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Khayachi A, Ase A, Liao C, Kamesh A, Kuhlmann N, Schorova L, Chaumette B, Dion P, Alda M, Séguéla P, Rouleau G, Milnerwood A. Chronic lithium treatment alters the excitatory/ inhibitory balance of synaptic networks and reduces mGluR5-PKC signalling in mouse cortical neurons. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E402-E414. [PMID: 34077150 PMCID: PMC8327978 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder is characterized by cyclical alternation between mania and depression, often comorbid with psychosis and suicide. Compared with other medications, the mood stabilizer lithium is the most effective treatment for the prevention of manic and depressive episodes. However, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and lithium’s mode of action are yet to be fully understood. Evidence suggests a change in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity, favouring excitation in bipolar disorder. In the present study, we sought to establish a holistic understanding of the neuronal consequences of lithium exposure in mouse cortical neurons, and to identify underlying mechanisms of action. Methods We used a range of technical approaches to determine the effects of acute and chronic lithium treatment on mature mouse cortical neurons. We combined RNA screening and biochemical and electrophysiological approaches with confocal immunofluorescence and live-cell calcium imaging. Results We found that only chronic lithium treatment significantly reduced intracellular calcium flux, specifically by activating metabotropic glutamatergic receptor 5. This was associated with altered phosphorylation of protein kinase C and glycogen synthase kinase 3, reduced neuronal excitability and several alterations to synapse function. Consequently, lithium treatment shifts the excitatory–inhibitory balance toward inhibition. Limitations The mechanisms we identified should be validated in future by similar experiments in whole animals and human neurons. Conclusion Together, the results revealed how lithium dampens neuronal excitability and the activity of the glutamatergic network, both of which are predicted to be overactive in the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Our working model of lithium action enables the development of targeted strategies to restore the balance of overactive networks, mimicking the therapeutic benefits of lithium but with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Khayachi
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Ariel Ase
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Calwing Liao
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Anusha Kamesh
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Naila Kuhlmann
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Lenka Schorova
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Boris Chaumette
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Patrick Dion
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Martin Alda
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Guy Rouleau
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
| | - Austen Milnerwood
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Khayachi, Ase, Liao, Kamesh, Kuhlmann, Dion, Séguéla Rouleau, Milnerwood); the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Rouleau); McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Que., Canada (Schorova); the Université de Paris, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France (Chaumette); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal Que., Canada (Chaumette); and the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Alda)
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Olivero G, Vergassola M, Cisani F, Roggeri A, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic Release-regulating Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:655-672. [PMID: 31775600 PMCID: PMC7457419 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191127112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors represent the largest family of glutamate receptors in mammals and act as fine tuners of the chemical transmission in central nervous system (CNS). In the last decade, results concerning the expression and the subcellular localization of mGlu receptors further clarified their role in physio-pathological conditions. Concomitantly, their pharmacological characterization largely improved thanks to the identification of new compounds (chemical ligands and antibodies recognizing epitopic sequences of the receptor proteins) that allowed to decipher the protein compositions of the naive receptors. mGlu receptors are expressed at the presynaptic site of chemical synapses. Here, they modulate intraterminal enzymatic pathways controlling the migration and the fusion of vesicles to synaptic membranes as well as the phosphorylation of colocalized receptors. Both the control of transmitter exocytosis and the phosphorylation of colocalized receptors elicited by mGlu receptors are relevant events that dictate the plasticity of nerve terminals, and account for the main role of presynaptic mGlu receptors as modulators of neuronal signalling. The role of the presynaptic mGlu receptors in the CNS has been the matter of several studies and this review aims at briefly summarizing the recent observations obtained with isolated nerve endings (we refer to as synaptosomes). We focus on the pharmacological characterization of these receptors and on their receptor-receptor interaction / oligo-dimerization in nerve endings that could be relevant to the development of new therapeutic approaches for the cure of central pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Ithal D, Sukumaran SK, Bhattacharjee D, Vemula A, Nadella R, Mahadevan J, Sud R, Viswanath B, Purushottam M, Jain S. Exome hits demystified: The next frontier. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 59:102640. [PMID: 33892377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have complex inheritance patterns, involving both common and rare variants. Whole exome sequencing is a promising approach to find out the rare genetic variants. We had previously reported several rare variants in multiplex families with severe mental illnesses. The current article tries to summarise the biological processes and pattern of expression of genes harbouring the aforementioned variants, linking them to known clinical manifestations through a methodical narrative review. Of the 28 genes considered for this review from 7 families with multiple affected individuals, 6 genes are implicated in various neuropsychiatric manifestations including some variations in the brain morphology assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Another 15 genes, though associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations, did not have established brain morphological changes whereas the remaining 7 genes did not have any previously recorded neuropsychiatric manifestations at all. Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway was associated with 6 of these genes and PI3K/AKT, calcium signaling, ERK, RhoA and notch signaling pathways had at least 2 gene associations. We present a comprehensive review of biological and clinical knowledge about the genes previously reported in multiplex families with severe mental illness. A 'disease in dish approach' can be helpful to further explore the fundamental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Ithal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Salil K Sukumaran
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Alekhya Vemula
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Nadella
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayant Mahadevan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Reeteka Sud
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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4
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Cisani F, Olivero G, Usai C, Van Camp G, Maccari S, Morley-Fletcher S, Pittaluga AM. Antibodies Against the NH 2-Terminus of the GluA Subunits Affect the AMPA-Evoked Releasing Activity: The Role of Complement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586521. [PMID: 33717067 PMCID: PMC7952438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies recognizing the amino-terminal domain of receptor subunit proteins modify the receptor efficiency to controlling transmitter release in isolated nerve endings (e.g., synaptosomes) indirectly confirming their presence in these particles but also allowing to speculate on their subunit composition. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy unveiled the presence of the GluA1, GluA2, GluA3, and GluA4 receptor subunits in cortical synaptosomes. Functional studies confirmed the presence of presynaptic release-regulating AMPA autoreceptors in these terminals, whose activation releases [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp, here used as a marker of glutamate) in a NBQX-dependent manner. The AMPA autoreceptors traffic in a constitutive manner, since entrapping synaptosomes with the pep2-SVKI peptide (which interferes with the GluA2-GRIP1/PICK1 interaction) amplified the AMPA-evoked releasing activity, while the inactive pep2-SVKE peptide was devoid of activity. Incubation of synaptosomes with antibodies recognizing the NH2 terminus of the GluA2 and the GluA3 subunits increased, although to a different extent, the GluA2 and 3 densities in synaptosomal membranes, also amplifying the AMPA-evoked glutamate release in a NBQX-dependent fashion. We then analyzed the releasing activity of complement (1:300) from both treated and untreated synaptosomes and found that the complement-induced overflow occurred in a DL-t-BOA-sensitive, NBQX-insensitive fashion. We hypothesized that anti-GluA/GluA complexes in neuronal membranes could trigger the classic pathway of activation of the complement, modifying its releasing activity. Accordingly, the complement-evoked release of [3H]D-Asp from antiGluA2 and anti-GluA3 antibody treated synaptosomes was significantly increased when compared to untreated terminals and facilitation was prevented by omitting the C1q component of the immunocomplex. Antibodies recognizing the NH2 terminus of the GluA1 or the GluA4 subunits failed to affect both the AMPA and the complement-evoked tritium overflow. Our results suggest the presence of GluA2/GluA3-containing release-regulating AMPA autoreceptors in cortical synaptosomes. Incubation of synaptosomes with commercial anti-GluA2 or anti-GluA3 antibodies amplifies the AMPA-evoked exocytosis of glutamate through a complement-independent pathway, involving an excessive insertion of AMPA autoreceptors in plasma membranes but also affects the complement-dependent releasing activity, by promoting the classic pathway of activation of the immunocomplex. Both events could be relevant to the development of autoimmune diseases typified by an overproduction of anti-GluA subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cisani
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guendalina Olivero
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilles Van Camp
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA), “Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”, University of Lille – CNRS, UGSF UMR 8576/Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Lille, France
