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Aleshin VA, Graf AV, Artiukhov AV, Ksenofontov AL, Zavileyskiy LG, Maslova MV, Bunik VI. Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures Are Increased after Kindling, Exhibiting Vitamin-Responsive Correlations to the Post-Seizures Behavior, Amino Acids Metabolism and Key Metabolic Regulators in the Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12405. [PMID: 37569781 PMCID: PMC10418815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures due to a perturbed balance between glutamate and GABA neurotransmission. Our goal is to reveal the molecular mechanisms of the changes upon repeated challenges of this balance, suggesting knowledge-based neuroprotection. To address this goal, a set of metabolic indicators in the post-seizure rat brain cortex is compared before and after pharmacological kindling with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Vitamins B1 and B6 supporting energy and neurotransmitter metabolism are studied as neuroprotectors. PTZ kindling increases the seizure severity (1.3 fold, p < 0.01), elevating post-seizure rearings (1.5 fold, p = 0.03) and steps out of the walls (2 fold, p = 0.01). In the kindled vs. non-kindled rats, the post-seizure p53 level is increased 1.3 fold (p = 0.03), reciprocating a 1.4-fold (p = 0.02) decrease in the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) controlling the glutamate degradation. Further, decreased expression of deacylases SIRT3 (1.4 fold, p = 0.01) and SIRT5 (1.5 fold, p = 0.01) reciprocates increased acetylation of 15 kDa proteins 1.5 fold (p < 0.01). Finally, the kindling abrogates the stress response to multiple saline injections in the control animals, manifested in the increased activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, malic enzyme, glutamine synthetase and decreased malate dehydrogenase activity. Post-seizure animals demonstrate correlations of p53 expression to the levels of glutamate (r = 0.79, p = 0.05). The correlations of the seizure severity and duration to the levels of GABA (r = 0.59, p = 0.05) and glutamate dehydrogenase activity (r = 0.58, p = 0.02), respectively, are substituted by the correlation of the seizure latency with the OGDHC activity (r = 0.69, p < 0.01) after the vitamins administration, testifying to the vitamins-dependent impact of the kindling on glutamate/GABA metabolism. The vitamins also abrogate the correlations of behavioral parameters with seizure duration (r 0.53-0.59, p < 0.03). Thus, increased seizures and modified post-seizure behavior in rats after PTZ kindling are associated with multiple changes in the vitamin-dependent brain metabolism of amino acids, linked to key metabolic regulators: p53, OGDHC, SIRT3 and SIRT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A. Aleshin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational, Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Maximova Street 4, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Artiukhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
| | - Lev G. Zavileyskiy
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Maslova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria I. Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Verifying causal effects of neural circuits is essential for proving a direct circuit-behavior relationship. However, techniques for tagging only active neurons with high spatiotemporal precision remain at the beginning stages. Here we develop the soma-targeted Cal-Light (ST-Cal-Light) which selectively converts somatic calcium rise triggered by action potentials into gene expression. Such modification simultaneously increases the signal-to-noise ratio of reporter gene expression and reduces the light requirement for successful labeling. Because of the enhanced efficacy, the ST-Cal-Light enables the tagging of functionally engaged neurons in various forms of behaviors, including context-dependent fear conditioning, lever-pressing choice behavior, and social interaction behaviors. We also target kainic acid-sensitive neuronal populations in the hippocampus which subsequently suppress seizure symptoms, suggesting ST-Cal-Light's applicability in controlling disease-related neurons. Furthermore, the generation of a conditional ST-Cal-Light knock-in mouse provides an opportunity to tag active neurons in a region- or cell-type specific manner via crossing with other Cre-driver lines. Thus, the versatile ST-Cal-Light system links somatic action potentials to behaviors with high temporal precision, and ultimately allows functional circuit dissection at a single cell resolution.
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Mumtaz F, Rashki A, Imran Khan M, Shadboorestan A, Abdollahi A, Ghazi-Khansari M, Alotaibi G, Dehpour AR. Neuroprotective effect of sumatriptan in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure is mediated through N-methyl-D-aspartate/nitric oxide and cAMP response element-binding protein signaling pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:250-261. [PMID: 34545607 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Seizure occurs as a result of uncontrolled electrical disturbances within the brain. Various biomolecules such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), nitric oxide (NO), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of seizure. Sumatriptan is a specific 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D receptor agonist and has neuroprotective effects in various neuropsychiatric disorders. In the current study, we tried to investigate the possible interaction of sumatriptan with NMDA/NO and CREB signaling pathway in PTZ induced seizure. For this purpose, various agonist and antagonist of NMDA such as MK-801 and Ketamine, NO precursor L-ARG, and NOS inhibitors L-NAME and 7-NI were co-administered with sumatriptan in PTZ induced seizure model. The level of nitrite in mice hippocampus was determined by Griess reaction. The gene expression of NR1, NR2A, NR2B, and CREB were quantified by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the involved neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein expression was examined via western blot analysis. Effective dose of sumatriptan (1.2 mg/kg) alone and subeffective dose of sumatriptan (0.3 mg/kg) in combination with NMDA and/or NO antagonist showed significant (P < 0.001) anticonvulsant activity in mice. Furthermore, sumatriptan significantly inhibited the PTZ-induced mRNA expression of NR2A (P < 0.0001), NR2B (P < 0.05), and CREB (P < 0.01). Also, the expression of nNOS protein in PTZ treated group was reversed by sumatriptan (P < 0.01). Hence, current findings suggest that the anticonvulsant effect of sumatriptan was due to down regulation of NMDA/NO and CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Mumtaz
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Rashki
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghallab Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Identification of a G-Protein-Independent Activator of GIRK Channels. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107770. [PMID: 32553165 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are essential effectors of inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. GIRK channels have been implicated in diseases with abnormal neuronal excitability, including epilepsy and addiction. GIRK channels are tetramers composed of either the same subunit (e.g., homotetramers) or different subunits (e.g., heterotetramers). Compounds that specifically target subsets of GIRK channels in vivo are lacking. Previous studies have shown that alcohol directly activates GIRK channels through a hydrophobic pocket located in the cytoplasmic domain of the channel. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a GIRK1-selective activator, termed GiGA1, that targets the alcohol pocket. GiGA1 activates GIRK1/GIRK2 both in vitro and in vivo and, in turn, mitigates the effects of a convulsant in an acute epilepsy mouse model. These results shed light on the structure-based development of subunit-specific GIRK modulators that could provide potential treatments for brain disorders.
