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0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010554. [PMID: 36613994 PMCID: PMC9820614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the efficacy and safety of 0.1% RGN-259 ophthalmic solution (containing the regenerative protein thymosin ß4) in promoting the healing of persistent epithelial defects in patients with Stages 2 and 3 neurotrophic keratopathy. Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.0656), indicating a strong efficacy trend. Additional efficacy was seen in the significant healing (p = 0.0359) with no recurrent defects observed at day 43, two weeks after cessation of treatment, while the one healed placebo-treated subject at day 28 suffered a recurrence at day 43. The Mackie classification disease stage improved in the RGN-259-treated group at Days 29, 36, and 43 (p = 0.0818, 0.0625, and 0.0467, respectively). Time to complete healing also showed a trend towards efficacy (p = 0.0829, Kaplan-Meier) with 0.1% RGN-259. RGN-259-treated subjects had significant improvements at multiple time points in ocular discomfort, foreign body sensation, and dryness which were not seen in the placebo group. No significant adverse effects were observed. In summary, the use of 0.1% RGN-259 promotes rapid healing of epithelial defects in neurotrophic keratopathy, improves ocular comfort, and is safe for treating this challenging population of patients.
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yang G. Plasma proteome profiling using tandem mass tag labeling technology reveals potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a preliminary study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 16:e2100010. [PMID: 34791804 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequently occurring progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Biomarkers are useful indicators for tracking disease progression, early diagnosis, and intervention of disease progression. We aimed to develop plasma biomarker panel which maybe aid to predict the onset and progression of PD. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tandem mass tag (TMT) mass spectrometry was applied using an Orbitrap Lumos mass spectrometer to analyze plasma protein expression in patients diagnosed with PD and healthy controls. RESULTS In total, 555 proteins were quantified. Using a cut-off of p < 0.05 and a fold change of >1.2 for the variation in expression, 25 proteins were differentially expressed between the PD and control groups. Sixteen proteins were upregulated and nine were downregulated. Several proteins, including Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) were implicated in PD pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The data from the TMT-based proteomic profiling of plasma samples in PD may help advance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PD and identify potential novel biomarkers of PD for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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Wang P, Ma K, Yang L, Zhang G, Ye M, Wang S, Wei S, Chen Z, Gu J, Zhang L, Niu J, Tao S. Predicting signaling pathways regulating demyelination in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine-induced acute epilepsy: A proteomics study. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1457-1470. [PMID: 34742844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination is observed in animal models of intractable epilepsy (IE). Epileptogenesis damages the myelin sheath and dysregulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) development. However, the molecular pathways regulating demyelination in epilepsy are unclear. Here, we predicted the molecular mechanisms regulating demyelination in a rat model of lithium-pilocarpine hydrochloride-induced epilepsy. We identified DGKA/Mboat2/Inpp5j and NOS/Keratin 28 as the main target molecules that regulate demyelination via glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and estrogen signaling in demyelinated forebrain slice cultures (FSCs). In seizure-like FCSs, the actin cytoskeleton was regulated by Cnp and MBP via Pak4/Tmsb4x (also known as Tβ4) and Kif5c/Kntc1. Tβ4 possibly prevented OPC differentiation and maturation and inhibited MBP phosphorylation via the p38MAPK/ERK1/JNK1 pathway. The MAPK signaling pathway was more likely activated in seizure-like FCSs than in demyelinated FCSs. pMBP expression was decreased in the hippocampus of lithium-pilocarpine hydrochloride-induced acute epilepsy rats. The expression of remyelination-related factors was suppressed in the hippocampus and corpus callosum in lithium-pilocarpine hydrochloride-induced epilepsy rats. These findings suggest that the actin cytoskeleton, Tβ4, and MAPK signaling pathways regulate the decrease in pMBP in the hippocampus in a rat model of epilepsy. Our results indicate that regulating the actin cytoskeleton, Tβ4, and MAPK signaling pathways may facilitate the prevention of demyelination in IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Mengyi Ye
- Ningxia Medical University College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhangping Chen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jinghai Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lianxiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Sun Tao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
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4
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Yu R, Lin Q, Zhai Y, Mao Y, Li K, Gao Y, Liu Y, Fu L, Fang T, Zhao M, Guan L, Hou L, Xu J, Chen W. Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2152-2163. [PMID: 34318587 PMCID: PMC8449661 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a recurrent common inflammatory skin disease that affects all ethnic groups in all regions worldwide. However, no specific treatment or preventive measure is yet available. Identifying effective treatments with acceptable safety and tolerability is desirable. In this study, scalp microbiota alterations were measured in SD, showing significantly greater abundance of Malassezia and Staphylococcus and diminished fungal and bacterial diversity compared with healthy controls. We investigated the benefit of a 4‐week treatment with 0.5 mg ml‐1 recombinant human thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) gel or 2% ketoconazole lotion on the scalp condition of 71 patients with SD compared with 21 healthy individuals. Clinical assessment (Adherent Scalp Flaking Score, and the Maximum Erythema Area) and physiological conditions (transepidermal water loss, hydration, and sebum secretion) were evaluated. The rhTβ4 treatment provided significantly greater efficacy than ketoconazole and a sustained effect in the treatment of scalp SD. More importantly, rhTβ4 dramatically improved the microbiome homeostasis and prompted a shift of scalp microflora towards healthy composition, helping symptoms and ameliorating physiological conditions more effectively and durably than ketoconazole. Our research demonstrated the scalp microbe dysbiosis of SD and highlighted rhTβ4 as a promising therapeutic strategy in the prevention and treatment of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbin Lin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Zhai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Mao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemei Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengsu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guan
- Guangzhou Landproof testing technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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5
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Fiametti LO, Correa CN, Castro LMD. Peptide Profile of Zebrafish Brain in a 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson Model. Zebrafish 2021; 18:55-65. [PMID: 33570475 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder mainly attributed to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to uncontrolled voluntary movements causing tremors, postural instability, joint stiffness, and speech and locomotion difficulties, among other symptoms. Previous studies have shown the participation of specific peptides in neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the present work analyzed changes in the peptide profile in zebrafish brain induced to parkinsonian conditions with 6-hydroxydopamine, using isotopic labeling techniques plus mass spectrometry. These analyses allowed the relative quantitation and identification of 118 peptides. Of these, nine peptides showed significant changes, one peptide was increased and eight decreased. The most altered sequences were fragment of cytosolic and extracellular proteins related to lipid metabolism and dynamic cytoskeleton. These results open new perspectives of study about the function of peptides in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Neves Correa
- Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Brazil.,Biodiversity of Coastal Environments Postgraduate Program, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Brazil
| | - Leandro Mantovani de Castro
- Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Brazil.,Biodiversity of Coastal Environments Postgraduate Program, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Vicente, Brazil
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6
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Xing Y, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:767785. [PMID: 34992578 PMCID: PMC8724243 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body, namely, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. Moreover, Tβ4 is effectively utilized for several indications in animal experiments or clinical trials, such as myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, xerophthalmia, liver and renal fibrosis, ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, and skin trauma. Recent studies have reported the potential application of Tβ4 and its underlying mechanisms. The present study reveals the progress regarding functions and applications of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xing
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yumeng Ye
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Zuo, ; Yang Li,
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Zuo, ; Yang Li,
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7