| | - Stefania Maccari
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA), “Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”, University of Lille – CNRS, UGSF UMR 8576/Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Lille, France
- Department of Science and Medical - Surgical Biotechnology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Morley-Fletcher
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA), “Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases”, University of Lille – CNRS, UGSF UMR 8576/Sapienza University of Rome and IRCCS Neuromed, Lille, France
| | - Anna Maria Pittaluga
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
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Spark DL, Mao M, Ma S, Sarwar M, Nowell CJ, Shackleford DM, Sexton PM, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. In the Loop: Extrastriatal Regulation of Spiny Projection Neurons by GPR52. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2066-2076. [PMID: 32519838 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR52 is a Gαs-coupled orphan receptor identified as a putative target for the treatment of schizophrenia. The unique expression and signaling profile of GPR52 in key areas of dopamine and glutamate dysregulation suggests its activation may resolve both cortical and striatal dysfunction in the disorder. GPR52 mRNA is enriched in the striatum, almost exclusively on dopamine D2-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and to a lesser extent in the cortex, predominantly on D1-expressing pyramidal neurons. Synthetic, small molecule GPR52 agonists are effective in preclinical models of psychosis; however, the relative contribution of cortical and striatal GPR52 is unknown. Here we show that the GPR52 agonist, 3-BTBZ, inhibits phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotor activity to a greater degree than amphetamine-induced motor effects, suggesting a mechanism beyond functional antagonism of striatal dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Using DARPP-32 phosphorylation and electrophysiological recordings in either striatopallidal or striatonigral MSNs, we were surprised to find no significant effect of 3-BTBZ in striatopallidal MSNs, but GPR52-mediated effects in striatonigral MSNs, where its mRNA is absent. 3-BTBZ increases phosphorylation of T75 on DARPP-32 in striatonigral MSNs, an effect that was dependent on cortical inputs. A similar role for GPR52 in regulating extrastriatal glutamatergic drive onto striatonigral MSNs was also evident in recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and was shown to be dependent on the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype 1. Our results demonstrate that GPR52-mediated regulation of striatal function depends heavily on extrastriatal inputs, which may further support its utility as a novel target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherie Ma
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Bonifacino T, Rebosio C, Provenzano F, Torazza C, Balbi M, Milanese M, Raiteri L, Usai C, Fedele E, Bonanno G. Enhanced Function and Overexpression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1 and 5 in the Spinal Cord of the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis during Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184552. [PMID: 31540330 PMCID: PMC6774337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and our previous work highlighted that abnormal Glu release may represent a leading mechanism for excessive synaptic Glu. We demonstrated that group I metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR1, mGluR5) produced abnormal Glu release in SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord at a late disease stage (120 days). Here, we studied this phenomenon in pre-symptomatic (30 and 60 days) and early-symptomatic (90 days) SOD1G93A mice. The mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) concentration dependently stimulated the release of [3H]d-Aspartate ([3H]d-Asp), which was comparable in 30- and 60-day-old wild type mice and SOD1G93A mice. At variance, [3H]d-Asp release was significantly augmented in 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice and both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were involved. The 3,5-DHPG-induced [3H]d-Asp release was exocytotic, being of vesicular origin and mediated by intra-terminal Ca2+ release. mGluR1 and mGluR5 expression was increased in Glu spinal cord axon terminals of 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice, but not in the whole axon terminal population. Interestingly, mGluR1 and mGluR5 were significantly augmented in total spinal cord tissue already at 60 days. Thus, function and expression of group I mGluRs are enhanced in the early-symptomatic SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord, possibly participating in excessive Glu transmission and supporting their implication in ALS. Please define all abbreviations the first time they appear in the abstract, the main text, and the first figure or table caption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Raiteri
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Bonifacino T, Provenzano F, Gallia E, Ravera S, Torazza C, Bossi S, Ferrando S, Puliti A, Van Den Bosch L, Bonanno G, Milanese M. In-vivo genetic ablation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 slows down disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Pittaluga A. Acute Functional Adaptations in Isolated Presynaptic Terminals Unveil Synaptosomal Learning and Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153641. [PMID: 31349638 PMCID: PMC6696074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptosomes are used to decipher the mechanisms involved in chemical transmission, since they permit highlighting the mechanisms of transmitter release and confirming whether the activation of presynaptic receptors/enzymes can modulate this event. In the last two decades, important progress in the field came from the observations that synaptosomes retain changes elicited by both “in vivo” and “in vitro” acute chemical stimulation. The novelty of these studies is the finding that these adaptations persist beyond the washout of the triggering drug, emerging subsequently as functional modifications of synaptosomal performances, including release efficiency. These findings support the conclusion that synaptosomes are plastic entities that respond dynamically to ambient stimulation, but also that they “learn and memorize” the functional adaptation triggered by acute exposure to chemical agents. This work aims at reviewing the results so far available concerning this form of synaptosomal learning, also highlighting the role of these acute chemical adaptations in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16145, Genova, Italy.
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9
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Olivero G, Vergassola M, Cisani F, Usai C, Pittaluga A. Immuno-Pharmacological Characterization of Presynaptic GluN3A-Containing NMDA Autoreceptors: Relevance to Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6142-6155. [PMID: 30734226 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mouse hippocampal glutamatergic nerve endings express presynaptic release-regulating NMDA autoreceptors (NMDARs). The presence of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, and GluN3A subunits in hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter type 1-positive synaptosomes was confirmed with confocal microscopy. GluN2C, GluN2D, and GluN3B immunopositivity was scarcely present. Incubation of synaptosomes with the anti-GluN1, the anti-GluN2A, the anti-GluN2B, or the anti-GluN3A antibody prevented the 30 μM NMDA/1 μM glycine-evoked [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-ASP) release. The NMDA/glycine-evoked [3H]D-ASP release was reduced by increasing the external protons, consistent with the participation of GluN1 subunits lacking the N1 cassette to the receptor assembly. The result also excludes the involvement of GluN1/GluN3A dimers into the NMDA-evoked overflow. Complement (1:300) released [3H]D-ASP in a dizocilpine-sensitive manner, suggesting the participation of a NMDAR-mediated component in the releasing activity. Accordingly, the complement-evoked glutamate overflow was reduced in anti-GluN-treated synaptosomes when compared to the control. We speculated that incubation with antibodies had favored the internalization of NMDA receptors. Indeed, a significant reduction of the GluN1 and GluN2B proteins in the plasma membranes of anti-GluN1 or anti-GluN2B antibody-treated synaptosomes emerged in biotinylation studies. Altogether, our findings confirm the existence of presynaptic GluN3A-containing release-regulating NMDARs in mouse hippocampal glutamatergic nerve endings. Furthermore, they unveil presynaptic alteration of the GluN subunit insertion in synaptosomal plasma membranes elicited by anti-GluN antibodies that might be relevant to the central alterations occurring in patients suffering from autoimmune anti-NMDA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Vergassola
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Cisani
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy. .,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
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10
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Vergassola M, Olivero G, Cisani F, Usai C, Bossi S, Puliti A, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic mGlu1 Receptors Control GABA B Receptors in an Antagonist-Like Manner in Mouse Cortical GABAergic and Glutamatergic Nerve Endings. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:324. [PMID: 30279647 PMCID: PMC6153310 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse cortical GABAergic synaptosomes possess presynaptic inhibitory GABAB autoreceptors. Accordingly, (±)baclofen (3 μM) inhibits in a CGP53423-sensitive manner the 12 mM KCl-evoked release of preloaded [3H]GABA. Differently, the existence of presynaptic release-regulating metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) heteroreceptors in these terminals is still matter of discussion, although confocal microscopy unveiled the existence of mGlu1α with GABAB1 or GABAB2 proteins in cortical VGAT-positive synaptosomes. The group I mGlu agonist 3,5-DHPG failed to modify on its own the 12 mM KCl-evoked [3H]GABA exocytosis from cortical nerve endings, but, when added concomitantly to the GABAB agonist, it significantly reduced the 3 μM (±)baclofen-induced inhibition of [3H]GABA exocytosis. Conversely, the mGlu1 antagonist LY367385 (0.03–1 μM), inactive on its own on GABA exocytosis, amplified the 3 μM (±)baclofen-induced inhibition of [3H]GABA overflow. The ( ± )baclofen-induced inhibition of [3H]GABA exocytosis was more pronounced in cortical synaptosomes from Grm1crv4/crv4 mice, which bear a spontaneous mutation of the Grm1 gene leading to the functional inactivation of the mGlu1 receptor. Inasmuch, the expression of GABAB2 receptor protein in cortical synaptosomal lysates from Grm1crv4/crv4 mice was increased when compared to controls. Altogether, these observations seem best interpreted by assuming that mGlu1 coexist with GABAB receptors in GABAergic cortical synaptosomes, where they control GABA receptors in an antagonist-like manner. We then asked whether the mGlu1-mediated control of GABAB receptors is restricted to GABAergic terminals, or if it occurs also in other subpopulations of nerve endings. Release-regulating GABAB receptors also exist in glutamatergic nerve endings. (±)baclofen (1 μM) diminished the 12 mM KCl-evoked [3H]D-aspartate overflow. Also in these terminals, the concomitant presence of 1 μM LY367385, inactive on its own, significantly amplified the inhibitory effect exerted by (±)baclofen on [3H]D-aspartate exocytosis. Confocal microscopy confirmed the colocalization of mGlu1 with GABAB1 and GABAB2 labeling in vesicular glutamate type1 transporter-positive particles. Our results support the conclusion that mGlu1 receptors modulate in an antagonist-like manner presynaptic release-regulating GABAB receptors. This receptor–receptor interaction could be neuroprotective in central disease typified by hyperglutamatergicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Olivero G, Grilli M, Vergassola M, Bonfiglio T, Padolecchia C, Garrone B, Di Giorgio FP, Tongiani S, Usai C, Marchi M, Pittaluga A. 5-HT 2A-mGlu2/3 receptor complex in rat spinal cord glutamatergic nerve endings: A 5-HT 2A to mGlu2/3 signalling to amplify presynaptic mechanism of auto-control of glutamate exocytosis. