genomic sequencing of these regions identified respectively 37 and 339 SNPs with significantly associated P values. Genotyping of tagSNPs selected from these 2 candidate loci in an extended cohort of 461 CKCS (187 unaffected, 274 SM affected) identified 2 SNPs on CFA22 that were significantly associated to SM strengthening the candidacy of this locus in SM development. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 loci on CFA22 and CFA26 that contained only 2 genes, PCDH17 and ZWINT, significantly associated to two traits associated with syrinx transverse diameter. The locus on CFA22 was significantly associated to SM secondary to CM in the CKCS dog breed strengthening its candidacy for this disease. This study will provide an entry point for identification of the genetic factors predisposing to this condition and its underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ancot
- Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Room 3.17.006, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Philippe Lemay
- Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Room 3.17.006, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Susan P Knowler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Karen Kennedy
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Sandra Griffiths
- Stone Lion Veterinary Hospital, 42 High Street, Wimbledon, SW19 5AU, UK
| | | | - Jane Sykes
- Thames Valley Veterinary Services, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Paul J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CM, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.,Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK
| | - Zoha Kibar
- Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Room 3.17.006, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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35
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Yin X, Xiang T, Mu J, Mao H, Li L, Huang X, Li C, Feng Y, Luo X, Wei Y, Peng W, Ren G, Tao Q. Protocadherin 17 functions as a tumor suppressor suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cell metastasis and is frequently methylated in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51720-51732. [PMID: 27351130 PMCID: PMC5239510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins play important roles in the regulation of cell adhesion and signaling transduction. Aberrant expression of protocadherins has been shown to be associated with multiple tumorigenesis. We previously identified PCDH17, encoding protocadherin 17, as a frequently methylated and downregulated tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in gastric and colorectal cancers. Here, we examined the abnormalities and functions of PCDH17 in breast cancer pathogenesis. We used PCR and immunohistochemistry to check its expression pattern in breast tumor cell lines and primary tumors. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was applied to examine its promoter methylation status in breast tumor cell lines and primary tumors. The biological functions of PCDH17 in breast tumor cells were assessed using in vitro and in vivo assays. We found that PCDH17 was frequently downregulated or silenced in 78% (7/9) of breast tumor cell lines, as well as 89% (32/36) of primary tumors. Downregulation of PCDH17 in breast cancer was mainly due to the methylation of its promoter. Ectopic expression of PCDH17 in breast tumor cells inhibited cell proliferation and mobility through arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. In breast tumor cells, PCDH17 significantly suppressed the active β-catenin level and its downstream target gene expression. Thus, we found that PCDH17 functions as a tumor suppressor inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and metastasis in breast cancer but is frequently methylated in primary tumors which could be a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhao Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Mao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Huang
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Chunhong Li
- Oncology Department, Suining Sichuan Center Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Yixiao Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinrong Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxian Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyan Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
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36
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The protocadherin 17 gene affects cognition, personality, amygdala structure and function, synapse development and risk of major mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:400-412. [PMID: 28070120 PMCID: PMC5794872 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Major mood disorders, which primarily include bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, are the leading cause of disability worldwide and pose a major challenge in identifying robust risk genes. Here, we present data from independent large-scale clinical data sets (including 29 557 cases and 32 056 controls) revealing brain expressed protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) as a susceptibility gene for major mood disorders. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PCDH17 region are significantly associated with major mood disorders; subjects carrying the risk allele showed impaired cognitive abilities, increased vulnerable personality features, decreased amygdala volume and altered amygdala function as compared with non-carriers. The risk allele predicted higher transcriptional levels of PCDH17 mRNA in postmortem brain samples, which is consistent with increased gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy subjects. Further, overexpression of PCDH17 in primary cortical neurons revealed significantly decreased spine density and abnormal dendritic morphology compared with control groups, which again is consistent with the clinical observations of reduced numbers of dendritic spines in the brains of patients with major mood disorders. Given that synaptic spines are dynamic structures which regulate neuronal plasticity and have crucial roles in myriad brain functions, this study reveals a potential underlying biological mechanism of a novel risk gene for major mood disorders involved in synaptic function and related intermediate phenotypes.