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Iavarone F, Olianas A, Patini R, Gallenzi P, Di Tonno L, Desiderio C, Cabras T, Manconi B, Vincenzoni F, Cordaro M, Messana I, Urbani A, Castagnola M. Top down proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid in deciduous, exfoliating and permanent teeth in children. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103890. [PMID: 32629195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF), a plasma-derived exudate present in the gingival crevice was collected from deciduous, exfoliating and permanent teeth from 20 children (60 samples) with the aim to characterize and quantify by a mass spectrometry based top-down proteomic approach, the peptide/proteins in the fluid and verify possible variations occurring during the exfoliating process. The results obtained confirmed the presence in GCF of α-Defensins 1-4, Thymosin β4 and Thymosin β10, as described in previous works and revealed the presence of other interesting peptides never described before in GCF such as specific fragments of α-1-antitrypsin, α-1-antichymotrypsin; fragments of Thymosin β4 and Thymosin β10; Fibrinopeptide A and its fragments and Fibrinopeptide B; S100A8 and S100A9, LVV Hemorphin-7 (hemoglobin chain β fragment), as well as some other peptides deriving from α and β subunits of hemoglobin. Statistical analysis evidenced different levels in 5 proteins/peptides in the three groups. Our study demonstrate that an in-depth analysis of a biological fluid like GCF, present in small amount, can provide useful information for the understanding of different biological processes like teeth eruption. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016010 and PXD016049. SIGNIFICANCE: GCF due to his site-specific nature has a great potential in containing factors that are specific for action at a given site and might have diagnostic value to detect qualitative and quantitative variations of proteins/peptides composition linked to physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Romeo Patini
- Dipartimento Testa-collo e organi di senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gallenzi
- Dipartimento Testa-collo e organi di senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Di Tonno
- Dipartimento Testa-collo e organi di senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Cordaro
- Dipartimento Testa-collo e organi di senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica e Metabonomica-IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
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8
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Zhang GH, Murthy KD, Binti Pare R, Qian YH. Protective effect of Tβ4 on central nervous system tissues and its developmental prospects. EUR J INFLAMM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739220934559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) remains a serious medical problem. CNS diseases such as traumatic and neurological brain injuries have a high mortality and disability rate, thereby bringing a considerable amount of economic burden to society and families. How to treat traumatic and neurological brain injuries has always been a serious issue faced by neurosurgeons. The global incidence of traumatic and neurological brain injuries has gradually increased and become a global challenge. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is the main G-actin variant molecule in eukaryotic cells. During the development of the CNS, Tβ4 regulates neurogenesis, tangential expansion, tissue growth, and cerebral hemisphere folding. In addition, Tβ4 has anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. It promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, stem/progenitor cell differentiation, and other characteristics of cell migration and survival, providing a scientific basis for the repair and regeneration of injured nerve tissue. This review provides evidence to support the role of Tβ4 in the protection and repair of nervous tissue in CNS diseases, especially with the potential to control brain inflammatory processes, and thus open up new therapeutic applications for a series of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Krishna Dilip Murthy
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Rahmawati Binti Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Yi-hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
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9
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Shomali N, Baradaran B, Deljavanghodrati M, Akbari M, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Jang Y, Xu H, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. A new insight into thymosin β4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3270-3279. [PMID: 31612500 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering secreted peptide, improves neurovascular remodeling and central nervous system plasticity, which leads to neurological recovery in many neurological diseases. Inflammatory response adjustment and tissue inflammation consequences from neurological injury are vital for neurological recovery. The innate or nonspecific immune system is made of different components. The Toll-like receptor pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is one of these components, regulates tissue injury. The main component of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway, which is known as IRAK1, can be regulated by miR-146a and regulates NF-κB expression. Due to the significant role of Tβ4 in oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglial cells in neurological recovery, it is suggested that Tβ4 regulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway by upregulating miR-146a in neurological disorders. However, further investigations on the role of Tβ4 in regulating the expression of miR146a and TLR signaling pathway in the immune response adjustment in neurological disorders provides an insight into mechanisms of action and the possibility of Tβ4 therapeutic effect enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yue Jang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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10
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Göttle P, Förster M, Weyers V, Küry P, Rejdak K, Hartung HP, Kremer D. An unmet clinical need: roads to remyelination in MS. Neurol Res Pract 2019; 1:21. [PMID: 33324887 PMCID: PMC7650135 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-019-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheaths stabilize, protect, and electrically insulate axons. However, in demyelinating autoimmune CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) these sheaths are destroyed which ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. The currently available immunomodulatory drugs for MS effectively control the (auto)inflammatory facets of the disease but are unable to regenerate myelin by stimulating remyelination via oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Accordingly, there is broad consensus that the implementation of new regenerative approaches constitutes the prime goal for future MS pharmacotherapy. Main text Of note, recent years have seen several promising clinical studies investigating the potential of substances and monoclonal antibodies such as, for instance, clemastine, opicinumab, biotin, simvastatin, quetiapin and anti-GNbAC1. However, beyond these agents which have often been re-purposed from other medical indications there is a multitude of further molecules influencing OPC homeostasis. Here, we therefore discuss these possibly beneficial regulators of OPC differentiation and assess their potential as new pharmacological targets for myelin repair in MS. Conclusion Remyelination remains the most important therapeutic treatment goal in MS in order to improve clinical deficits and to avert neurodegeneration. The promising molecules presented in this review have the potential to promote remyelination and therefore warrant further translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien Weyers
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Morris DC, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke: neurorestorative or neuroprotective? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:149-158. [PMID: 30063858 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1484100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K peptide which influences cellular migration by inhibiting organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. Treatment of acute stroke presently involves use of rt-PA and/or endovascular treatment with thrombectomy, both of which have time limitations. Therefore, development of a treatment beyond these times is necessary as most stroke patients present beyond these time limits. A drug which could be administered within 24 h from symptom onset would provide substantial benefit. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the data and results of two in-vivo studies testing Tβ4 in an embolic stroke model of young and aged rats. In addition, we describe in-vitro investigations of the neurorestorative and neuroprotective properties of Tβ4 in a variety of neuroprogenitor and oligoprogenitor cell models. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 acts as a neurorestorative agent when employed in a young male rat model of embolic stroke while in an aged model it acts a neuroprotectant. However evaluation of Tβ4 as a treatment of stroke requires further preclinical evaluation in females and in males and females with comorbidities such as, hypertension and diabetes in models of embolic stroke to further define the mechanism of action and potential as a treatment of stroke in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Morris
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- b Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA.,c Department of Physics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
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12