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:429-439. [PMID: 29499271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic mGlu2/3 autoreceptors exist in rat spinal cord nerve terminals as suggested by the finding that LY379268 inhibited the 15 mM KCl-evoked release of [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp) in a LY341495-sensitive manner. Spinal cord glutamatergic nerve terminals also possess presynaptic release-regulating 5-HT2A heteroreceptors. Actually, the 15 mM KCl-evoked [3H]D-Asp exocytosis from spinal cord synaptosomes was reduced by the 5-HT2A agonist (±)DOI, an effect reversed by the 5-HT2A antagonists MDL11,939, MDL100907, ketanserin and trazodone (TZD). We investigated whether mGlu2/3 and 5-HT2A receptors colocalize and cross-talk in these terminals and if 5-HT2A ligands modulate the mGlu2/3-mediated control of glutamate exocytosis. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy highlighted the presence of mGlu2/3 and 5-HT2A receptor proteins in spinal cord VGLUT1 positive synaptosomes, where mGlu2/3 and 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivities largely colocalize. Furthermore, mGlu2/3 immunoprecipitates from spinal cord synaptosomes were also 5-HT2A immunopositive. Interestingly, the 100 pM LY379268-induced reduction of the 15 mM KCl-evoked [3H]D-Asp overflow as well as its inhibition by 100 nM (±)DOI became undetectable when the two agonists were concomitantly added. Conversely, 5-HT2A antagonists (MDL11,939, MDL100907, ketanserin and TZD) reinforced the release-regulating activity of mGlu2/3 autoreceptors. Increased expression of mGlu2/3 receptor proteins in synaptosomal plasmamembranes paralleled the gain of function of the mGlu2/3 autoreceptors elicited by 5-HT2A antagonists. Based on these results, we propose that in spinal cord glutamatergic terminals i) mGlu2/3 and 5-HT2A receptors colocalize and interact one each other in an antagonist-like manner, ii) 5-HT2A antagonists are indirect positive allosteric modulator of mGlu2/3 autoreceptors controlling glutamate exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Vergassola
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Padolecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Garrone
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development) - Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della Stazione Snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Di Giorgio
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development) - Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della Stazione Snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Serena Tongiani
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development) - Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della Stazione Snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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12
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Isherwood SN, Robbins TW, Dalley JW, Pekcec A. Bidirectional variation in glutamate efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex induced by selective positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulators. J Neurochem 2018; 145:111-124. [PMID: 29315577 PMCID: PMC5972455 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of prefrontal cortical glutamatergic signalling via NMDA receptor hypofunction has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction and impaired inhibitory control in such neuropsychiatric disorders as schizophrenia, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction. Although NMDA receptors functionally interact with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), the consequence of this interaction for glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remains unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulation on changes in extracellular glutamate efflux in the medial PFC (mPFC) induced by systemic administration of the non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (or MK801) in rats. Extracellular glutamate efflux was measured following systemic administration of the positive allosteric mGluR5 modulator [S‐(4‐Fluoro‐phenyl)‐{3‐[3‐(4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl]‐piperidin‐1‐yl}‐methanone] (ADX47273; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulator [2‐chloro‐4‐{[1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl]ethynyl}pyridine] (RO4917523; 0.3 mg/kg, p.o.), using a wireless glutamate biosensor in awake, freely moving rats. The effect of MK801 (0.03–0.06 mg/kg, s.c.) on mPFC glutamate efflux was also investigated in addition to the effects of MK801 (0.03 mg/kg, s.c.) following ADX47273 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) pre‐treatment. ADX47273 produced a sustained increase in glutamate efflux and increased the effect of NMDA receptor antagonism on glutamate efflux in the mPFC. In contrast, negative allosteric mGluR5 modulation with RO4917523 decreased glutamate efflux in the mPFC. These findings indicate that positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulators produce long lasting and opposing actions on extracellular glutamate efflux in the mPFC. Positive and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR5 may therefore be viable therapeutic agents to correct abnormalities in glutamatergic signalling present in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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13
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Olivero G, Bonfiglio T, Vergassola M, Usai C, Riozzi B, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Pittaluga A. Immuno-pharmacological characterization of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors controlling glutamate exocytosis in mouse cortex and spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4785-4796. [PMID: 28967122 PMCID: PMC5727332 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently proposed the existence of mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors in spinal cord terminals and of mGlu2 -preferring autoreceptors in cortical terminals. This study aims to verify our previous conclusions and to extend their pharmacological characterization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the effect of LY566332, an mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and of LY2389575, a selective mGlu3 receptor negative allosteric (NAM) modulator, on the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268-mediated inhibition of glutamate exocytosis [measured as KCl-evoked release of preloaded [3 H]-D-aspartate]. The mGlu2 PAM BINA and the mGlu3 NAM ML337, as well as selective antibodies recognizing the N-terminal of the receptor proteins, were used to confirm the pharmacological characterization of the native receptors. KEY RESULTS Cortical synaptosomes possess LY566332-sensitive autoreceptors that are slightly, although significantly, susceptible to LY2389575. In contrast, LY566332-insensitive and LY2389575-sensitive autoreceptors are present in spinal cord terminals. BINA and ML337 mimicked LY566332 and LY2389575, respectively, in controlling LY379268-mediated inhibition of glutamate exocytosis from both cortical and spinal cord synaptosomes. Incubation of cortical synaptosomes with anti-mGlu2 antibody prevented the LY379268-induced inhibition of glutamate exocytosis, and this response was partially reduced by the anti-mGlu3 antibody. Incubation of spinal cord synaptosomes with the anti-mGlu3 antibody abolished LY379268-mediated reduction of glutamate exocytosis from these terminals, while the anti-mGlu2 antibody was inactive. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy data were largely consistent with these functional observations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We confirmed that mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors exist in spinal cord terminals. Differently, cortical glutamatergic terminals possess mGlu2 /mGlu3 heterodimers, whose inhibitory effect is largely mediated by mGlu2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesare Usai
- National Research CouncilInstitute of BiophysicsGenoaItaly
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Località CamerellePozzilliItaly
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFARUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
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14
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Bossi S, Musante I, Bonfiglio T, Bonifacino T, Emionite L, Cerminara M, Cervetto C, Marcoli M, Bonanno G, Ravazzolo R, Pittaluga A, Puliti A. Genetic inactivation of mGlu5 receptor improves motor coordination in the Grm1 crv4 mouse model of SCAR13 ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:44-53. [PMID: 28982591 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in the glutamate receptor metabotropic 1 gene (GRM1) cause a recessive form of cerebellar ataxia, SCAR13. GRM1 and GRM5 code for the metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) and type 5 (mGlu5) receptors, respectively. Their different expression profiles suggest they could have distinct functional roles. In a previous study, homozygous mice lacking mGlu1 receptors (Grm1crv4/crv4) and exhibiting ataxia presented cerebellar overexpression of mGlu5 receptors, that was proposed to contribute to the mouse phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we here crossed Grm1crv4 and Grm5ko mice to generate double mutants (Grm1crv4/crv4Grm5ko/ko) lacking both mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors. Double mutants and control mice were analyzed for spontaneous behavior and for motor activity by rotarod and footprint analyses. In the same mice, the release of glutamate from cerebellar nerve endings (synaptosomes) elicited by 12mM KCl or by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) was also evaluated. Motor coordination resulted improved in double mutants when compared to Grm1crv4/crv4 mice. Furthermore, in in vitro studies, glutamate release elicited by both KCl depolarization and activation of AMPA autoreceptors resulted reduced in Grm1crv4/crv4 mice compared to wild type mice, while it presented normal levels in double mutants. Moreover, we found that Grm1crv4/crv4 mice showed reduced expression of GluA2/3 AMPA receptor subunits in cerebellar synaptosomes, while it resulted restored to wild type level in double mutants. To conclude, blocking of mGlu5 receptor reduced the dysregulation of glutamate transmission and improved motor coordination in the Grm1crv4 mouse model of SCAR13, thus suggesting the possible usefulness of pharmacological therapies based on modulation of mGlu5 receptor activity for the treatment of this type of ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bossi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS A.U.O. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cerminara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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15