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37
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Peek SL, Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of neural circuit formation by protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4133-4157. [PMID: 28631008 PMCID: PMC5643215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins (Pcdhs), which make up the most diverse group within the cadherin superfamily, were first discovered in the early 1990s. Data implicating the Pcdhs, including ~60 proteins encoded by the tandem Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters and another ~10 non-clustered Pcdhs, in the regulation of neural development have continually accumulated, with a significant expansion of the field over the past decade. Here, we review the many roles played by clustered and non-clustered Pcdhs in multiple steps important for the formation and function of neural circuits, including dendrite arborization, axon outgrowth and targeting, synaptogenesis, and synapse elimination. We further discuss studies implicating mutation or epigenetic dysregulation of Pcdh genes in a variety of human neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. With recent structural modeling of Pcdh proteins, the prospects for uncovering molecular mechanisms of Pcdh extracellular and intracellular interactions, and their role in normal and disrupted neural circuit formation, are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Peek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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38
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Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of Wnt signaling by protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:158-171. [PMID: 28774578 PMCID: PMC5586504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ∼70 protocadherins comprise the largest group within the cadherin superfamily. Their diversity, the complexity of the mechanisms through which their genes are regulated, and their many critical functions in nervous system development have engendered a growing interest in elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways through which they act. Recently, multiple protocadherins across several subfamilies have been implicated as modulators of Wnt signaling pathways, and through this as potential tumor suppressors. Here, we review the extant data on the regulation by protocadherins of Wnt signaling pathways and components, and highlight some key unanswered questions that could shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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39
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Light SEW, Jontes JD. δ-Protocadherins: Organizers of neural circuit assembly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:83-90. [PMID: 28751249 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The δ-protocadherins comprise a small family of homophilic cell adhesion molecules within the larger cadherin superfamily. They are essential for neural development as mutations in these molecules give rise to human neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy, and result in behavioral defects in animal models. Despite their importance to neural development, a detailed understanding of their mechanisms and the ways in which their loss leads to changes in neural function is lacking. However, recent results have begun to reveal roles for the δ-protocadherins in both regulation of neurogenesis and lineage-dependent circuit assembly, as well as in contact-dependent motility and selective axon fasciculation. These evolutionarily conserved mechanisms could have a profound impact on the robust assembly of the vertebrate nervous system. Future work should be focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms of the δ-protocadherins and understanding how this family functions broadly to regulate neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E W Light
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd., 113 Rightmire Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd., 113 Rightmire Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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40
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Hayashi S, Inoue Y, Hattori S, Kaneko M, Shioi G, Miyakawa T, Takeichi M. Loss of X-linked Protocadherin-19 differentially affects the behavior of heterozygous female and hemizygous male mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5801. [PMID: 28724954 PMCID: PMC5517645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked gene Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) cause female-limited epilepsy and mental retardation in humans. Although Pcdh19 is known to be a homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule, how its mutations bring about female-specific disorders remains elusive. Here, we report the effects of Pcdh19 knockout in mice on their development and behavior. Pcdh19 was expressed in various brain regions including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Although Pcdh19-positive cells were evenly distributed in layer V of wild-type cortices, their distribution became a mosaic in Pcdh19 heterozygous female cortices. In cortical and hippocampal neurons, Pcdh19 was localized along their dendrites, showing occasional accumulation on synapses. Pcdh19 mutants, however, displayed no detectable abnormalities in dendrite and spine morphology of layer V neurons. Nevertheless, Pcdh19 hemizygous males and heterozygous females showed impaired behaviors including activity defects under stress conditions. Notably, only heterozygous females exhibited decreased fear responses. In addition, Pcdh19 overexpression in wild-type cortices led to ectopic clustering of Pcdh19-positive neurons. These results suggest that Pcdh19 is required for behavioral control in mice, but its genetic loss differentially affects the male and female behavior, as seen in human, and they also support the hypothesis that the mosaic expression of Pcdh19 in brains perturbs neuronal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hayashi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.,Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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41
