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Zhang X, Du S, Yang D, Jin X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhu M. LncRNA MALAT1 knockdown inhibits the development of choroidal neovascularization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19503. [PMID: 37810031 PMCID: PMC10558713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, long non-coding RNAs have become important regulators. This study aimed to investigate the role of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in the progression of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and the underlying mechanisms. The in vivo and in vitro model of CNV was established using laser-induced mouse CNV model and human choroidal vascular endothelial cells (HCVECs) exposed to hypoxia respectively. We explore the role of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of CNV by using the small interference RNA both in vivo and in vitro. MALAT1 expression was found to be upregulated in the retinal pigment epithelial-choroidal complexes. MALAT1 knockdown inhibited CNV development and leakage in vivo and decreased HCVECs proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. MALAT1 performed the task as a miR-17-5p sponge to regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and E26 transformation specific-1 (ETS1). This study provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of CNV and suggests that the axis MALAT/miR-17-5p/VEGFA or ETS1 may be an effective therapeutic target for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Changchun Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changchun, Nanguang District, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shu Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Defeng Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuemei Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Changchun Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changchun, Nanguang District, Jilin Province, China
| | - Diya Wang
- Changchun Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changchun, Nanguang District, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Changchun Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changchun, Nanguang District, Jilin Province, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Medication Trends for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111837. [PMID: 34769270 PMCID: PMC8584051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is central vision loss with aging, was the fourth main cause of blindness in 2015, and has many risk factors, such as cataract surgery, cigarette smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, long-term smart device usage, etc. AMD is classified into three categories: normal AMD, early AMD, and late AMD, based on angiogenesis in the retina, and can be determined by bis-retinoid N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E)-epoxides from the reaction of A2E and blue light. During the reaction of A2E and blue light, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are synthesized, which gather inflammatory factors, induce carbonyl stress, and finally stimulate the death of retinal pigment epitheliums (RPEs). There are several medications for AMD, such as device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-VEGFs, and natural products. For device-based therapy, two methods are used: prophylactic laser therapy (photocoagulation laser therapy) and photodynamic therapy. Anti-inflammatory drugs consist of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Anti-VEGFs are classified antibodies for VEGF, aptamer, soluble receptor, VEGF receptor-1 and -2 antibody, and VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Finally, additional AMD drug candidates are derived from natural products. For each medication, there are several and severe adverse effects, but natural products have a potency as AMD drugs, as they have been used as culinary materials and/or traditional medicines for a long time. Their major application route is oral administration, and they can be combined with device-based therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-VEGFs. In general, AMD drug candidates from natural products are more effective at treating early and intermediate AMD. However, further study is needed to evaluate their efficacy and to investigate their therapeutic mechanisms.
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Assessment of a New Nanostructured Microemulsion System for Ocular Delivery of Sorafenib to Posterior Segment of the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094404. [PMID: 33922399 PMCID: PMC8122816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye drop formulations allowing topical treatment of retinal pathologies have long been sought as alternatives to intravitreal administration. This study aimed to assess whether a novel nanostructured microemulsions system (NaMESys) could be usefully employed to deliver sorafenib to the retina following topical instillation. NaMESys carrying 0.3% sorafenib (NaMESys-SOR) proved to be cytocompatible in vitro on rabbit corneal cells, and well-tolerated following b.i.d. ocular administration to rabbits during a 3-month study. In rats subject to retinal ischemia-reperfusion, NaMESys-SOR significantly inhibited retinal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα, 20.7%) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos, 87.3%) mRNAs in comparison to controls. Similarly, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, NaMESys-SOR inhibited retinal expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), TNFα, insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and 2 (VEGFR2) mRNAs by three-fold on average compared to controls. Furthermore, a reduction in TNFα, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 protein expression was observed by western blot. Moreover, in mice subject to laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, NaMESys-SOR significantly inhibited neovascular lesions by 54%. In conclusion, NaMESys-SOR was shown to be a well-tolerated ophthalmic formulation able to deliver effective amounts of sorafenib to the retina, reducing proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic mediators in reliable models of proliferative retinopathies. These findings warrant further investigations on the full therapeutic potential of NaMESys-SOR eye drops, aiming to address unmet needs in the pharmacotherapy of retinal neovascular diseases.
