MEG3, as a Competing Endogenous RNA, Binds with miR-27a to Promote PHLPP2 Protein Translation and Impairs Bladder Cancer Invasion

Association of lncRNA MEG3 rs941576 polymorphism, expression profile, and its related targets with the risk of obesity-related colorectal cancer: potential clinical insights

The identification of novel screening tools is imperative to empower the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The influence of the long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) rs941576 single nucleotide polymorphism on CRC susceptibility remains uninvestigated. This research appraised MEG3 rs941576 association with the risk and clinical features of CRC and obesity-related CRC and its impact on serum MEG3 expression and its targets miR-27a/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and miR-181a/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), along with the potential of these markers in obesity-related CRC diagnosis. 130 CRC patients (60 non-obese and 70 obese) and 120 cancer-free controls (64 non-obese and 56 obese) were enrolled. MEG3 targets were selected using bioinformatics analysis. MEG3 rs941576 was associated with magnified CRC risk in overall (OR (95% CI) 4.69(1.51-14.57), P = 0.0018) and stratified age and gender groups, but not with obesity-related CRC risk or MEG3/downstream targets' expression. Escalated miR-27a and IGFBP3 and reduced IGF1 serum levels were concomitant with MEG3 downregulation in overall CRC patients versus controls and obese versus non-obese CRC patients. Serum miR-181a and SIRT1 were upregulated in CRC patients versus controls but weren't altered in the obese versus non-obese comparison. Serum miR-181a and miR-27a were superior in overall and obesity-related CRC diagnosis, respectively; meanwhile, IGF1 was superior in distinguishing obese from non-obese CRC patients. Only serum miR-27a was associated with obesity-related CRC risk in multivariate logistic analysis. Among overall CRC patients, MEG3 rs941576 was associated with lymph node (LN) metastasis and tumor stage, serum MEG3 was negatively correlated with tumor stage, while SIRT1 was correlated with the anatomical site. Significant correlations were recorded between MEG3 and anatomical site, SIRT1 and tumor stage, and miR-27a/IGFBP3 and LN metastasis among obese CRC patients, while IGF1 was correlated with tumor stage and LN metastasis among non-obese CRC patients. Conclusively, this study advocates MEG3 rs941576 as a novel genetic marker of CRC susceptibility and prognosis. Our findings accentuate circulating MEG3/miR-27a/IGF1/IGFBP3, especially miR-27a as valuable markers for the early detection of obesity-related CRC. This axis along with SIRT1 could benefit obesity-related CRC prognosis.

RhoGDIβ inhibition via miR-200c/AUF1/SOX2/miR-137 axis contributed to lncRNA MEG3 downregulation-mediated malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells

Nickel pollution is a recognized factor contributing to lung cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of its carcinogenic effects is crucial for lung cancer prevention and treatment. Our previous research identified the downregulation of a long noncoding RNA, maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), as a key factor in transforming human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) into malignant cells following nickel exposure. In our study, we found that deletion of MEG3 also reduced the expression of RhoGDIβ. Notably, artificially increasing RhoGDIβ levels counteracted the malignant transformation caused by MEG3 deletion in HBECs. This indicates that the reduction in RhoGDIβ contributes to the transformation of HBECs due to MEG3 deletion. Further exploration revealed that MEG3 downregulation led to enhanced c-Jun activity, which in turn promoted miR-200c transcription. High levels of miR-200c subsequently increased the translation of AUF1 protein, stabilizing SOX2 messenger RNA (mRNA). This stabilization affected the regulation of miR-137, SP-1 protein translation, and the suppression of RhoGDIβ mRNA transcription and protein expression, leading to cell transformation. Our study underscores the co-regulation of RhoGDIβ expression by long noncoding RNA MEG3, multiple microRNAs (miR-200c and miR-137), and RNA-regulated transcription factors (c-Jun, SOX2, and SP1). This intricate network of molecular events sheds light on the nature of lung tumorigenesis. These novel findings pave the way for developing targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of human lung cancer based on the MEG3/RhoGDIβ pathway.

Tumorigenesis of basal muscle invasive bladder cancer was mediated by PTEN protein degradation resulting from SNHG1 upregulation

BACKGROUND

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) serves as a powerful tumor suppressor, and has been found to be downregulated in human bladder cancer (BC) tissues. Despite this observation, the mechanisms contributing to PTEN's downregulation have remained elusive.

METHODS

We established targeted genes' knockdown or overexpressed cell lines to explore the mechanism how it drove the malignant transformation of urothelial cells or promoted anchorageindependent growth of human basal muscle invasive BC (BMIBC) cells. The mice model was used to validate the conclusion in vivo. The important findings were also extended to human studies.

RESULTS

In this study, we discovered that mice exposed to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybu-tyl)nitrosamine (BBN), a specific bladder chemical carcinogen, exhibited primary BMIBC accompanied by a pronounced reduction in PTEN protein expression in vivo. Utilizing a lncRNA deep sequencing high-throughput platform, along with gain- and loss-of-function analyses, we identified small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) as a critical lncRNA that might drive the formation of primary BMIBCs in BBN-treated mice. Cell culture results further demonstrated that BBN exposure significantly induced SNHG1 in normal human bladder urothelial cell UROtsa. Notably, the ectopic expression of SNHG1 alone was sufficient to induce malignant transformation in human urothelial cells, while SNHG1 knockdown effectively inhibited anchorage-independent growth of human BMIBCs. Our detailed investigation revealed that SNHG1 overexpression led to PTEN protein degradation through its direct interaction with HUR. This interaction reduced HUR binding to ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (USP8) mRNA, causing degradation of USP8 mRNA and a subsequent decrease in USP8 protein expression. The downregulation of USP8, in turn, increased PTEN polyubiquitination and degradation, culminating in cell malignant transformation and BMIBC anchorageindependent growth. In vivo studies confirmed the downregulation of PTEN and USP8, as well as their positive correlations in both BBN-treated mouse bladder urothelium and tumor tissues of bladder cancer in nude mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that overexpressed SNHG1 competes with USP8 for binding to HUR. This competition attenuates USP8 mRNA stability and protein expression, leading to PTEN protein degradation, consequently, this process drives urothelial cell malignant transformation and fosters BMIBC growth and primary BMIBC formation.

m6A methylation-mediated regulation of LncRNA MEG3 suppresses ovarian cancer progression through miR-885-5p and the VASH1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Ovarian cancer poses a serious threat to women's health. Due to the difficulty of early detection, most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease or peritoneal metastasis. We found that LncRNA MEG3 is a novel tumor suppressor, but its role in tumor occurrence and development is still unclear.