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Mumtaz F, Shafaroodi H, Nezamoleslami S, Zubair M, Sheibani M, Nikoui V, Ghazi-Khansari M, Dehpour AR. Involvement of nNOS, and α1, α2, β1, and β2 Subunits of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Genes Expression in Anticonvulsant Effect of Sumatriptan on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:181-192. [PMID: 33841534 PMCID: PMC8019868 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112594.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizure is phenomenon of abnormal synchronous neuronal discharge of a set of neurons in brain as a result of neuronal excitation. Evidence shows the nitric oxide (NO) involvement in neuronal excitability. Moreover, the role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) activation in seizure pathogenesis is well-established. Sumatriptan is a selective agonist of 5-Hydroxytryptamine1B/D auto-receptor, has been reassessed for its neuroprotection. This study was aimed to explore the anticonvulsant effect of sumatriptan through possible involvement of NO-cGMP pathway in mice. For this purpose, the protective effect of sumatriptan on PTZ-induced clonic seizure threshold (CST) was measured using NO-cGMP pathway inhibitors including N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (AG, 30, 50, and 100 mg/kg), methylene blue (MB, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) and sildenafil (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg). The involvement of nitrergic system was further confirmed by measurement of nitrite levels by Griess reaction. The gene expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and subunits of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) was studied using qRT-PCR analysis. Acute administration of sumatriptan (1.2 and 0.3 mg/kg) in combination with subeffective doses of NOS, sGC, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors significantly reversed the PTZ-induced CST (P ≤ 0.001). The nitrite level in prefrontal cortex was significantly attenuated by sumatriptan (P ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, sumatriptan downregulated the PTZ-induced mRNA expression of nNOS (P ≤ 0.01), α1 (P ≤ 0.001), α2 (P ≤ 0.05), and β1 (P ≤ 0.05) genes in cerebral cortex of mice. In conclusion, the anticonvulsant activity of sumatriptan at least, in part, is mediated through inhibiting NO-cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Mumtaz
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Nezamoleslami
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Nikoui
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tseng HT, Hsiao YT, Yi PL, Chang FC. Deep Brain Stimulation Increases Seizure Threshold by Altering REM Sleep and Delta Powers During NREM Sleep. Front Neurol 2020; 11:752. [PMID: 32903424 PMCID: PMC7434934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that seizure occurrences at different zeitgeber times alter sleep and circadian rhythm differently. On the other hand, the synchronized delta wave of electroencephalogram (EEG) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep facilitates seizure, while the desynchronized EEG of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep suppresses it. We also elucidated that unilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT) suppresses seizure recurrence. In the present study, we intraperitoneally injected pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 40 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days (PTZ kindling) to induce spontaneous seizure in rats, and a 30-min (delivered 10 min before each PTZ injection) or a 3-h DBS of unilateral ANT (delivered 1 h before each PTZ injection) was applied to suppress seizure. The frequency of DBS stimulation was 200 Hz and the electrical current consisted of biphasic square pulses with 50-μA intensity, 100-μs pulse width, and 4.1-ms stimulation interval. Our results found that PTZ-induced spontaneous seizure did not cause a significant change in the quantity of NREM sleep but suppressed the amount of REM sleep. Unilateral ANT DBS prolonged the onset latency of ictal seizure, decreased the spontaneous seizure duration, and increased the survival rate but did not change the amplitude of epileptiform EEGs during ictal period. Unilateral ANT DBS did not significantly alter NREM sleep but increased the amount of REM sleep. An analysis of the spectrograms of fast Fourier transform indicated that the intensities of all frequencies were enhanced during the PTZ-induced ictal period and the subsequent spontaneous seizure. Thirty minutes of unilateral ANT DBS suppressed the augmentation of low-frequency (<10 Hz) intensities during the spontaneous seizure induced by PTZ kindling. We further found that consecutive injections of PTZ progressively increased the enhancement of the delta powers during NREM sleep, whereas unilateral ANT DBS inhibited this progressive enhancement. It was also noticed that 30 min of ANT DBS exhibited a better efficacy in epilepsy suppression than 3 h of ANT DBS. These results elucidated that unilateral ANT DBS enhanced the seizure threshold by increasing the amount of REM sleep and decreasing the progressive enhancement of delta power during NREM sleep to suppress spontaneous seizure recurrences in PTZ kindling-induced epileptic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Tseng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tse Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Sport Management, College of Tourism, Leisure and Sports, Aletheia University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Saito T, Hisahara S, Iwahara N, Emoto MC, Yokokawa K, Suzuki H, Manabe T, Matsumura A, Suzuki S, Matsushita T, Kawamata J, Sato-Akaba H, Fujii HG, Shimohama S. Early administration of galantamine from preplaque phase suppresses oxidative stress and improves cognitive behavior in APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:20-32. [PMID: 31536772 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that progressively impairs memory and cognition. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is the most important pathophysiological hallmark of AD. Oxidative stress induced by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a prominent phenomenon in AD and known to occur early in the course of AD. Several reports suggest a relationship between change in redox status and AD pathology including progressive Aβ deposition, glial cell activation, and inflammation. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and has been reported to have an oxidative stress inhibitory function. In the present study, galantamine was administered orally to AD model mice from before the appearance of Aβ plaques (preplaque phase), and in vivo change in redox status of the brain was measured using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. Administration of galantamine from the preplaque phase ameliorated memory decline in Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. Monitoring of the redox status of the brain using EPR imaging showed that galantamine treatment improved the unbalanced redox state. Additionally, galantamine administration enhanced microglial function to promote Aβ clearance, reducing the Aβ-positive area in the cortex and amount of insoluble Aβ in the brain. In contrast, galantamine treatment from the preplaque phase suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines through neurotoxic microglial activity. Therefore, galantamine administration from the preplaque phase may have the potential of clinical application for the prevention of AD. In addition, our results demonstrate the usefulness of EPR imaging for speedy and quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of disease-modifying drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Saito
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shin Hisahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Iwahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Miho C Emoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 002-8072, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yokokawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Manabe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Syuuichirou Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirotada G Fujii
- Cancer Preventive Institute, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan.