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Exosomes: Insights from Retinoblastoma and Other Eye Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197055. [PMID: 32992741 PMCID: PMC7582726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, considered as cell debris or garbage bags, have been later characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular double-membrane lipid bilayer bio-vesicles secreted by the fusion of vesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The constituents and the rate of exosomes formation differ in different pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes are also observed and studied in different parts of the eye, like the retina, cornea, aqueous, and vitreous humor. Tear fluid consists of exosomes that are shown to regulate various cellular processes. The role of exosomes in eye cancers, especially retinoblastoma (RB), is not well explored, although few studies point towards their presence. Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor that constitutes 3% of cases of cancer in children. Diagnosis of RB may require invasive procedures, which might lead to the spread of the disease to other parts. Due to this reason, better ways of diagnosis are being explored. Studies on the exosomes in RB tumors and serum might help designing better diagnostic approaches for RB. In this article, we reviewed studies on exosomes in the eye, with a special emphasis on RB. We also reviewed miRNAs expressed in RB tumor, serum, and cell lines and analyzed the targets of these miRNAs from the proteins identified in the RB tumor exosomes. hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-9, upregulated and downregulated, respectively in RB, have the maximum number of targets. Although oppositely regulated, they share the same targets in the proteins identified in RB tumor exosomes. Overall this review provides the up-to-date progress in the area of eye exosome research, with an emphasis on RB.
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5
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Hachana S, Fontaine O, Sapieha P, Lesk M, Couture R, Vaucher E. The effects of anti-VEGF and kinin B 1 receptor blockade on retinal inflammation in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1949-1966. [PMID: 31883121 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease treated by anti-VEGF intravitreal injections. As inflammation is potentially involved in retinal degeneration, the pro-inflammatory kallikrein-kinin system is a possible alternative pharmacological target. Here, we investigated the effects of anti-VEGF and anti-B1 receptor treatments on the inflammatory mechanisms in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immediately after laser-induced CNV, Long-Evans rats were treated by eye-drop application of a B1 receptor antagonist (R-954) or by intravitreal injection of B1 receptor siRNA or anti-VEGF antibodies. Effects of treatments on gene expression of inflammatory mediators, CNV lesion regression and integrity of the blood-retinal barrier was measured 10 days later in the retina. B1 receptor and VEGF-R2 cellular localization was assessed. KEY RESULTS The three treatments significantly inhibited the CNV-induced retinal changes. Anti-VEGF and R-954 decreased CNV-induced up-regulation of B1 and B2 receptors, TNF-α, and ICAM-1. Anti-VEGF additionally reversed up-regulation of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2, HIF-1α, CCL2 and VCAM-1, whereas R-954 inhibited gene expression of IL-1β and COX-2. Enhanced retinal vascular permeability was abolished by anti-VEGF and reduced by R-954 and B1 receptor siRNA treatments. Leukocyte adhesion was impaired by anti-VEGF and B1 receptor inhibition. B1 receptors were found on astrocytes and endothelial cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS B1 receptor and VEGF pathways were both involved in retinal inflammation and damage in laser-induced CNV. The non-invasive, self-administration of B1 receptor antagonists on the surface of the cornea by eye drops might be an important asset for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Hachana
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Lesk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réjean Couture
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Cao J, Yang R, Smith TE, Evans S, McCollum GW, Pomerantz SC, Petley T, Harris IR, Penn JS. Human Umbilical Tissue-Derived Cells Secrete Soluble VEGFR1 and Inhibit Choroidal Neovascularization. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:37-46. [PMID: 31276010 PMCID: PMC6586593 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs are the standard treatment for AMD, but they have limitations. Cell therapy is a promising approach for ocular diseases, and it is being developed in the clinic for the treatment of retinal degeneration, including AMD. We previously showed that subretinal injection of human umbilical tissue-derived cells (hUTCs) in a rodent model of retinal degeneration preserved photoreceptors and visual function through rescue of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell phagocytosis. Here we investigated the effect of hUTCs on a rat model of laser-induced CNV and on a human RPE cell line, ARPE-19, for VEGF production. We demonstrate that subretinal injection of hUTCs significantly inhibited CNV and lowered choroidal VEGF in vivo. VEGF release from ARPE-19 decreased when co-cultured with hUTCs. Soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) is identified as the only factor in hUTC conditioned medium (CM) that binds to VEGF. The level of exogenous recombinant VEGF in hUTC CM was dramatically reduced and could be recovered with sVEGFR1-neutralizing antibody. This suggests that hUTC inhibits angiogenesis through the secretion of sVEGFR1 and could serve as a novel treatment for angiogenic ocular diseases, including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Taylor E Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Theodore Petley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ian R Harris
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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7
