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Šoštarić P, Matić M, Nemanić D, Lučev Vasić Ž, Cifrek M, Pirazzini M, Matak I. Beyond neuromuscular activity: botulinum toxin type A exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176242. [PMID: 38048980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Overt muscle activity and impaired spinal locomotor control hampering coordinated movement is a hallmark of spasticity and movement disorders like dystonia. While botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) standard therapy alleviates mentioned symptoms presumably due to its peripheral neuromuscular actions alone, the aim of present study was to examine for the first time the toxin's trans-synaptic activity within central circuits that govern the skilled movement. The rat hindlimb motor pools were targeted by BoNT-A intrasciatic bilateral injection (2 U per nerve), while its trans-synaptic action on premotor inputs was blocked by intrathecal BoNT-A-neutralising antitoxin (5 i.u.). Effects of BoNT-A on coordinated and high intensity motor tasks (rotarod, beamwalk swimming), and localised muscle weakness (digit abduction, gait ability) were followed until their substantial recovery by day 56 post BoNT-A. Later, (day 62-77) the BoNT-A effects were examined in unilateral calf muscle spasm evoked by tetanus toxin (TeNT, 1.5 ng). In comparison to peripheral effect alone, combined peripheral and central trans-synaptic BoNT-A action induced a more prominent and longer impairment of different motor tasks, as well as the localised muscle weakness. After near-complete recovery of motor functions, the BoNT-A maintained the ability to reduce the experimental calf spasm evoked by tetanus toxin (TeNT 1.5 ng, day 62) without altering the monosynaptic reflex excitability. These results indicate that, in addition to muscle terminals, BoNT-A-mediated control of hyperactive muscle activity in movement disorders and spasticity may involve the spinal premotor inputs and central circuits participating in the skilled locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šoštarić
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute of Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magdalena Matić
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute of Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dalia Nemanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Domagojeva 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Lučev Vasić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cifrek
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35131, Padova, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ivica Matak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute of Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Changes in regulators of lipid metabolism in the brain: a study of animal models of depression and hypothyroidism. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:859-870. [PMID: 35951260 PMCID: PMC9584974 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disturbances in the brain are assumed to be early changes involved in the pathogenesis of depression, and these alterations may be intensified by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. In contrast to glucose metabolism, the link between altered brain lipids and the pathogenesis of depression is poorly understood, therefore in the present study, we determine transcription factors and enzymes regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in the brain structures in an animal model of depression, hypothyroidism and the coexistence of these diseases. In used model of depression, a decrease in the active form of the transcription factor SREBP-2 in the hippocampus was demonstrated, thus suggesting a reduction in cholesterol biosynthesis. In turn, in the hypothyroidism model, the reduction of cholesterol biosynthesis in the frontal cortex was demonstrated by both the reduction of mature SREBP-2 and the concentration of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. The lower expression of LDL receptors in the frontal cortex indicates the restriction of cholesterol uptake into the cells in the model of coexistence of depression and hypothyroidism. Moreover, the identified changes in the levels of SNAP-25, GLP-1R and GLP-2R pointed to disturbances in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection mechanisms in the examined brain structures. In conclusion, a reduction in cholesterol synthesis in the hippocampus in the model of depression may be the reason for the reduction of synaptic plasticity, whereas a lower level of LDL-R occurring in the frontal cortex in rats from the model of depression and hypothyroidism coexistence could be the reason of anxiogenic and depression-like behaviors.