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Liu LM, Wang N, Lu Y, Wang WP. Edaravone acts as a potential therapeutic drug against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in male albino rats by downregulating cyclooxygenase-II. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01156. [PMID: 30506635 PMCID: PMC6346642 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of edaravone against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy in male albino rats were investigated. Edaravone is a well-known commercial drug used in the treatment of strokes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of edaravone have been reported in patients with ALS. METHODS In this study, the experimental groups were as follows: sham, control, 5 mg/kg edaravone, and 10 mg/kg edaravone. Behavioral assessment, determination of biochemical markers, apoptosis, nitric oxide (NO), and mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) were carried out. Seizure incidence, including generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) and minimal clonic seizure (MCS), was directly associated with PTZ administration in rats. RESULTS Edaravone supplementation substantially increased MCS and GTCS latency in rats, and biochemical markers were significantly altered in the brain tissue of PTZ-treated rats. Edaravone treatment normalized altered biochemical markers compared with the untreated control. Apoptosis and NO levels were significantly reduced by more than 50% compared to their respective controls. COX-II mRNA was increased by 130% in PTZ-treated rats, while edaravone supplementation reduced mRNA and protein expression of COX-II by more than 20% and 40%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry indicated that COX-II protein expression was reduced by 13.2% and 33.7% following supplementation with 5 and 10 mg/kg edaravone, respectively. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that edaravone functions by downregulating the levels of COX-II and NO and is a potential candidate for the treatment of PTZ-induced epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Anyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Anyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wei-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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Emoto MC, Sato-Akaba H, Matsuoka Y, Yamada KI, Fujii HG. Non-invasive mapping of glutathione levels in mouse brains by in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging: Applied to a kindling mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:6-10. [PMID: 30290249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant that can protect cells under oxidative stress. Thus, a non-invasive method to measure and map the distribution of GSH in live animals is needed. To image the distribution of GSH levels in specific brain regions, a new method using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging with a nitroxide imaging probe was developed. Pixel-based mapping of brain GSH levels was successfully obtained by using the linear relationship between reduction rates for nitroxides in brains, measured by an in vivo EPR imager, and brain GSH levels, measured by an in vitro biochemical assay. The newly developed method was applied to a kindling mouse model induced with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to visualize changes in GSH levels in specific brain regions after seizure. The obtained map of brain GSH levels clearly indicated decreased GSH levels around the hippocampal region compared to control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho C Emoto
- Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 002-8072, Japan
| | - Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotada G Fujii
- Cancer Preventive Institute, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a GABA-A receptor antagonist. An intraperitoneal injection of PTZ into an animal induces an acute, severe seizure at a high dose, whereas sequential injections of a subconvulsive dose have been used for the development of chemical kindling, an epilepsy model. A single low-dose injection of PTZ induces a mild seizure without convulsion. However, repetitive low-dose injections of PTZ decrease the threshold to evoke a convulsive seizure. Finally, continuous low-dose administration of PTZ induces a severe tonic-clonic seizure. This method is simple and widely applicable to investigate the pathophysiology of epilepsy, which is defined as a chronic disease that involves repetitive seizures. This chemical kindling protocol causes repetitive seizures in animals. With this method, vulnerability to PTZ-mediated seizures or the degree of aggravation of epileptic seizures was estimated. These advantages have led to the use of this method for screening anti-epileptic drugs and epilepsy-related genes. In addition, this method has been used to investigate neuronal damage after epileptic seizures because the histological changes observed in the brains of epileptic patients also appear in the brains of chemical-kindled animals. Thus, this protocol is useful for conveniently producing animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Shimada
- Synaptic Plasticity Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science;
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Synaptic Plasticity Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science;
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11
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Samokhina E, Samokhin A. Neuropathological profile of the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:1086-1096. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1481064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Samokhina
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexander Samokhin
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
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Zhu X, Dong J, Han B, Huang R, Zhang A, Xia Z, Chang H, Chao J, Yao H. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Contributes to PTZ Kindling-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Depressive-Like Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:203. [PMID: 29093670 PMCID: PMC5651248 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease which is usually associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Depsression and cognition impairment are considered to be the most common psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy patients. However, the specific contribution of epilepsy made to these psychiatric comorbidities remains largely unknown. Here we use pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling, a chronic epilepsy model, to identify neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) as a signaling molecule triggering PTZ kindling-induced cognitive impairment and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, we identified that both hippocampal MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were activated in response to PTZ kindling, and the increased MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling activation was paralleled by increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus. However, the PTZ kindling-induced MAPK, PI3K/AKT signaling activities and the ROS level were attenuated by nNOS gene deficiency, suggesting that nNOS may act through ROS-mediated MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to trigger cognition deficit and depressive-like behavior in PTZ-kindled mice. Our findings thus define a specific mechanism for chronic epilepsy-induced cognitive impairment and depressive-like behavior, and identify a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric comorbidities in chronic epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengrong Xia
- Analysis and Test Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Chang
- Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Octreotide ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis in acute and kindled murine PTZ paradigms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:61-68. [PMID: 27695956 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the role of octreotide (OCT) in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling as well as in acute convulsion models was evaluated. Mice were allocated in groups as (1) control saline; (2) acute PTZ (PTZ-a; 60 mg/kg, i.p.), as a single convulsive dose; and (3) kindled (PTZ-k) receiving nine subconvulsive doses of PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 17 days. Groups 4-7 received either valproic acid (VPA) 50 mg/kg or OCT (50 μg/kg, Sandostatin®) 30 min by oral gavage before PTZ-a or PTZ-k. The median seizure stage, latency onset of first stage 4/5 seizures, and incidence of convulsing animals were recorded. Cortical dopamine (DA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-10, caspase (Casp)-3, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed in addition to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that was evaluated immunohistochemically in a different set of groups. OCT halted PTZ-induced epilepsy delaying convulsion latency via modulating MPO and TNF-α and normalizing IL-10 with both treatment regimens. In PTZ-k, it decreased Casp-3 activity, NO level, and iNOS immunoreactivity. OCT in both paradigms decreased DA concentration. The current investigation implicates a crucial role for OCT in modulating PTZ-induced kindling by regulating inflammatory and apoptotic effects.