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Agarwal A, Invernizzi A, Singh RB, Foulsham W, Aggarwal K, Handa S, Agrawal R, Pavesio C, Gupta V. An update on inflammatory choroidal neovascularization: epidemiology, multimodal imaging, and management. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 30209691 PMCID: PMC6135736 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-018-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes are challenging to diagnose and manage. A number of uveitic entities may be complicated by the development of choroidal neovascularization leading to a decrease in central visual acuity. In conditions such as punctate inner choroidopathy, development of choroidal neovascularization is extremely common and must be suspected in all cases. On the other hand, in patients with conditions such as serpiginous choroiditis, and multifocal choroiditis, it may be difficult to differentiate between inflammatory choroiditis lesions and choroidal neovascularization. Multimodal imaging analysis, including the recently introduced technology of optical coherence tomography angiography, greatly aid in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory choroidal neovascularization. Management of these neovascular membranes consists of anti-vascular growth factor agents, with or without concomitant anti-inflammatory and/or corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Agarwal
- Advanced Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alessandro Invernizzi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco", Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kanika Aggarwal
- Advanced Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sabia Handa
- Advanced Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos Pavesio
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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8
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Atienzar-Aroca S, Serrano-Heras G, Freire Valls A, Ruiz de Almodovar C, Muriach M, Barcia JM, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Romero FJ, Sancho-Pelluz J. Role of retinal pigment epithelium-derived exosomes and autophagy in new blood vessel formation. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5244-5256. [PMID: 30133118 PMCID: PMC6201377 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and exosome secretion play important roles in a variety of physiological and disease states, including the development of age‐related macular degeneration. Previous studies have demonstrated that these cellular mechanisms share common pathways of activation. Low oxidative damage in ARPE‐19 cells, alters both autophagy and exosome biogenesis. Moreover, oxidative stress modifies the protein and genetic cargo of exosomes, possibly affecting the fate of surrounding cells. In order to understand the connection between these two mechanisms and their impact on angiogenesis, stressed ARPE‐19 cells were treated with a siRNA‐targeting Atg7, a key protein for the formation of autophagosomes. Subsequently, we observed the formation of multivesicular bodies and the release of exosomes. Released exosomes contained VEGFR2 as part of their cargo. This receptor for VEGF—which is critical for the development of new blood vessels—was higher in exosome populations released from stressed ARPE‐19. While stressed exosomes enhanced tube formation, exosomes became ineffective after silencing VEGFR2 in ARPE‐19 cells and were, consequently, unable to influence angiogenesis. Moreover, vessel sprouting in the presence of stressed exosomes seems to follow a VEGF‐independent pathway. We propose that abnormal vessel growth correlates with VEGFR2‐expressing exosomes release from stressed ARPE‐19 cells, and is directly linked to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Serrano-Heras
- Experimental Research Unit, General University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Aida Freire Valls
- Heidelberg Biochemie-Zentrum (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Muriach
- Unidad predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jorge M Barcia
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Romero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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9
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TGF-β participates choroid neovascularization through Smad2/3-VEGF/TNF-α signaling in mice with Laser-induced wet age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9672. [PMID: 28852052 PMCID: PMC5575286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization(CNV) is the most severe complication in Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) and the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in developed world. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and Smad2/3-VEGF/TNF-α signaling on CNV angiopoiesis, and to explore TGF-β inhibitors on the development of CNV in a CNV mouse model. Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) was used to evaluate the laser-induced CNV formation. The histology of CNV lesions stained with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) was obtained. The immunofluorescent staining was performed to determine TGF-β protein expression. The expressions of TGF-β, phosphorylated Smad2/3, VEGF and TNF-α were determined by using Western blot analysis. The CNV areas were analyzed by using fluorescein stain on RPE/choroid-sclera flat mounts. We found the levels of TGF-β protein expression increasingly reached the peak till 3rd week during the CNV development. The protein levels of VEGF and TNF-α also increased significantly in CNV mice, which were inhibited by a synthetic TGF-β inhibitor LY2157299 or a natural TGF-β inhibitor Decorin. The phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels increased significantly in CNV mice, but this response was profoundly suppressed by the TGF-β inhibitors. Here we have demonstrated that TGF-β/Smad signaling plays an important role in Laser-induced CNV formation through down-regulation of VEGF and TNF-α expressions, suggesting TGF-β inhibitors may provide an alternative to traditional methods in wet AMD treatment.