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Sundaresan S, Antoun J, Banan B, Adcock J, Johnson C, Claire B, Dixon K, Flynn J, Shibao CA, Abumrad N. Botulinum Injection Into the Proximal Intestinal Wall of Diet-Induced Obese Mice Leads to Weight Loss and Improves Glucose and Fat Tolerance. Diabetes 2022; 71:1424-1438. [PMID: 35476783 PMCID: PMC9490449 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (available commercially as BOTOX) has been used successfully for treatment of several neuromuscular disorders, including blepharospasm, dystonia, spasticity, and cerebral palsy in children. Our data demonstrate that injection of Botox into the proximal intestinal wall of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice induces weight loss and reduces food intake. This was associated with amelioration of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and significant improvement of glucose tolerance without alteration of energy expenditure. We also observed accelerated gastrointestinal transit and significant reductions in glucose and lipid absorption, which may account, at least in part, for the observed weight loss and robust metabolic benefits, although possible systemic effects occurring as a consequence of central and/or peripheral signaling cannot be ignored. The observed metabolic benefits were found to be largely independent of weight loss, as demonstrated by pair-feeding experiments. Effects lasted ∼8 weeks, for as long as the half-life of Botox as reported in prior rodent studies. These results have valuable clinical implications. If the observed effects are translatable in humans, this approach could lay the foundation for therapeutic approaches geared toward robust and sustained weight loss, mimicking some of the benefits of bariatric operations without its cost and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
- Corresponding author: Sinju Sundaresan,
| | - Joseph Antoun
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jamie Adcock
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Connor Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Brendan Claire
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kala Dixon
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Joyce Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cyndya A. Shibao
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL
| | - Naji Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Li J, Yan WJ, Wu Y, Tian XX, Zhang YW. Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 Gene Polymorphisms Affect Treatment Efficiency of Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An fNIRS Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:793643. [PMID: 35069142 PMCID: PMC8766417 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.793643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line drug for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, individual curative effects of MPH vary. Many studies have demonstrated that synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) gene MnlI polymorphisms may be related to the efficacy of MPH. However, the association between SNAP-25MnlI polymorphisms and changes in brain hemodynamic responses after MPH treatment is still unclear. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to preliminarily investigate the interaction of MPH treatment-related prefrontal inhibitory functional changes with the genotype status of the SNAP-25 gene in children with ADHD. In total, 38 children with ADHD aged 6.76–12.08 years were enrolled in this study and divided into the following two groups based on SNAP-25 gene MnlI polymorphisms: T/T genotype group (wild-type group, 27 children) and G allele carrier group (mutation group, 11 children). The averaged oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes [Δavg oxy-Hb] and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes [Δavg deoxy-Hb] in the frontal cortex before MPH treatment and after 1.5 h (post-MPH1.5h) and 4 weeks (post-MPH4w) of MPH treatments were monitored using fNIRS during the go/no-go task. SNAP-IV scores were evaluated both pre-MPH and post-MPH4w treatments. In the T/T genotype group, [Δavg oxy-Hb] in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly higher after 4 weeks of MPH (post-MPH4W) treatment than pre-treatment; however, in the G allele group, no significant differences in [Δavg oxy-Hb] were observed between pre- and post-treatments. In the go/no-go task, the accuracy was significantly increased post-MPH4w treatment in the T/T genotype group, while no significant differences were observed in response time and accuracy of the “go” sand no-go task in the G allele group for pre-MPH, post-MPH1.5h, and post-MPH4w treatments. The T/T genotype group exhibited a significant decrease in SNAP-IV scores after MPH treatment, while the G allele group showed no significant difference. In conclusion, fNIRS data combined with SNAP-25 MnlI polymorphism analysis may be a useful biomarker for evaluating the effects of MPH in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yan
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Xin Tian
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Wen Zhang
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Agostini S, Mancuso R, Costa AS, Guerini FR, Trecate F, Miglioli R, Menna E, Arosio B, Clerici M. Sarcopenia associates with SNAP-25 SNPs and a miRNAs profile which is modulated by structured rehabilitation treatment. J Transl Med 2021; 19:315. [PMID: 34289870 PMCID: PMC8296538 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and strength causing disability, morbidity, and mortality in older adults, which is characterized by alterations of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). SNAP-25 is essential for the maintenance of NMJ integrity, and the expression of this protein was shown to be modulated by the SNAP-25 rs363050 polymorphism and by a number of miRNAs. METHODS We analysed these parameters in a cohort of sarcopenic patients undergoing structured rehabilitation. The rs363050 genotype frequency distribution was analyzed in 177 sarcopenic patients and 181 healthy controls (HC). The concentration of seven miRNAs (miR-451a, miR-425-5p, miR155-5p, miR-421-3p, miR-495-3p, miR-744-5p and miR-93-5p), identified by mouse brain miRNome analysis to be differentially expressed in wild type compared to SNAP-25± heterozygous mice, was analyzed as well by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in a subgroup of severe sarcopenic patients undergoing rehabilitation. RESULTS The SNAP-25 rs363050 AA genotype was significantly more common in sarcopenic patients compared to HC (pc = 0.01); miR-451a was significantly up-regulated in these patients before rehabilitation. Rehabilitation modified miRNAs expression, as miR-155-5p, miR-421-3p, miR-451a, miR-425-5p, miR-744-5p and miR-93-5p expression was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.01), whereas that of miR-495-3p was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) by rehabilitation. Notably, rehabilitation-associated improvement of the muscle-skeletal SPPB score was significantly associated with the reduction of miR-451a expression. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis of a role for SNAP-25 in sarcopenia and suggest SNAP-25-associated miRNAs as circulatory biomarkers of rehabilitative outcome for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Saul Costa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Trecate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Miglioli