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Neuritin Mediates Activity-Dependent Axonal Branch Formation in Part via FGF Signaling. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4534-48. [PMID: 27098696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1715-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aberrant branch formation of granule cell axons (mossy fiber sprouting) is observed in the dentate gyrus of many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of epilepsy. However, the mechanisms underlying mossy fiber sprouting remain elusive. Based on the hypothesis that seizure-mediated gene expression induces abnormal mossy fiber growth, we screened activity-regulated genes in the hippocampus and found that neuritin, an extracellular protein anchored to the cell surface, was rapidly upregulated after electroconvulsive seizures. Overexpression of neuritin in the cultured rat granule cells promoted their axonal branching. Also, kainic acid-dependent axonal branching was abolished in the cultured granule cells fromneuritinknock-out mice, suggesting that neuritin may be involved in activity-dependent axonal branching. Moreover,neuritinknock-out mice showed less-severe seizures in chemical kindling probably by reduced mossy fiber sprouting and/or increased seizure resistance. We found that inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor attenuated the neuritin-dependent axonal branching. FGF administration also increased branching in granule neurons, whereasneuritinknock-out mice did not show FGF-dependent axonal branching. In addition, FGF and neuritin treatment enhanced the recruitment of FGF receptors to the cell surface. These findings suggest that neuritin and FGF cooperate in inducing mossy fiber sprouting through FGF signaling. Together, these results suggest that FGF and neuritin-mediated axonal branch induction are involved in the aggravation of epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying mossy fiber sprouting. Mossy fiber sprouting is the aberrant axonal branching of granule neurons in the hippocampus, which is observed in patients with epilepsy. Excess amounts of neuritin, a protein upregulated by neural activity, promoted axonal branching in granule neurons. A deficiency of neuritin suppressed mossy fiber sprouting and resulted in mitigation of seizure severity. Neuritin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) cooperated in stimulating FGF signaling and enhancing axonal branching. Neuritin is necessary for FGF-mediated recruitment of FGF receptors to the cell surface. The recruitment of FGF receptors would promote axonal branching. The discovery of this new mechanism should contribute to the development of novel antiepileptic drugs to inhibit axonal branching via neuritin-FGF signaling.
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Evidence in support of using a neurochemistry approach to identify therapy for both epilepsy and associated depression. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 61:248-257. [PMID: 27423076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a neurochemistry-based single or adjuvant therapy approach for comprehensive management of epilepsy and associated depression employing pentylenetetrazole-kindled animals. Kindling was induced in two-month-old male Swiss albino mice by administering a subconvulsant pentylenetetrazole dose (35mg/kg, i.p.) at an interval of 48±2h. These kindled animals were treated with saline and sodium valproate (300mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 15days. Except for the naïve group, all other groups were challenged with pentylenetetrazole (35mg/kg, i.p.) on days 5, 10, and 15 to evaluate the seizure severity. Depression was evaluated in all experimental groups after normalization of locomotor activity, using tail suspension and forced swim test on days 1, 5, 10, and 15. Four hours after behavioral evaluations on day 15, all animals were euthanized to collect their serum and discrete brain parts. Corticosterone levels were estimated in all the experimental groups as a marker of a dysregulated hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis. Neurochemical alterations (norepinephrine, dopamine, tryptophan, kynurenine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and total nitrate levels) were also estimated in the cortical and hippocampal areas of the mouse brain. Results revealed that saline-treated kindled animals were associated with significant depression and altered neurochemical milieu in comparison with naïve animals. Chronic valproate treatment in kindled animals significantly reduced seizure severity score bud did not ameliorate associated depression or completely restore altered biochemical and neurochemical milieu. Based on the observation of neurochemical changes in all the groups, we propose that restoration of altered neurochemical milieu, elevated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme activity, and corticosterone levels using pharmacological tools with/out valproic acid may be explored for management of both epilepsy and comorbid depression.
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Zhu X, Dong J, Shen K, Bai Y, Chao J, Yao H. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to pentylenetetrazole-kindling-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Emoto MC, Yamato M, Sato-Akaba H, Yamada KI, Fujii HG. Brain redox imaging in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model of epilepsy by using in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance and a nitroxide imaging probe. Neurosci Lett 2015; 608:40-4. [PMID: 26453762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence supports the idea that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and therapeutic interventions with antioxidants are expected as adjunct antiepileptic therapy. The aims of this study were to non-invasively obtain spatially resolved redox data from control and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindled mouse brains by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging and to visualize the brain regions that are sensitive to oxidative damage. After infusion of the redox-sensitive imaging probe 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (MCP), a series of EPR images of PTZ-induced mouse heads were measured. Based on the pharmacokinetics of the reduction reaction of MCP in the mouse heads, the pixel-based rate constant of its reduction reaction was calculated as an index of redox status in vivo and mapped as a redox map. The obtained redox map showed heterogeneity in the redox status in PTZ-induced mouse brains compared with control. The co-registered image of the redox map and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for both control and PTZ-induced mice showed a clear change in the redox status around the hippocampus after PTZ. To examine the role of antioxidants on the brain redox status, the levels of antioxidants were measured in brain tissues of control and PTZ-induced mice. Significantly lower concentrations of glutathione in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled mice were detected compared with control. From the results of both EPR imaging and the biochemical assay, the hippocampus was found to be susceptible to oxidative damage in the PTZ-induced animal model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho C Emoto
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamato
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamada
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan ; JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotada G Fujii
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Kawanai T, Taruta A, Inoue A, Watanabe R, Ago Y, Hashimoto H, Hasebe S, Ooi Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Decreased expression of hippocampal Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger isoform-1 by pentylenetetrazole kindling in mice. Epilepsy Res 2015. [PMID: 26220386 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that inhibitors of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) attenuate seizure activity in drug-induced epilepsy models, but the role of NCX in epilepsy is not fully understood. The present study examined the effects of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling on the mRNA expression of NCX isoforms (NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3) in mouse brain. Chronic administration of PTZ at 40mg/kg resulted in kindling seizure development. It caused decreases in the mRNA levels of NCX1 and NCX2, but not NCX3, in the hippocampus. Changes in NCX isoform expression levels were not observed in the prefrontal cortex or striatum. Acute PTZ at 40mg/kg, which caused little seizure activity, also decreased NCX2, but not NCX1 mRNA levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that down-regulation of hippocampal NCX1 expression is associated with PTZ-induced kindling seizure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kawanai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuki Taruta
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aya Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Watanabe
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hasebe
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ooi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takuma
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-871, Japan.