METHODS

We investigated the expression level of MEG3 in pan-cancer through bioinformatics analysis, especially in gynecological tumors. Function assays were used to detect the effect of MEG3 on the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer. RIP, RNA pull-down, MeRIP-qPCR, actinomycin D test were carried out to explore the m6A methylation-mediated regulation on MEG3. Luciferase reporter gene assay, PCR and Western blot were implemented to reveal the potential mechanism of MEG3. We further confirmed the influence of MEG3 on tumor growth in vivo by orthotopic xenograft models and IHC assay.

RESULTS

In this study, we discovered that MEG3 was downregulated in various cancers, with the most apparent downregulation in ovarian cancer. MEG3 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Overexpression of MEG3 suppressed the degradation of VASH1 by negatively regulating miR-885-5p, inhibiting the ovarian cancer malignant phenotype. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MEG3 was regulated at the posttranscriptional level. YTHDF2 facilitated MEG3 decay by recognizing METTL3‑mediated m6A modification. Compared with those injected with vector control cells, mice injected with MEG3 knockdown cells showed larger tumor volumes and faster growth rates.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that MEG3 is influenced by METTL3/YTHDF2 methylation and restrains ovarian cancer proliferation and metastasis by binding miR-885-5p to increase VASH1 expression. MEG3 is expected to become a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

The ceRNA Mechanism of lncRNA MEG3/miR-21-5p/SPRY2 in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is implicated in BC progression. This study delved into the underlying mechanism of lncRNA MEG3 in BC. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the expression of lncRNA MEG3, its association with the survival of BC patients, its subcellular localization, and its binding sites with miR-21-5p. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GSE13507 chip were analyzed using GEOexplorer, downstream targets of miR-21-5p were predicted from databases, and the overlapping genes were analyzed by the website Venny2.1 (https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html); their impacts on patient survival were analyzed by the Starbase database. The expression of SPRY2 and TGFBI associated with patient survival was analyzed in TCGA. RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to detect levels of MEG3, miR-21-5p, and SPRY2 in BC/SV-HUC-1 cells. Malignant biological behaviors of BC cells were detected using CCK8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays. RNA pull-down and dual-luciferase assays were employed to verify the binding relationship of miR-21-5p with MEG3 and SPRY2. MEG3 was found to be lowly expressed in BC cells and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. Over-expression of MEG3 was found to inhibit BC cell activity, promote apoptosis, and reduce invasion and migration. miR-21-5p was found to be highly expressed in BC cells, and its down-regulation was found to inhibit the malignant behavior of BC cells. Over-expression of miR-21-5p was found to reverse the effect of pcDNA3.1-MEG3 on BC cells. MEG3 was found to competitively bind to miR-21-5p as a ceRNA to promote SPRY2 levels. LncRNA MEG3 promotes SPRY2 expression by competitively binding to miR-21-5p, thereby inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of BC cells.

PHLPP2: A Prognostic Biomarker in Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Adenocarcinoma of the rectum (READ) is typically diagnosed at advanced stages due to a lack of early-onset spe- cific features.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study used bioinformatics analysis of READ ribonucleic acid sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Overlapping genes between DEGs and autophagy-associated genes were screened for prognosis-associated DEGs, which were then validated in the OncoLnc database.

RESULTS

A total of 129 autophagy-associated DEGs were identified, with 17 genes found to be associated with READ prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that only the PHLPP2 gene was significantly associated with READ prognosis (hazard ratio = 0.442, P = .026), and its low expression correlated with low survival in patients with brain lower-grade glioma (P = .00623) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (P = .00109).

CONCLUSIONS

PHLPP2 expression may serve as a READ-specific prognostic biomarker and is involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Epigenetic and Immunological Features of Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most common types of malignant tumors of the urogenital system in adults. Globally, the incidence of BLCA is more than 500,000 new cases worldwide annually, and every year, the number of registered cases of BLCA increases noticeably. Currently, the diagnosis of BLCA is based on cystoscopy and cytological examination of urine and additional laboratory and instrumental studies. However, cystoscopy is an invasive study, and voided urine cytology has a low level of sensitivity, so there is a clear need to develop more reliable markers and test systems for detecting the disease with high sensitivity and specificity. Human body fluids (urine, serum, and plasma) are known to contain significant amounts of tumorigenic nucleic acids, circulating immune cells and proinflammatory mediators that can serve as noninvasive biomarkers, particularly useful for early cancer detection, follow-up of patients, and personalization of their treatment. The review describes the most significant advances in epigenetics of BLCA.

The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although the means of diagnosis and treatment have continually improved in recent years, the recurrence rate of bladder cancer remains high, and patients with MIBC typically have an unfavourable prognosis and a low quality of life. Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. The potential role of lincRNAs in the regulation of gene expression has been explored in depth in recent years. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60-300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the biological functions of these molecules in bladder cancer.

The Biological Roles and Molecular Mechanisms of Long Non-Coding RNA MEG3 in the Hallmarks of Cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators in various biological processes involved in the hallmarks of cancer. Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is lncRNA that regulates target genes through transcription, translation, post-translational modification, and epigenetic regulation. MEG3 has been known as a tumor suppressor, and its downregulation could be found in various cancers. Furthermore, clinical studies revealed that impaired MEG3 expression is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance. MEG3 exerts its tumor suppressive effect by suppressing various cancer hallmarks and preventing cells from acquiring cancer-specific characteristics; as it could suppress tumor cells proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis; it also could promote tumor cell death and regulate tumor cell metabolic reprogramming. Hence, MEG3 is a potential prognostic marker, and overexpressing MEG3 might become a potential antitumor therapeutic strategy. Herein, we summarize recent knowledge regarding the role of MEG3 in regulating tumor hallmarks as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we also discuss the clinical importance of MEG3, as well as their potential in tumor prognosis and antitumor therapeutic strategies.

A review of current evidence about lncRNA MEG3: A tumor suppressor in multiple cancers

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is a lncRNA located at the DLK1-MEG3 site of human chromosome 14q32.3. The expression of MEG3 in various tumors is substantially lower than that in normal adjacent tissues, and deletion of MEG3 expression is involved in the occurrence of many tumors. The high expression of MEG3 could inhibit the occurrence and development of tumors through several mechanisms, which has become a research hotspot in recent years. As a member of tumor suppressor lncRNAs, MEG3 is expected to be a new target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of MEG3 in different tumors and future challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers through MEG3.

Systematic characterization and biological functions of non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and aggressive type of glioma. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNAs that do not encode proteins but widely exist in eukaryotic cells. The common characteristics of these RNAs are that they can all be transcribed from the genome without being translated into proteins, thus performing biological functions, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs. Studies have found that ncRNAs are associated with the occurrence and development of GBM, and there is a complex regulatory network among ncRNAs, which can regulate cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and differentiation, thus provide a basis for the development of highly specific diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies in the future. The present review aimed to comprehensively describe the biogenesis, general features and functions of regulatory ncRNAs in GBM, and to interpret the potential biological functions of these ncRNAs in GBM as well as their impact on clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis and discusses the potential mechanisms of these RNA subtypes leading to cancer in order to contribute to the better design of personalized GBM therapies in the future.

