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Guan W, Cui Y, Bu H, Liu J, Zhao S, Zhao Q, Ma X. Duodenal-Jejunal Exclusion Surgery Improves Type 2 Diabetes in a Rat Model Through Regulation of Early Glucose Metabolism. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:401-406.e1. [PMID: 32279935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic surgery has been proven to be widely effective for the control of glucose and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the effects of bariatric surgery on nonobesity type 2 diabetes and its metabolism are still unclear. This study aimed to measure the effects of duodenal-jejunal exclusion on glycometabolism in nonobese rats with type 2 diabetes and to investigate its mechanisms. METHODS Goto-Kakizaki rats and Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into duodenal-jejunal exclusion operation groups and sham operation groups, respectively. The glucose-relative parameters were measured before and after operation. Eight weeks postoperation, the levels of the key regulators of intestinal gluconeogenesis and the crucial proteins of hepatic insulin signalling were evaluated. RESULTS Postoperatively, the concentrations of blood glucose declined, and the insulin sensitivity increased significantly in rats with diabetes. However, there was no obvious reduction in weight. Eight weeks postoperatively, the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate kinase in the jejunum and the levels of insulin receptor substrate-2 and glucose transporter-2 in the liver were significantly increased compared with the rats that had undergone the sham operation. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal-jejunal exclusion surgery is an effective procedure for improving glucose metabolism independent of weight loss in nonobese rats with diabetes. The molecular mechanisms might be associated with a series of processes, including intestinal gluconeogenesis and the hepatic insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuliang Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, the Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Hemei Bu
- Department of Nutriology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Nutriology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Xianghua Ma
- Department of Nutriology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Wu J, Zhang PB, Ren ZQ, Zhou F, Hu HH, Zhang H, Xue KK, Xu P, Shao XQ. Changes of serum lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory factors, and cecal microbiota in obese rats with type 2 diabetes induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutrition 2019; 67-68:110565. [PMID: 31561205 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to rapid regression of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of RYGB on serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cecal microbiota in obese rats with T2D. METHODS Obese Sprague-Dawley rats with T2D were randomly divided into RYGB diabetes operation (DO; n = 8), diabetes sham operation (DS; n = 8), and diabetic control (DC; n = 8) groups. Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped as normal control (NC; n = 8). Fasting plasma glucose and body weight were measured. The levels of peripheral serum LPS, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The rats were sacrificed 12 wk after operation. Subsequently, a superior mesenteric venous blood sample was taken to measure serum LPS levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cecal contents of the DO and DS groups were taken to extract metagenomic DNA per the genomic DNA standardization procedure. The V4 region of the 16 S rRNA was sequenced with the Illumina Hiseq sequencing platform to compare the structure and relative abundance of cecal microbiota between the DO and DS groups. RESULTS Twelve weeks after operation in the DO group, fasting plasma glucose and body weight showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of peripheral serum LPS, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were obviously decreased (P < 0.05). A change in the LPS level of superior mesenteric venous blood also revealed a dramatic decrease (P < 0.05). Additionally, RYGB resulted in a shift of cecal microbiota in obese rats with T2D. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemic effects after RYGB may be associated with improved levels of LPS, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Changes in the structure of cecal microbiota may also play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- Department of Operating Room, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; College of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Peng-Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ze-Qiang Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- College of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hui-Hui Hu
- College of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Operating Room, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Kai-Kai Xue
- College of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Shao
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China