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Amiri S, Shirzadian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Imran-Khan M, Rahimi Balaei M, Kordjazy N, Dehpour AR, Mehr SE. Involvement of the nitrergic system in the proconvulsant effect of social isolation stress in male mice. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:158-63. [PMID: 25461209 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation stress (SIS) in adolescence is accompanied by neurobehavioral disturbances and pathophysiological changes in certain regions of the CNS such as the hippocampus. In this study, we tested whether SIS impacts seizure susceptibility in postnatal male mice due to a role of hippocampal nitric oxide (NO). To do this, we used the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model of clonic seizures, open-field test, hole-board test, forced swimming test, and plasma corticosterone assay. We aimed to evaluate if 4 weeks of SIS is capable of decreasing seizure threshold along with altering affective and neuroendocrine responses in isolated conditioned (IC) animals in comparison with socially conditioned (SC) animals. In addition, we applied subeffective doses of NO precursor L-arginine (25, 50, and 100mg/kg) and NOS inhibitors 7-NI (15 and 40 mg/kg), aminoguanidine (50 and 100mg/kg), and L-NAME (10 and 15 mg/kg) to both IC and SC groups prior to the determination of seizure threshold. Injection of a single dose of all mentioned drugs did not induce changes in seizure threshold of SC mice. On the other hand, L-NAME and 7-NI, but not aminoguanidine, modulated the proconvulsant effect of SIS, while L-arginine augmented the latter effect. We also measured the hippocampal nitrite levels after the administration of the aforementioned drugs. Social isolation stress increased the nitrite levels in comparison with those in SC mice, whereas 7-NI and L-NAME, unlike aminoguanidine, mitigated the effect of SIS. Additionally, L-arginine boosted the effects of SIS on nitrite production. In summary, we showed that SIS enhanced seizure susceptibility in the PTZ model of clonic seizures through the activation of the nitrergic system in the hippocampus. Also, we proved that nNOS, but not iNOS, accounts for these changes following SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Amiri
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirzadian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Rahimi Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nastaran Kordjazy
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Gooshe M, Abdolghaffari AH, Aleyasin AR, Chabouk L, Tofigh S, Hassanzadeh GR, Payandemehr B, Partoazar A, Azizi Y, Dehpour AR. Hypoxia/ischemia a key player in early post stroke seizures: modulation by opioidergic and nitrergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:6-13. [PMID: 25449041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. All attempts at pharmacological reduction of the complications of stroke (e.g. post-stroke seizure, and brain׳s vulnerability to hypoxic/ischemic injury) have failed. Endogenous opioids and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction has been documented in brain hypoxia/ischemia (H/I), which can exert pro-convulsive effects. In this study, we aimed to examine the possible involvement of opioidergic and nitrergic pathways in the pathogenesis of post-stroke seizure. H/I was induced by right common carotid ligation and sham-operated mice served as controls. We demonstrated that right common carotid ligation decreases the threshold for clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a GABA antagonist. Furthermore, pro-convulsive effect of H/I following right common carotid ligation was blocked by naltrexone (NTX) (3mg/kg), NG-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (10mg/kg), and aminoguanidine (AG) (100mg/kg) administration (P<0.001). Interestingly, co-administration of non-effective doses of NTX and l-NAME (1 and 0.5mg/kg, respectively) reverses epileptogenesis of H/I (P<0.001). In the same way, co-administration of non-effective doses of NTX and AG (1 and 5mg/kg, respectively), reverses epileptogenesis of H/I (P<0.001). Indeed, the histological studies performed on mice exposed to H/I confirmed our previous data. These findings suggest hyper-susceptibility to PTZ induced seizure following H/I is mediated by interaction of opioidergic, and iNOS/NO pathways. Therefore, our results identify new pharmacological targets and provide the rationale for a novel strategy to promote recovery after stroke and possibly other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Gooshe
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students׳ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Pharmacology and Applied Medicine, Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; International Campus, ICTUMS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Aleyasin
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students׳ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Chabouk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Tofigh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Borna Payandemehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Partoazar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Azizi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:901902. [PMID: 25197169 PMCID: PMC4147258 DOI: 10.1155/2014/901902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic brain disorders worldwide, affecting 1% of people across different ages and backgrounds. Epilepsy is defined as the sporadic occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that there is a positive feedback cycle between epileptogenesis and brain inflammation. Epileptic seizures increase key inflammatory mediators, which in turn cause secondary damage to the brain and increase the likelihood of recurrent seizures. Cytokines and prostaglandins are well-known inflammatory mediators in the brain, and their biosynthesis is enhanced following seizures. Such inflammatory mediators could be therapeutic targets for the development of new antiepileptic drugs. In this review, we discuss the roles of inflammatory mediators in epileptogenesis.
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Possible nitric oxide mechanism in the protective effect of hesperidin against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling and associated cognitive dysfunction in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 29:103-11. [PMID: 23939034 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder manifested by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling primarily represents a model of generalized epilepsy. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of hesperidin and its interaction with nitric oxide modulators against PTZ-induced kindling and associated cognitive dysfunction in mice. The experimental protocol comprised of eleven groups (n=6), where a subconvulsive dose of PTZ (40 mg/kg, i.p.) had been administered every other day for a period of 12 days, and seizure episodes were noted after each PTZ injection over a period of 30 min. The memory performance tests were carried out on days 13 and 14 followed by the estimation of biochemical and mitochondrial parameters. Chronic administration of a subconvulsive dose of PTZ resulted in an increase in convulsive activity culminating in generalized clonic-tonic seizures, as revealed by a progressive increase in seizure score as well as alteration in antioxidant enzyme levels (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, glutathione, super oxide dismutase, and catalase) and mitochondrial complex (I, II, and IV) activities, whereas chronic treatment with hesperidin (200 mg/kg) significantly attenuated these behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial alterations. Further, treatment with l-arginine (100 mg/kg) or l-NAME (10 mg/kg) in combination with hesperidin significantly modulated the protective effect of hesperidin which was significant as compared to their effects per se in PTZ-treated animals. Thus, the present study suggests a possible involvement of the NO-cGMP pathway in the neuroprotective effect of hesperidin in PTZ-kindled mice.