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10
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Kim SH, Kim H, Ku HJ, Park JH, Cha H, Lee S, Lee JH, Park JW. Oxalomalate reduces expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium and inhibits angiogenesis: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2016; 10:211-220. [PMID: 27810736 PMCID: PMC5094379 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental observations indicate a critical role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in pathological angiogenesis and the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RPE-mediated VEGF expression, leading to angiogenesis, is a major signaling mechanism underlying ocular neovascular disease. Inhibiting this signaling pathway with a therapeutic molecule is a promising anti-angiogenic strategy to treat this disease with potentially fewer side effects. Oxalomalate (OMA) is a competitive inhibitor of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), which plays an important role in cellular signaling pathways regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we have investigated the inhibitory effect of OMA on the expression of VEGF, and the associated underlying mechanism of action, using in vitro and in vivo RPE cell models of AMD. We found that OMA reduced the expression and secretion of VEGF in RPE cells, and consequently inhibited CNV formation. This function of OMA was linked to its capacity to activate the pVHL-mediated HIF-1α degradation in these cells, partly via a ROS-dependent ATM signaling axis, through inhibition of IDH enzymes. These findings reveal a novel role for OMA in inhibiting RPE-derived VEGF expression and angiogenesis, and suggest unique therapeutic strategies for treating pathological angiogenesis and AMD development. Oxalomalate reduces VEGF expression in RPE cells by promoting HIF-1α degradation. Oxalomalate activates pVHL-mediated HIF-1α degradation by regulation of ATM-Chk2-E2F1 axis. Inhibition of IDH enzymes by oxalomalate activates ROS-mediated ATM signaling axis. Oxalomalate inhibits CNV-related angiogenesis in in vivo mouse model of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jun Ku
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanvit Cha
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Natural Sciences, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Casaroli-Marano RP, Alforja S, Giralt J, Farah ME. Epimacular brachytherapy for wet AMD: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:1661-70. [PMID: 25210436 PMCID: PMC4155998 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s46068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is considered the most common cause of blindness in the over-60 age group in developed countries. There are basically two forms of presentation: geographic (dry or atrophic) and wet (neovascular or exudative). Geographic atrophy accounts for approximately 85%–90% of ophthalmic frames and leads to a progressive degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors. Wet AMD causes the highest percentage of central vision loss secondary to disease. This neovascular form involves an angiogenic process in which newly formed choroidal vessels invade the macular area. Today, intravitreal anti-angiogenic drugs attempt to block the angiogenic events and represent a major advance in the treatment of wet AMD. Currently, combination therapy for wet AMD includes different forms of radiation delivery. Epimacular brachytherapy (EMBT) seems to be a useful approach to be associated with current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, presenting an acceptable efficacy and safety profile. However, at the present stage of research, the results of the clinical trials carried out to date are insufficient to justify extending routine use of EMBT for the treatment of wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Casaroli-Marano
- Instituto Clínic de Oftalmología (Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Socorro Alforja
- Instituto Clínic de Oftalmología (Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Giralt
- Instituto Clínic de Oftalmología (Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel E Farah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Preparation of naringenin/ β-cyclodextrin complex and its more potent alleviative effect on choroidal neovascularization in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:623509. [PMID: 24795889 PMCID: PMC3985202 DOI: 10.1155/2014/623509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is characterized by abnormal blood vessels growing from the choroid. Current remedies for CNV have not shown favorable therapeutic efficacy. It is urgent to identify and develop more safe and potent anti-CNV agents via multiple technologies. We previously showed that the natural product naringenin attenuated CNV. However, naringenin has poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Here, we prepared the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complex of naringenin and characterized it using infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction analyses. Determination of content and solubility in the complex showed that naringenin accounted for 20.53% in the complex and its solubility was increased by more than 10-fold. Using a laser-induced CNV model in rats we demonstrated that naringenin/β-CD complex more significantly reduced CNV area than naringenin alone in rats. Furthermore, naringenin and its β-CD complex significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, COX-2, PI3K, p38MAPK, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in retina and choroid tissues. Naringenin/β-CD complex showed more significant inhibitory effect on VEGF and COX-2 expression than naringenin. These results collectively indicated that naringenin/β-CD complex could be a promising therapeutic option for CNV and that the beneficial effects could be linked to the anti-inflammatory properties of naringenin.