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Florenzano F, Veronica C, Ciasca G, Ciotti MT, Pittaluga A, Olivero G, Feligioni M, Iannuzzi F, Latina V, Maria Sciacca MF, Sinopoli A, Milardi D, Pappalardo G, Marco DS, Papi M, Atlante A, Bobba A, Borreca A, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Extracellular truncated tau causes early presynaptic dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64745-64778. [PMID: 29029390 PMCID: PMC5630290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest part of tau secreted from AD nerve terminals and released in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is C-terminally truncated, soluble and unaggregated supporting potential extracellular role(s) of NH2 -derived fragments of protein on synaptic dysfunction underlying neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that sub-toxic doses of extracellular-applied human NH2 tau 26-44 (aka NH 2 htau) -which is the minimal active moiety of neurotoxic 20-22kDa peptide accumulating in vivo at AD synapses and secreted into parenchyma- acutely provokes presynaptic deficit in K+ -evoked glutamate release on hippocampal synaptosomes along with alteration in local Ca2+ dynamics. Neuritic dystrophy, microtubules breakdown, deregulation in presynaptic proteins and loss of mitochondria located at nerve endings are detected in hippocampal cultures only after prolonged exposure to NH 2 htau. The specificity of these biological effects is supported by the lack of any significant change, either on neuronal activity or on cellular integrity, shown by administration of its reverse sequence counterpart which behaves as an inactive control, likely due to a poor conformational flexibility which makes it unable to dynamically perturb biomembrane-like environments. Our results demonstrate that one of the AD-relevant, soluble and secreted N-terminally truncated tau forms can early contribute to pathology outside of neurons causing alterations in synaptic activity at presynaptic level, independently of overt neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Institute of Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Viale Cembrano, Italy
| | - Gunedalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Viale Cembrano, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Danilo Milardi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Catania, Italy
| | | | - De Spirito Marco
- Institute of Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Institute of Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, CNR, Bari, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, CNR, Bari, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Italy
| | - Antonella Borreca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, CNR, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
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16
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Pittaluga A. CCL5-Glutamate Cross-Talk in Astrocyte-Neuron Communication in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1079. [PMID: 28928746 PMCID: PMC5591427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system (IS) and the central nervous system (CNS) are functionally coupled, and a large number of endogenous molecules (i.e., the chemokines for the IS and the classic neurotransmitters for the CNS) are shared in common between the two systems. These interactions are key elements for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of central inflammatory diseases. In recent years, evidence has been provided supporting the role of chemokines as modulators of central neurotransmission. It is the case of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 that control pre- and/or post-synaptically the chemical transmission. This article aims to review the functional cross-talk linking another endogenous pro-inflammatory factor released by glial cells, i.e., the chemokine Regulated upon Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (CCL5) and the principal neurotransmitter in CNS (i.e., glutamate) in physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, the review discusses preclinical data concerning the role of CCL5 as a modulator of central glutamatergic transmission in healthy and demyelinating disorders. The CCL5-mediated control of glutamate release at chemical synapses could be relevant either to the onset of psychiatric symptoms that often accompany the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), but also it might indirectly give a rationale for the progression of inflammation and demyelination. The impact of disease-modifying therapies for the cure of MS on the endogenous availability of CCL5 in CNS will be also summarized. We apologize in advance for omission in our coverage of the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Bonifacino T, Cattaneo L, Gallia E, Puliti A, Melone M, Provenzano F, Bossi S, Musante I, Usai C, Conti F, Bonanno G, Milanese M. In-vivo effects of knocking-down metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28645622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder due to loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). The mechanisms of neuronal death are largely unknown, thus prejudicing the successful pharmacological treatment. One major cause for MN degeneration in ALS is represented by glutamate(Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity. We have previously reported that activation of Group I metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) at glutamatergic spinal cord nerve terminals produces abnormal Glu release in the widely studied SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. We also demonstrated that halving mGluR1 expression in the SOD1G93A mouse had a positive impact on survival, disease onset, disease progression, and on a number of cellular and biochemical readouts of ALS. We generated here SOD1G93A mice with reduced expression of mGluR5 (SOD1G93AGrm5-/+) by crossing the SOD1G93A mutant mouse with the mGluR5 heterozigous Grm5-/+ mouse. SOD1G93AGrm5-/+ mice showed prolonged survival probability and delayed pathology onset. These effects were associated to enhanced number of preserved MNs, decreased astrocyte and microglia activation, reduced cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration, and regularization of abnormal Glu release in the spinal cord of SOD1G93AGrm5-/+ mice. Unexpectedly, only male SOD1G93AGrm5-/+ mice showed improved motor skills during disease progression vs. SOD1G93A mice, while SOD1G93AGrm5-/+ females did not. These results demonstrate that a lower constitutive level of mGluR5 has a significant positive impact in mice with ALS and support the idea that blocking Group I mGluRs may represent a potentially effective pharmacological approach to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gallia
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 5 - 16147, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 9 - 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a - 60126, Torrette di Ancona, Ancona, Italy; Centre for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Via S.Margherita, 5 - 60124, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, L.go P. Daneo, 3 - 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, L.go P. Daneo, 3 - 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Via Darini, 6 - Torre di Francia, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a - 60126, Torrette di Ancona, Ancona, Italy; Centre for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Via S.Margherita, 5 - 60124, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 9 - 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa Viale Cembrano, 4 - 16148, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 9 - 16132, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Sacchi S, Novellis VD, Paolone G, Nuzzo T, Iannotta M, Belardo C, Squillace M, Bolognesi P, Rosini E, Motta Z, Frassineti M, Bertolino A, Pollegioni L, Morari M, Maione S, Errico F, Usiello A. Olanzapine, but not clozapine, increases glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving mice by inhibiting D-aspartate oxidase activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46288. [PMID: 28393897 PMCID: PMC5385520 DOI: 10.1038/srep46288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D-aspartate levels in the brain are regulated by the catabolic enzyme D-aspartate oxidase (DDO). D-aspartate activates NMDA receptors, and influences brain connectivity and behaviors relevant to schizophrenia in animal models. In addition, recent evidence reported a significant reduction of D-aspartate levels in the post-mortem brain of schizophrenia-affected patients, associated to higher DDO activity. In the present work, microdialysis experiments in freely moving mice revealed that exogenously administered D-aspartate efficiently cross the blood brain barrier and stimulates L-glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Consistently, D-aspartate was able to evoke L-glutamate release in a preparation of cortical synaptosomes through presynaptic stimulation of NMDA, mGlu5 and AMPA/kainate receptors. In support of a potential therapeutic relevance of D-aspartate metabolism in schizophrenia, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine, differently to clozapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, bupropion, fluoxetine and amitriptyline, inhibits the human DDO activity. In line with in vitro evidence, chronic systemic administration of olanzapine induces a significant extracellular release of D-aspartate and L-glutamate in the PFC of freely moving mice, which is suppressed in Ddo knockout animals. These results suggest that the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine, through the inhibition of DDO activity, increases L-glutamate release in the PFC of treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Vito De Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Squillace
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Bolognesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Zoraide Motta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), 81100, Caserta, Italy
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19