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The threshold of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsive seizures, but not that of nonconvulsive seizures, is controlled by the nitric oxide levels in murine brains. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Danjo S, Ishihara Y, Watanabe M, Nakamura Y, Itoh K. Pentylentetrazole-induced loss of blood-brain barrier integrity involves excess nitric oxide generation by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res 2013; 1530:44-53. [PMID: 23831997 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the major pathophysiological consequences of epilepsy. The increase in the permeability caused by BBB failure is thought to contribute to the development of epileptic outcomes. We developed a method by which the BBB permeability can be demonstrated by gadolinium-enhanced T1 weighted imaging (GdET1WI). The present study examined the changes in the BBB permeability in mice with generalized convulsive seizures (GCS) induced by acute pentylentetrazole (PTZ) injection. At 15min after PTZ-induced GCS, the BBB temporarily leaks BBB-impermeable contrast agent into the parenchyma of the diencephalon, hippocampus and cerebral cortex in mice, and the loss of BBB integrity was gradually recovered by 24h. The temporary BBB failure is a critical link to the glutamatergic activities that occur following the injection of PTZ. PTZ activates the glutamatergic pathway via the NMDA receptor, then nitric oxide (NO) is generated by NMDA receptor-coupled neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). To examine the influence of nNOS-derived NO induced by PTZ on the increases of the BBB permeability, GdET1WI was performed using conventional nNOS gene-deficient mice with or without PTZ injection. The failure of the BBB induced by PTZ was completely protected by nNOS deficiency in the brain. These results suggest that nNOS-derived excess NO in the glutamatergic pathway plays a key role in the failure of the BBB during PTZ-induced GCS. The levels of NO synthetized by nNOS in the brain may represent an important target for the future development of drugs to protect the BBB.
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Key Words
- (5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate
- (E)-(±)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phospho no-3-pentenoic acid ethyl ester
- 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide
- AEDs
- AMPA
- BBB
- Blood–brain barrier
- CBF
- CBZ
- CGP39551
- CNS
- CSM
- DETC
- DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- DMSO
- GABA
- Gd
- Gd-HP-DO3A
- GdET1WI
- Generalized convulsive seizures
- MK-801
- MRI
- N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate Na
- N-methyl-d-aspartate
- NBQX
- NMDA
- NO
- Nitric oxide
- PTZ
- Pentylenetetrazole
- SI
- TBARS
- VPA
- antiepileptic drugs
- blood–brain barrier
- carbamazepine
- central nervous system
- cerebral blood flow
- cerebral smooth muscle
- dimethyl sulfoxide
- gadolinium
- gadolinium-1,4,7-tris(carbonylmethyl)-10-(2′-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane
- gadolinium-enhanced T1 weighted image
- gamma-aminobutyric acid
- magnetic resonance imaging
- nNOS
- neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- nitric oxide
- pentylentetrazole
- signal intensities
- thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance
- valproic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Danjo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Possible Involvement of PPAR-γ in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1624-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Adabi Mohazab R, Javadi-Paydar M, Delfan B, Dehpour AR. Possible involvement of PPAR-gamma receptor and nitric oxide pathway in the anticonvulsant effect of acute pioglitazone on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res 2012; 101:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The neuroprotective effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil against oxidative stress in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy: a comparison with valproate. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2195-204. [PMID: 21751034 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role in epileptogenesis and pilocarpine-induced seizures. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effects of curcumin, Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and valproate on the levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and the activities of catalase, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated rats. The animal model of epilepsy was induced by pilocarpine and left for 22 days to establish the chronic phase of epilepsy. These animals were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 days. The data revealed evidence of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of pilocarpinized rats as indicated by the increased nitric oxide levels and the decreased glutathione levels and catalase activity. Moreover, a decrease in Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity occurred in the hippocampus after pilocarpine. Treatment with curcumin, NSO or valproate ameliorated most of the changes induced by pilocarpine and restored Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus to control levels. This study reflects the promising anticonvulsant and potent antioxidant effects of curcumin and NSO in reducing oxidative stress, excitability and the induction of seizures in epileptic animals and improving some of the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.
