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LeJeune JT. Predicting and preventing the next viral disease transmitted through food. Food Microbiol 2025; 130:104782. [PMID: 40210399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2025.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Revised: 03/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/12/2025]
Abstract
The ability of viruses to infect humans following oral exposure and disrupt normal physiological or anatomical functions is a hallmark of their potential to cause foodborne disease. While the etiology of the vast majority of foodborne diseases remains undetermined, viruses are often identified as the culprit when the cause is ascertained. Many undiagnosed causes of foodborne illnesses, especially sporadic cases, may go undetected or be caused by yet-to-be-identified viruses. The potential for food to become a transmission vehicle for viral diseases that are not typically acquired following ingestion may be described within the epidemiological paradigm. This model considers the characteristics and interactions of the host (the human), the agent (the virus), and the environment (the food, the food producing animal or the food production environment). Importantly, these factors are not static and evolution of viruses, transformations in agrifood systems, and changes in environmental conditions and human health and behaviour may contribute to increased pathogenicity, virulence, or exposure. In the context of determining the potential for additional viruses to emerge as important causes of foodborne disease, factors that contribute to hazard characterization (e.g., receptor affinity and distribution) and exposure assessment (e.g., prevalence in food animals and food hygiene) are reviewed. Although it is not possible to predict the type, the timing nor the location of the emergence of the next important cause of foodborne viral disease, the deployment and implementation of actions and behaviours related to personal and food hygiene, sanitation, and safe food handling practices can reduce the likelihood and impact of known and emergent viruses on the safety of the food supply and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T LeJeune
- Agrifood Systems and Food Safety Division (ESF), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Wilkins N, Crotta M, Hammami P, Di Bartolo I, Widgren S, Andraud M, Simons RRL. A farm-to-consumption quantitative microbiological risk assessment for hepatitis E in pigs. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2025. [PMID: 40344242 DOI: 10.1111/risa.70035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
Foodborne transmission appears to be a significant route for human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Europe. We have developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) for HEV infection due to consumption of three selected pork products (liver pâté, minced meat, and sliced liver), which models the steps from farm to human consumption in high detail, including within-farm transmission dynamics and microbiological processes such as cross contamination and thermal inactivation. Our model is unique in that it considers prevalence and viral load of two microbiological variables, HEV RNA and infectious HEV, expressing the latter in terms of the former through so-called "adjustment factors" where data are lacking. When the QMRA was parameterized for France and using infectious HEV, we found that sliced liver posed by far the highest risk of infection, with mean probability per portion3.35 × 10 - 4 [ 95 % CI ( 3.28 - 3.42 ) × 10 - 4 ] $3.35\times 10^{-4}\,[95\%\ \text{CI}\ (3.28-3.42)\times 10^{-4}]$ , corresponding to3447 ( 95 % CI 3372 - 3522 ) $3447\,(95\%\ \text{CI}\ 3372-3522)$ human cases annually. For minced meat, the probability of infection was3.68 × 10 - 8 [ 95 % CI ( 3.56 - 3.80 ) × 10 - 8 ] $3.68\times 10^{-8}\,[95\%\ \text{CI}\ (3.56-3.80)\times 10^{-8}]$ , with only21 ( 95 % CI 20 - 21 ) $21\,(95\%\ \text{CI}\ 20-21)$ human cases. While our model predicted appreciable levels of HEV RNA remaining in liver pâté at the point of consumption, the amount of infectious HEV and hence risk of infection was zero, emphasizing the importance of using the correct microbiological variable when assessing the risk to consumers. Owing to its highly mechanistic nature, our QMRA can be used in future work to assess the impact of control measures along the pork-supply chain at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Wilkins
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Matteo Crotta
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Pachka Hammami
- Anses Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Research Unit (EpiSaBE), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Widgren
- Department of Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Assessment, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Anses Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Research Unit (EpiSaBE), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Robin R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
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Santos-Silva S, Lois M, Machado A, Bordalo A, Cruz AVS, Gonçalves HMR, Van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ, Rivero-Juarez A, Romalde JL, Mesquita JR. Environmental Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus and Rat Hepatitis E Virus in Portugal and Spain, 2020-2022. J Med Virol 2025; 97:e70414. [PMID: 40407063 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.70414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 06/09/2025]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (Paslahepevirus balayani [HEV]) is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, with zoonotic genotypes linked to transmission through consumption of raw or undercooked swine meat or products. Recently, Rocahepevirus ratti (RHEV), member of Hepeviridae family, has emerged as a potential public health concern, with some human cases being reported. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of HEV, as well as RHEV in wastewaters from northern Portugal and Spain (nPS). Given the reported decline in HEV detection in swine from several regions of the world, we also aimed to explore HEV and RHEV in fattened swine fecal samples from the same region of the wastewaters. Between April 2020 and January 2022, a total of 44 wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants in nPS, alongside 400 fattened swine fecal samples from five farms of the same regions. Wastewater and swine fecal samples RNA extracts were screened for HEV using pangenotypic RT-qPCR and for RHEV using a RT-qPCR assay followed by characterization using nested RT-PCR. Regarding wastewaters, three tested positive for HEV, while 39 out of 44 tested positive for RHEV. Wastewater analysis in the Iberian Peninsula revealed a predominance of RHEV and a near absence of HEV. The absence of both viruses was observed in the swine fecal samples. This combined analysis showing near/total absence of HEV in wastewaters/fattened swine samples warrants further studies. High levels of RHEV in wastewater might also pose environmental transmission risks, particularly for individuals with occupational exposure, emphasizing the need for enhanced zoonotic virus surveillance in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Lois