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Musante I, Mattinzoli D, Otescu LA, Bossi S, Ikehata M, Gentili C, Cangemi G, Gatti C, Emionite L, Messa P, Ravazzolo R, Rastaldi MP, Riccardi D, Puliti A. Phenotypic characterization of Grm1 crv4 mice reveals a functional role for the type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor in bone mineralization. Bone 2017; 94:114-123. [PMID: 27989650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent increasing evidence supports a role for neuronal type signaling in bone. Specifically glutamate receptors have been found in cells responsible for bone remodeling, namely the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts. While most studies have focused on ionotropic glutamate receptors, the relevance of the metabotropic glutamate signaling in bone is poorly understood. Specifically type 1 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1) receptors are expressed in bone, but the effect of its ablation on skeletal development has never been investigated. Here we report that Grm1crv4/crv4 mice, homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the mGlu1 receptor, and mainly characterized by ataxia and renal dysfunction, exhibit decreased body weight, bone length and bone mineral density compared to wild type (WT) animals. Blood analyses of the affected mice demonstrate the absence of changes in circulating factors, such as vitamin D and PTH, suggesting renal damage is not the main culprit of the skeletal phenotype. Cultures of osteoblasts lacking functional mGlu1 receptors exhibit less homogeneous collagen deposition than WT cells, and present increased expression of osteocalcin, a marker of osteoblast maturation. These data suggest that the skeletal damage is directly linked to the absence of the receptor, which in turn leads to osteoblasts dysfunction and earlier maturation. Accordingly, skeletal histomorphology suggests that Grm1crv4/crv4 mice exhibit enhanced bone maturation, resulting in premature fusion of the growth plate and shortened long bones, and further slowdown of bone apposition rate compared to the WT animals. In summary, this work reveals novel functions of mGlu1 receptors in the bone and indicates that in osteoblasts mGlu1 receptors are necessary for production of normal bone matrix, longitudinal bone growth, and normal skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Musante
- DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Bossi
- DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gentili
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, DIMES, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cangemi
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Gatti
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS A.U.O. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Rastaldi
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy; Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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20
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The activation of metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors in the rat ventral tegmental area increases dopamine extracellular levels. Neuroreport 2017; 28:28-34. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Pittaluga A. Presynaptic Release-Regulating mGlu1 Receptors in Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:295. [PMID: 27630571 PMCID: PMC5006178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors consists of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor subtypes. These receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), where they preferentially mediate facilitatory signaling in neurones and glial cells, mainly by favoring phospholipase (PLC) translocation. Based on the literature so far available, group I Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are preferentially expressed at the postsynaptic side of chemical synapsis, where they participate in the progression of the chemical stimulus. Studies, however, have shown the presence of these receptors also at the presynaptic level, where they exert several functions, including the modulation of transmitter exocytosis. Presynaptic Group I mGluRs can be both autoreceptors regulating release of glutamate and heteroreceptors regulating the release of various transmitters, including GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine. While the existence of presynaptic release-regulating mGlu5 receptors is largely recognized, the possibility that mGlu1 receptors also are present at this level has been a matter of discussion for a long time. A large body of evidence published in the last decade, however, supports this notion. This review aims at revisiting the data from in vitro studies concerning the existence and the role of release-regulating mGlu1 receptors presynaptically located in nerve terminals isolated from selected regions of the CNS. The functional interaction linking mGlu5 and mGlu1 receptor subtypes at nerve terminals and their relative contributions as modulators of central transmission will also be discussed. We apologize in advance for omission in our coverage of the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
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22
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Di Prisco S, Merega E, Bonfiglio T, Olivero G, Cervetto C, Grilli M, Usai C, Marchi M, Pittaluga A. Presynaptic, release-regulating mGlu2 -preferring and mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors in CNS: pharmacological profiles and functional roles in demyelinating disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1465-77. [PMID: 26791341 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Presynaptic, release-regulating metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 (mGlu2/3) autoreceptors exist in the CNS. They represent suitable targets for therapeutic approaches to central diseases that are typified by hyperglutamatergicity. The availability of specific ligands able to differentiate between mGlu2 and mGlu3 subunits allows us to further characterize these autoreceptors. In this study we investigated the pharmacological profile of mGlu2/3 receptors in selected CNS regions and evaluated their functions in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The comparative analysis of presynaptic mGlu2/3 autoreceptors was performed by determining the effect of selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist(s) and antagonist(s) on the release of [(3)H]-D-aspartate from cortical and spinal cord synaptosomes in superfusion. In EAE mice, mGlu2/3 autoreceptor-mediated release functions were investigated and effects of in vivo LY379268 administration on impaired glutamate release examined ex vivo. KEY RESULTS Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of presynaptic mGlu2/3 receptor proteins. Cortical synaptosomes possessed LY541850-sensitive, NAAG-insensitive autoreceptors having low affinity for LY379268, while LY541850-insensitive, NAAG-sensitive autoreceptors with high affinity for LY379268 existed in spinal cord terminals. In EAE mice, mGlu2/3 autoreceptors completely lost their inhibitory activity in cortical, but not in spinal cord synaptosomes. In vivo LY379268 administration restored the glutamate exocytosis capability in spinal cord but not in cortical terminals in EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We propose the existence of mGlu2-preferring and mGlu3-preferring autoreceptors in mouse cortex and spinal cord respectively. The mGlu3 -preferring autoreceptors could represent a target for new pharmacological approaches for treating demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Merega
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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23
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Perea G, Yang A, Boyden ES, Sur M. Optogenetic astrocyte activation modulates response selectivity of visual cortex neurons in vivo. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3262. [PMID: 24500276 PMCID: PMC4075037 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play important roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Despite in vitro evidence, their causal contribution to cortical network activity and sensory information processing in vivo remains unresolved. Here we report that selective photostimulation of astrocytes with channelrhodopsin-2 in primary visual cortex enhances both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, through the activation of type 1a metabotropic glutamate receptors. Photostimulation of astrocytes in vivo increases the spontaneous firing of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory neurons, while excitatory and somatostatin-positive (SOM+) neurons show either an increase or decrease in their activity. Moreover, PV+ neurons show increased baseline visual responses and reduced orientation selectivity to visual stimuli, whereas excitatory and SOM+ neurons show either increased or decreased baseline visual responses together with complementary changes in orientation selectivity. Therefore, astrocyte activation, through the dual control of excitatory and inhibitory drive, influences neuronal integrative features critical for sensory information processing. Astrocytes regulate activity within neuronal networks. Here, the authors use photostimulation to activate astrocytes in the mouse visual cortex, and find that this increases excitatory and inhibitory neuronal synaptic transmission via activation of type 1a metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrudis Perea
- 1] Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Aimei Yang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- 1] Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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24
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Bragina L, Bonifacino T, Bassi S, Milanese M, Bonanno G, Conti F. Differential expression of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors at neocortical glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:345. [PMID: 26388733 PMCID: PMC4559644 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (Glu) receptors (mGluRs) and GABAB receptors are highly expressed at presynaptic sites. To verify the possibility that the two classes of metabotropic receptors contribute to axon terminals heterogeneity, we studied the localization of mGluR1α, mGluR5, mGluR2/3, mGluR7, and GABAB1 in VGLUT1-, VGLUT2-, and VGAT- positive terminals in the cerebral cortex of adult rats. VGLUT1-positive puncta expressed mGluR1α (∼5%), mGluR5 (∼6%), mGluR2/3 (∼22%), mGluR7 (∼17%), and GABAB1 (∼40%); VGLUT2-positive terminals expressed mGluR1α (∼10%), mGluR5 (∼11%), mGluR2/3 (∼20%), mGluR7 (∼28%), and GABAB1 (∼25%); whereas VGAT-positive puncta expressed mGluR1α (∼27%), mGluR5 (∼24%), mGluR2/3 (∼38%), mGluR7 (∼31%), and GABAB1 (∼19%). Control experiments ruled out the possibility that postsynaptic mGluRs and GABAB1 might have significantly biased our results. We also performed functional assays in synaptosomal preparations, and showed that all agonists modify Glu and GABA levels, which return to baseline upon exposure to antagonists. Overall, these findings indicate that mGluR1α, mGluR5, mGluR2/3, mGluR7, and GABAB1 expression differ significantly between glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals, and that the robust expression of heteroreceptors may contribute to the homeostatic regulation of the balance between excitation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bragina
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoAncona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani – Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoAncona, Italy