Quercetin Loaded Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in a Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel-A Novel Intravesical Therapy Tackling Bladder Cancer

The study aim was to develop an intravesical delivery system of quercetin for bladder cancer management in order to improve drug efficacy, attain a controlled release profile and extend the residence time inside the bladder. Either uncoated or chitosan coated quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared and evaluated in terms of colloidal, morphological and thermal characteristics. Drug encapsulation efficiency and its release behaviour were assessed. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of SLNs on T-24 cells was evaluated. Ex vivo studies were carried out using bovine bladder mucosa. Spherical SLNs (≈250 nm) ensured good entrapment efficiencies (EE > 97%) and sustained drug release up to 142 h. Cytotoxicity profile revealed concentration-dependent toxicity recording an IC50 in the range of 1.6−8.9 μg/mL quercetin. SLNs were further dispersed in in situ hydrogels comprising poloxamer 407 (20%) with mucoadhesive polymers. In situ gels exhibited acceptable gelation temperatures (around 25 °C) and long erosion time (24−27 h). SLNs loaded gels displayed remarkably enhanced retention on bladder tissues relative to SLNs dispersions. Coated SLNs exhibited better penetration abilities compared to uncoated ones, while coated SLNs dispersed in gel (G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2) showed the highest penetration up to 350 μm. Hence, G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2 could be considered as a platform for intravesical quercetin delivery.

Loss of MEG3 and upregulation of miR-145 play an important role in the invasion and migration of Cr(VI)-transformed cells

Chronic exposure of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) causes malignant cell transformation. These transformed cells exhibit increases in migration and invasion. Neuronal precursor of developmentally downregulated protein 9 (NEDD9) is upregulated in Cr(VI)-transformed cells compared to that of passage-matched normal BEAS-2B cells. Knockdown of NEDD9 by its shRNA reduced invasion and migration of Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a long noncoding RNA, was lost and microRNA 145 (miR-145) was upregulated in Cr(VI)-transformed cells. MEG3 was bound to miR-145 and this binding reduced its activity. Overexpression of MEG3 or inhibition of miR-145 decreased invasion and migration of Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Overexpression of MEG3 was able to decrease miR-145 level and NEDD9 protein level in Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Ectopic expression of MEG3 was also shown to reduce β-catenin activation. Inhibition of miR-145 in Cr(VI)-transformed cells decreased Slug, an important transcription factor that regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Inhibition of miR-145 was found to increase MEG3 in Cr(VI)-transformed cells. Further studies showed that mutation of MEG3 at the binding site for miR-145 did not change NEDD9 and failed to decrease invasion and migration. The present study demonstrated that loss of MEG3 and upregulation of miR-145 elevated NEDD9, resulting in activation of β-catenin and further upregulation of EMT, leading to increased invasion and migration of Cr(VI)-transformed cells.

LncRNA Meg3 knockdown reduces corneal neovascularization and VEGF-induced vascular endothelial angiogenesis via SDF-1/CXCR4 and Smad2/3 pathway

The crucial effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular angiogenesis has been well known in corneal neovascularization (CNV). This research aimed to determine the underlying value and mechanism of Meg3 on CNV in vivo and in vitro. In an alkali-burned mouse model, length and area of new vessels were increased along with thinning of corneal epithelium, accompanied by the overexpression of Meg3. Notably, subconjunctival injection of shMeg3 suppressed the degree of injury in cornea, causing expression of the angiogenesis markers--VEGF-A and CD31 decreased. In VEGF-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), knockdown of Meg3 antagonized the enhancement of viability, proliferation, wound healing ability and angiogenesis by VEGF. The proteins expression of VEGF-A, CD31, SDF-1/CXCR4 as well as phosphoraylation-Smad2/3 pathways, which were related to angiogenesis, were reduced with Meg3 deficiency. Overall, knockdown of Meg3 alleviated formation of neovascularization in alkali-burned corneas and reduced VEGF-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting SDF-1/CXCR4 and Smad2/3 signaling in vitro.

New horizons in the roles and associations of COX-2 and novel natural inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases

Age-related cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in elderly populations. Coxibs, including celecoxib, valdecoxib, etoricoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib, and rofecoxib, are selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors used to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, many coxibs have been discontinued due to adverse cardiovascular events. COX-2 contains cyclooxygenase (COX) and peroxidase (POX) sites. COX-2 inhibitors block COX activity without affecting POX activity. Recently, quercetin-like flavonoid compounds with OH groups in their B-rings have been found to serve as activators of COX-2 by binding the POX site. Galangin-like flavonol compounds serve as inhibitors of COX-2. Interestingly, nabumetone, flurbiprofen axetil, piketoprofen-amide, and nepafenac are ester prodrugs that inhibit COX-2. The combination of galangin-like flavonol compounds with these prodrug metabolites may lead to the development of novel COX-2 inhibitors. This review focuses on the most compelling evidence regarding the role and mechanism of COX-2 in cardiovascular diseases and demonstrates that quercetin-like compounds exert potential cardioprotective effects by serving as cofactors of COX-2.

Long non-coding RNA MEG3 mediates the miR-149-3p/FOXP3 axis by reducing p53 ubiquitination to exert a suppressive effect on regulatory T cell differentiation and immune escape in esophageal cancer

Background

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been implicated in the progression of esophageal cancer (EC). However, the specific mechanism of the involvement of MEG3 in EC development in relation to the regulation of immune escape remains uncertain. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of MEG3 on EC via microRNA-149-3p (miR-149-3p).

Methods

Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were initially performed in EC cells in addition to the establishment of a 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced EC mouse model aimed at evaluating the respective roles of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), MEG3, miR-149-3p, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and p53 in T cell differentiation and immune escape observed in EC.

Results

EC tissues were found to exhibit upregulated FOXP3 and MDM2 while MEG3, p53 and miR-149-3p were all downregulated. FOXP3 was confirmed to be a target gene of miR-149-3p with our data suggesting it reduced p53 ubiquitination and degradation by means of inhibiting MDM2. P53 was enriched in the promoter of miR-149-3p to upregulate miR-149-3p. The overexpression of MEG3, p53 or miR-149-3p or silencing FOXP3 was associated with a decline in CD25⁺FOXP3⁺CD4⁺ T cells, IL-10⁺CD4⁺ T cells and IL-4⁺CD4⁺ T cells in spleen tissues, IL-4, and IL-10 levels as well as C-myc, N-myc and Ki-67 expression in EC mice.