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Pardon MC. Anti-inflammatory potential of thymosin β4 in the central nervous system: implications for progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:165-169. [PMID: 30063850 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The actin-sequestering thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) is the most abundant member of the β-thymosins, and is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but its functions in the healthy and diseased brain are poorly understood. The expression of Tβ4 in neurons and microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, suggests that it can play a role in modulating behavioral processes and immunological mechanisms in the brain. The purpose of this review is to shed lights on the role of Tβ4 in CNS function and diseases without antecedent autoimmune inflammation or injury, and to question its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AREAS COVERED This review presents the evidence supporting a role for Tβ4 in behaviors that are affected in CNS disorders, as well as studies linking Tβ4 upregulation in microglia to neuroinflammatory processes associated with these disorders. Finally, the implication of Tβ4 in the process of microglial activation and the mechanisms underlying its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 has the potential to control inflammatory processes in the brain, opening avenues for new therapeutic applications to a range of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Pardon
- a School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queens Medical Centre , The University of Nottingham Medical School , Nottingham , UK
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Severa M, Zhang J, Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Garaci E, Chopp M, Coccia EM. Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 27:52-60. [PMID: 30317071 PMCID: PMC7104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide and this number is increasing over time. Within the past years, a great number of disease-modifying treatments have emerged; however, efficacious treatments and a cure for MS await discovery. Thymosins, soluble hormone-like peptides produced by the thymus gland, can mediate immune and non-immune physiological processes and have gained interest in recent years as therapeutics in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Pubmed was searched with no time constraints for articles using a combination of the keywords "thymosin/s" or "thymus factor/s" AND "multiple sclerosis", mesh terms with no language restriction. RESULTS Here, we review the state-of-the-art on the effects of thymosins on MS and its experimental models. In particular, we describe what is known in this field on the roles of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) and -β4 (Tβ4) as potential anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and remyelinating molecules and their mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION Based on the data that Tα1 and Tβ4 act as anti-inflammatory molecules and as inducers of myelin repair and neuronal protection, respectively, a possible therapeutic application in MS for Tα1 and Tβ4 alone or combined with other approved drugs may be envisaged. This approach is reasonable in light of the current clinical usage of Tα1 and data demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tβ4 in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Liposuction Aspirate Fluid Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Injection and Secondary Healing in Fingertip Injury: A Pilot Study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 142:136-147. [PMID: 29649060 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fingertip injuries account for a high proportion of trauma patients, the correct surgical approach is still debated. The authors compared the traditional conservative approach and a new treatment based on the injection of liposuction aspirate fluid. METHODS Forty consecutive patients with a fingertip injury were dichotomized into group A (control group; conservative approach) and group B (treatment group). Group B underwent liposuction, followed by filtration of the lipoaspirate in a closed device (MyStem EVO kit), allowing the nonenzymatic separation of liposuction aspirate fluid, which was then injected at the site of injury. Objective outcomes were time for healing, strength, mobility of joint, and touch and sensory function. Subjective outcomes were cold intolerance, pain, hand disability, and aesthetic result. An aliquot of liposuction aspirate fluid was sent to the laboratory for cellular isolation and analysis by flow cytometry and in vitro differentiation assays. RESULTS The average healing time was 22.3 days in group B and 24.9 days in group A (p < 0.05). Eighty-five percent of group B patients and 67 percent of group A patients scored normal to diminished superficial sensibility (p < 0.05). Group A had higher pain and cold intolerance scores (p < 0.05). Group B scored greater aesthetic and disabilities outcome results (p < 0.05). The cell isolation yield was 8.3 × 10(5)/ml, with a percentage of viable cells of 74.3 percent. Flow cytometry identified a mesenchymal immunophenotype, and in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic induction confirmed the bilinear potential of the isolated cells. CONCLUSION This clinical study demonstrates for the first time the regenerative potential of liposuction aspirate fluid adipose-derived stem cells in a clinical application. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, II.
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Choi BD, Lim HJ, Lee SY, Lee MH, Kil KS, Lim DS, Jeong SJ, Jeong MJ. Thymosin β4 is associated with bone sialoprotein expression via ERK and Smad3 signaling pathways in MDPC-23 odontoblastic cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2881-2890. [PMID: 30226623 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) regulates the expression of molecules associated with dentinogenesis, including bone sialoprotein (BSP). BSP regulates the initiation of mineralization and the direction of dentin growth. However, the association between Tβ4 signaling and BSP expression in odontoblasts remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate Tβ4 mRNA expression in odontoblasts during dentinogenesis and the association between the Tβ4 signaling pathway and BSP expression in MDPC‑23 odontoblastic cells. Expression and localization of Tβ4 mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization during mouse tooth development. The effect of Tβ4 signaling on BSP expression was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and a luciferase reporter assay in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (PD98059) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3; SIS3) in MDPC‑23 cells. The expression of Tβ4 mRNA in the odontoblast layer was highest at postnatal day 5, known as the advanced bell stage, when odontoblasts actively secrete dentin matrix proteins. Tβ4 increased BSP mRNA and protein levels in MDPC‑23 cells, but this was inhibited by PD98059 or SIS3 treatment. Tβ4 increased levels of phosphorylated (p) extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, pSmad3, pβ‑catenin, and runt‑related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) protein, but these effects were inhibited by PD98059 or SIS3. Tβ4 induced the nuclear translocation of Runx2 and pSmad3, while nuclear translocation of β‑catenin was decreased. Tβ4 significantly increased BSP promoter activity, which was decreased by PD98059 or SIS3 treatment. Tβ4 induced BSP expression in MDPC‑23 cells via ERK and Smad3 signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a signaling molecule in odontoblasts for regulating BSP secretion during dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baik-Dong Choi
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Lee
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sung Kil
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Seon Lim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‑do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jin Jeong
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Li H, Li Q, Zhang X, Zheng X, Zhang Q, Hao Z. Thymosin β4 suppresses CCl4
-induced murine hepatic fibrosis by down-regulating transforming growth factor β receptor-II. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3043. [PMID: 29972714 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zhiming Hao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
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Kim CE, Kleinman HK, Sosne G, Ousler GW, Kim K, Kang S, Yang J. RGN-259 (thymosin β4) improves clinically important dry eye efficacies in comparison with prescription drugs in a dry eye model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10500. [PMID: 30002412 PMCID: PMC6043477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the clinical activity of RGN-259 (thymosin β4) in comparison with cyclosporine A (CsA), diquafosol (DQS), and lifitegrast (LFA) in a murine model of dry eye. The model was NOD.B10-H2b mice in a 30–40% humidified environment together with daily scopolamine hydrobromide injections for 10 days. After desiccation stress, all drugs were evaluated after 10 treatment days. RGN-259 increased tear production similar to that in the DQS- and LFA-treated mice while CsA was inactive. RGN-259 improved corneal smoothness and decreased fluorescein staining similar to that of LFA group while CsA and DQS were inactive. Corneal epithelial detachment was reduced by RGN-259, and DQS and LFA showed similar activity but the CsA was inactive. RGN-259 increased conjunctival goblet cells and mucin production comparable to that seen with CsA, while DQS and LFA were inactive. RGN-259 reduced the over-expression of inflammatory factors comparable to that with CsA and LFA, while DQS was inactive. RGN-259 increased mucin production comparable to that observed with CsA, while DQS and LFA were inactive. In conclusion, RGN-259 promoted recovery of mucins and goblet cells, improved corneal integrity, and reduced inflammation in a dry eye mouse model and was equal to or more effective than prescription treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Hynda K Kleinman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington D.C, USA.,ReGenTree, LLC, 116 Village Boulevard, Suite 200, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gabriel Sosne
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy/Cell Biology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.,ReGenTree, LLC, 116 Village Boulevard, Suite 200, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sinwook Kang
- ReGenTree, LLC, 116 Village Boulevard, Suite 200, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jaewook Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, 47392, Korea. .,T2B infrastructure Center for Ocular Disease, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, 47392, Korea.