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
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Marchi M, Grilli M, Pittaluga AM. Nicotinic modulation of glutamate receptor function at nerve terminal level: a fine-tuning of synaptic signals. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 25972809 PMCID: PMC4413670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on a specific interaction occurring between the nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) and the glutamatergic receptors (GluRs) at the nerve endings level. We have employed synaptosomes in superfusion and supplemented and integrated our findings with data obtained using techniques from molecular biology and immuno-cytochemistry, and the assessment of receptor trafficking. In particular, we characterize the following: (1) the direct and unequivocal localization of native α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors on specific nerve terminals, (2) their pharmacological characterization and functional co-localization with nAChRs on the same nerve endings, and (3) the existence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions among them. Indeed, in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc), the function of some AMPA and NMDA receptors present on the dopaminergic and glutamatergic nerve terminals can be regulated negatively or positively in response to a brief activation of nAChRs. This effect occurs rapidly and involves the trafficking of AMPA and NMDA receptors. The event takes place also at very low concentrations of nicotine and involves the activation of several nAChRs subtypes. This dynamic control by cholinergic nicotinic system of glutamatergic NMDA and AMPA receptors might therefore represent an important neuronal presynaptic adaptation associated with nicotine administration. The understanding of the role of these nicotine-induced functional changes might open new and interesting perspectives both in terms of explaining the mechanisms that underlie some of the effects of nicotine addiction and in the development of new drugs for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna M Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
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Nisticò R, Florenzano F, Mango D, Ferraina C, Grilli M, Di Prisco S, Nobili A, Saccucci S, D'Amelio M, Morbin M, Marchi M, Mercuri NB, Davis RJ, Pittaluga A, Feligioni M. Presynaptic c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 2 regulates NMDA receptor-dependent glutamate release. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9035. [PMID: 25762148 PMCID: PMC4357012 DOI: 10.1038/srep09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is a critical step for neuronal death occurring in several neurological conditions. JNKs can be activated via receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, including the NMDA glutamate receptors. While JNK has been generally associated with postsynaptic NMDA receptors, its presynaptic role remains largely unexplored. Here, by means of biochemical, morphological and functional approaches, we demonstrate that JNK and its scaffold protein JIP1 are also expressed at the presynaptic level and that the NMDA-evoked glutamate release is controlled by presynaptic JNK-JIP1 interaction. Moreover, using knockout mice for single JNK isoforms, we proved that JNK2 is the essential isoform in mediating this presynaptic event. Overall the present findings unveil a novel JNK2 localization and function, which is likely to play a role in different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- 1] Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Rome, 00143, Italy [2] Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Fulvio Florenzano
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- 1] Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Rome, 00143, Italy [2] Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferraina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- 1] Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy [2] University Campus Biomedico, 00100 Rome
| | - Stefania Saccucci
- Neuropathology &Neurology V - IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- 1] Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy [2] University Campus Biomedico, 00100 Rome
| | - Michela Morbin
- Neuropathology &Neurology V - IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Marchi
- 1] Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16148, Italy [2] Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00143, Italy
| | - Roger J Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, USA
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- 1] Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16148, Italy [2] Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, 16132, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI "Rita Levi-Montalcini" Foundation, Rome, 00143, Italy
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated signaling dampens the HPA axis response to restraint stress. Physiol Behav 2015; 150:2-7. [PMID: 25701594 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in the regulation of the neural portion of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and signals through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. In the current studies we investigated the role of hypothalamic paraventricular group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the regulation of the HPA axis response to restraint stress in rats. Direct injection of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) into the PVN prior to restraint leads to blunting of the HPA axis response in awake animals. Consistent with this result, infusion of the group I receptor antagonist hexyl-homoibotenic acid (HIBO) potentiates the HPA axis response to restraint. The excitatory effect of blocking paraventricular group I metabotropic glutamate signaling is blocked by co-administration of dexamethasone into the PVN. However, the inhibitory effect of DHPG is not affected by co-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM-251 into the PVN. Together, these results suggest that paraventricular group I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling acts to dampen HPA axis reactivity. This effect appears to be similar to the rapid inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids at the PVN, but is not mediated by endocannabinoid signaling.
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Ohi Y, Kimura S, Haji A. Modulation of glutamatergic transmission by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in second-order neurons of the guinea pig nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res 2014; 1581:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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CCL5-glutamate interaction in central nervous system: Early and acute presynaptic defects in EAE mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:337-46. [PMID: 23958452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the CCL5-glutamate interaction in the cortex and in the spinal cord from mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) at 13 and 21/30 days post immunization (d.p.i.), representing the onset and the peak of the disease, respectively. An early reduction of the KCl-evoked glutamate release was observed in cortical terminals from EAE mice at 13 d.p.i., persisting until 21/30 d.p.i. A concomitant reduction of the depolarization-evoked cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), but not of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) cortical production also occurred at 13 d.p.i, that still was detectable at the acute stage of disease (21 dp.i.). Inasmuch, the CCL5-mediated inhibition of glutamate exocytosis observed in control mice turned to facilitation in EAE mouse cortex at 13 d.p.i., then becoming undetectable at 21/30 d.p.i. Differently, glutamate exocytosis, as well as IP3 and cAMP productions were unaltered in spinal cord synaptosomes from EAE mice at 13 d.p.i., but significantly increased at 21/30 d.p.i., while the presynaptic CCL5-mediated facilitation of glutamate exocytosis observed in control mice remained unchanged. In both CNS regions, the presynaptic defects were parallelled by increased CCL5 availability. Inasmuch, the presynaptic defects so far described in EAE mice were reminiscent of the effects acute CCL5 exerts in control conditions. Based on these observations we propose that increased CCL5 bioavailability could have a role in determining the abovedescribed impaired presynaptic impairments in both CNS regions. These presynaptic defects could be relevant to the onset of early cognitive impairments and acute neuroinflammation and demyelinating processes observed in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Parmentier-Batteur S, Hutson PH, Menzel K, Uslaner JM, Mattson BA, O'Brien JA, Magliaro BC, Forest T, Stump CA, Tynebor RM, Anthony NJ, Tucker TJ, Zhang XF, Gomez R, Huszar SL, Lambeng N, Fauré H, Le Poul E, Poli S, Rosahl TW, Rocher JP, Hargreaves R, Williams TM. Mechanism based neurotoxicity of mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators--development challenges for a promising novel antipsychotic target. Neuropharmacology 2013; 82:161-73. [PMID: 23291536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that activation of mGlu5 receptor augments NMDA receptor function and thereby may constitute a rational approach addressing glutamate hypofunction in schizophrenia and a target for novel antipsychotic drug development. Here, we report the in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy and safety profile of 5PAM523 (4-Fluorophenyl){(2R,5S)-5-[5-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl}methanone), a structurally novel positive allosteric modulator selective of mGlu5. In cells expressing human mGlu5 receptor, 5PAM523 potentiated threshold responses to glutamate in fluorometric calcium assays, but does not have any intrinsic agonist activity. 5PAM523 acts as an allosteric modulator as suggested by the binding studies showing that 5PAM523 did not displace the binding of the orthosteric ligand quisqualic acid, but did partially compete with the negative allosteric modulator, MPyEP. In vivo, 5PAM523 reversed amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in rats. Therefore, both the in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that 5PAM523 acts as a selective mGlu5 PAM and exhibits anti-psychotic like activity. To study the potential for adverse effects and particularly neurotoxicity, brain histopathological exams were performed in rats treated for 4 days with 5PAM523 or vehicle. The brain exam revealed moderate to severe neuronal necrosis in the rats treated with the doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg, particularly in the auditory cortex and hippocampus. To investigate whether this neurotoxicity is mechanism specific to 5PAM523, similar safety studies were carried out with three other structurally distinct selective mGlu5 PAMs. Results revealed a comparable pattern of neuronal cell death. Finally, 5PAM523 was tested in mGlu5 knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. mGlu5 WT mice treated with 5PAM523 for 4 days at 100 mg/kg presented significant neuronal death in the auditory cortex and hippocampus. Conversely, mGlu5 KO mice did not show any neuronal loss by histopathology, suggesting that enhancement of mGlu5 function is responsible for the toxicity of 5PAM523. This study reveals for the first time that augmentation of mGlu5 function with selective allosteric modulators results in neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter H Hutson