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Watanabe M, Itoh K. Characterization of a novel posttranslational modification in neuronal nitric oxide synthase by small ubiquitin-related modifier-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:900-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nieoczym D, Socała K, Rundfeldt C, Wlaź P. Effects of sildenafil on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice and amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:383-91. [PMID: 20508294 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil is the first marketed phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and recently, for pulmonary hypertension. While the treatment was found to be highly effective, several adverse effects are associated with this compound. Among numerous central nervous system-related untoward effects, proconvulsant activity was reported. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sildenafil on seizure threshold in rodents. Two seizure models/tests were used: the timed intravenous (iv) pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion test in mice and the amygdala-kindling model in rats. Sildenafil was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before induction of seizures. In the iv PTZ paradigm, the first myoclonic twitch, generalized clonus with loss of the righting reflex, and forelimb tonus were recorded. In the amygdala-kindling model in rats, the following parameters were analyzed: threshold for induction of epileptiform discharges in the stimulated amygdala (afterdischarge threshold, ADT), seizure severity, seizure duration, and afterdischarge duration. Sildenafil (dosage range of 5-40 mg/kg) did not significantly affect the threshold for myoclonic twitches in the timed iv PTZ infusion test in mice but significantly decreased the threshold for clonic seizures at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Sildenafil at all doses tested neither significantly influenced the focal seizure threshold in the amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy in rats nor influenced seizure severity. Sildenafil significantly shortened afterdischarge duration and seizure duration recorded at the ADT current, indicative of a weak anticonvulsant activity. Our results show that sildenafil may have both pro- and anticonvulsant activity, which depends on the experimental model of epilepsy, on animal species and the dose of sildenafil. Based on these data and in view of the clinical observations, sildenafil should be used in patients suffering from epilepsy with caution and only based on a careful individual risk/benefit evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Anticonvulsant potential of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone in pentylenetetrazole-induced acute seizures and kindling in mice. Brain Res 2010; 1351:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Fang F, Lei H. Increased hippocampal T2 in a rat model of pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling correlates with seizure scores. J Neurol Sci 2010; 292:16-23. [PMID: 20207368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated that epilepsy is associated with hippocampal atrophy and T(2)-related abnormalities. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the mechanisms underlying regional T(2) changes in a rat model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindling. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received 14 doses of PTZ or saline every second day, and their convulsant responses to each PTZ injection were scored. The animals were imaged 7-10 days after the final dose. Based on their seizure scores during treatment and in a screening test performed 2 weeks post-treatment, the PTZ-treated animals were retrospectively divided into the kindled group and the unkindled group. Selected animals were sacrificed for histology after the screening test. RESULTS Starting from the 8th injection, the average seizure score in kindled animals became significantly higher than that in unkindled animals. About half of the PTZ-treated rats developed hippocampal atrophy. Whether kindled or not, treated animals showed selective neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the hippocampus. No significant T(2) changes were observed for the unkindled rats, but T(2) was significantly elevated in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the kindled animals. T(2) in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of the treated animals correlated positively with the sum of the seizure scores over the entire kindling period. CONCLUSIONS Instead of being merely a manifestation of neuronal degeneration, T(2) increases in the hippocampus and EC of the PTZ-kindled animals may have reflected neurobiologic processes that are related to kindling epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics & Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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32
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Ikebata Y, Sato-Akaba H, Aoyama T, Fujii H, Itoh K, Hirata H. Resolution-recovery for EPR imaging of free radical molecules in mice. Magn Reson Med 2009; 62:788-95. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Paradoxical facilitation of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion susceptibility in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Neuroscience 2009; 159:735-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ribeiro LR, Fighera MR, Oliveira MS, Furian AF, Rambo LM, Ferreira APDO, Saraiva ALL, Souza MA, Lima FD, Magni DV, Dezengrini R, Flores EF, Butterfield DA, Ferreira J, dos Santos ARS, Mello CF, Royes LFF. Methylmalonate-induced seizures are attenuated in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:157-63. [PMID: 19073247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemias consist of a group of inherited neurometabolic disorders caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity clinically and biochemically characterized by neurological dysfunction, methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation, mitochondrial failure and increased reactive species production. Although previous studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the neurotoxicity of MMA, the involvement of NO-induced nitrosative damage from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in MMA-induced seizures are poorly understood. In the present study, we showed a decrease of time spent convulsing induced by intracerebroventricular administration of MMA (2 micromol/2 microL; i.c.v.) in iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice when compared with wild-type (iNOS(+/+)) littermates. Visual analysis of electroencephalographic recordings (EEG) showed that MMA injection induced the appearance of high-voltage synchronic spike activity in the ipsilateral cortex which spreads to the contralateral cortex while quantitative electroencephalographic analysis showed larger wave amplitude during MMA-induced seizures in wild-type mice when compared with iNOS knockout mice. We also report that administration of MMA increases NOx (NO(2) plus NO(3) content) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in a greater extend in iNOS(+/+) mice than in iNOS(-/-) mice, indicating that NO overproduction and NO-mediated damage to proteins are attenuated in iNOS knockout mice. In addition, the MMA-induced decrease in Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, but not in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, was less pronounced in iNOS(-/-) when compared with iNOS(+/+) mice. These results reinforce the assumption that metabolic collapse contributes for the secondary toxicity elicited by MMA and suggest that oxidative attack by NO derived from iNOS on selected target such as Na(+), K(+)-ATPase enzyme might represent an important role in this excitotoxicity induced by MMA. Therefore, these results may be of value in understating the pathophysiology of the neurological features observed in patients with methylmalonic acidemia and in the development of new strategies for treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodrigo Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Matsumura N, Kikuchi-Utsumi K, Nakaki T. Activities of 7-nitroindazole and 1-(2-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-imidazole independent of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:357-62. [PMID: 18270316 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Nitroindazole (NI) is a widely used inhibitor of neuronal nitricoxide synthase (nNOS) used to study the role of the neuronal NO pathway in the nervous system. 7-NI prevents convulsions, including 2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyric acid (glufosinate)-induced convulsions, in experimental models. Herein, we examined nNOS involvement in glufosinate-induced convulsions and the specificity of 7-NI for nNOS. Another nNOS inhibitor, 1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imidazole (TRIM), inhibited NOS activity in vivo, and it prevented glufosinate-induced convulsions. In contrast, an endothelial NOS inhibitor, N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine, inhibited NOS activity in vivo, but it did not prevent the convulsions. These results suggest the involvement of nNOS in glufosinate-induced convulsions. However, a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, inhibited NOS activity in vivo, but it failed to prevent glufosinate-induced convulsions. 6-NI and indazole, which did not inhibit NOS activity in vivo, suppressed glufosinate-induced convulsions. Moreover, glufosinate elicited convulsions in nNOS-deficient mice. These results suggest the anticonvulsant effects of 7-NI and TRIM on glufosinate-induced convulsions do not involve nNOS inhibition, instead possibly being related to an undefined property of nitrogen-containing chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Matsumura
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Liu FY, Wang XF, Li MW, Li JM, Xi ZQ, Luan GM, Zhang JG, Wang YP, Sun JJ, Li YL. Upregulated expression of postsynaptic density-93 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors subunits 2B mRNA in temporal lobe tissue of epilepsy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:825-30. [PMID: 17506987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of PSD-93 mRNA and NR2B mRNA in the brain tissue from the patients with epilepsy so as to explore the possible mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the epilepsy. METHODS Fifty-six patients with epilepsy were divided into intractable epilepsy (IE) and non-intractable epilepsy (NIE) groups. cDNA microarrays prepared from the brain tissues obtained from these two groups were scanned and comparison to those from the non-epileptogenic control (C) was made. Expression level of PSD-93mRNA and NR2BmRNA were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (GAPDH gene, internal control). Expression ratio (target gene/GAPDH) was used to evaluate each gene relative expression level. RESULTS The cDNA microarray analysis showed that the expression of PSD-93 mRNA related to the function of NMDAR-NO signal transduction pathway was significantly higher in epilepsy patients than those in the controlled group. The results of RT-PCR were consistent with those of the cDNA microarrays. The relative expression ratio of PSD-93 in patients with non-epileptogenic control, NIE, and IE was 0.159, 0.368, and 0.341, respectively. Correspondingly, that of NR2B was 0.198, 0.738, and 0.903, respectively. The expressions of PSD-93 and NR2B in the NIE and IE were significantly higher than those of control, respectively (P<0.05). However, there was no significantly difference the expression of PSD-93 between NIE and IE. (P>0.05), neither do that of NR2B (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The upregulated expressions of PSD-93 mRNA and NR2BmRNA may be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1You-yi Road, Yu-zhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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NADPH diaphorase reactive neurons in temporal lobe cortex of patients with intractable epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 2007; 74:228-31. [PMID: 17412562 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a controversial involvement of NO in epileptogenesis. The aim of this study is to compare the NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) reactivity in the temporal cortex between surgical specimens of patients with intractable epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis and autopsy controls. Brain samples of patients and postmortem controls were stained with the NADPH-d technique. Sprouting and larger areas of NADPH-d reactive neurons were found in the temporal cortex of epileptic patients.