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Yu R, Cao S, Liu Y, Si X, Fang T, Sun X, Dai H, Xu J, Fang H, Chen W. Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S95-S104. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sai Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinxi Si
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Dai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongqing Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China
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Morris DC, Cheung WL, Loi R, Zhang T, Lu M, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 659:7-13. [PMID: 28864242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K peptide which influences cellular migration by inhibiting organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. Tβ4 has neurorestorative properties and is a potential candidate for the treatment of sub-acute stroke. Previous research demonstrated that Tβ4 improved neurological outcome in a young (3 months) rat model of embolic stroke. We hypothesized that Tβ4 would improve neurological outcome in an aged rat model of embolic stroke when administered 24h after embolic stroke. Aged Male Wistar rats (Charles River, France 18-21 months) were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats were randomized to receive Tβ4 (12mg/kg, RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.) or control 24h after MCAo and then every 3days for 4 additional doses. The dose of 12mg/kg was the maximal dose of Tβ4 that showed functional improvement in a young rat model of embolic stroke. Functional tests (adhesive-removal test (ART), foot fault test (FFT) and the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS)) were performed weekly. The rats were sacrificed 56days after MCAo and lesion volumes were measured. Immunohistochemical analysis for oligodendrogenesis, myelination and gliosis was also performed. Twenty-three rats were included in the study: control group (n=12) and Tβ4 group (n=11). After randomization, there were three deaths in both the control and Tβ4 groups. The Tβ4 treatment reduced infarct volume by more than 50% (12.8%±9.3%, mean±SE, p<0.05) compared to the control group (26.0%±4.3%). However, Tβ4 did not show improvement in functional outcome compared to control. There was no significant increase in oligodendrogenesis, myelination and gliosis between control and treatment with Tβ4, however, we unexpectedly observed that overall (control and Tβ4 groups) astrocytic gliosis as measured by GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly inversely correlated with neurological outcome measured using the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) (p<0.01), suggesting that greater gliosis may be related to improvement of neurological outcome in aged rats. In summary, Tβ4 treatment of stroke aged rats significantly reduces infarct volume compared to vehicle treated stroke, however, Tβ4 treatment did not show improvement in functional outcome, myelination or gliosis when compared to control. GFAP staining was significantly inversely correlated to improvement in the mNSS, suggesting that gliosis in the aged rat may be of benefit in improvement of functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Wing Lee Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Richard Loi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Talan Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Mechelli R, Buscarinu MC, Pica F, D’Agostini C, Salvetti M, Coccia EM, Severa M. Thymosin-α1 expands deficient IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subsets in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2017; 24:127-139. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517695892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: B cells are key pathogenic effectors in multiple sclerosis (MS) and several therapies have been designed to restrain B cell abnormalities by directly targeting this lymphocyte population. Objectives: Moving from our data showing a Toll-like receptor (TLR)7-driven dysregulation of B cell response in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and having found a low serum level of Thymosin-α1 (Tα1) in patients, we investigated whether the addition of this molecule to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) would influence the expansion of regulatory B cell subsets, known to dampen autoimmune inflammation. Methods: Serum Tα1 level was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Cytokine expression was evaluated by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Tα1 pre-treatment induces an anti-inflammatory status in TLR7-stimulated RRMS PBMC cultures, reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β while significantly increasing the regulatory IL-10 and IL-35. Indeed, Tα1 treatment enhanced expansion of CD19+CD24+CD38hi transitional-immature and CD24low/negCD38hi plasmablast-like regulatory B cell subsets, which likely inhibit both interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 production. Conclusion:: Our study reveals a deficient ability of B cells from MS patients to differentiate into regulatory subsets and unveils a novel anti-inflammatory and repurposing potential for Tα1 in MS targeting B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena P Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pica
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cartesio D’Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy/Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Zheng XY, Lv YF, Li S, Li Q, Zhang QN, Zhang XT, Hao ZM. Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β 4 suppresses experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:242-255. [PMID: 28127198 PMCID: PMC5236504 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effect of a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin β4 (AAV-Tβ4) on murine colitis via intracolonic administration.
METHODS AAV-Tβ4 was prepared and intracolonically used to mediate the secretory expression of Tβ4 in mouse colons. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was applied to induce the murine ulcerative colitis, and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to establish a mouse colitis model resembling Crohn’s disease. The disease severity and colon injuries were observed and graded to reveal the effects of AAV-Tβ4 on colitis. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using biochemical assays. Colonic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 were measured using ELISA, and mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation were detected by TUNEL assay and immunochemistry, respectively.
RESULTS Recombinant AAVs efficiently delivered LacZ and Tβ4 into the colonic tissues of the mice, and AAV-Tβ4 led to a strong expression of Tβ4 in mouse colons. In both the DSS and TNBS colitis models, AAV-Tβ4-treated mice displayed distinctly attenuated colon injuries and reduced apoptosis rate of colonic mucosal epithelia. AAV-Tβ4 significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltrations and relieved oxidative stress in the inflamed colons of the mice, as evidenced by decreases in MPO activity and MDA content and increases in SOD activity. AAV-Tβ4 also modulated colonic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels and suppressed the compensatory proliferation of colonic epithelial cells in DSS- and TNBS-treated mice.
CONCLUSION Tβ4 exerts a protective effect on murine colitis, indicating that AAV-Tβ4 could potentially be developed into a promising agent for the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Thymosin β4 overexpression regulates neuron production and spatial distribution in the developing avian optic tectum. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:555-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA. Pharmacological approaches to intervention in hypomyelinating and demyelinating white matter pathology. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:605-625. [PMID: 26116759 PMCID: PMC4690794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter disease afflicts both developing and mature central nervous systems. Both cell intrinsic and extrinsic dysregulation result in profound changes in cell survival, axonal metabolism and functional performance. Experimental models of developmental white matter (WM) injury and demyelination have not only delineated mechanisms of signaling and inflammation, but have also paved the way for the discovery of pharmacological approaches to intervention. These reagents have been shown to enhance protection of the mature oligodendrocyte cell, accelerate progenitor cell recruitment and/or differentiation, or attenuate pathological stimuli arising from the inflammatory response to injury. Here we highlight reports of studies in the CNS in which compounds, namely peptides, hormones, and small molecule agonists/antagonists, have been used in experimental animal models of demyelination and neonatal brain injury that affect aspects of excitotoxicity, oligodendrocyte development and survival, and progenitor cell function, and which have been demonstrated to attenuate damage and improve WM protection in experimental models of injury. The molecular targets of these agents include growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors, morphogens and their signaling components, nuclear receptors, as well as the processes of iron transport and actin binding. By surveying the current evidence in non-immune targets of both the immature and mature WM, we aim to better understand pharmacological approaches modulating endogenous oligodendroglia that show potential for success in the contexts of developmental and adult WM pathology. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Thymosin β4 inhibits microglia activation through microRNA 146a in neonatal rats following hypoxia injury. Neuroreport 2016; 26:1032-8. [PMID: 26457369 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, including hypoxic injury of the developing brain. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), the major G-actin-sequestering molecule, has an anti-inflammatory effect and has been used to treat various neurological diseases. However, the effect of Tβ4 on hypoxia-induced microglia activation in the developing brain remains unclear. We investigate here the effect of Tβ4 on microglia activation of neonatal rats after hypoxia exposure. Tβ4 treatment was carried out on 1-day-old rats and BV-2 cells. Tβ4 expression in microglia was determined by quantitative real time-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetric assay. mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, and microRNA 146a expression was determined by quantitative real time-PCR. We showed that Tβ4 treatment significantly inhibited secretion of inflammatory mediators in the cerebellum of neonatal rats following hypoxia injury. Increased expression of endogenous Tβ4 in microglia was observed both in hypoxic rats and in BV-2 cells. Tβ4 treatment significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of hypoxia-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO. Remarkably, microRNA 146a expression was found to have increased in Tβ4-treated BV-2 cells. We demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of Tβ4 in neonatal rats following hypoxic brain injury. More importantly, our data reveal, for the first time, that Tβ4 inhibits microglia activation in vitro. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding the role and mechanism of Tβ4 function in central nervous system diseases.