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Li X, Zhu Q, Wang W, Qi J, He Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Wu H, Ding Y, Sun Y. Elevated chemerin induces insulin resistance in human granulosa-lutein cells from polycystic ovary syndrome patients. FASEB J 2019; 33:11303-11313. [PMID: 31311314 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802829r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The insulin resistance (IR) of ovarian granulosa cells from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) aggravates the abnormalities in steroidogenesis and anovulation, and chemerin is an adipokine involved in regulating adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. The role and underlying mechanism of chemerin in developing IR of the granulosa cells from PCOS remain unclear. Plasma, follicular fluid, and human granulosa-lutein cells (hGLs) were collected from non-PCOS and patients with PCOS with or without IR. The chemerin levels were elevated in both follicular fluid and hGL samples from patients with PCOS with IR, and the hGLs from patients with PCOS with IR showed decreased insulin sensitivity and impaired glucose uptake capacity. Moreover, treatment of chemerin attenuated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by decreasing phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1/2 Tyr612, phosphorylation of protein kinase B Ser473, and membrane translocation of glucose transporter type 4 through increasing Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS1 in cultured hGLs. These effects could be abolished by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of chemokine-like receptor 1. Furthermore, insulin induced the expression of chemerin in hGLs. Our findings demonstrate a novel role of chemerin in the metabolic dysfunction of PCOS, which suggested that chemerin and its receptor can be further implicated as potential therapeutic targets in the future treatment of PCOS.-Li, X., Zhu, Q., Wang, W., Qi, J., He, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Wu, H., Ding, Y., Sun, Y. Elevated chemerin induces insulin resistance in human granulosa-lutein cells from polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinling Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangsheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqiong He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Hasiximuke Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
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Cimini FA, Arena A, Barchetta I, Tramutola A, Ceccarelli V, Lanzillotta C, Fontana M, Bertoccini L, Leonetti F, Capoccia D, Silecchia G, Di Cristofano C, Chiappetta C, Di Domenico F, Baroni MG, Perluigi M, Cavallo MG, Barone E. Reduced biliverdin reductase-A levels are associated with early alterations of insulin signaling in obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1490-1501. [PMID: 30826467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) is a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of insulin signaling. In vitro studies have demonstrated that BVR-A is a substrate of the insulin receptor and regulates IRS1 by avoiding its aberrant activation, and in animal model of obesity the loss of hepatic BVR-A has been associated with glucose/insulin alterations and fatty liver disease. However, no studies exist in humans. Here, we evaluated BVR-A expression levels and activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from obese subjects and matched lean controls and we investigated the related molecular alterations of the insulin along with clinical correlates. We showed that BVR-A levels are significantly reduced in obese subjects and associated with a hyper-activation of the IR/IRS1/Akt/GSK-3β/AS160/GLUT4 pathway. Low BVR-A levels also associate with the presence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, NASH and visceral adipose tissue inflammation. These data suggest that the reduction of BVR-A may be responsible for early alterations of the insulin signaling pathway in obesity and in this context may represent a novel molecular target to be investigated for the comprehension of the process of insulin resistance development in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fontana
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Capoccia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Silecchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Chiappetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to escalate each year in the United States more than anywhere else in the world. The existing pharmaceutical and other nonsurgical treatments for morbid obesity produce suboptimal physiologic outcomes compared with those of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. RYGB has been the gold standard of bariatric surgery because the beneficial long-term outcomes, which include sustainable weight loss and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) resolution, are far superior to those obtained with other bariatric surgeries. However, the current understanding of RYGB's mechanisms of actions remains limited and incomplete. There is an urgent need to understand these mechanisms as gaining this knowledge may lead to the development of innovative and less invasive procedures and/or medical devices, which can mirror the favorable outcomes of RYGB surgery. In this review, we highlight current observations of the metabolic and physiologic events following RYGB, with a particular focus on the role of the anatomical reconfiguration of the gastrointestinal tract after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Matthew D'Alessandro
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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6