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Bhavsar KV, Freund KB. Retention of good visual acuity in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and chronic refractory subfoveal subretinal fluid. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2014; 28:129-33. [PMID: 24843306 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical characteristics of a subset of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy which retain good visual acuity despite chronic, persistent subfoveal subretinal fluid (SRF). DESIGN Retrospective, observational case series. METHODS Study eyes were identified from a consecutive series of 186 patients treated with anti-VEGF therapy seen for regular follow-up over a 3-month period. The clinical histories of 10 eyes of 9 patients with NVAMD, chronic subfoveal SRF despite continuous anti-VEGF therapy, and good long-term visual acuity of 20/40 or greater were reviewed. Demographic factors, baseline and final visual acuity, neovascular lesion type, duration of persistent fluid, baseline and final subfoveal choroidal thickness, presence of geographic atrophy, and number of anti-VEGF injections were analyzed. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 78 years (range 55-91). The mean duration of persistent fluid was 5.2 years (range 1.3-11.0). Long-term visual acuities remained stable at 20/40 or better in all eyes. All eyes had type 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelial) neovascularization. Average baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness was 285.3 μm and the average follow-up subfoveal choroidal thickness was 239.7 μm. No eyes had the presence of geographic atrophy. The mean number of injections was 36.5 (range 17-66). CONCLUSION Some eyes with type 1 neovascularization associated with chronic persistent subfoveal subretinal fluid despite continuous intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy may maintain good long-term visual outcomes. We hypothesize that type 1 neovascularization and greater subfoveal choroidal thickness may exert a protective effect on photoreceptor integrity. Further studies are necessary to assess long-term visual prognosis and predictive factors in patients with type 1 neovascularization leading to persistent subretinal fluid that is recalcitrant to anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita V Bhavsar
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - K Bailey Freund
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Dithmer M, Fuchs S, Shi Y, Schmidt H, Richert E, Roider J, Klettner A. Fucoidan reduces secretion and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium and reduces angiogenesis in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89150. [PMID: 24558482 PMCID: PMC3928431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a polysaccharide isolated from brown algae which is of current interest for anti-tumor therapy. In this study, we investigated the effect of fucoidan on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), looking at physiology, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, and angiogenesis, thus investigating a potential use of fucoidan for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. For this study, human RPE cell line ARPE-19 and primary porcine RPE cells were used, as well as RPE/choroid perfusion organ cultures. The effect of fucoidan on RPE cells was investigated with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium--assay, trypan blue exclusion assay, phagocytosis assay and a wound healing assay. VEGF expression was evaluated in immunocytochemistry and Western blot, VEGF secretion was evaluated in ELISA. The effect of fucoidan on angiogenesis was tested in a Matrigel assay using calcein-AM vital staining, evaluated by confocal laser scanning microcopy and quantitative image analysis. Fucoidan displays no toxicity and does not diminish proliferation or phagocytosis, but reduces wound healing in RPE cells. Fucoidan decreases VEGF secretion in RPE/choroid explants and RPE cells. Furthermore, it diminishes VEGF expression in RPE cells even when co-applied with bevacizumab. Furthermore, fucoidan reduces RPE-supernatant- and VEGF-induced angiogenesis of peripheral endothelial cells. In conclusion, fucoidan is a non-toxic agent that reduces VEGF expression and angiogenesis in vitro and may be of interest for further studies as a potential therapy against exudative age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dithmer
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yang Shi
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Richert
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zorena K, Raczyńska D, Raczyńska K. Biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy and the therapeutic implications. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:193604. [PMID: 24311895 PMCID: PMC3839118 DOI: 10.1155/2013/193604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main problem both in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes is the development of chronic vascular complications encompassing micro- as well as macrocirculation. Chronic complications lower the quality of life, lead to disability, and are the cause of premature death in DM patients. One of the chronic vascular complications is a diabetic retinopathy (DR) which leads to a complete loss of sight in DM patients. Recent trials show that the primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is retinal neovascularization caused by disequilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. Gaining knowledge of the mechanisms of action of factors influencing retinal neovascularization as well as the search for new, effective treatment methods, especially in advanced stages of DR, puts special importance on research concentrating on the implementation of biological drugs in DR therapy. At present, it is antivascular endothelial growth factor and antitumor necrosis factor that gain particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dorota Raczyńska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Raczyńska