Conclusion

Collectively, MEG3 decreased FOXP3 expression and resulted in repressed regulatory T cell differentiation and immune escape in EC mice by upregulating miR-149-3p via MDM2-mediated p53.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02907-1.

WITHDRAWN: SCARA5 regulated by MEG3/miR-141 axis attenuates proliferation, migration and invasion of bladder cancer

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Long Noncoding RNA KCNMB2-AS1 Promotes SMAD5 by Targeting miR-3194-3p to Induce Bladder Cancer Progression

Purpose

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, with the fourth-highest incidence of male malignant tumors in Europe and the United States. So far, the mechanism of bladder cancer progression and metastasis has not been clarified. The aim of our study was to validate the way of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) KCNMB2-AS1 on the metabolism and growth of bladder cancer cells by miR-3194-3p/SMAD5.

Patients and Methods

The Gene Expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines, with the highly expressed KCNMB2-AS1 screened out. Cell proliferation was detected by Edu staining and clone formation assay, cell migration, and invasion by wound healing and transwell assays. Cell stemness was determined by assessing sphere-forming ability and stemness marker. Correlation between miRNA and lncRNA/gene was verified by dual‐luciferase assay and RIP, and the effect of KCNMB2-AS1 on bladder cancer growth by nude mice tumor formation experiment.

Results

Here, we revealed the increased level of KCNMB2-AS1 in bladder cancer for the first time. Knockdown of KCNMB2-AS1 in vitro prevented the ability of proliferation, metastasis, and stemness of cancer cells. In vivo, the silencing of KCNMB2-AS1 also prevented tumor growth in vivo. Next, we revealed that KCNMB2-AS1 could interact with miR-3194-3p and uncovered that SAMD5 was a downstream target of miR-3194-3p.

Conclusion

In conclusion, KCNMB2-AS1 mediated the bladder cancer cells progress by regulating the miR-3194-3p/SAMD5 signal pathway, which would provide a new target for bladder cancer research.

Explore prognostic biomarker of bladder cancer based on competing endogenous network

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract. Increasing evidence showed that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a critical regulator in cancer development and progression. However, the functions of lncRNAs in the development of BC remain mostly undefined. In the present study, based on RNA sequence profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we identified 723 lncRNAs, 157 miRNAs, and 1816 mRNAs aberrantly expressed in BC tissues. A competing endogenous RNA network, including 49 lncRNAs, 17 miRNAs, and 36 mRNAs, was then established. The functional enrichment analyses showed that the mRNAs in the ceRNA network mainly participated in ‘regulation of transcription’ and ‘pathways in cancer’. Moreover, the Cox regression analyses demonstrated that three lncRNAs (AC112721.1, TMPRSS11GP, and ADAMTS9-AS1) could serve as independent risk factors. We established a risk prediction model with these lncRNAs. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis showed that high-risk patients’ prognosis was lower than that of low-risk patients (P=0.001). The present study provides novel insights into the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network and the potential of lncRNAs to be candidate prognostic biomarkers in BC, which could help better understand the pathological changes and pathogenesis of BC and be useful for clinical studies in the future.

Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth via microRNA-27a/FBXW7 signaling pathway

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), a natural antioxidant found in Astragalus membranaceus emerging as a novel anticancer agent, exerts antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in various cancer cell types, but its effect on ovarian cancer (OC) remains unknown. In the present study, we tried to elucidate the role and mechanism of APS in OC cells. Our results showed that APS treatment suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptosis in OC cells. Afterward, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles in APS-treated cells were determined by a microarray assay, and whether APS affected OV-90 cells through regulation of miRNA was determined. Among these aberrant miRNAs, miR-27a was selected for further study as its oncogenic roles in various human cancers. Moreover, we found overexpression of miR-27a reversed the antiproliferation and pro-apoptotic effects of APS on OC cells. F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7 (FBXW7), a classical tumor suppressor, was found directly targeted by miR-27a and its translation was suppressed by miR-27a in OC cells. Finally, it was also observed that knockdown of FBXW7 by si-FBXW7 reversed the tumor suppressive activity of APS in OC cells, which is similar to the effects of miR-27a overexpression. Our findings demonstrate that APS can suppress OC cell growth in vitro via miR-27a/FBXW7 axis, and this observation reveals the therapeutic potential of APS for treatment of OC.

Recent advances in the regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 by lncRNAs

Coronary heart disease (CHD) with atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. ABCA1 and ABCG1 promote cholesterol efflux to suppress foam cell generation and reduce atherosclerosis development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as a unique group of RNA transcripts that longer than 200 nucleotides and have no protein-coding potential. Many studies have found that lncRNAs regulate cholesterol efflux to influence atherosclerosis development. ABCA1 is regulated by different lncRNAs, including MeXis, GAS5, TUG1, MEG3, MALAT1, Lnc-HC, RP5-833A20.1, LOXL1-AS1, CHROME, DAPK1-IT1, SIRT1 AS lncRNA, DYNLRB2-2, DANCR, LeXis, LOC286367, and LncOR13C9. ABCG1 is also regulated by different lncRNAs, including TUG1, GAS5, RP5-833A20.1, DYNLRB2-2, ENST00000602558.1, and AC096664.3. Thus, various lncRNAs are associated with the roles of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis regulation. However, some lncRNAs play dual roles in ABCA1 expression and atherosclerosis, and the functions of some lncRNAs in atherosclerosis have not been investigated in vivo. In this article, we review the roles of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis and focus on new insights into lncRNAs associated with the roles of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on cholesterol efflux and the potential of these lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis.

[Overexpression of lncRNA MEG3 inhibits proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma U251 cells in vitro by suppressing HIF1α expression]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of overexpression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 on the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma U251 cells by suppressing the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α(HIF1α).

METHODS

The expression of lncRNA MEG3 and HIF1α mRNA were examined in human fetal glial cells (HFGCs) and U251 cells using realtime quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and the expression of HIF1α protein was detected with Western blotting.U251 cells in normal culture or transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector (NC group) or pcDNA3.1-MEG3 vector via lipofectamine2000 were exposed to hypoxia for 12h, and the expressions of HIF1α mRNA and protein were detected with qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.MTT assay and Transwell assay were employed to examine the influence of MEG3 overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells.

RESULTS

The expression of MEG3 was significantly lower and HIF1α mRNA and protein expressions were significantly higher in U251 cells than in HFGCs (P < 0.05).In U251 cells, overexpression of MEG3 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF1α(P < 0.05).Hypoxic exposure for 12h also resulted in significantly lowered expression of HIF1α protein in U251 cells (P < 0.05).Overexpression of MEG3 obviously suppressed the proliferation and invasiveness of U251 cells (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

MEG3 overexpression inhibits the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells through suppressing the expression of HIF1α mRNA and protein, suggesting that MEG3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for glioblastomas.