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Upregulated TNF Expression 1 Year After Bariatric Surgery Reflects a Cachexia-Like State in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Obes Surg 2017; 27:1514-1523. [PMID: 27900559 PMCID: PMC5423994 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-associated chronic diseases. In the first year after bariatric surgery, obese patients significantly improve their metabolic status upon losing weight. We aimed to investigate whether changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression reflect a restoration of a healthy lean phenotype after bariatric surgery. Methods Thirty-one severely obese patients (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were examined before and after surgery. subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was collected during and 1 year after bariatric surgery. SAT from 20 matched lean and overweight patients (BMI < 30 kg/m2) was collected during elective abdominal surgery. Baseline characteristics and SAT gene expression relevant to glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis were analyzed. Results After surgery, mean BMI decreased from 46.1 ± 6.3 to 31.1 ± 5.7 kg/m2 and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance from 5.4 ± 5.3 to 0.8 ± 0.8. SAT expression of most analyzed inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and metabolic and cell surface markers was greatly downregulated even compared to the lean cohort. In contrast, gene expression of TNF and CASP3 was significantly upregulated. Elastic net regression analysis showed that fasting glucose levels and CASP3 predicted increased TNF expression in the post-obese group. Conclusions Gene expression patterns in SAT 1 year after bariatric surgery point to a reduced inflammation. The unexpected high TNF expression in SAT of post-obese subjects is most likely not an indicator for inflammation, but rather an indicator for increased lipolysis and adipose tissue catabolism. Notably, after bariatric surgery SAT gene expression reflects a cachexia-like phenotype and differs from the lean state. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2477-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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7
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Yeh C, Huang HH, Chen SC, Chen TF, Ser KH, Chen CY. Comparison of consumption behavior and appetite sensations among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after bariatric surgery. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3090. [PMID: 28344903 PMCID: PMC5363261 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promising postsurgical weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D) from bariatric surgery can be attributed to modified eating physiology after surgical procedures. We sought to investigate the changes in the parameters of consumption behaviors and appetite sensations induced by a mixed meal tolerance test, and to correlate these alterations with age, body mass index, C-peptide levels, and duration of T2D 1 year after bariatric surgery. METHODS A total of 16 obese patients with T2D who underwent mini-gastric bypass (GB) and 16 patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were enrolled in this study and evaluated using a mixed meal tolerance test one year after surgery. A visual analogue scale was used for scoring appetite sensation at different time points. The area under the curve (AUC) and the incremental or decremental AUC (ΔAUC) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS One year after surgery, a decreasing trend in the consumption time was observed in the GB group compared to the SG group, while the duration of T2D before surgery was negatively correlated with the post-operative consumed time in those after GB. Patients who underwent GB had significantly higher fasting scores for fullness and desire to eat, higher AUC0'-180' of scores for desire to eat, as well as more effective post-meal suppression of hunger and desire to eat compared with those undergoing SG one year after surgery. Post-operative C-peptide levels were negatively correlated with ΔAUC0'-180' for hunger and ΔAUC0'-180' for desire to eat in the GB group, while negatively correlated with ΔAUC0'-180' for fullness in the SG group. DISCUSSION Patients with T2D after either GB or SG exhibit distinct nutrient-induced consumption behaviors and appetite sensations post-operatively, which may account for the differential effects on weight loss and glycemic control after different surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yeh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Hao Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chen
- Department of Nursing, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Taiwan Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Fang Chen
- Medical Affairs Office, Taipei City Hospital Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kong-Han Ser
- Taiwan Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Association for the Study of Small Intestinal Diseases, Guishan, Taiwan
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8
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Tabushi FI, Stueber MS, Polonio B, Repka JCD, Ioshii SO, Nassif PAN. Vertical gastrectomy in overweight and non-overweight rats. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:689-693. [PMID: 27828603 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160100000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To compare the two lines suture (total and seromuscular) after partial gastrectomy in normal and overweight rats. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were distributed in two groups. Group A received normal diet; group B, normal diet and supplementation with saccharose in the water. When group B progressed to a statistically greater weight than the animals of group A, the experiment (sleeve-like gastrectomy) was conducted with gastrorraphy in two sutures lines (total and seromuscular).The animals were distributed into two subgroups of 10. A1 and A2 subgroups were sacrificed at 7 and 14 days postoperatively as well as B1 and B2. Mortality, morbidity, complications attributed to the gastric suture, biochemical dosages, Lee index, macroscopy, weight of retroperitoneal and gonadal fat, optical microscopy with hematoxylin-eosin and picrosirius-red, were the evaluation parameters. RESULTS: The overweight group achieved statistically greater weight after 16 weeks in induced obesity; there was no mortality or complications with clinical consequences attributable to morbidity. The overweight group had statistically greater weight of gonadal and retroperitoneal fat. The difference was observed in urea, albumin, total cholesterol and indirect bilirubin. CONCLUSION: There was no outcome difference between the overweight and non-overweight group in two suture lines in gastrorrhaphy after sleeve-like gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Issamu Tabushi
- PhD, Associate Professor, Postgraduate Program in Principles of Surgery, Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Intellectual and scientific content of the study; technical procedures; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript writing
| | - Melissa Spena Stueber
- Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Surgical Clinic, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Technical procedures
| | - Benur Polonio
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgical Technique and Experimental Surgery, UFPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study, conception and design of the study, manuscript preparation, critical revision
| | - João Carlos Domingues Repka
- PhD, Clinics Hospital, UFPR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study; conception and design of the study; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures
| | - Sérgio Ossamu Ioshii
- PhD, Department of Medical Pathology, UFPR, Curirtiba-PR, Brazil. Histopathological examinations
| | - Paulo Afonso Nunes Nassif
- PhD, Associate Professor, Postgraduate Program in Principles of surgery, FEPAR, Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
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9
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Frikke-Schmidt H, O'Rourke RW, Lumeng CN, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Does bariatric surgery improve adipose tissue function? Obes Rev 2016; 17:795-809. [PMID: 27272117 PMCID: PMC5328428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity. Not only do these types of surgeries produce significant weight loss but also they improve insulin sensitivity and whole body metabolic function. The aim of this review is to explore how altered physiology of adipose tissue may contribute to the potent metabolic effects of some of these procedures. This includes specific effects on various fat depots, the function of individual adipocytes and the interaction between adipose tissue and other key metabolic tissues. Besides a dramatic loss of fat mass, bariatric surgery shifts the distribution of fat from visceral to the subcutaneous compartment favoring metabolic improvement. The sensitivity towards lipolysis controlled by insulin and catecholamines is improved, adipokine secretion is altered and local adipose inflammation as well as systemic inflammatory markers decreases. Some of these changes have been shown to be weight loss independent, and novel hypothesis for these effects includes include changes in bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota and central regulation of metabolism. In conclusion bariatric surgery is capable of improving aspects of adipose tissue function and do so in some cases in ways that are not entirely explained by the potent effect of surgery. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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10
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D 2 synthase (L-PGDS) modulates beneficial metabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:1523-1531. [PMID: 27425837 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) ameliorates metabolic complications in obese and diabetic patients through unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS) in glucose regulation in response to VSG using L-PGDS knock-out (KO), knock-in (KI), and C57BL/6 (wild type) mice. SETTING Winthrop University Hospital Research Institute. METHODS Animals were divided into 6 groups: L-PGDS KO sham/VSG (n = 5), L-PGDS KI sham/VSG (n = 5), and C57BL/6 (wild type) sham/VSG (n = 5). Related parameters were measured in fasting animals after 10 weeks. RESULTS Our intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance results showed significant glycemic improvement 10 weeks post-VSG in both C57BL/6 and KI groups compared with the sham group. In contrast, the KO group developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance similar to or greater than the sham group 10 weeks post-VSG. Interestingly, weight gain was insignificant 10 weeks post-VSG in all the groups and even trended higher in the KO group compared with sham. Peptide YY levels in the KO group post-VSG were slightly increased but significantly less than other groups. Similarly, the KO group showed significantly less leptin sensitivity in response to VSG compared with the KI group. Total cholesterol level remained unchanged in all groups irrespective of sham or surgery but interestingly, the KO group had significantly higher cholesterol levels. In parallel, adipocyte size was also found to be significantly increased in the KO group post-VSG compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION Our findings propose that L-PGDS plays an important role in the beneficial metabolic effects observed after VSG.