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Gonçalves NP, Martins D, Saraiva MJ. Overexpression of Protocadherin-10 in Transthyretin-Related Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:1913-24. [PMID: 27338109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming data suggest that oncogenic and neurodegenerative pathways share several altered cellular responses to insults such as oxidative stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, or cell dyscommunication. Protocadherin-10 (Pcdh10) is an adhesion molecule found to protect against tumorigenesis and essential for axonal elongation and actin dynamics during development. Here, by using genome microarrays we identified for the first time Pcdh10 up-regulation in tissues from transgenic mouse models, cultured Schwann cells, and human samples from a familial form of peripheral neuropathy (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy). Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy is characterized by poor functional recovery and impaired nerve regenerative response after misfolding and deposition in the peripheral nervous system of mutant transthyretin. Not only increased transcriptional and translational Pcdh10 levels occurred in axons and Schwann cells of nerves with deposited transthyretin aggregates but the pattern also extended to associated cues of axon guidance like neuropilin-1 and F-actin. These findings suggest that Pcdh10 may influence subcellular actin cytoskeletal organization and axon-axon interactions in the course of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Moreover, when preventing nonfibrillar transthyretin deposition with anakinra or transthyretin siRNA, Pcdh10 protein levels were reduced, highlighting its potential as a novel disease biomarker. Whether Pcdh10 overexpression in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy represents a protective or deleterious response, enhancing survival or promoting cell death will need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Martins
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Neurobiology Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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A chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication causes hyperactivity through dysregulation of miR-484/protocadherin-19 signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:364-374. [PMID: 27378146 PMCID: PMC5322274 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication is a risk factor associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, developmental delay and autistic spectrum disorder. The underlying molecular mechanism of this genetic variation remained unknown, but its core genetic locus-conserved across mice and humans-contains seven genes. Here, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice carrying a human 16p13.11 locus, and these mice showed the behavioral hyperactivity phenotype. We identified miR-484 as the responsible gene using a combination of expression and functional analyses. Mature miR-484 was expressed during active cortical neurogenesis, and overexpression of miR-484 decreased proliferation and increased neural progenitor differentiation in vivo. Luciferase screening identified the 3'-untranslated region of protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) as a target of miR-484. The effect of miR-484 on neurogenesis was rescued by ectopic PCDH19 expression. These results demonstrate that miR-484 promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting PCDH19. Dysregulation of neurogenesis by imbalanced miR-484/PCDH19 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome.
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43
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Gonçalves NP, Martins D, Saraiva MJ. The importance of pre-clinical studies in animal models of TTR amyloidosis for the discovery of novel patient disease biomarkers. Amyloid 2017; 24:83-84. [PMID: 28434291 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2016.1278362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N P Gonçalves
- a Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto , Portugal and.,b IBMC Unidade de Neurobiologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto , Portugal
| | - D Martins
- a Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto , Portugal and.,b IBMC Unidade de Neurobiologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto , Portugal
| | - M J Saraiva
- a Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto , Portugal and.,b IBMC Unidade de Neurobiologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto , Portugal
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44
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Shan M, Su Y, Kang W, Gao R, Li X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression and functions of protocadherins in human malignant tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12969-12981. [PMID: 27449047 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily and are subdivided into "clustered" and "non-clustered" groups. PCDHs vary in both structure and interaction partners and thus regulate multiple biological responses in complex and versatile patterns. Previous researches showed that PCDHs regulated the development of brain and were involved in some neuronal diseases. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant expression of PCDHs in various human malignant tumors. The down-regulation or absence of PCDHs in malignant cells has been associated with cancer progression. Further researches suggest that PCDHs may play major functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the altered expression of PCDHs and their roles in the development of cancer progression. We also discuss the potential mechanisms, by which PCDHs are aberrantly expressed, and its implications in regulating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Kang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Hei Longjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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45
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Pederick DT, Homan CC, Jaehne EJ, Piltz SG, Haines BP, Baune BT, Jolly LA, Hughes JN, Gecz J, Thomas PQ. Pcdh19 Loss-of-Function Increases Neuronal Migration In Vitro but is Dispensable for Brain Development in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26765. [PMID: 27240640 PMCID: PMC4886214 DOI: 10.1038/srep26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin 19 (Pcdh19) is an X-linked gene belonging to the protocadherin superfamily, whose members are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and have been implicated in cell-cell adhesion, axon guidance and dendrite self-avoidance. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in humans result in the childhood epilepsy disorder PCDH19 Girls Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19 GCE) indicating that PCDH19 is required for brain development. However, understanding PCDH19 function in vivo has proven challenging and has not been studied in mammalian models. Here, we validate a murine Pcdh19 null allele in which a β-Geo reporter cassette is expressed under the control of the endogenous promoter. Analysis of β-Geo reporter activity revealed widespread but restricted expression of PCDH19 in embryonic, postnatal and adult brains. No gross morphological defects were identified in Pcdh19(+/β-Geo) and Pcdh19(Y/β-Geo) brains and the location of Pcdh19 null cells was normal. However, in vitro migration assays revealed that the motility of Pcdh19 null neurons was significantly elevated, potentially contributing to pathogenesis in patients with PCDH19 mutations. Overall our initial characterization of Pcdh19(+/β-Geo), Pcdh19(β-Geo/β-Geo) and Pcdh19(Y/β-Geo)mice reveals that despite widespread expression of Pcdh19 in the CNS, and its role in human epilepsy, its function in mice is not essential for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Pederick