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Royes LFF, Fighera MR, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fiorenza NG, Petry JC, Coelho RC, Mello CF. The role of nitric oxide on the convulsive behavior and oxidative stress induced by methylmalonate: An electroencephalographic and neurochemical study. Epilepsy Res 2007; 73:228-37. [PMID: 17137751 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemias consist of a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity and biochemically characterized by methylmalonate (MMA) accumulation, impairment mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and reactive species production. Preliminary studies with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the convulsant effect of MMA. However, definitive biochemical and electrophysiological evidence of the involvement of NO in the convulsions induced by MMA are lacking. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of NOS by 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 3-60mg/kg, i.p.) altered the convulsions, protein oxidative damage, NO(x) (NO(2) plus NO(3)) production and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity inhibition induced by MMA. 7-NI decreased striatal NO(x) content, but increased seizures and protein carbonylation induced by MMA (6mumol/striatum). The intrastriatal injection of l-arginine (50nmol/0.5mul), but not of d-arginine (50nmol/0.5mul), increased striatal NO(x) content and protected against MMA-induced electroencephalographic seizures, striatal protein carbonylation and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition. Furthermore, l-arginine (50nmol/0.5mul) and MMA had no additive effect on NO(x) increase. These results are experimental evidence that endogenous NO plays a protective role in the convulsions and acute neurochemical alterations induced by this organic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Diler AS, Uzüm G, Akgün Dar K, Aksu U, Atukeren P, Ziylan YZ. Sex differences in modulating blood brain barrier permeability by NO in pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic seizures. Life Sci 2007; 80:1274-81. [PMID: 17306837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to epilepsy as well as BBB dysfunction in some pathological conditions varies depending on sex difference. It has recently been shown that systemically given NO donor and antagonists modify the nature of seizures induced by PTZ (pentylenetetrazol) differently in male and female rats. This study investigates the role of NO on BBB permeability in PTZ seizures with sex differences using NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Nitrite+nitrate levels as indices of NO generation in the brain were also assessed. L-NAME prolonged seizure latency in male rats, seizure intensity and seizure duration were lessened. L-NAME depicted opposite effects in seizure nature in female rats. SNP prolonged seizure latency, while seizure intensity and duration were lessened only in female rats. L-NAME in male rats increased L-NAME use in female rats (not in male rats) which resulted in a more leaky BBB especially in midbrain, thalamus, hippocampus, corpus striatum and cerebellum whereas SNP use in male rats and not in female rats resulted in pronounced BBB opening in all brain regions studied than PTZ per se. L-NAME while decreasing nitrite+nitrate levels in male rat brains, acted in an opposite fashion in females. SNP use depicted an inverse picture with respect to L-NAME, with an opposite action in different sexes. This study reveals that NO effect on BBB in PTZ-induced seizures depends unequivocally on sex difference. The sex-dependent action of NO in seizures and in CNS pathologies warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarper Diler
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 34390 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Boullerne AI, Benjamins JA. Nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide toxicity in oligodendrocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:967-80. [PMID: 16771686 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLG) have more complex interactions with nitric oxide (NO) than initially suspected. Historically, OLG were seen only as targets of high NO levels released from other cells. Expression of nitric oxide synthase type II (NOS-2) in primary cultures of OLGs stimulated by cytokines led to controversy due to the presence of small numbers of microglia, cells also inducible for NOS-2 expression. The present review summarizes the findings that immature OLG express NOS-2, but that they do not in their most mature stage in culture as membrane sheet-bearing cells. This raises questions about the regulation of NOS-2 expression in OLG. Additionally, novel data are presented on NOS-3 expression in cultured OLG. If confirmed in vivo, this finding suggests that constitutive NOS-3 expression may play a key role in OLG injury due to its activation by calcium, in interaction with pathways mediating glutamate toxicity. The authors discuss in vivo NO levels to place in vitro findings in context, and compare OLG sensitivity to NO with that of other brain cells. Lastly, the multiple interactions of NO are considered with regard to glutamate cytotoxicity, the antioxidant glutathione, mitochondrial function, and myelin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I Boullerne
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epileptic seizures complicating treatment with selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 are scarcely reported. CASE REPORT A previously non-epileptic 78-year-old patient presented with a partial epileptic seizure following oral intake, for the second time, of 10mg of vardenafil (Levitra). The brain MRI failed to show any preexisting lesion. To our knowledge, only 2 cases of generalized tonic-clonic seizures induced by sildenafil (Viagra) use have been reported. In our patient, the seizure could be due to the epileptogenic potential of the drug or to its vascular complications. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to elucidate the association of phosphodiesterase inhibitors use and epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koussa
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de France, Université Saint Joseph, Beyrouth, Liban.
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Different effects of pentobarbital and pentylenetetrazol on nitric oxide levels in rat frontal cortex. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2005. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0506367d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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