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11
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Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Many strategies have been used in the past to combat these two conditions, but very few provide for stable and durable glycemic control. Bariatric surgery has emerged as a powerful tool for treating obesity and in over 70 % of cases provides a short-term cure for diabetes. While the acute metabolic effects of surgery are striking, it remains important for us to also consider the long-term effects. This review aims to summarize the chronic or long-term metabolic and physiological effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on pancreatic function, skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity, and gastrointestinal remodeling. An increased understanding of the current state of research in these areas can provide the basis for stimulating further research that would contribute to new treatment and management strategies for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Mosinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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12
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Lau RG, Kumar S, Hall CE, Palaia T, Rideout DA, Hall K, Brathwaite CE, Ragolia L. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass attenuates the progression of cardiometabolic complications in obese diabetic rats via alteration in gastrointestinal hormones. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 11:1044-53. [PMID: 25980330 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Albers PH, Bojsen-Møller KN, Dirksen C, Serup AK, Kristensen DE, Frystyk J, Clausen TR, Kiens B, Richter EA, Madsbad S, Wojtaszewski JFP. Enhanced insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue following gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R510-24. [PMID: 26062634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00228.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RYGB on expression and regulation of proteins involved in regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies from glucose-tolerant and type 2 diabetic subjects at fasting and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp before as well as 1 wk and 3 and 12 mo after RYGB were analyzed for relevant insulin effector proteins/signaling components. Improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity mainly occurred at 12 mo postsurgery when major weight loss was evident and occurred concomitantly with alterations in plasma adiponectin and in protein expression/signaling in peripheral tissues. In skeletal muscle, protein expression of GLUT4, phosphorylated levels of TBC1D4, as well as insulin-induced changes in phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase activity were enhanced 12 mo postsurgery. In adipose tissue, protein expression of GLUT4, Akt2, TBC1D4, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), phosphorylated levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and ACC, as well as insulin-induced changes in phosphorylation of Akt and TBC1D4, were enhanced 12 mo postsurgery. Adipose tissue from glucose-tolerant subjects was the most responsive to RYGB compared with type 2 diabetic patients, whereas changes in skeletal muscle were largely similar in these two groups. In conclusion, an improved molecular insulin-sensitive phenotype of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue appears to contribute to the improved whole body insulin action following a substantial weight loss after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Albers
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Annette K Serup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte E Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Xue Y, Miao Q, Zhao A, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Kallio H, Yang B. Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) juice and L-quebrachitol on type 2 diabetes mellitus in db/db mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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15
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Duodenal-jejunal exclusion improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats by upregulating the hepatic insulin signaling pathway. Nutrition 2015; 31:733-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hu C, Su Q, Li F, Zhang G, Sun D, Han H, Liu S, Hu S. Duodenal–Jejunal Bypass Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Association with Decreased Proinflammatory Response and Activation of JNK in the Liver and Adipose Tissue in a T2DM Rat Model. Obes Surg 2014; 24:1453-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Paniagua JA, Escandell-Morales JM, Gil-Contreras D, Berral de la Rosa FJ, Romero-Jimenez M, Gómez-Urbano A, Sanchez-Lopez A, Bellido E, Poyato A, Calatayud B, Vidal-Puig AJ. Central obesity and altered peripheral adipose tissue gene expression characterize the NAFLD patient with insulin resistance: Role of nutrition and insulin challenge. Nutrition 2014; 30:177-85. [PMID: 24377452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction frequently are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to their clustering are not well defined. The aim of this study was to define some nutritional, anthropometric, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms contributing to their clustering. METHODS Forty-five (20 men, 25 women) patients (age 45.7 ± 11.1 y) with recent diagnosis of NAFLD were grouped according to IR state. Energy balance was assessed using a food questionnaire and indirect calorimetry, and body composition with anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Biochemical and hormonal parameters combined with adipose tissue gene expression were determined. Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed in a subset of WAT samples from IR patients (n = 9), in the fasted state, after specific test meals (monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA], saturated fat [SAT], and carbohydrate-rich) and after being challenged with insulin. RESULTS IR patients exhibited higher trunk fat to leg fat ratio (P < 0.05) and had a higher ratio of SAT/MUFA fat intake (P < 0.05) than insulin-sensitive (IS) individuals. Deposition of fat in the trunk but not in the leg was directly related to liver enzyme levels (P < 0.05). IR patients also had lower adiponectin serum levels and leptin (LEP) mRNA expression in WAT compared with IS patients (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Microarray analysis after insulin challenge confirmed that insulin treatment induces the expression of PPARG gene and LEP and decreases GCGR gene (P < 0.05 for all) in WAT. No changes in these genes were observed in the postprandial state induced after the acute effect of specific diets. CONCLUSIONS Patients exhibiting NAFLD and IR had preferential central fat deposition directly related to their serum alanine aminotransferase levels. These patients showed peripheral adipose tissue dysfunction and exhibited inappropriately low LEP biosynthesis that could be partially restored after anabolic conditions induced by insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Paniagua
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Services, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - J M Escandell-Morales
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Gil-Contreras
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - M Romero-Jimenez
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Urbano
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Sanchez-Lopez
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Bellido
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Laboratory Services, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Poyato
- Liver Research Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, Cordoba, Spain
| | - B Calatayud
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A J Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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Ramzy AR, Nausheen S, Chelikani PK. Ileal transposition surgery produces ileal length-dependent changes in food intake, body weight, gut hormones and glucose metabolism in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:379-87. [PMID: 24166069 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced stimulation of the lower gut is hypothesized to play a key role in the weight loss and resolution of diabetes following bariatric surgeries. Ileal transposition (IT) permits study of the effects of direct lower gut stimulation on body weight, glucose homeostasis and other metabolic adaptations without the confounds of gastric restriction or foregut exclusion. However, the underlying mechanisms and the length of the ileum sufficient to produce metabolic benefits following IT surgery remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of transposing varying lengths of the ileum to upper jejunum on food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance and lower gut hormones, and the expression of key markers of glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in rats. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=9/group) were subjected to IT surgery with translocation of 5, 10 or 20 cm of the ileal segment to proximal jejunum or sham manipulations. Daily food intake and body weight were recorded, and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed. Blood samples were assayed for hormones and tissue samples for mRNA (RT-qPCR) and/or protein abundance (immunoblotting) of regulatory metabolic markers. RESULTS We demonstrate that IT surgery exerts ileal length-dependent effects on multiple parameters including: (1) decreased food intake and weight gain, (2) improved glucose tolerance, (3) increased tissue expression and plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), and decreased leptin concentrations and (4) upregulation of key markers of glucose metabolism (glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK)) together with a downregulation of lipogenic markers (fatty acid synthase (FAS)) in muscle and adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data demonstrate that the reduction in food intake and weight gain, increase in lower gut hormones, glycemic improvements and associated changes in tissue metabolic markers following IT surgery are dependent on the length of the transposed ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ramzy
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Nausheen
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - P K Chelikani
- 1] Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alberta, Calgary, Canada [2] Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