Long Noncoding RNAs in the Metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor worldwide. Metastasis is the main cause of the death of OSCC patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), one of the key factors affecting OSCC metastasis, are a subtype of RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides that has little or no coding potential. In recent years, the important role played by lncRNAs in biological processes, such as chromatin modification, transcription regulation, RNA stability regulation, and mRNA translation, has been gradually revealed. More and more studies have shown that lncRNAs can regulate the metastasis of various tumors including OSCC at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, we mainly discussed the role and possible mechanisms of lncRNAs in OSCC metastasis. Most lncRNAs act as oncogenes and only a few lncRNAs have been shown to inhibit OSCC metastasis. Besides, we briefly introduced the research status of cancer-associated fibroblasts-related lncRNAs in OSCC metastasis. Finally, we discussed the research prospects of lncRNAs-mediated crosstalk between OSCC cells and the tumor microenvironment in OSCC metastasis, especially the potential research value of exosomes and lymphangiogenesis. In general, lncRNAs are expected to be used for screening, treatment, and prognosis monitoring of OSCC metastasis, but more work is still required to better understand the biological function of lncRNAs.

Long noncoding RNA MAGI2-AS3 inhibits bladder cancer progression through MAGI2/PTEN/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) axis

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) are critical regulators of tumor progression.

OBJECTIVE

To determine how the lncRNA membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing 2 (MAG12) antisense RNA 3 (MAGI2-AS3) and the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene function in regulating bladder cancer (Bca) progression.

METHODS

Total RNA from 80 Bca tissues and 30 paired para-cancerous tissues from patients was sequentially extracted, quantified, purified, and reverse transcribed using RT-PCR. A library was constructed and sequenced. Four Bca cell lines and a normal urothelial cell line were transfected with lentiviral plasmids, and cell migration and invasion were assayed in vitro. An orthotopic mouse model of Bca was created for in vivo studies.

RESULTS

MAGI2-AS3 expression was significantly downregulated in Bca, compared with normal tissues, and negatively associated with tumor stage and a poor prognosis. MAGI2-AS3 and its sense RNA MAGI2 showed significant and positive correlation. The expression of MAGI2 and its downstream gene, PTEN, increased in Bca cells overexpressing MAGI2-AS3, and interference by MAGI2 expression reversed the migration and invasion inhibited by MAGI2-AS3 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

MAGI2-AS3 overexpression inhibited Bca cell progression by regulating the MAGI2/PTEN/epithelial-mesenchymal transition, offering novel insights into the mechanism of Bca progression.

CircMEG3 inhibits telomerase activity by reducing Cbf5 in human liver cancer stem cells

Circular RNA (CircRNA) is a newly identified special class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that plays an important regulatory role in the progression of certain diseases. Herein, our results indicate that CircMEG3 is downregulated expression and negatively correlated with the expression of telomerase-related gene Cbf5 in human liver cancer. Moreover, CircMEG3 inhibits the growth of human liver cancer stem cells in vivo and in vitro. CircMEG3 inhibits the expression of m6A methyltransferase METTL3 dependent on HULC. Moreover, CircMEG3 inhibits the expression of Cbf5, a component of telomere synthetase H/ACA ribonucleoprotein (RNP; catalyst RNA pseudouracil modification) through METTL3 dependent on HULC. Thereby, CircMEG3 inhibits telomerase activity and shortens telomere lifespan dependent on HULC and Cbf5 in human liver cancer stem cell. Strikingly, increased Cbf5 abrogates the ability of CircMEG3 to inhibit malignant differentiation of human liver cancer stem cells. In summary, these observations provide important basic information for finding effective liver cancer therapeutic targets.

LncRNA MEG3 contributes to drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia by positively regulating ALG9 through sponging miR-155

INTRODUCTION

The development of drug resistance is the main obstacle for successful treatment in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Noncoding RNAs have been implicated in biological function in AML drug resistance. Aberrant protein glycosylation is associated with AML progression. The aim of the study was to explore the potential regulatory mechanism of lncRNA MEG3/miR-155/ALG9 axis in drug resistance of AML.

METHODS

QRT-PCR and Western blot were used for comparison analyses of ALG9, MEG3, and miR-155 levels. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were determined for drug sensitivity and proliferative capability of AML cells. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the targets of miR-155.

RESULTS

The mannosyltransferase ALG9 and MEG3 was downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of M5/multidrug resistance (MDR) AML patients and adriamycin (ADR)-resistant AML cell lines, which determined a positive correlation in AML patients. Low expression of ALG9 and MEG3 predicted poor prognosis of AML patients. The altered level of ALG9 was found corresponding to the drug-resistant phenotype and sphere formation of AML cells. MiR-155 was overexpressed in M5/MDR patients and ADR-resistant AML cells, as well as inversely correlated to ALG9 expression. MEG3 was a direct target of miR-155 and could sponge miR-155 in AML cells. MEG3 interacted with miR-155 to regulate ALG9 expression, which reversed the effects of ALG9 regulation on proliferation and drug resistance in AML cells.

CONCLUSION

MEG3 sponged miR-155 by competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism, which further modulated ALG9 expression and AML procession, providing a novel therapeutic target for AML chemoresistance.

The HOTAIRM1/miR-107/TDG axis regulates papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation and invasion

The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), HOX antisense intergenic RNA myeloid 1 (HOTAIRM1), has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in various human cancers. However, the overall biological roles and clinical significance of HOTAIRM1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have not been investigated. In this study, we used quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to show that HOTAIRM1 was significantly downregulated in PTC tissues and low HOTAIRM1 expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage. We performed Cell Counting Kit-8, plate colony-formation, flow cytometric apoptosis, transwell, and scratch wound healing assays. Overexpression of HOTAIRM1 was found to inhibit PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. Additionally, we identified miR-107 as a target of HOTAIRM1 using online bioinformatics tools. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to confirm that HOTAIRM1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-107. Furthermore, enhancement of miR-107 could potentially reverse the effects of HOTAIRM1 overexpression in vitro. Inhibition of miR-107 suppressed PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. HOTAIRM1 overexpression and miR-107 inhibition impaired tumorigenesis in vivo in mouse xenografts. Bioinformatics prediction and a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated the binding between miR-107 and the 3'-untranslated region of TDG. The results of qRT-PCR and western blotting assays suggested that HOTAIRM1 could regulate the expression of TDG in an miR-107-meditated manner. In conclusion, we validated HOTAIRM1 as a novel tumor-suppressor lncRNA in PTC and proposed that the HOTAIRM1/miR-107/TDG axis may serve as a therapeutic target for PTC.