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Maccarrone G, Nischwitz S, Deininger SO, Hornung J, König FB, Stadelmann C, Turck CW, Weber F. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis-A new approach for protein mapping in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1047:131-140. [PMID: 27461358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the early disease stage. Lesion formation and mechanisms leading to lesion remyelination are not fully understood. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry imaging (MALDI-IMS) is a technology which analyses proteins and peptides in tissue, preserves their spatial localization, and generates molecular maps within the tissue section. In a pilot study we employed MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to profile and identify peptides and proteins expressed in normal-appearing white matter, grey matter and multiple sclerosis brain lesions with different extents of remyelination. The unsupervised clustering analysis of the mass spectra generated images which reflected the tissue section morphology in luxol fast blue stain and in myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry. Lesions with low remyelination extent were defined by compounds with molecular weight smaller than 5300Da, while more completely remyelinated lesions showed compounds with molecular weights greater than 15,200Da. An in-depth analysis of the mass spectra enabled the detection of cortical lesions which were not seen by routine luxol fast blue histology. An ion mass, mainly distributed at the rim of multiple sclerosis lesions, was identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry as thymosin beta-4, a protein known to be involved in cell migration and in restorative processes. The ion mass of thymosin beta-4 was profiled by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry in brain slides of 12 multiple sclerosis patients and validated by immunohistochemical analysis. In summary, our results demonstrate the ability of the MALDI-IMS technology to map proteins within the brain parenchyma and multiple sclerosis lesions and to identify potential markers involved in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and/or remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Maccarrone
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Sandra Nischwitz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Hornung
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Fatima Barbara König
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstr. 41-43, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Medical Park Bad Camberg, Obertorstr. 100-102, 65520 Bad Camberg, Germany.
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Abstract
No agent has been identified that significantly accelerates the repair of chronic dermal wounds in humans. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a small, abundant, naturally occurring regenerative protein that is found in body fluids and inside cells. It was found to have angiogenic and antiinflammatory activity and to be high in platelets that aggregate at the wound site. Thus we used Tβ4 initially in dermal healing. It has since been shown to have many activities important in tissue protection, repair, and regeneration. Tβ4 increases the rate of dermal healing in various preclinical animal models, including diabetic and aged animals, and is active for burns as well. Tβ4 also accelerated the rate of repair in phase 2 trials with patients having pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa wounds. It is safe and well tolerated and will likely have additional uses in the skin and in injured organs for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kleinman
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - G Sosne
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Meng Y, Zhang L, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:782-795. [PMID: 28245754 DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.jns152699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' previous studies have suggested that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a major actin-sequestering protein, improves functional recovery after neural injury. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an active peptide fragment of Tβ4. Its effect as a treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been investigated. Thus, this study was designed to determine whether AcSDKP treatment improves functional recovery in rats after TBI. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (no injury); 2) TBI + vehicle group (0.01 N acetic acid); and 3) TBI + AcSDKP (0.8 mg/kg/day). TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. AcSDKP or vehicle was administered subcutaneously starting 1 hour postinjury and continuously for 3 days using an osmotic minipump. Sensorimotor function and spatial learning were assessed using a modified Neurological Severity Score and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Some of the animals were euthanized 1 day after injury, and their brains were processed for measurement of fibrin accumulation and neuroinflammation signaling pathways. The remaining animals were euthanized 35 days after injury, and brain sections were processed for measurement of lesion volume, hippocampal cell loss, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and dendritic spine remodeling. RESULTS Compared with vehicle treatment, AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (Days 7-35, p < 0.05) and spatial learning (Days 33-35, p < 0.05), reduced cortical lesion volume, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss, reduced fibrin accumulation and activation of microglia/macrophages, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and increased the number of dendritic spines in the injured brain (p < 0.05). AcSDKP treatment also significantly inhibited the transforming growth factor-β1/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury provides neuroprotection and neurorestoration after TBI, indicating that this small tetrapeptide has promising therapeutic potential for treatment of TBI. Further investigation of the optimal dose and therapeutic window of AcSDKP treatment for TBI and the associated underlying mechanisms is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and
| | | | - Ye Xiong
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and
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Zhang J, Zhang ZG, Li Y, Lu M, Zhang Y, Elias SB, Chopp M. Thymosin beta4 promotes oligodendrogenesis in the demyelinating central nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Inserra I, Martelli C, Cipollina M, Cicione C, Iavarone F, Taranto GD, Barba M, Castagnola M, Desiderio C, Lattanzi W. Lipoaspirate fluid proteome: A preliminary investigation by LC-MS top-down/bottom-up integrated platform of a high potential biofluid in regenerative medicine. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1015-26. [PMID: 26719138 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lipoaspirate fluid (LAF) is emerging as a potentially valuable source in regenerative medicine. In particular, our group recently demonstrated that it is able to exert osteoinductive properties in vitro. This original observation stimulated the investigation of the proteomic component of LAF, by means of LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS top-down/bottom-up integrated approach, which represents the object of the present study. Top-down analyses required the optimization of sample pretreatment procedures to enable the correct investigation of the intact proteome. Bottom-up analyses have been directly applied to untreated samples after monodimensional SDS-PAGE separation. The analysis of the acid-soluble fraction of LAF by top-down approach allowed demonstrating the presence of albumin and hemoglobin fragments (i.e. VV- and LVV-hemorphin-7), thymosins β4 and β10 peptides, ubiquitin and acyl-CoA binding protein; adipogenesis regulatory factor, perilipin-1 fragments, and S100A6, along with their PTMs. Part of the bottom-up proteomic profile was reproducibly found in both tested samples. The bottom-up approach allowed demonstrating the presence of proteins, listed among the components of adipose tissue and/or comprised within the ASCs intracellular content and secreted proteome. Our data provide a first glance on the LAF molecular profile, which is consistent with its tissue environment. LAF appeared to contain bioactive proteins, peptides and paracrine factors, suggesting its potential translational exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Inserra
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Martelli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cipollina
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cicione
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Taranto
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Banca del Tessuto Muscolo-Scheletrico della Regione Lazio, Università Cattolica del, Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Sosne G, Rimmer D, Kleinman H, Ousler G. Thymosin Beta 4. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:277-306. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Santra M, Chopp M, Santra S, Nallani A, Vyas S, Zhang ZG, Morris DC. Thymosin beta 4 up-regulates miR-200a expression and induces differentiation and survival of rat brain progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2015; 136:118-32. [PMID: 26466330 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a secreted 43 amino acid peptide, promotes oligodendrogenesis, and improves neurological outcome in rat models of neurologic injury. We demonstrated that exogenous Tβ4 treatment up-regulated the expression of the miR-200a in vitro in rat brain progenitor cells and in vivo in the peri-infarct area of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The up-regulation of miR-200a down-regulated the expression of the following targets in vitro and in vivo models: (i) growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), an adaptor protein involved in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Grb2/Ras/MEK/ERK1/c-Jun signaling pathway, which negatively regulates the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), a marker of mature oligodendrocyte; (ii) ERRFI-1/Mig-6, an endogenous potent kinase inhibitor of EGFR, which resulted in activation/phosphorylation of EGFR; (iii) friend of GATA 2, and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted in chromosome 10 (PTEN), which are potent inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway, and resulted in marked activation of AKT; and (iv) transcription factor, p53, which induces pro-apoptotic genes, and possibly reduced apoptosis of the progenitor cells subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Anti-miR-200a transfection reversed all the effects of Tβ4 treatment in vitro. Thus, Tβ4 up-regulated MBP synthesis, and inhibited OGD-induced apoptosis in a novel miR-200a dependent EGFR signaling pathway. Our findings of miR-200a-mediated protection of progenitor cells may provide a new therapeutic importance for the treatment of neurologic injury. Tβ4-induced micro-RNA-200a (miR-200a) regulates EGFR signaling pathways for MBP synthesis and apoptosis: up-regulation of miR-200a after Tβ4 treatment, increases MBP synthesis after targeting Grb2 and thereby inactivating c-Jun from inhibition of MBP synthesis; and also inhibits OGD-mediated apoptosis after targeting EGFR inhibitor (Mig-6), PI3K inhibitors (FOG2 and Pten) and an inducer (p53) of pro-apoptotic genes, for AKT activation and down-regulation of p53. These findings may contribute the therapeutic benefits for stroke and other neuronal diseases associated with demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Sutapa Santra