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Cross-disciplinary Research Center in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), CIBUS-Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Machado
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Adriano Bordalo
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Andreia V S Cruz
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena M R Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Wim H M Van der Poel
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - António Rivero-Juarez
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Cordoba, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Cross-disciplinary Research Center in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS), CIBUS-Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - João R Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
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Focker M, van Wagenberg CPA, van Asseldonk MAPM, Boxman ILA, Hakze-van der Honing RW, van Asselt ED. Simulation model to estimate the burden of disease due to hepatitis E virus in Dutch pig meat and cost-effectiveness of control measures. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2025. [PMID: 39965906 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can lead to liver disease in humans. In the Netherlands, the consumption of pig meat is thought to be the main contributor to the total burden of disease caused by HEV. In this study, the number of cases and lost disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs) due to HEV in pig meat were estimated by simulating HEV through the pig supply chain, including the farm, transport, lairage, slaughtering, processing, and consumption stages. The first four stages were modeled using a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model. For the last two stages, pig meat and liver products were divided into six product categories commonly consumed by Dutch consumers. Depending on the product category, different ways of heating and storing, leading to the reduction of infectious HEV genome copies, were assumed. Furthermore, the model was challenged by four selected control options at the pig farm: the cleaning of driving boards, the use of predatory flies, the use of rubber mats, and the vaccination of finishing pigs. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of these control measures was estimated by estimating the costs per avoided DALY. For the baseline situation, it was estimated that HEV in pig meat would lead to 70 cases and 21 DALYs per year. All control measures led to a decreased number of DALYs, with vaccination leading to the largest decrease: five DALYs per year. However, the costs per avoided DALY ranged from €0.5 to €7.5 million, making none of the control measures cost-effective unless the control measures are also effective against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C P A van Wagenberg
- Wageningen Economic Research (WEcR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M A P M van Asseldonk
- Wageningen Economic Research (WEcR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I L A Boxman
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R W Hakze-van der Honing
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - E D van Asselt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Bienz M, Renaud C, Liu JR, Wong P, Pelletier P. Hepatitis E Virus in the United States and Canada: Is It Time to Consider Blood Donation Screening? Transfus Med Rev 2024; 38:150835. [PMID: 39059853 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2024.150835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world and can lead to severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. HEV is primarily transmitted through eating pork, which has led to an increased in anti-HEV IgG seropositivity in the general population of Europe in particular. However, it can also be transmitted intravenously, such as through transfusions. The growing evidence of HEV contamination of blood products and documented cases of transmission have given rise to practice changes and blood product screening of HEV in many European countries. This review covers the abundant European literature and focuses on the most recent data pertaining to the prevalence of HEV RNA positivity and IgG seropositivity in the North American general population and in blood products from Canada and the United States. Currently, Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration do not require testing of HEV in blood products. For this reason, awareness among blood product prescribers about the possibility of HEV transmission through blood products is crucial. However, we also demonstrate that the province of Quebec has a prevalence of anti-HEV and HEV RNA positivity similar to some European countries. In light of this, we believe that HEV RNA blood donation screening be reevaluated with the availability of more cost-effective assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bienz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Christian Renaud
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jia Ru Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philip Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelletier
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Hinrichs JB, Kreitlow A, Siekmann L, Plötz M, Kemper N, Abdulmawjood A. Changes in Hepatitis E Virus Contamination during the Production of Liver Sausage from Naturally Contaminated Pig Liver and the Potential of Individual Production Parameters to Reduce Hepatitis E Virus Contamination in the Processing Chain. Pathogens 2024; 13:274. [PMID: 38668229 PMCID: PMC11053659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, changes in hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination in the production of liver sausage from naturally contaminated pork liver were investigated. Furthermore, the potential effectiveness of individual production parameters in reducing viral loads was measured. When processing moderately contaminated liver (initial Cq-value 29), HEV RNA persisted in the finished sausages, even after heating for 90 min at 75 °C. A matrix-specific standard curve was created using a spiking experiment to accurately quantify HEV RNA in a particularly challenging matrix like liver sausage. Variations in product-specific production parameters, including mincing and heating times, showed some reduction in contamination levels, but even prolonged heating did not render all finished products HEV negative. The persistence of HEV contamination underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring in the pig population and raw materials to enhance food safety measures and reduce the likelihood of transmission through pork consumption. The detection of HEV RNA within all processing stages of pork liver in the production of liver sausage suggests that further research into the risk of infection posed by this detection and vigilance in managing HEV risks in the food chain, particularly in pork products, are required to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bernd Hinrichs
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (J.B.H.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonia Kreitlow
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (J.B.H.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Lisa Siekmann
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (J.B.H.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (J.B.H.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviors, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (J.B.H.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (M.P.)
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Dubbert T, Meester M, Smith RP, Tobias TJ, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavoni E, Krumova-Valcheva G, Sassu EL, Prigge C, Aprea G, May H, Althof N, Ianiro G, Żmudzki J, Dimitrova A, Alborali GL, D'Angelantonio D, Scattolini S, Battistelli N, Burow E. Biosecurity measures to control hepatitis E virus on European pig farms. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328284. [PMID: 38983773 PMCID: PMC11231669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is a prevalent zoonotic pathogen in European pig farms, posing a significant public health risk primarily through the foodborne route. The study aimed to identify effective biosecurity measures for controlling HEV transmission on pig farms, addressing a critical gap in current knowledge. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, fecal samples from gilts, dry sows, and fatteners were collected on 231 pig farms of all farm types across nine European countries. Real-time RT-PCR was employed to test these samples for HEV. Simultaneously, a comprehensive biosecurity questionnaire captured data on various potential measures to control HEV. The dependent variable was HEV risk, categorized as lower or higher based on the percentage of positive pooled fecal samples on each farm (25% cut-off). The data were analyzed using generalized linear models (one for finisher samples and one for all samples) with a logit link function with country and farm type as a priori fixed factors. The results of the final multivariable models identified key biosecurity measures associated with lower HEV risk, which were the use of a hygienogram in the breeding (OR: 0.06, p = 0.001) and/or fattening area after cleaning (OR: 0.21, p = 0.019), the presence of a quarantine area (OR: 0.29, p = 0.025), testing and/or treating purchased feed against Salmonella (OR: 0.35, p = 0.021), the presence of other livestock species on the farm, and having five or fewer persons in charge of the pigs. Contrary to expectations, some biosecurity measures were associated with higher HEV risk, e.g., downtime of 3 days or longer after cleaning in the fattening area (OR: 3.49, p = 0.005) or mandatory handwashing for farm personnel when changing barn sections (OR: 3.4, p = 0.026). This novel study unveils critical insights into biosecurity measures effective in controlling HEV on European pig farms. The identification of both protective and risk-associated measures contributes to improving strategies for managing HEV and underscores the complexity of biosecurity in pig farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamino Dubbert
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Meester
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University (UU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tijs J Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University (UU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Reimar Johne
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Food Safety Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gergana Krumova-Valcheva
- National Food Safety Center, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Christopher Prigge
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Department of Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise 'G. Caporale' (IZS), Teramo, Italy
| | - Hannah May
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Althof
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Puławy, Poland
| | - Albena Dimitrova
- National Food Safety Center, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Food Safety Department, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Angelantonio
- Department of Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise 'G. Caporale' (IZS), Teramo, Italy
| | - Silvia Scattolini
- Department of Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise 'G. Caporale' (IZS), Teramo, Italy
| | - Noemi Battistelli
- Department of Food Safety, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise 'G. Caporale' (IZS), Teramo, Italy
| | - Elke Burow
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Department for Rural Development and Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Climate Protection of the State of Brandenburg (MLUK), Potsdam, Germany
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