Systematic characterization of non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer with negativity for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2). Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) make up most of the transcriptome and are widely present in eukaryotic cells. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests that ncRNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play prominent roles in the tumorigenesis and development of TNBC, but the functions of most ncRNAs have not been fully described. In this review, we systematically elucidate the general characteristics and biogenesis of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, discuss the emerging functions of these ncRNAs in TNBC and present future perspectives in clinical practice.

Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 Activated by Vitamin D Suppresses Glycolysis in Colorectal Cancer via Promoting c-Myc Degradation

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a common tumor, is characterized by a high mortality rate. Long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) serves a regulatory role in the carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancer; however, its role in CRC remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory role and mechanism(s) of MEG3 in CRC. The Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis is characteristic of the metabolism of tumor cells. To determine the effect of MEG3 on glycolysis of CRC cells, we used an XF analyzer to perform glycolysis stress test assays and found that overexpression of MEG3 significantly inhibited glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, as well as lactate production in CRC cells, whereas knockdown of MEG3 produced the opposite effect. Mechanistically, overexpression of MEG3 induced ubiquitin-dependent degradation of c-Myc and inhibited c-Myc target genes involved in the glycolysis pathway such as lactate dehydrogenase A, pyruvate kinase muscle 2, and hexokinase 2. Moreover, we found that MEG3 can be activated by vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR). Clinical data demonstrated that MEG3 was positively associated with serum vitamin D concentrations in patients with CRC. We found that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment increased MEG3 expression, and knockdown of VDR abolished the effect of MEG3 on glycolysis. These results indicate that vitamin D-activated MEG3 suppresses aerobic glycolysis in CRC cells via degradation of c-Myc. Thus, vitamin D may have therapeutic value in the treatment of CRC.

Tumor-suppressor microRNA-139-5p restrains bladder cancer cell line ECV-304 properties via targeting Connexin 43

Background:

In our previous paper, we demonstrated that Connexin 43 (CX43) was highly expressed in bladder cancer (BC) tissues. But the molecular mechanism about microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation upstream of CX43 in BC has not been well elucidated and remains to be further studied. MicroRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) is a tumor suppressor in progression of multifarious cancers including BC. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of CX43/miR-139-5p in tumorigenesis of BC are still not well illustrated. The specific objective of our study was to inquiry the effect of CX43/miR-139-5p on BC progression and its underlying mechanism.

Methods:

The bioinformatics analysis softwares were applied to predict the miRNAs in the upstream of CX43. First, the expression levels of miR-139-5p in BC tissues (tumor) and paracancer tissues (normal) were investigated using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level of miR-139-5p in three human BC cell lines 5637, T24, ECV-304 and a human bladder epithelial immortalized cell line SV-HUC-1 (normal control). Then si-CX43, si-control, miR-139-5p mimic, and its negative control (NC) were transfected into BC cell line ECV-304. The relationship of miR-139-5p and CX43 was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to test the mRNA and protein expression level of CX43. The proliferation of ECV-304 and T24 cells were examined by cell counting kit-8. The migration and invasion of ECV-304 cells were tested by transwell assay. To determine whether miR-139-5p would affect cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting CX43, we executed the rescue assay. The comparison between two groups was analyzed by Student's t test, and comparisons among multiple samples were performed by one-way analysis of variance and a Bonferroni post hoc test.

Results:

The expression of miR-139-5p was remarkably down-regulated in BC tissues (tumor vs. normal, 2.286 ± 0.017 vs. 3.211 ± 0.034, t = 11.540, P < 0.0001) and cell lines (P < 0.01 in all BC cell lines). Besides, we also indicated that over-expression of miR-139-5p reduced the proliferation of ECV-304 (P = 0.001) and T24 cells (P = 0.005). Moreover, miR-139-5p over-expression weakened the invasion (P = 0.001) and migration (P = 0.001) of ECV-304 cells. Furthermore, the relative luciferase activity of CX43-wild type construct was distinctly lessened by up-regulation of miR-139-5p (miR-139-5p mimic NC vs. miR-139-5p mimic, 0.916 ± 0.063 vs. 0.356 ± 0.048, t = 7.085, P = 0.002), nevertheless the activity of CX43-mutant type construct was untouched (miR-139-5p mimic NC vs. miR-139-5p mimic, 0.918 ± 0.057 vs. 0.878 ± 0.039, t = 0.577, P = 0.595). Finally, the rescue assay revealed that CX43 deletion enhanced the depressor effect of miR-139-5p on ECV-304 cell proliferation (P < 0.01), invasion (P = 0.028), and migration (P = 0.014).

Conclusion:

MiR-139-5p, as a tumor-suppressor, repressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in BC, which might be achieved by regulating CX43.

Long non-coding RNA MEG3 functions as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-93 to regulate bladder cancer progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and involved in progression of various human tumors. However, its underlying regulatory mechanism in tumorigenesis of bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. To demonstrate effects of MEG3 on BC cell proliferation and elaborate its regulatory mechanism in BC.

METHODS

Aberrant expressions of MEG3 and miR-93-5p were induced by cell transfection. The mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blot. Cell proliferation was examined by CCK-8 assay and EdU staining. The targeted regulation effect of MEG3 on miR-93-5p was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. The number of LC3 punctated cells was detected by immunofluorescence. Xeno-graft mouse model was constructed for in vivo validation.

RESULTS

MEG3 was down-regulated with increased expression of miR-93-5p in BC cells and tissues. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-93-5p was a direct target of MEG3 and was negatively regulated by MEG3. MEG3 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and the expression of proliferation-, apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. The activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was also suppressed with elevated cell apoptosis. miR-93-5p overexpression counteracted these results. In vivo experiments, we confirmed that miR-93-5p overexpression reversed the MEG3 overexpression-mediated suppression on tumor growth and protein expression.

CONCLUSIONS

lncRNA MEG3 could function as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-93 to regulate the tumorigenesis of BC via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The present research provided a new perspective to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of BC, and an effective therapeutic target for BC.

PHLPP2 is a novel biomarker and epigenetic target for the treatment of vitamin C in pancreatic cancer

Epigenetic dysregulations are closely associated with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is one of the most aggressive malignancies and currently has limited treatment options. Vitamin C (VC), an epigenetic mediator, exerts antitumor effects on several types of cancer. However, the clinical application of VC is limited, particularly in PDAC. Thus, to investigate the antitumor effects and explore the potential clinical application of VC in PDAC, the survival of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were analyzed, and proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays were performed in the present study. It was first established that high expression levels of the sodium‑dependent VC transporter 2, a critical VC transporter, predicted a good prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. It was further confirmed that VC directly inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and suppressed migration of human pancreatic cancer cells. Global 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) content was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells following VC treatment, predominantly relying on ten‑eleven translocation 2. Furthermore, VC could specifically increase 5hmC levels at the promotor region on PH domain leucine‑rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) and enhance PHLPP2 expression levels. When PHLPP2 expression levels were knocked down, VC was able to partially overcome the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells. These results illustrated a novel and precise mechanism of action of epigenetic alterations that underly the inhibition of VC in pancreatic cancer, and emphasized that PHLPP2 may be a new biomarker and epigenetic target for the clinical treatment of VC in PDAC.