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center–IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - the SA. M. B. A. project
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, P.zza Morandi, 3, 20100 Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center–IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Szeto RA, Tran T, Truong J, Negraes PD, Trujillo CA. RNA processing in neurological tissue: development, aging and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:57-67. [PMID: 33077405 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression comprises a diverse array of enzymes, proteins, non-coding transcripts, and cellular structures to guide the transfer of genetic information to its various final products. In the brain, the coordination among genes, or lack thereof, characterizes individual brain regions, mediates a variety of brain-related disorders, and brings light to fundamental differences between species. RNA processing, occurring between transcription and translation, controls an essential portion of gene expression through splicing, editing, localization, stability, and interference. The machinery to regulate transcripts must operate with precision serving as a blueprint for proteins and non-coding RNAs to derive their identity. Therefore, RNA processing has a broad scope of influence in the brain, as it modulates cell morphogenesis during development and underlies mechanisms behind certain neurological diseases. Here, we present these ideas through recent findings on RNA processing in development and post-developmental maturity to advance therapeutic discoveries and the collective knowledge of the RNA life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Szeto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Scholz P, Anstatt J, Krawczyk HE, Ischebeck T. Signalling Pinpointed to the Tip: The Complex Regulatory Network That Allows Pollen Tube Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1098. [PMID: 32859043 PMCID: PMC7569787 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants display a complex life cycle, alternating between haploid and diploid generations. During fertilisation, the haploid sperm cells are delivered to the female gametophyte by pollen tubes, specialised structures elongating by tip growth, which is based on an equilibrium between cell wall-reinforcing processes and turgor-driven expansion. One important factor of this equilibrium is the rate of pectin secretion mediated and regulated by factors including the exocyst complex and small G proteins. Critically important are also non-proteinaceous molecules comprising protons, calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and signalling lipids. Among the latter, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the kinases involved in its formation have been assigned important functions. The negatively charged headgroup of this lipid serves as an interaction point at the apical plasma membrane for partners such as the exocyst complex, thereby polarising the cell and its secretion processes. Another important signalling lipid is phosphatidic acid (PA), that can either be formed by the combination of phospholipases C and diacylglycerol kinases or by phospholipases D. It further fine-tunes pollen tube growth, for example by regulating ROS formation. How the individual signalling cues are intertwined or how external guidance cues are integrated to facilitate directional growth remain open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
| | | | | | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
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Matteoli M, Menna E, Honer WG, Fernández-Chacón R. Editorial on the Special Issue on SNARE Proteins: A Long Journey of Science in Brain Health and Disease. Neuroscience 2019; 420:1-3. [PMID: 31634514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Matteoli
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas - Neuro Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas - Neuro Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - William G Honer
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Rafael Fernández-Chacón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica and CIBERNED, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Vontell R, Supramaniam VG, Davidson A, Thornton C, Marnerides A, Holder-Espinasse M, Lillis S, Yau S, Jansson M, Hagberg HE, Rutherford MA. Post-mortem Characterisation of a Case With an ACTG1 Variant, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum and Neuronal Heterotopia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:623. [PMID: 31231230 PMCID: PMC6558385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Actin Gamma 1 (ACTG1) gene variant are autosomal dominant and can cause CNS anomalies (Baraitser Winter Malformation Syndrome; BWMS). ACTG1 anomalies in offspring include agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) and neuronal heterotopia which are ectopic nodules of nerve cells that failed to migrate appropriately. Subcortical and periventricular neuronal heterotopia have been described previously in association with ACC. In this case report, we investigated a neonatal brain with an ACTG1 gene variant and a phenotype of ACC, and neuronal heterotopia (ACC-H) which was diagnosed on antenatal MR imaging and was consistent with band heterotopia seen on post-mortem brain images. Histologically clusters of neurons were seen in both the subcortical and periventricular white matter (PVWM) brain region that coincided with impaired abnormalities in glial formation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded brain tissue blocks from this case with ACTG1 variant and an age-matched control. Using tissue sections from the frontal lobe, we examined the distribution of neuronal cells (HuC/HuD, calretinin, and parvalbumin), growth cone (drebrin), and synaptic proteins (synaptophysin and SNAP-25). Additionally, we investigated how the ACTG1 variant altered astroglia (nestin, GFAP, vimentin); oligodendroglia (OLIG2) and microglia (Iba-1) in the corpus callosum, cortex, caudal ganglionic eminence, and PVWM. As predicted in the ACTG1 variant case, we found a lack of midline radial glia and glutamatergic fibers. We also found disturbances in the cortical region, in glial cells and a lack of extracellular matrix components in the ACTG1 variant. The caudal ganglionic eminence and the PVWM regions in the ACTG1 variant lacked several cellular components that were identified in a control case. Within the neuronal heterotopia, we found evidence of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with apparent synaptic connections. The data presented from this case study with BWMS with variants in the ACTG1 gene provides insight as to the composition of neuronal heterotopia, and how disturbances of important migratory signals may dramatically affect ongoing brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Vontell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Veena G. Supramaniam
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Davidson
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Marnerides
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Holder-Espinasse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Lillis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Yau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias Jansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik E. Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience – Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary A. Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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