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Claire C Homan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sandra G Piltz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bryan P Haines
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - James N Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Aran A, Rosenfeld N, Jaron R, Renbaum P, Zuckerman S, Fridman H, Zeligson S, Segel R, Kohn Y, Kamal L, Kanaan M, Segev Y, Mazaki E, Rabinowitz R, Shen O, Lee M, Walsh T, King MC, Gulsuner S, Levy-Lahad E. Loss of function of PCDH12 underlies recessive microcephaly mimicking intrauterine infection. Neurology 2016; 86:2016-24. [PMID: 27164683 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic basis of a recessive syndrome characterized by prenatal hyperechogenic brain foci, congenital microcephaly, hypothalamic midbrain dysplasia, epilepsy, and profound global developmental disability. METHODS Identification of the responsible gene by whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping. RESULTS Ten patients from 4 consanguineous Palestinian families manifested in utero with hyperechogenic brain foci, microcephaly, and intrauterine growth retardation. Postnatally, patients had progressive severe microcephaly, neonatal seizures, and virtually no developmental milestones. Brain imaging revealed dysplastic elongated masses in the midbrain-hypothalamus-optic tract area. Whole exome sequencing of one affected child revealed only PCDH12 c.2515C>T, p.R839X, to be homozygous in the proband and to cosegregate with the condition in her family. The allele frequency of PCDH12 p.R839X is <0.00001 worldwide. Genotyping PCDH12 p.R839X in 3 other families with affected children yielded perfect cosegregation with the phenotype (probability by chance is 2.0 × 10(-12)). Homozygosity mapping revealed that PCDH12 p.R839X lies in the largest homozygous region (11.7 MB) shared by all affected patients. The mutation reduces transcript expression by 84% (p < 2.4 × 10(-13)). PCDH12 is a vascular endothelial protocadherin that promotes cellular adhesion. Endothelial adhesion disruptions due to mutations in OCLN or JAM3 also cause congenital microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and profound psychomotor disability. CONCLUSIONS Loss of function of PCDH12 leads to recessive congenital microcephaly with profound developmental disability. The phenotype resembles Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and in utero infections. In cases with similar manifestations but no evidence of infection, our results suggest consideration of an additional, albeit rare, cause of congenital microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Aran
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nuphar Rosenfeld
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ranit Jaron
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Paul Renbaum
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Shachar Zuckerman
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hila Fridman
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Reeval Segel
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yoav Kohn
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lara Kamal
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Moien Kanaan
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yoram Segev
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Eyal Mazaki
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ron Rabinowitz
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ori Shen
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ming Lee
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mary Claire King
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle.
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47
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Stanzel S, Stubbusch J, Pataskar A, Howard MJ, Deller T, Ernsberger U, Tiwari VK, Rohrer H, Tsarovina K. Distinct roles of hand2 in developing and adult autonomic neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 76:1111-24. [PMID: 26818017 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Hand2 is essential for the acquisition and maintenance of noradrenergic properties of embryonic sympathetic neurons and controls neuroblast proliferation. Hand2 is also expressed in embryonic and postnatal parasympathetic ganglia and remains expressed in sympathetic neurons up to the adult stage. Here, we address its function in developing parasympathetic and adult sympathetic neurons. We conditionally deleted Hand2 in the parasympathetic sphenopalatine ganglion by crossing a line of floxed Hand2 mice with DbhiCre transgenic mice, taking advantage of the transient Dbh expression in parasympathetic ganglia. Hand2 elimination does not affect Dbh expression and sphenopalatine ganglion size at E12.5 and E16.5, in contrast to sympathetic ganglia. These findings demonstrate different functions for Hand2 in the parasympathetic and sympathetic lineage. Our previous Hand2 knockdown in postmitotic, differentiated chick sympathetic neurons resulted in decreased expression of noradrenergic marker genes but it was unclear whether Hand2 is required for maintaining noradrenergic neuron identity in adult animals. We now show that Hand2 elimination in adult Dbh-expressing sympathetic neurons does not decrease the expression of Th and Dbh, in contrast to the situation during development. However, gene expression profiling of adult sympathetic neurons identified 75 Hand2-dependent target genes. Interestingly, a notable proportion of down-regulated genes (15%) encode for proteins with synaptic and neurotransmission functions. These results demonstrate a change in Hand2 target genes during maturation of sympathetic neurons. Whereas Hand2 controls genes regulating noradrenergic differentiation during development, Hand2 seems to be involved in the regulation of genes controlling neurotransmission in adult sympathetic neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1111-1124, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Stanzel
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Jutta Stubbusch
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Pataskar