Data Mining and Expression Analysis of Differential lncRNA ADAMTS9-AS1 in Prostate Cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). However, the roles of lncRNA-associated ceRNAs in oncogenesis are not fully understood. The present study aims to determine whether a ceRNA network can serve as a prognostic marker in human prostate cancer (PCa). In order to identify a ceRNA network and the key lncRNAs in PCa, we constructed a differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs)-differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis)-differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) regulatory network based on the ceRNA theory using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that the DELs-DEMis-DEMs network was composed of 27 DELs nodes, seven DEMis nodes, and three DEMs nodes. The 27 DELs were further analyzed with several public databases to provide meaningful information for understanding the functional roles of lncRNAs in regulatory networks in PCa. We selected ADAMTS9-AS1 to determine its role in PCa and found that ADAMTS9-AS1 significantly influences tumor cell growth and proliferation, suggesting that it plays a tumor suppressive role. In addition, ADAMTS9-AS1 functioned as ceRNA, effectively becoming a sponge for hsa-mir-96 and modulating the expression of PRDM16. These results suggest that ceRNAs could accelerate biomarker discovery and therapeutic strategies for PCa.

LncRNA MBNL1-AS1 represses cell proliferation and enhances cell apoptosis via targeting miR-135a-5p/PHLPP2/FOXO1 axis in bladder cancer

LncRNAs have been shown to play essential roles in bladder cancer (BC) progress. Our microarrays of clinical samples firstly screened that lncRNA muscleblind‐like 1 antisense RNA 1 (MBNL1‐AS1) was poorly expressed in BC tissues. However, its biological function in BC remains not well understood. Here we examined the clinical correlations with MBNL1‐AS1 in BC patients. Then, 5673 and T24 cell lines were employed to investigate the role of MBNL1‐AS1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of BC cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR‐135a‐5p (miR‐135a)/PHLPP2/FOXO1 axis was focused to explore its regulatory mechanism in BC. The results showed that MBNL1‐AS1 was significantly downregulated in bladder tumor tissues, and associated with BC progression. In vitro, MBNL1‐AS1 knockdown increased the number of viable cells and bromodeoxyuridine‐positive cells, accelerated cell cycle, and dysregulated proliferative regulators (Ki67, p21, p27, and Cyclin D1) in BC cells. The apoptotic cells and the cleavages of caspase‐3/9 were reduced in MBNL1‐AS1‐silenced BC cells. Overexpression of MBNL1‐AS1 had opposite effects on BC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover miR‐135a was demonstrated to interact with MBNL1‐AS1, and inhibiting miR‐135a reversed the effects of shMBNL1‐AS1 on BC cells. The downstream effectors (PHLPP2 and FOXO1) were positively regulated by MBNL1‐AS1, but negatively regulated by miR‐135a. Similar results were also observed in xenograft tumors. In conclusion, this study firstly suggests that MBNL1‐AS1 acts as a tumor suppressor of BC by targeting miR‐135a/PHLPP2/FOXO1 axis, providing a novel insight for BC diagnosis and treatment.

Competing endogenous network analysis identifies lncRNA Meg3 activates inflammatory damage in UVB induced murine skin lesion by sponging miR-93-5p/epiregulin axis

In this study, we obtained the RNA expression data of murine skin tissues of control, and UVB irradiated groups. After the re-annotation of lncRNAs, a gene expression similarity analysis was done by WGCNA. The target mRNA prediction of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and ceRNA regulatory networks were constructed by five lncRNAs, 14 miRNAs and 54 mRNAs, respectively. Based on the ceRNA network of UVB-induced skin lesions, it was evident that the dysregulation of Meg3 has critical effects on the UVB-induced inflammatory lesion of murine skin tissues. The overexpression of Meg3 after UVB irradiation was observed in primary murine skin fibroblasts, and the up-regulated Meg3 expression was related to the activation of the inflammatory cytokines. These functional experiments demonstrated that the RNA silencing of Meg3 in murine skin fibroblasts could suppress the expression of the cytokines (in vitro) and UVB-induced skin lesions (in vivo). Moreover, the Meg3 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that acted as a sponge for miR-93-5p and thereby modulated the expression of Epiregulin (Ereg). Our results proved that Meg3 was involved in UVB-induced skin inflammation and that the ceRNA networks, which includes miR-93-5p and Ereg, could prove to be a potential therapeutic target for UVB-induced skin damage.

Epigenetics of Bladder Cancer: Where Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Meet

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasia of the urothelial tract. Due to its high incidence, prevalence, recurrence and mortality, it remains an unsolved clinical and social problem. The treatment of BC is challenging and, although immunotherapies have revealed potential benefit in a percentage of patients, it remains mostly an incurable disease at its advanced state. Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation, altered chromatin remodeling and deregulated expression of non-coding RNAs are common events in BC and can be driver events in BC pathogenesis. Accordingly, these epigenetic alterations are now being used as potential biomarkers for these disorders and are being envisioned as potential therapeutic targets for the future management of BC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings in these emerging and exciting new aspects paving the way for future clinical treatment of this disease.

Long noncoding RNA ZFPM2-AS1 is involved in lung adenocarcinoma via miR-511-3p/AFF4 pathway

Lung cancer is the dominating cause of cancer-induced death and can be classified into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common histological subtype of NSCLC and its pathology remains unclear. Mounting reports have revealed that lncRNAs could regulate cellular activities in cancers. Yet the role of ZFPM2 antisense RNA 1 (ZFPM2-AS1) in LUAD has not been elucidated. Using GEPIA online dataset, we identified the amplification of ZFPM2-AS1 in LUAD tissues. Through quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, we observed an upregulation of ZFPM2-AS1 in LUAD cell lines. Conducting loss-of-function assays, we found that ZFPM2-AS1 depletion impaired cell viability, suppressed cell migration, and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition progress in LUAD cells. Mechanism investigation manifested that ZFPM2-AS1 was distributed in the cytoplasm of LUAD cells. Moreover, ZFPM2-AS1 functioned as a molecular sponge of miR-511-3p, which was a suppressor in LUAD. Moreover, ZFPM2-AS1 sponged miR-511-3p and thereby deregulated AF4/FMR2 family member 4 (AFF4), a target of miR-511-3p. At length, rescue assays indicated that AFF4 overexpression revived the inhibiting effects of ZFPM2-AS1 knockdown on the biological processes in LUAD. All in all, this study uncovered the function and the mechanism of ZFPM2-AS1 in LUAD.