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ankita Nallani
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shivam Vyas
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel C Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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He X, Yu J, Guo W, Zuo T, Shi Q, Zhao K, Wang W. Effects of thymosin β4 on a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2389-2395. [PMID: 26668646 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of thymosin β4 on a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) induced by sodium taurocholate (STC) and the underlying mechanism. SAP was induced by the retrograde infusion of 5% STC (1 ml/kg) into the bile-pancreatic duct. In certain rats, thymosin β4 (30 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to the infusion of STC. The severity of pancreatitis was evaluated by the measurement of serum amylase, lipase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and histological grading. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 protein expression in the pancreas was studied using western blot analysis. Prophylactic administration of thymosin β4 was found to attenuate serum amylase and lipase activity and the serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, it attenuated pathological pancreatic injury, pancreatic MPO activity, and the activation of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in the pancreas. These results suggest that thymosin β4 exerts a protective effect against STC-induced pancreatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Kailiang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea 2015; 34:491-6. [PMID: 25826322 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Standard therapies for severe dry eye are limited and fail to resolve the problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Thymosin β4 eye drops (RGN-259) as a novel therapy for severe dry eye disease (including that associated with graft vs. host disease). METHODS A small, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled 56-day phase 2 clinical trial including a 28-day follow-up at 2 US sites. Nine patients with severe dry eye were treated with either RGN-259 (0.1%) or vehicle control 6 times daily over a period of 28 days. Dry eye sign and symptom assessments, such as ocular discomfort (using the OSDI questionnaire) and corneal fluorescein staining (using the NEI workshop grading system), were evaluated at various time points. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in both symptom and sign assessments, were seen at various time points throughout the study. Of particular note at day 56, the RGN-259-treated group (12 eyes) had 35.1% reduction of ocular discomfort compared with vehicle control (6 eyes) (P = 0.0141), and 59.1% reduction of total corneal fluorescein staining compared with vehicle control (P = 0.0108). Other improvements seen in the RGN-259-treated patients included tear film breakup time and increased tear volume production. CONCLUSIONS In this small trial, RGN-259 eye drops were safe and well tolerated and met key efficacy objectives with statistically significant symptom and sign improvements, compared with vehicle control, at various time intervals, including 28-days posttreatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION--URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01393132.
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Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Advances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin β4. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S139-45. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1011617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sosne G, Ousler GW. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:877-84. [PMID: 26056426 PMCID: PMC4445951 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s80954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution (RGN-259; Tβ4) in subjects with moderate to severe dry eye using the CAE™ model. METHODS This single-center, prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled Phase II study randomized 72 qualifying subjects 1:1 to receive either 0.1% Tβ4 or placebo treatment for a total of 28 days. The study consisted of six visits over a 32-day period, including a screening visit (day -1), controlled adverse environment challenge (CAE) visits (day 1, day 28), and follow-up visits (days 14, 29, and 30). The primary efficacy endpoints were ocular discomfort scores and inferior corneal staining measured at visit 5 on day 29. Secondary endpoints included central and superior corneal staining, conjunctival staining, conjunctival redness, tear-film break-up time, and daily symptom scores recorded over the course of the study. Safety measures included visual acuity, slit-lamp evaluation, conjunctival redness, tear film break-up time, intraocular pressure, dilated funduscopy, and corneal sensitivity. RESULTS Neither of the primary endpoints, ie, ocular discomfort or inferior corneal staining, showed a significant difference between treatment and control groups at visit 5. Despite this, significant differences between treatment groups were observed for a number of secondary endpoints. The discomfort scores in the CAE on day 28 were reduced by 27% in 0.1% Tβ4-treated subjects compared with the placebo group (P=0.0244). Subjects in the 0.1% Tβ4 treatment group also showed statistically significant improvements in central and superior corneal staining compared with staining scores in the control group (P=0.0075 and P=0.0210). No adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION This study confirms the efficacy of 0.1% Tβ4 as a topical treatment for relief of signs and symptoms of dry eye. Significant improvements in both signs and symptoms of dry eye were observed, and the treatment exhibited a large safety window, with no adverse events reported by any subjects enrolled in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sosne
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Thymosin β4 as a restorative/regenerative therapy for neurological injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S9-12. [PMID: 25613458 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1005596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) promotes CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) plasticity and neurovascular remodeling leading to neurological recovery in a range of neurological diseases. Treatment of neural injury and neurodegenerative disease 24 h or more post-injury and disease onset with Tβ4 enhances angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite and axonal outgrowth, and oligodendrogenesis, and thereby, significantly improves functional and behavioral outcomes. We propose that oligodendrogenesis is a common link by which Tβ4 promotes recovery after neural injury and neurodegenerative disease. The ability to target many diverse restorative processes via multiple molecular pathways that drive oligodendrogenesis and neurovascular remodeling may be mediated by the ability of Tβ4 to alter cellular expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, further investigations on the essential role of miRNAs in regulating protein expression and the remarkable exosomal intercellular communication network via exosomes will likely provide insight into mechanisms of action and means to amplify the therapeutic effects of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chopp
- Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Neurology , 2799 W. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202 , USA
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Moon JH, Lee JW, Kang JK. Angiogenic effects of recombinant thymosin β4 in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, Lu M, Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:61-7. [PMID: 25060418 PMCID: PMC4177939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K actin binding peptide. Tβ4 improves neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke and research is now focused on optimizing its dose for clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to perform a dose-response study of Tβ4 to determine the optimal dose of neurological improvement in a rat model of embolic stroke. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals/group: control, 2, 12 and 18 mg/kg. Tβ4 was administered intraperitoneally 24h after MCAo and then every 3 days for 4 additional doses in a randomized controlled fashion. Neurological tests were performed after MCAo and before treatment and up to 8 weeks after treatment. The rats were sacrificed 56 days after MCAo and lesion volumes measured. Generalized estimating equation was used to compare the treatment effect on long term functional recovery at day 56. A quartic regression model was used for an optimal dose determination. RESULTS Tβ4 significantly improved neurological outcome at dose of 2 and 12 mg/kg at day 14 and extended to day 56 (p-values <0.05). The higher dose of 18 mg/kg did not show significant improvement. The estimated optimal dose of 3.75 mg/kg would provide optimal neurological improvement. CONCLUSIONS This study shown that Tβ4 significantly improved the long term neurological functional recovery at day 56 after MCAo with an optimal dose of 3.75 mg/kg. These results provide preclinical data for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - W L Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - M Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Z G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - M Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Brady RD, Grills BL, Schuijers JA, Ward AR, Tonkin BA, Walsh NC, McDonald SJ. Thymosin β4 administration enhances fracture healing in mice. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1277-82. [PMID: 25042765 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4 ) is a regenerative peptide that we hypothesized would promote healing of fractured bone. Mice received a bilateral fibular osteotomy and were given i.p. injections of either Tβ4 (6 mg/kg) or saline. Calluses from saline- and Tβ4 -treated mice were analyzed for: (1) biomechanical properties and (2) composition using micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histomorphometry. Biomechanical analysis showed that Tβ4 -treated calluses had a 41% increase in peak force to failure (p < 0.01) and were approximately 25% stiffer (p < 0.05) than saline-treated controls. µCT analysis at 21 days post-fracture showed that the fractional volume of new mineralized tissue and new highly mineralized tissue were respectively 18% and 26% greater in calluses from Tβ4 -treated mice compared to controls (p < 0.01; p < 0.05, respectively). Histomorphometry complemented the µCT data; at 21 days post-fracture, Tβ4 -treated calluses were almost 23% smaller (p < 0.05), had nearly 47% less old cortical bone (p < 0.05) and had a 31% increase in new trabecular bone area/total callus area fraction compared with controls (p < 0.05). Our finding of enhanced biomechanical properties of fractures in mice treated with Tβ4 provides novel evidence of the therapeutic potential of this peptide for treating bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Liguori M, Qualtieri A, Tortorella C, Direnzo V, Bagalà A, Mastrapasqua M, Spadafora P, Trojano M. Proteomic profiling in multiple sclerosis clinical courses reveals potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103984. [PMID: 25098164 PMCID: PMC4123901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our project was to perform an exploratory analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic profiles of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, collected in different phases of their clinical course, in order to investigate the existence of peculiar profiles characterizing the different MS phenotypes. The study was carried out on 24 Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), 16 Relapsing Remitting (RR) MS, 11 Progressive (Pr) MS patients. The CSF samples were analysed using the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer in linear mode geometry and in delayed extraction mode (m/z range: 1000–25000 Da). Peak lists were imported for normalization and statistical analysis. CSF data were correlated with demographic, clinical and MRI parameters. The evaluation of MALDI-TOF spectra revealed 348 peak signals with relative intensity ≥1% in the study range. The peak intensity of the signals corresponding to Secretogranin II and Protein 7B2 were significantly upregulated in RRMS patients compared to PrMS (p<0.05), whereas the signals of Fibrinogen and Fibrinopeptide A were significantly downregulated in CIS compared to PrMS patients (p<0.04). Additionally, the intensity of the Tymosin β4 peak was the only signal to be significantly discriminated between the CIS and RRMS patients (p = 0.013). Although with caution due to the relatively small size of the study populations, and considering that not all the findings remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, in our opinion this mass spectrometry evaluation confirms that this technique may provide useful and important information to improve our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Liguori
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Qualtieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Mangone (CS), Italy
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vita Direnzo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Bagalà
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Mangone (CS), Italy
| | - Mariangela Mastrapasqua
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Spadafora
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Mangone (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Beneficial effects of thymosin β4 on spinal cord injury in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:408-16. [PMID: 24937047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has many physiological functions that are highly relevant to spinal cord injury (SCI), including neuronal survival, anti-inflammation, wound repair promotion, and angiogenesis. The present study investigated the therapeutic value of Tβ4 in SCI, with a focus on its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and vasculoprotective properties. Tβ4 or a saline control was administered by intraperitoneal injection 30 min, 3 days, or 5 days after SCI with mild compression in rat. Locomotor recovery was tested with the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale and a footprint analysis. All behavioral assessments were markedly improved with Tβ4 treatment. Histological examination at 7 days post injury showed that the numbers of surviving neurons and oligodendrocytes were significantly increased in Tβ4-treated animals compared to saline-treated controls. Levels of myelin basic protein, a marker of mature oligodendrocytes, in Tβ4-treated rats were 57.8% greater than those in saline-treated controls. The expression of ED1, a marker of activated microglia/macrophages, was reduced by 36.9% in the Tβ4-treated group compared to that of the saline-treated group. Tβ4 treatment after SCI was also associated with a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and a significant increase in the mRNA levels of IL-10 compared to the control. Moreover, the size of lesion cavity delineated by astrocyte scar in the injured spinal cord was markedly reduced in Tβ4-treated animals compared to saline-treated controls. Given the known safety of Tβ4 in clinical trials and its beneficial effects on SCI recovery, the results of this study suggested that Tβ4 is a good candidate for SCI treatment in humans.
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Santra M, Zhang ZG, Yang J, Santra S, Santra S, Chopp M, Morris DC. Thymosin β4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like proinflammatory pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19508-18. [PMID: 24828499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering peptide, improves neurological outcome in rat models of neurological injury. Tissue inflammation results from neurological injury, and regulation of the inflammatory response is vital for neurological recovery. The innate immune response system, which includes the Toll-like receptor (TLR) proinflammatory signaling pathway, regulates tissue injury. We hypothesized that Tβ4 regulates the TLR proinflammatory signaling pathway. Because oligodendrogenesis plays an important role in neurological recovery, we employed an in vitro primary rat embryonic cell model of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and a mouse N20.1 OPC cell line to measure the effects of Tβ4 on the TLR pathway. Cells were grown in the presence of Tβ4, ranging from 25 to 100 ng/ml (RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Rockville, MD), for 4 days. Quantitative real-time PCR data demonstrated that Tβ4 treatment increased expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), a negative regulator the TLR signaling pathway, in these two cell models. Western blot analysis showed that Tβ4 treatment suppressed expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), two proinflammatory cytokines of the TLR signaling pathway. Transfection of miR-146a into both primary rat embryonic OPCs and mouse N20.1 OPCs treated with Tβ4 demonstrated an amplification of myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and differentiation of OPC into mature MBP-expressing oligodendrocytes. Transfection of anti-miR-146a nucleotides reversed the inhibitory effect of Tβ4 on IRAK1 and TRAF6 and decreased expression of MBP. These data suggest that Tβ4 suppresses the TLR proinflammatory pathway by up-regulating miR-146a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Chopp
- From the Departments of Neurology, the Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
| | - Daniel C Morris
- Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
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Kou Z, VandeVord PJ. Traumatic white matter injury and glial activation: from basic science to clinics. Glia 2014; 62:1831-55. [PMID: 24807544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding and characterization of glial activation and its relationship with white matter injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination after brain trauma. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public healthcare burden and a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Particularly, traumatic white matter (WM) injury or traumatic axonal injury has been reported as being associated with patients' poor outcomes. However, there is very limited data reporting the importance of glial activation after TBI and its interaction with WM injury. This article presents a systematic review of traumatic WM injury and the associated glial activation, from basic science to clinical diagnosis and prognosis, from advanced neuroimaging perspective. It concludes that there is a disconnection between WM injury research and the essential role of glia which serve to restore a healthy environment for axonal regeneration following WM injury. Particularly, there is a significant lack of non-invasive means to characterize the complex pathophysiology of WM injury and glial activation in both animal models and in humans. An improved understanding and characterization of the relationship between glia and WM injury will likely serve as a novel treatment target to curb post injury inflammation and promote axonal remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Kou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Rossetti DV, Martelli C, Longhi R, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Desiderio C. Quantitative analysis of thymosin β4 in whole saliva by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry using multiple ions monitoring (CE-MIM-MS.). Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2674-82. [PMID: 23857244 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide present in almost any tissue and in extracellular media in mammals, having multiple amazing functions as wound healing, stimulation of angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammation. This study describes its determination in saliva through CE-MS using multiple ions monitoring scan mode by isolating the four most intense multicharged ions present in the MS spectra of the peptide. This scan modality, by reducing the baseline noise and interferences, increases the sensitivity and specificity in biological matrices. The CE-MS separation was optimized by studying different parameters influencing CE analysis, sample injection, and MS ionization, that is, the nebulizer gas flow, the sheath liquid, and BGE composition. The proposed technique can unambiguously identify in short time Tβ4 in saliva after a very fast and reduced sample pretreatment procedure. The method was validated for quantitation showing linearity of the response in the range 0.25 (lower limit of quantification) to 4 μM (average R2 0.996 ± 0.005) and intra- and interassay precision and accuracy at three different concentrations with RSD values in the range of 7–16%. It was successfully applied to the analysis of Tβ4 in whole saliva showing a variable peptide content from individual to individual (in the range of 0.3–1.4 μM) and in different days from the same individual. CE-MS in multiple ions monitoring scan mode provides a fast, selective, and economic method requiring only very few microliters of sample.