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences and Program in Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany
| | - Uwe Ernsberger
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/M, 60590, Germany.,Ernst-Strüngmann-Institute, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt/M, 60528, Germany
| | - Konstantina Tsarovina
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, Frankfurt/M, 60438, Germany
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48
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Nicoludis JM, Vogt BE, Green AG, Schärfe CPI, Marks DS, Gaudet R. Antiparallel protocadherin homodimers use distinct affinity- and specificity-mediating regions in cadherin repeats 1-4. eLife 2016; 5:e18449. [PMID: 27472898 PMCID: PMC5001838 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion and signaling proteins used by neurons to develop and maintain neuronal networks, relying on trans homophilic interactions between their extracellular cadherin (EC) repeat domains. We present the structure of the antiparallel EC1-4 homodimer of human PcdhγB3, a member of the γ subfamily of clustered Pcdhs. Structure and sequence comparisons of α, β, and γ clustered Pcdh isoforms illustrate that subfamilies encode specificity in distinct ways through diversification of loop region structure and composition in EC2 and EC3, which contains isoform-specific conservation of primarily polar residues. In contrast, the EC1/EC4 interface comprises hydrophobic interactions that provide non-selective dimerization affinity. Using sequence coevolution analysis, we found evidence for a similar antiparallel EC1-4 interaction in non-clustered Pcdh families. We thus deduce that the EC1-4 antiparallel homodimer is a general interaction strategy that evolved before the divergence of these distinct protocadherin families.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Nicoludis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Bennett E Vogt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anna G Green
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Charlotta PI Schärfe
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States,Applied Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States,
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49
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Coughlin GM, Kurrasch DM. Protocadherins and hypothalamic development: do they play an unappreciated role? J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:544-55. [PMID: 25845440 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal brain development requires coordinated cell movements at precise times. It has long been established that cell-cell adhesion proteins of the cadherin superfamily are involved in the adhesion and sorting of cells during tissue morphogenesis. In the present review, we focus on protocadherins, which form the largest subfamily of the cadherin superfamily and mediate homophilic cell-cell adhesion in the developing brain. These molecules are highly expressed during neural development and the exact roles that they play are still emerging. Although, historically, protocadherins were considered to provide mechanical and chemical connections between adjacent cells, recent research suggests that they may also serve as molecular identity markers of neurones to help guide cell recognition and sorting, cell migration, outgrowth of neuronal processes, and synapse formation. This phenomenon of single cell diversity stems, in part, from the vast variation in protein structure, genomic organisation and molecular function of the protocadherins. Although expression profiles and genetic manipulations have provided evidence for the role of protocadherins in the developing brain, we have only begun to construct a complete understanding of protocadherin function. We examine our current understanding of how protocadherins influence brain development and discuss the possible roles for this large superfamily within the hypothalamus. We conclude that further research into these underappreciated but vitally important genes will shed insight into hypothalamic development and perhaps the underlying aetiology of neuroendocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Coughlin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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50
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Aida T, Yoshida J, Nomura M, Tanimura A, Iino Y, Soma M, Bai N, Ito Y, Cui W, Aizawa H, Yanagisawa M, Nagai T, Takata N, Tanaka KF, Takayanagi R, Kano M, Götz M, Hirase H, Tanaka K. Astroglial glutamate transporter deficiency increases synaptic excitability and leads to pathological repetitive behaviors in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1569-79. [PMID: 25662838 PMCID: PMC4915262 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the ratio of cellular excitation to inhibition (E/I ratio) has been proposed to underlie the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). A proper E/I ratio is achieved via factors expressed in neuron and glia. In astrocytes, the glutamate transporter GLT1 is critical for regulating an E/I ratio. However, the role of GLT1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders remains unknown because mice with a complete deficiency of GLT1 exhibited seizures and premature death. Here, we show that astrocyte-specific GLT1 inducible knockout (GLAST(CreERT2/+)/GLT1(flox/flox), iKO) mice exhibit pathological repetitive behaviors including excessive and injurious levels of self-grooming and tic-like head shakes. Electrophysiological studies reveal that excitatory transmission at corticostriatal synapse is normal in a basal state but is increased after repetitive stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine ameliorated the pathological repetitive behaviors in iKO mice. These results suggest that astroglial GLT1 has a critical role in controlling the synaptic efficacy at corticostriatal synapses and its dysfunction causes pathological repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asami Tanimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iino
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Soma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ning Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanpeng Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Yanagisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumi Nagai
- Laboratory for Neuron-Glia Circuitry, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Laboratory for Neuron-Glia Circuitry, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,JST, CREST, Saitama, Japan,The Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan, Tel: +81 3 5803 5846, Fax: +81 3 5803 5843, E-mail:
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