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Karsten Menzel
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Britta A Mattson
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Julie A O'Brien
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Brian C Magliaro
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Thomas Forest
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Craig A Stump
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Robert M Tynebor
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Neville J Anthony
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Thomas J Tucker
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Xu-Fang Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Robert Gomez
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Sarah L Huszar
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Nathalie Lambeng
- Addex Therapeutics, 12, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Fauré
- Addex Therapeutics, 12, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emannuel Le Poul
- Addex Therapeutics, 12, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Poli
- Addex Therapeutics, 12, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Rosahl
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Rocher
- Addex Therapeutics, 12, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
| | - Theresa M Williams
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA
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Morrow JA, Gilfillan R, Neale SA. Glutamatergic Approaches for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. DRUG DISCOVERY FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734943-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and plays a key role in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, learning and memory. Dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders with a growing body of evidence suggesting that hypofunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It thus follows that potentiation of NMDA receptor function via pharmacological manipulation may provide therapeutic utility for the treatment of schizophrenia and a number of different approaches are currently being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry with this aim in mind. These include strategies that target the glycine/d-serine site of the NMDA receptor (glycine transporter GlyT1, d-serine transporter ASC-1 and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors) together with those aimed at enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission via modulation of AMPA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor function. Such efforts are now beginning to bear fruit with compounds such as the GlyT1 inhibitor RG1678 and mGlu2 agonist LY2140023 proving to have clinical meaningful effects in phase II clinical trials. While more studies are required to confirm long-term efficacy, functional outcome and safety in schizophrenic agents, these agents hold real promise for addressing unmet medical needs, in particular refractory negative and cognitive symptoms, not currently addressed by existing antipsychotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Morrow
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 USA
| | - Robert Gilfillan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 USA
| | - Stuart A. Neale
- Neurexpert Ltd Ground Floor, 2 Woodberry Grove, North Finchley, London, N12 0DR UK
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Rossi PIA, Musante I, Summa M, Pittaluga A, Emionite L, Ikehata M, Rastaldi MP, Ravazzolo R, Puliti A. Compensatory molecular and functional mechanisms in nervous system of the Grm1(crv4) mouse lacking the mGlu1 receptor: a model for motor coordination deficits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2179-89. [PMID: 22791805 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate type 1 (mGlu1) and type 5 (mGlu5) receptors, the only members of group I mGlu receptors, are implicated in synaptic plasticity and mechanisms of feedback control of glutamate release. They exhibit nearly complementary distributions throughout the central nervous system, well evident in the cerebellum, where mGlu1 receptor is most intensely expressed while mGlu5 receptor is not. Despite their different distribution, they show a similar subcellular localization and use common transducing pathways. We recently described the Grm1(crv4) mouse with motor coordination deficits and renal anomalies caused by a spontaneous mutation inactivating the mGlu1 receptor. To define the neuropathological mechanisms in these mice, we evaluated expression and function of the mGlu5 receptor in cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed mGlu5 receptor overexpression. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the up-regulation is already evident at RNA level. Functional studies confirmed an enhanced glutamate release from cortical cerebral and cerebellar synaptosomes when compared with wild-type that is abolished by the mGlu5 receptor-specific inhibitor, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP). Finally, acute MPEP treatment of Grm1(crv4/crv4) mice induced an evident although incomplete improvement of motor coordination, suggesting that mGlu5 receptors enhanced activity worsens, instead of improving, the motor-coordination defects in the Grm1(crv4/crv4) mice.
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Giribaldi F, Milanese M, Bonifacino T, Anna Rossi PI, Di Prisco S, Pittaluga A, Tacchetti C, Puliti A, Usai C, Bonanno G. Group I metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors induce abnormal glutamate exocytosis in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:253-63. [PMID: 22634363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity plays a major role in ALS and reduced astrocytic glutamate transport was suggested as a cause. Based on previous work we have proposed that abnormal release may represent another source of excessive glutamate. In this line, here we studied the modulation of glutamate release in ALS by Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, that comprise mGlu1 and mGlu5 members. Synaptosomes from the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1/G93A mice, a widely used murine model for human ALS, and controls were used in release, confocal or electron microscopy and Western blot experiments. Concentrations of the mGlu1/5 receptor agonist 3,5-DHPG >0.3 μM stimulated the release of [(3)H]d- aspartate, used to label the releasing pools of glutamate, both in control and SOD1/G93A mice. At variance, ≤0.3 μM 3,5-DHPG increased [(3)H]d-aspartate release in SOD1/G93A mice only. Experiments with selective antagonists indicated the involvement of both mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors, mGlu5 being preferentially involved in the high potency effects of 3,5-DHPG. High 3,5-DHPG concentrations increased IP3 formation in both mouse strains, whereas low 3,5-DHPG did it in SOD1/G93A mice only. Release experiments confirmed that 3,5-DHPG elicited [(3)H]d-aspartate exocytosis involving intra-terminal Ca(2+) release through IP3-sensitive channels. Confocal microscopy indicated the co-existence of both receptors presynaptically in the same glutamatergic nerve terminal in SOD1/G93A mice. To conclude, activation of mGlu1/5 receptors produced abnormal glutamate release in SOD1/G93A mice, suggesting that these receptors are implicated in ALS and that selective antagonists may be predicted for new therapeutic approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giribaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Śmiałowska M, Gołembiowska K, Kajta M, Zięba B, Dziubina A, Domin H. Selective mGluR1 antagonist EMQMCM inhibits the kainate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures and in the rat hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2012; 21:379-92. [PMID: 22144346 PMCID: PMC3296950 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence suggests that indirect inhibitory modulation of glutamatergic transmission, via metabotropic glutamatergic receptors (mGluR), may induce neuroprotection. The present study was designed to determine whether the selective antagonist of mGluR1 (3-ethyl-2-methyl-quinolin-6-yl)-(4-methoxy-cyclohexyl)-methanone methanesulfonate (EMQMCM), showed neuroprotection against the kainate (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro studies on mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures, incubation with KA (150 μM) induced strong degeneration [measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux] and apoptosis (measured as caspase-3 activity). EMQMCM (0.1-100 μM) added 30 min to 6 h after KA, significantly attenuated the KA-induced LDH release and prevented the increase in caspase-3 activity in the cultures. Those effects were dose- and time-dependent. In in vivo studies KA (2.5 nmol/1 μl) was unilaterally injected into the rat dorsal CA1 hippocampal region. Degeneration was calculated by counting surviving neurons in the CA pyramidal layer using stereological methods. It was found that EMQMCM (5-10 nmol/1 μl) injected into the dorsal hippocampus 30 min, 1 h, or 3 h (the higher dose only) after KA significantly prevented the KA-induced neuronal degeneration. In vivo microdialysis studies in rat hippocampus showed that EMQMCM (100 μM) significantly increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreased glutamate release. When perfused simultaneously with KA, EMQMCM substantially increased GABA release and prevented the KA-induced glutamate release. The obtained results indicate that the mGluR1 antagonist, EMQMCM, may exert neuroprotection against excitotoxicity after delayed treatment (30 min to 6 h). The role of enhanced GABAergic transmission in the neuroprotection is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Śmiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Albuminuria and glomerular damage in mice lacking the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1257-69. [PMID: 21356376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 1 (GRM1) has been shown to play an important role in neuronal cells by triggering, through calcium release from intracellular stores, various signaling pathways that finally modulate neuron excitability, synaptic plasticity, and mechanisms of feedback regulation of neurotransmitter release. Herein, we show that Grm1 is expressed in glomerular podocytes and that a glomerular phenotype is exhibited by Grm1(crv4) mice carrying a spontaneous recessive inactivating mutation of the gene. Homozygous Grm1(crv4/crv4) and, to a lesser extent, heterozygous mice show albuminuria, podocyte foot process effacement, and reduced levels of nephrin and other proteins known to contribute to the maintenance of podocyte cell structure. Overall, the present data extend the role of mGlu1 receptor to the glomerular filtration barrier. The regulatory action of mGlu1 receptor in dendritic spine morphology and in the control of glutamate release is well acknowledged in neuronal cells. Analogously, we speculate that mGlu1 receptor may regulate foot process morphology and intercellular signaling in the podocyte.