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Pezeshki A, Chelikani PK. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and ileal transposition surgeries on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 10:217-28. [PMID: 24603111 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and ileal transposition (IT) surgeries produce weight loss and improve diabetic control; however, the mechanisms of glycemic improvements are largely unknown. Because skeletal muscle and liver play a key role in glucose homeostasis, we compared the effects of RYGB and IT surgeries on key molecules of glucose and lipid metabolism in muscle and liver. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to RYGB, IT, or sham surgeries; sham-animals were ad-lib fed or pair-fed to RYGB rats (n = 7-9/group). At 8 weeks postoperatively, blood samples were collected for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin analyses by ELISA. Leg muscle and liver tissues were analyzed for mRNA (RT-qPCR) and/or protein abundance (immuno blotting) of important molecules of glucose and lipid metabolism [glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), cytochrome C oxidase-IV (COX-IV), citrate synthase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 α (PGC-1 α), PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3)]. RESULTS Plasma GLP-1 concentrations were increased comparably with RYGB and IT. RYGB and IT increased muscle GLUT-4 protein content, muscle hexokinase mRNA, and liver PFK mRNA. IT increased muscle AMPKα and COX-IV protein content and liver citrate synthase activity. IT increased muscle CPT-1, MCAD and PRC mRNA, whereas RYGB increased UCP-3 mRNA in muscle and liver, and PGC-1 α mRNA in liver. CONCLUSION The data suggest that RYGB and IT surgeries lead to enhanced GLP-1 secretion and produce similar stimulatory effects on important molecules of glucose metabolism but differential effects on key molecules of lipid oxidation in muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Jelinek D, Castillo JJ, Arora SL, Richardson LM, Garver WS. A high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil improves metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition 2013; 29:1159-65. [PMID: 23756282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil or olive oil, fed to C57BL/6J mice for an extended period, on metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Mice were fed one of four diets for 30 wk: a low-fat diet, a high-fat diet supplemented with lard, a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil, or a high-fat diet supplemented with olive oil. Phenotypic and metabolic analysis were determined at 15 and 25 to 30 wk, thereby providing comparative analysis for weight gain, energy consumption, fat distribution, glucose and insulin tolerance, and hepatic/plasma lipid analysis. RESULTS Mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil had improved glucose tolerance after an extended period compared with mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with lard. Moreover, mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil had significantly decreased concentrations of liver cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and triacylglycerol compared with mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with either lard or olive oil. CONCLUSION Mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil improved metabolic features associated with type 2 diabetes such as impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jelinek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Duodenal–Jejunal Bypass Surgery Up-Regulates the Expression of the Hepatic Insulin Signaling Proteins and the Key Regulatory Enzymes of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis in Diabetic Goto–Kakizaki Rats. Obes Surg 2013; 23:1734-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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The entire small intestine mediates the changes in glucose homeostasis after intestinal surgery in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Ann Surg 2013; 256:1049-58. [PMID: 23001083 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31826c3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential interaction between excluding foregut and interposing hindgut and the role of different portions of the small intestine in mediating changes in some glucoregulatory mechanisms and glucose homeostasis after intestinal surgery in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed changes in glucoregulatory mechanisms and glucose homeostasis after excluding foregut and interposing hindgut alone and lead to the "foregut hypothesis" and "hindgut hypothesis." However, these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. METHODS Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), ileal interposition (IT), duodenal-jejunal bypass with ileal interposition (DJBIT), sub-ileal interposition (sIT), and sham operations were performed on GK rats. Main outcome measures were oral glucose tolerance (studied at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 weeks), insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(GIP) (evaluated at 2 and 24 weeks). RESULTS Global body weight in the control group was higher than in the operation groups at postoperative week 2, but it was similar among groups at postoperative week 24. The DJBIT procedure induced synergistic improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05). Generalized linear mixed-model analysis confirmed that glucose tolerance in nonsham operation groups improved over time (P < 0.001), with a significant time × treatment interaction (P < 0.001). Fasting C-peptide, postprandial insulin, GLP-1, and PYY levels increased after nonsham operations (P < 0.05); however, they were not significantly different among the DJBIT, DJB, and IT groups (P > 0.05). Compared with sub-IT, IT induced better glucose tolerance (P < 0.05) and higher postprandial insulin, GLP-1 and PYY levels (P < 0.05), and no significant difference in insulin sensitivity and fasting C-peptide was observed (P > 0.05). None of the surgical procedures affected glucose-stimulated GIP levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides experimental evidence that excluding foregut and interposing hindgut provided independent and synergistic changes in glucose homeostasis after intestinal surgery in GK rats and that glucose tolerance improved over time.