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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Transforming growth factor-beta inhibition reduces progression of early choroidal neovascularization lesions in rats: P17 and P144 peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65434. [PMID: 23741494 PMCID: PMC3669249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) inhibitor peptides (P17 & P144) on early laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (LI-CNV) lesions in rats, two weeks after laser CNV induction. Seventy-one Long Evans rats underwent diode laser application in an established LI-CNV model. Baseline fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed 14 days following laser procedure, and treatments were administered 16 days post-laser application via different administration routes. Intravenous groups included control (IV-Control), P17 (IV-17), and P144 (IV-144) groups, whereas intravitreal groups included P17 (IVT-17), P144 (IVT-144), and a mixture of both peptides (IVT-17+144) (with fellow eyes receiving vehicle alone). CNV evolution was assessed using FA performed weekly for four weeks after treatment. Following sacrifice, VEGF, TGF-β, COX-2, IGF-1, PAI-1, IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TNF-α gene expression was assessed using RT-PCR. VEGF and p-SMAD2 protein levels were also assessed by western-blot, while MMP-2 activity was assessed with gelatin zymography. Regarding the FA analysis, the mean CNV area was lower from the 3rd week in IVT-17 and IVT-144 groups, and also from the 2nd week in IVT-17+144. Biochemical analysis revealed that gene expression was lower for VEGF and COX-2 genes in IV-17 and IV-144 groups, VEGF gene in IVT-17+144 group and MMP-2 gene in IVT-17 and IVT-144 groups. VEGF protein expression was also decreased in IV-17, IV-144, IVT-17 and IVT-144, whereas pSMAD-2 levels were lower in IV-17, IV-144 and IVT-17+144 groups. Zymogram analysis revealed decreased MMP-2 activity in IV-17, IV-144, IVT-17 and IVT-144 groups. These data suggest that the use of TGF-β inhibitor peptides (P17 & P144) decrease the development of early CNV lesions by targeting different mediators than those typically affected using current anti-angiogenic therapies. Its potential role in the treatment of early CNV appears promising as a single therapy or adjuvant to anti-VEGF drugs.
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Hu Y, Chen Y, Lin M, Lee K, Mott RA, Ma JX. Pathogenic role of the Wnt signaling pathway activation in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:141-54. [PMID: 23211829 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a severe complication of AMD. The Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to mediate angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenic role of the Wnt pathway in CNV and explore the therapeutic potential of a novel Wnt signaling inhibitor in CNV. METHODS Adult rats and mice were photocoagulated using diode laser to induce CNV. On the same day, the animals were intravitreally injected with a monoclonal antibody (Mab2F1) blocking LRP6 or nonspecific mouse IgG. The Wnt signaling activation and target gene expression in the eyecup were determined by Western blot analysis. Fundus angiography was used to examine leakage from the laser lesion. CNV areas were measured on choroidal flatmount using FITC-dextran. RESULTS Levels of Wnt pathway components and Wnt target gene expression were elevated in both laser-induced CNV rat and mouse eyecups, suggesting activation of the Wnt pathway. Significant suppression of Wnt signaling was observed in the Mab2F1 treatment group. Mab2F1 decreased vascular leakage from CNV lesions and reduced the neovascular area in laser-induced CNV rats. Mab2F1 inhibited the hypoxia-induced activation of Wnt signaling in cultured RPE cells. Mab2F1 also ameliorated retinal inflammation and vascular leakage in the eyecups of very low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice, a model of subretinal neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt pathway is activated in the laser-induced CNV models and plays a pathogenic role in CNV. Blockade of Wnt signaling using an anti-LRP6 antibody has therapeutic potential in CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Gunda V, Sudhakar YA. Regulation of Tumor Angiogenesis and Choroidal Neovascularization by Endogenous Angioinhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:417-426. [PMID: 25258675 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of neovascularization from parent blood vessels, which is a prerequisite for many physiological and pathological conditions and is regulated by a balance between endogenous angioinhibitors and angioactivators or angiogenic factors. Imbalance between angioinhibitors and angioactivators is associated with neovascularization capacity during progression of tumor development and Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV). Normalization of pathological angiogenesis is considered as an alternative strategy to prevent the tumor growth in cancer progression or retinal damage in CNV. Various angioinhibitors are being identified and evaluated for their pathological angiogenesis regulation, of which endogenous angioinhibitors are one class derived either from extra cellular matrix or from non-extra cellular matrix of human origin. Endogenous angioinhibitors are gaining much significance as they interact with proliferating endothelial cells by binding to distinct integrins and non-integrin receptors, regulating different intracellular signaling mechanisms leading to inhibition of choroidal neovascularization and tumor growth. This review will focus on endogenous angioinhibitors and their receptor(s) mediated angioinhibitory signaling, which are of major concern in angiogenesis and their clinical and pharmaceutical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gunda