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Xu TJ, Wang Q, Ma XW, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Xue XC, Zhang C, Hao Q, Li WN, Zhang YQ, Li M. A novel dimeric thymosin beta 4 with enhanced activities accelerates the rate of wound healing. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1075-88. [PMID: 24109178 PMCID: PMC3792846 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s50183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a peptide with 43 amino acids that is critical for repair and remodeling tissues on the skin, eye, heart, and neural system following injury. To fully realize its utility as a treatment for disease caused by injury, the authors constructed a cost-effective novel Tβ4 dimer and demonstrated that it was better able to accelerate tissue repair than native Tβ4. METHODS A prokaryotic vector harboring two complete Tβ4 genes with a short linker was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. A pilot-scale fermentation (10 L) was performed to produce engineered bacteria and the Tβ4 dimer was purified by one-step hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The activities of the Tβ4 dimer to promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and sprouting were assessed by tetramethylbenzidine (methylthiazol tetrazolium), trans-well, scratch, and tube formation assays. The ability to accelerate dermal healing was assessed on rats. RESULTS After fermentation, the Tβ4 dimer accounted for about 30% of all the bacteria proteins. The purity of the Tβ4 dimer reached 98% after hydrophobic interaction chromatography purification. An average of 562.4 mg/L Tβ4 dimer was acquired using a 10 L fermenter. In each assay, the dimeric Tβ4 exhibited enhanced activities compared with native Tβ4. Notably, the ability of the dimeric Tβ4 to promote cell migration was almost two times higher than that of Tβ4. The rate of dermal healing in the dimeric Tβ4-treated rats was approximately 1 day faster than with native Tβ4-treated rats. CONCLUSION The dimeric Tβ4 exhibited enhanced activity on wound healing than native Tβ4, and the purification process was simple and cost-effective. This data could be of significant benefit for the high pain and morbidity associated with chronic wounds disease. A better strategy to develop Tβ4 as a treatment for other diseases caused by injuries such as heart attack, neurotrophic keratitis, and multiple sclerosis was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China ; The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People's Republic of China
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Jeon BJ, Yang Y, Kyung Shim S, Yang HM, Cho D, Ik Bang S. Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2526-34. [PMID: 23712052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for the field of tissue regeneration. Because only a limited number of MSCs can be obtained from each donor site, it is important to establish standard methods for MSC expansion using growth and trophic factors. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a novel trophic factor that has antimicrobial effects and the potential to promote tissue repair. Tβ4 is a ubiquitous, naturally-occurring peptide in the wound bed. Therefore, the relationship between Tβ4 and MSCs, especially adjacent adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs), merits consideration. Exogenous Tβ4 treatment enhanced the proliferation of human ASCs, resulting in prominent nuclear localization of PCNA immunoreactivity. In addition, exogenous Tβ4 also increased IL-8 secretion and blocking of IL-8 with neutralizing antibodies decreased Tβ4-induced ASC proliferation, suggesting that IL-8 is a critical mediator of Tβ4-enhanced proliferation. Moreover, Tβ4 activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and increased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These observation provide that Tβ4 promotes the expansion of human ASCs via an IL-8-dependent mechanism that involves the ERK and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, Tβ4 could be used as a tool for MSC expansion in cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Korea University Medical Center, Gojan 1-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 425-707, Republic of Korea
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Peltonen I, Keskitalo S, Duran-Torres G, Natarajan R, Männistö PT, Nurmi A, Vartiainen N, Airas L, Elovaara I, García-Horsman JA. Alteration of prolyl oligopeptidase and activated α-2-macroglobulin in multiple sclerosis subtypes and in the clinically isolated syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1783-94. [PMID: 23643808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been considered as a drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In plasma, PREP has been found altered in several disorders of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and the levels of an endogenous plasma PREP inhibitor have been proposed to decrease PREP activity in MS. In this work, we measured the circulating levels of PREP in patients suffering of relapsing remitting (RR), secondary progressive (SP), primary progressive (PP) MS, and in subjects with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). We found a significantly lower PREP activity in plasma of RRMS as well as in PPMS patients and a trend to reduced activity in subjects diagnosed with CIS, compared to controls. No signs of oxidative inactivation of PREP, and no correlation with the endogenous PREP inhibitor, identified as activated α-2-macroglobulin (α2M*), were observed in any of the patients studied. However, a significant decrease of α2M* was recorded in MS. In cell cultures, we found that PREP specifically stimulates immune active cells possibly by modifying the levels of fibrinogen β, thymosin β4, and collagen. Our results open new lines of research on the role of PREP and α2M* in MS, aiming to relate them to the diagnosis and prognosis of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Tenorio-Laranga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Finland
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1270:51-8. [PMID: 23050817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. No effective pharmacological treatments are available for TBI because all phase II/III TBI clinical trials have failed. This highlights a compelling need to develop effective treatments for TBI. Endogenous neurorestoration occurs in the brain after TBI, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal remodeling, which may be associated with spontaneous functional recovery after TBI. However, the endogenous neurorestoration following TBI is limited. Treatments amplifying these neurorestorative processes may promote functional recovery after TBI. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is the major G-actin-sequestering molecule in eukaryotic cells. In addition, Tβ4 has other properties including antiapoptosis and anti-inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis, wound healing, stem/progenitor cell differentiation, and cell migration and survival, which provide the scientific foundation for the corneal, dermal, and cardiac wound repair multicenter clinical trials. Here, we describe Tβ4 as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative candidate for treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Smart N, Bollini S, Dubé KN, Vieira JM, Zhou B, Riegler J, Price AN, Lythgoe MF, Davidson S, Yellon D, Pu WT, Riley PR. Myocardial regeneration: expanding the repertoire of thymosin β4 in the ischemic heart. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1269:92-101. [PMID: 23045976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cardiac regeneration postinfarction (MI) requires the replacement of lost cardiomyocytes, formation of new coronary vessels and appropriate modulation of the inflammatory response. However, insight into how to stimulate repair of the human heart is currently limited. Using the embryonic paradigm of regeneration, we demonstrated that the actin-binding peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4), required for epicardium-derived coronary vasculogenesis, can recapitulate its embryonic role and activate quiescent adult epicardial cells (EPDCs). Once stimulated, EPDCs facilitate neovascularization of the ischemic adult heart and, moreover, contribute bona fide cardiomyocytes. EPDC-derived cardiomyocytes structurally and functionally integrate with resident muscle to regenerate functional myocardium, limiting pathological remodeling, and effecting an improvement in cardiac function. Alongside pro-survival and anti-inflammatory properties, these regenerative roles, via EPDCs, markedly expand the range of therapeutic benefits of Tβ4 to sustain and repair the myocardium after ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Treadwell T, Kleinman HK, Crockford D, Hardy MA, Guarnera GT, Goldstein AL. The regenerative peptide thymosin β4 accelerates the rate of dermal healing in preclinical animal models and in patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1270:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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