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Abstract
Due to the rapidly expanding prevalence of obesity, bariatric surgery is becoming an increasingly popular treatment option. Bariatric surgeries including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) produce long-term weight loss and metabolic improvement, reducing mortality. This review discusses the important benefits and risks of RYGB and VSG, highlighting hypothesized mechanisms for these effects. We present data suggesting that VSG, albeit a newer procedure, may be as effective as RYGB with fewer adverse effects including less surgical risk, reduced nutritional deficiency, and less incidence of dumping syndrome. This may position VSG as an increasingly important procedure, particularly for the treatment of pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Stefater
- Division of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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Intracerebroventricular O-n-octanoylated ghrelin and its splice variant-induced feeding is blocked by insulin, independent of obestatin or CRF receptor, in satiated rats. Nutrition 2012; 28:812-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yan Z, Chen W, Liu S, Zhang G, Sun D, Hu S. Myocardial insulin signaling and glucose transport are up-regulated in Goto-Kakizaki type 2 diabetic rats after ileal transposition. Obes Surg 2012; 22:493-501. [PMID: 22249887 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal transposition (IT) as one of the effective treatments for non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus has been widely investigated. However, the mechanisms underlying profound improvements in glucose homeostasis are still uncertain. Our objective was to explore the myocardial insulin signal transduction and glucose disposal in non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus rats after IT surgery. METHODS Adult male Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats or Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to diabetic IT, diabetic sham-IT, and non-diabetic control SD groups. Food intake, body weight, fasting plasma glucose, insulin tolerance, and serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured. Subsequently, the myocardial glucose uptake and the protein levels of insulin receptor-beta (IR-β), phosphorylated IR-β, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphorylated IRS-1, and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) from myocardial cell lysates were evaluated. We also assessed the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in both skeletal muscle and myocardial cell lysates. RESULTS Compared to sham operations within 6 months, IT surgery for GK rats did (1) result in less food intake and reduced body weight gain over time, (2) improve plasma glucose homeostasis with increased serum GLP-1 secretion and myocardial glucose uptake, (3) increase protein expression of insulin signaling pathway, including IR-β, IRS-1 and their phosphorylation levels, and IRS-1-associated PI3K in the myocardium, and (4) enhance the protein levels of membrane GLUT4 in skeletal muscle and myocardium. CONCLUSIONS IT surgery ameliorates glucose disorder in GK type 2 diabetic rats. Meanwhile, IT surgery is effective in up-regulating both myocardial insulin signaling and glucose disposal within 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Pamuklar ZN, Chen J, Muehlbauer M, Spagnoli A, Torquati A. Necdin-E2F4 interaction provides insulin-sensitizing effect after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 9:94-9. [PMID: 22138333 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway promotes adipocyte differentiation and, therefore, insulin sensitivity by suppression of necdin expression, which represses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma promoter activity by interaction with E2F4 in mouse adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this pathway represents one of the mechanisms by which Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) induces resolution of insulin resistance. METHODS Clinical samples were collected and the key biomarkers measured to test the hypothesis that the IGF-1 pathway represents 1 of the mechanisms by which RYGB induces resolution of insulin resistance in obese individuals. RESULTS Free IGF-1 levels were significantly greater in the post-RYGB patients than in the pre-RYGB obese patients (2.55 ± 1.54 versus 1.32 ± .65 μg/L, P = .03) and similar to that in normal weight controls (2.54 ± 1.27 μg/L). Necdin and E2F4 gene expression in the adipose tissue was significantly downregulated after RYGB compared with obese and were similar to the levels observed in the controls. In mature human adipocytes cultured in vitro, treatment with des-IGF-1 induced downregulation of necdin and E2F4 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner (P = .01). CONCLUSION After RYGB, the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway is activated and could account for the observed decrease in the expression of necdin, which represses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma promoter activity by interaction with E2F4. This could represent one of the mechanisms that induce resolution of insulin resistance after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra N Pamuklar
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27704, USA
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