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yakkanti A Sudhakar
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Center for Cancer and Metabolism, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Appukuttan B, McFarland TJ, Stempel A, Kassem JB, Hartzell M, Zhang Y, Bond D, West K, Wilson R, Stout A, Pan Y, Ilias H, Robertson K, Klein ML, Wilson D, Smith JR, Stout JT. The related transcriptional enhancer factor-1 isoform, TEAD4(216), can repress vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31260. [PMID: 22761647 PMCID: PMC3382240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased cellular production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is responsible for the development and progression of multiple cancers and other neovascular conditions, and therapies targeting post-translational VEGF products are used in the treatment of these diseases. Development of methods to control and modify the transcription of the VEGF gene is an alternative approach that may have therapeutic potential. We have previously shown that isoforms of the transcriptional enhancer factor 1-related (TEAD4) protein can enhance the production of VEGF. In this study we describe a new TEAD4 isoform, TEAD4(216), which represses VEGF promoter activity. The TEAD4(216) isoform inhibits human VEGF promoter activity and does not require the presence of the hypoxia responsive element (HRE), which is the sequence critical to hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-mediated effects. The TEAD4(216) protein is localized to the cytoplasm, whereas the enhancer isoforms are found within the nucleus. The TEAD4(216) isoform can competitively repress the stimulatory activity of the TEAD4(434) and TEAD4(148) enhancers. Synthesis of the native VEGF(165) protein and cellular proliferation is suppressed by the TEAD4(216) isoform. Mutational analysis indicates that nuclear or cytoplasmic localization of any isoform determines whether it acts as an enhancer or repressor, respectively. The TEAD4(216) isoform appears to inhibit VEGF production independently of the HRE required activity by HIF, suggesting that this alternatively spliced isoform of TEAD4 may provide a novel approach to treat VEGF-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Appukuttan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America.
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Mao Y, Kiss S, Boyer JL, Hackett NR, Qiu J, Carbone A, Mezey JG, Kaminsky SM, D'Amico DJ, Crystal RG. Persistent suppression of ocular neovascularization with intravitreal administration of AAVrh.10 coding for bevacizumab. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1525-35. [PMID: 21801028 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, is efficacious for these disorders, but requires monthly intravitreal administration, with associated discomfort, cost, and adverse event risk. We hypothesized that a single intravitreal administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing bevacizumab would result in persistent eye expression of bevacizumab and suppress VEGF-induced retinal neovascularization. We constructed an AAV rhesus serotype rh.10 vector to deliver bevacizumab (AAVrh.10BevMab) and assessed its ability to suppress neovascularization in transgenic mice overexpressing human VEGF165 in photoreceptors. Intravitreal AAVrh.10BevMab directed long-term bevacizumab expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Treated homozygous mice had reduced levels of neovascularization, with 90±4% reduction 168 days following treatment. Thus, a single administration of AAVrh.10BevMab provides long-term suppression of neovascularization without the costs and risks associated with the multiple administrations required for the current conventional bevacizumab monoclonal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
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Jin J, Zhou KK, Park K, Hu Y, Xu X, Zheng Z, Tyagi P, Kompella UB, Ma JX. Anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a natural angiogenic inhibitor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6230-7. [PMID: 21357401 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the nanoparticle-mediated delivery of plasminogen kringle 5 (K5) on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal inflammation. METHODS CNV was induced by laser in adult rats. Nanoparticles with an expression plasmid of K5 (K5-NP) were injected into the vitreous. K5 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. The CNV area was measured after fluorescein angiography. Retinal vascular permeability was quantified with Evans blue as a tracer. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured by Western blot analysis or ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Intense K5 expression was detected in the retina 2 weeks after the injection of K5-NP. Areas of CNV were significantly decreased in the K5-NP treatment group compared with that in the control-NP group. The K5-NP injection also significantly reduced vascular permeability. The expression of VEGF was downregulated by K5-NP at both the protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, K5-NP also inhibited expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1. Similarly, K5-NP decreased retinal levels of total β-catenin. In cultured cells, K5-NP suppressed hypoxia-induced secretion of MCP-1 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS K5 has a novel anti-inflammatory activity. K5-NP mediates a sustained inhibitory effect on CNV and thus has therapeutic potential for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and age-related macular degeneration. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:389507. [PMID: 18288287 PMCID: PMC2234091 DOI: 10.1155/2008/389507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of new blindness in the western world and is becoming more of a socio-medical problem as the proportion of the aged population increases. There are multiple efforts underway to better understand this disease process. AMD involves the abnormal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), drusen formation, photoreceptor atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in lipid degeneration, immune regulation, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), as well as regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These molecules have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. In addition, PPAR gamma is expressed in RPE, an essential cell in photoreceptor regeneration and vision maintenance. This review summarizes the interactions between PPAR, AMD-related molecules, and AMD-related disease processes.
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Bhise NS, Shmueli RB, Sunshine JC, Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Drug delivery strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:485-504. [PMID: 21338327 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.558082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis is essential to human biology and of great clinical significance. Excessive or reduced angiogenesis can result in, or exacerbate, several disease states, including tumor formation, exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and ischemia. Innovative drug delivery systems can increase the effectiveness of therapies used to treat angiogenesis-related diseases. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of angiogenesis, including current knowledge about its disruption in diseases, with the focus on cancer and AMD. Anti- and proangiogenic drugs available for clinical use or in development are also discussed, as well as experimental drug delivery systems that can potentially improve these therapies to enhance or reduce angiogenesis in a more controlled manner. EXPERT OPINION Laboratory and clinical results have shown pro- or antiangiogenic drug delivery strategies to be effective in drastically slowing disease progression. Further research in this area will increase the efficacy, specificity and duration of these therapies. Future directions with composite drug delivery systems may make possible targeting of multiple factors for synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupura S Bhise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Inflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors in choroidal neovascularization: pathogenetic interactions and therapeutic implications. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20871825 PMCID: PMC2943126 DOI: 10.1155/2010/546826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common and severe complication in heterogeneous diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye, the most frequent being represented by age-related macular degeneration. Although the term may suggest just a vascular pathological condition, CNV is more properly definable as an aberrant tissue invasion of endothelial and inflammatory cells, in which both angiogenesis and inflammation are involved. Experimental and clinical evidences show that vascular endothelial growth factor is a key signal in promoting angiogenesis. However, many other molecules, distinctive of the inflammatory response, act as neovascular activators in CNV. These include fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, and complement. This paper reviews the role of inflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors in the development of CNV, proposing pathogenetic assumptions of mutual interaction. As an extension of this concept, new therapeutic approaches geared to have an effect on both the vascular and the extravascular components of CNV are discussed.
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Edelhauser HF, Boatright JH, Nickerson JM. Drug delivery to posterior intraocular tissues: third Annual ARVO/Pfizer Ophthalmics Research Institute Conference. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4712-20. [PMID: 18708617 PMCID: PMC2633627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Edelhauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Kim R. Introduction, mechanism of action and rationale for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in age-related macular degeneration. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007; 55:413-5. [PMID: 17951895 PMCID: PMC2635982 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.36473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments may provide an opportunity to improve outcome in individuals who develop neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Several therapies have been introduced that show promise for halting the progression of this disorder. However, data from controlled clinical trials to test the relative efficacy of different management strategies across the subtypes of disease remain limited. New treatment modalities that target the neovascularization process, including leakage from choroidal neovascularization (CNV), are currently being developed. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of ARMD-related CNV. Anti-VEGF strategies show promise as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of CNV and are currently undergoing active clinical investigation. Such strategies include anti-VEGF antibodies, anti-VEGF aptamer, gene therapy and protein kinase C inhibition. This article reviews the mechanism of action and rationale for anti-VEGF drugs in ARMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Kim
- Retina Vitreous Services, Aravind eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
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