PHLPP2 as a novel metastatic and prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients

Background

PH domain and leucine‐rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) has been reported to be a potent tumor suppressor in many human cancers. However, PHLPP2 has not been fully researched as a putative clinical prognostic biomarker of lung cancer.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases including data on 1383 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were used to determine PHLPP2 expression. PHLPP2 expression was then examined by immunohistochemistry, and its clinical significance analyzed in 134 NSCLC patients, including 73 patients with adenocarcinoma and 81 with squamous cell carcinoma.

Results

We found PHLPP2 expression to be less pronounced in NSCLC tissue samples than that in nontumoral lung tissues according to data taken from TCGA and GEO datasets; this outcome was further validated by immunohistochemistry assay. The low PHLPP2 expression level was found to be associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003). Importantly, PHLPP2 was found to be an independent indicator of prognosis for overall (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.520, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 0.327–0.827; P = 0.006) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.489, 95% Cl = 0.308–0.775; P = 0.002) in patients with surgically‐resected NSCLC by multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings show that PHLPP2 is a robust clinical marker for NSCLC survival and could serve as a potential therapeutic target.

Comprehensive circular RNA profiling reveals the regulatory role of the hsa_circ_0137606/miR‑1231 pathway in bladder cancer progression

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in males globally. Its progression imposes a heavy burden on patients; however, the expression profile of circular (circ)RNAs in BC progression remains unclear. This study explored changes in circRNA expression during BC progression by sequencing different grade BC samples and normal controls to reveal the circRNA expression profiles of different BC grades. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gens and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, and protein-protein interaction network construction were used to predict pathways that the differentially expressed circRNAs may participate in. circRNA expression levels were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate the interactions between circRNA and microRNA (miR). Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays were also performed to detect cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In total, 244 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in high-grade BC compared to low-grade BC, whilst 316 dysregulated circRNAs were detected in high-grade BC compared with normal urothelium. Furthermore, 42 circRNAs overlapped between the two groups, seven of which were randomly selected and detected by RT-qPCR to validate the sequencing results. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the differentially expressed circRNAs may participate in BC via 'GTPase activity regulation', 'cell junction', and 'focal adhesion' pathways. Of note, we proposed that a novel circRNA in BC progression, hsa_circ_0137606, could suppress BC proliferation and metastasis by sponging miR-1231. Through bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 could be a target of the hsa_circ_0137606/miR-1231 axis in BC progression. Using high-throughput sequencing, this study revealed the circRNA expression profiles of different grades of BC and proposed that the novel circRNA, hsa_circ_0137606, suppresses BC proliferation and metastasis by sponging miR-1231. Our findings may provide novel insight into potential therapeutic targets for treating BC.

MEG3 can affect the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells through regulating miR-376/PRKD1 axis

The down-regulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 has been observed in various cancers; nonetheless, underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The current research work aims at exploring the roles of MEG3 in the pathogenesis of CRC and the associated mechanism. We observed that MEG3 was significantly down-regulated in both CRC tumor tissue and cell lines; also, the transient over-expression of MEG3 in CRC cell line SW480 and LoVo inhibited the proliferation and the migration and clone formation capability of cells; on the other hand, the knockdown of MEG3 has revealed opposite effects. Eventually, we figured it out that target miR-376 directly targeted both MEG3 and PRDK1 in SW480 and LoVo cells. To conclude, as our findings proved, MEG3 is likely to act as a tumor suppressor in the pathogenesis of CRC by means of the regulation of the miR-376/PRDK1 signal axis, suggesting that MEG3 has the potential to become a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.

Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3): A tumor suppressor long non coding RNA

Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on chromosome 14q32.3. Direct sequencing experiments have shown monoallelic expression of this lncRNA. Several studies have shown down-regulation of this lncRNA in human cancers. In some cases, hypermethylation of the promoter region has been suggested as the underlying mechanism. Functional studies have shown that this lncRNA controls expression of several tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes among them are p53, RB, MYC and TGF-β. Through regulation of Wnt-β-catenin pathway, it also affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vitro studies have demonstrated contribution of MEG3 in defining response to chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Certain polymorphisms within MEG3 are implicated in cancer risk (rs7158663, rs4081134 and rs11160608) or therapeutic response of cancer patients (rs10132552). Taken together, this lncRNA is regarded as a putative cancer biomarker and treatment target. In the current review, several aspects of the participation of MEG3 in carcinogenesis are discussed.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Nickel-Induced Lung Carcinogenic Mechanisms

Nickel is a naturally occurring element found in the Earth’s crust and an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)-classified human carcinogen. While low levels found in the natural environment pose a minor concern, the extensive use of nickel in industrial settings such as in the production of stainless steel and various alloys complicate human exposure and health effects. Notably, interactions with nickel macromolecules, primarily through inhalation, have been demonstrated to promote lung cancer. Mechanisms of nickel-carcinogenesis range from oxidative stress, DNA damage, and hypoxia-inducible pathways to epigenetic mechanisms. Recently, non-coding RNAs have drawn increased attention in cancer mechanistic studies. Specifically, nickel has been found to disrupt expression and functions of micro-RNAs and long-non-coding RNAs, resulting in subsequent changes in target gene expression levels, some of which include key cancer genes such as p53, MDM2, c-myc, and AP-1. Non-coding RNAs are also involved in well-studied mechanisms of nickel-induced lung carcinogenesis, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, DNA hypermethylation, and alterations in tumor suppressors and oncogenes. This review provides a summary of the currently known epigenetic mechanisms involved in nickel-induced lung carcinogenesis, with a particular focus on non-coding RNAs.

Arsenic trioxide inhibits EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting lncRNA MEG3 via PKM2

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a great burden for patients worldwide, and metastasis of HCC remains problematic. Arsenic trioxide is a traditional drug that has shown excellent efficacy when applied as cancer therapy. Our study explored the antimetastatic mechanism of arsenic trioxide in HCC. We investigated changes in pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) and maternal expression gene 3 (MEG3) following treatment with arsenic trioxide in HCC cells. Consequently, arsenic trioxide negatively regulated PKM2 and positively regulated MEG3. We explored migration ability and the expression of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related biomarkers E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Vimentin by silencing MEG3 under arsenic trioxide treatment. The wound healing assay showed that arsenic trioxide inhibited the migration of HCC, but silencing MEG3 partially reversed this effect. On the other hand, the EMT-related biomarkers are alleviated under the treatment of arsenic trioxide, but this effect deteriorated when MEG3 is silenced. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which arsenic trioxide inhibits EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting lncRNA MEG3 and PKM2 negatively regulating MEG3.