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36
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Marte A, Cavallero A, Morando S, Uccelli A, Raiteri M, Fedele E. Alterations of glutamate release in the spinal cord of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2010; 115:343-52. [PMID: 20649849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the spontaneous and the depolarisation-induced release of [(3)H]D-aspartate ([(3)H]D-ASP), a non-metabolisable analogue of glutamate, in spinal cord slices, synaptosomes and gliosomes from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at 13, 21 and 55 days post-immunisation (d.p.i.), representing onset, peak and chronic phases of the pathology. At 13 and 21 d.p.i., the KCl-evoked, calcium-dependent overflow of [(3)H]D-ASP in spinal cord slices was significantly lower (30-40%), whereas at 55 d.p.i. it was significantly higher (30%), than that elicited in matched controls. When the release was measured from spinal cord synaptosomes and gliosomes in superfusion, a different picture emerged. The spontaneous and the KCl(15 mM)-induced release of [(3)H]D-ASP were significantly increased both in synaptosomes (17% and 45%, respectively) and gliosomes (26% and 25%, respectively) at 21, but not at 13, d.p.i. At 55 d.p.i., the KCl-induced [(3)H]D-ASP release was significantly increased (40%) only in synaptosomes. Finally, uptake of [(3)H]D-ASP was markedly (50-60%) increased in spinal cord synaptosomes, but not in gliosomes, obtained from EAE mice at 21 d.p.i., whereas no differences could be detected at 13 d.p.i. Our data indicate that glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the spinal cord of EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Presynaptic roles of intracellular Ca(2+) stores in signalling and exocytosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:529-35. [PMID: 20298216 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The signalling roles of Ca(2+)(ic) (intracellular Ca(2+)) stores are well established in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. In neurons, although Ca(2+)(ic) stores have been assigned a pivotal role in postsynaptic responses to G(q)-coupled receptors, or secondarily to extracellular Ca(2+) influx, the functions of dynamic Ca(2+)(ic) stores in presynaptic terminals remain to be fully elucidated. In the present paper, we review some of the recent evidence supporting an involvement of Ca(2+)(ic) in presynaptic function, and discuss loci at which this source of Ca(2+) may impinge. Nerve terminal preparations provide good models for functionally examining putative Ca(2+)(ic) stores under physiological and pathophysiological stimulation paradigms, using Ca(2+)-dependent activation of resident protein kinases as sensors for fine changes in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. We conclude that intraterminal Ca(2+)(ic) stores may, directly or indirectly, enhance neurotransmitter release following nerve terminal depolarization and/or G-protein-coupled receptor activation. During conditions that prevail following neuronal ischaemia, increased glutamate release instigated by Ca(2+)(ic) store activation may thereby contribute to excitotoxicity and eventual synaptopathy.
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Musante V, Summa M, Neri E, Puliti A, Godowicz TT, Severi P, Battaglia G, Raiteri M, Pittaluga A. The HIV-1 Viral Protein Tat Increases Glutamate and Decreases GABA Exocytosis from Human and Mouse Neocortical Nerve Endings. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:1974-84. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Marek GJ, Behl B, Bespalov AY, Gross G, Lee Y, Schoemaker H. Glutamatergic (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) hypofrontality in schizophrenia: too little juice or a miswired brain? Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:317-26. [PMID: 19933774 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.059865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptor blockade has been an obligate mechanism of action present in all medications that effectively treat positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., delusions and hallucinations) and have been approved by regulatory agencies since the 1950s. Blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptors plays a contributory role in the actions of the second generation of antipsychotic drugs, the so-called atypical antipsychotics. Nevertheless, substantial unmet medical needs remain for the treatment of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Recognition that dissociative anesthetics block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel has inspired a search for glutamatergic therapeutic mechanisms because ketamine and phencyclidine are known to induce psychotic-like symptoms in healthy volunteers and exacerbate the symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. Current pathophysiological theories of schizophrenia emphasize that hypofunction of NMDA receptors at critical sites in local circuits modulate the function of a given brain region or control projections from one region to another (e.g., hippocampal-cortical or thalamocortical projections). The demonstration that a metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor agonist prodrug decreased both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia raised hopes that glutamatergic mechanisms may provide therapeutic advantages. In addition to discussing the activation of mGlu2 receptors with mGlu2/3 receptor agonists or mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), we discuss other methods that may potentially modulate circuits with hypofunctional NMDA receptors such as glycine transporter inhibitors and mGlu5 receptor PAMs. The hope is that by modulating glutamatergic neurotransmission, the dysfunctional circuitry of the schizophrenic brain (both local circuits and long-loop pathways) will be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Marek
- Neuroscience Development, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois [corrected] 60064-6075, USA.
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Rossi PIA, Vaccari CM, Terracciano A, Doria-Lamba L, Facchinetti S, Priolo M, Ayuso C, De Jorge L, Gimelli S, Santorelli FM, Ravazzolo R, Puliti A. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, GRM1: evaluation as a candidate gene for inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol 2009; 257:598-602. [PMID: 19924463 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 1 receptor, coded by the GRM1 gene, is involved in synaptic activities, learning and neuroprotection. Eleven different mouse Grm1 mutations, either induced or spontaneously occurring, have been reported, including one from our group. All the mutations result in a complex phenotype with ataxia and intention tremor in mice. Moreover, autoantibodies against mGlu1 receptor have been associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia in humans. In spite of the large clinical and genetic heterogeneity displayed by the inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia, forms remain with a yet unknown molecular definition. With the evidence coming out from mouse models and from paraneoplastic ataxia, it seems that GRM1 represents a good candidate gene for early-onset ataxia forms, though no GRM1 mutations have thus far been looked for. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of GRM1 in early-onset or familial forms of ataxia. We searched for gene mutations in a panel of patients with early-onset ataxia as yet molecularly undefined. No causative mutations were found, though we detected synonymous variants in the exons and changes in flanking intronic sequences which are unlikely to alter correct splicing upon bioinformatics prediction. As for other known forms of inherited ataxias, absence of mutations in GRM1 seems to suggest a relatively low frequency in cerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Irene Anna Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16148, Genoa, Italy
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Glutamate-mediated calcium signaling: A potential target for lithium action. Neuroscience 2009; 161:1126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Satow A, Suzuki G, Maehara S, Hikichi H, Murai T, Murai T, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Ito S, Ozaki S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H. Unique antipsychotic activities of the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 allosteric antagonist 2-cyclopropyl-5-[1-(2-fluoro-3-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:179-90. [PMID: 19359526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.151118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly discovered metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1 allosteric antagonist, 2-cyclopropyl-5-[1-(2-fluoro-3-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (CFMTI), was tested both in vitro and in vivo for its pharmacological effects. CFMTI demonstrated potent and selective antagonistic activity on mGluR1 in vitro and in vivo after oral administration. CFMTI inhibited L-glutamate-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human and rat mGluR1a, with IC(50) values of 2.6 and 2.3 nM, respectively. The selectivity of CFMTI to mGluR1 over mGluR5 was >2000-fold, and CFMTI at 10 microM showed no agonistic or antagonistic activities toward other mGluR subtypes and other receptors. It antagonized face-washing behavior in mice induced by (S)-3,5-dihidroxyphenylglycine at a dose range of 3 to 30 mg/kg, for which receptor occupancy was 73 to 94%. As with the classical neuroleptic haloperidol and an atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, orally administered CFMTI reduced methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) at the same dose range as required to antagonize the face-washing behavior. CFMTI and clozapine improved ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, PPI disruption and (5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801)-induced social withdrawal without any cataleptogenic activities, whereas haloperidol only improved ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion. CFMTI, unlike clozapine, caused neither hypolocomotion nor motor incoordination at therapeutic doses. In c-fos expression studies, CFMTI and clozapine increased the number of fos-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex but not in the dorsolateral striatum. These results suggest that the antipsychotic activities of mGluR1 antagonists are more similar to those of atypical antipsychotics than those of typical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Satow
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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Mareš P. Age-dependent anticonvulsant action of antagonists of group I glutamate metabotropic receptors in rats. Epilepsy Res 2009; 83:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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