1
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Woods-Robinson R, Horton MK, Persson KA. A method to computationally screen for tunable properties of crystalline alloys. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 4:100723. [PMID: 37223274 PMCID: PMC10201207 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, high-throughput computational materials searches start from an input set of bulk compounds extracted from material databases, but, in contrast, many real functional materials are heavily engineered mixtures of compounds rather than single bulk compounds. We present a framework and open-source code to automatically construct and analyze possible alloys and solid solutions from a set of existing experimental or calculated ordered compounds, without requiring additional metadata except crystal structure. As a demonstration, we apply this framework to all compounds in the Materials Project to create a new, publicly available database of > 600,000 unique "alloy pair" entries that can be used to search for materials with tunable properties. We exemplify this approach by searching for transparent conductors and reveal candidates that might have been excluded in a traditional screening. This work lays a foundation from which materials databases can go beyond stoichiometric compounds and approach a more realistic description of compositionally tunable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Woods-Robinson
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew K. Horton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Foundry Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Statt MJ, Rohr BA, Guevarra D, Suram SK, Morrell TE, Gregoire JM. The Materials Provenance Store. Sci Data 2023; 10:184. [PMID: 37024515 PMCID: PMC10079965 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a database resulting from high throughput experimentation, primarily on metal oxide solid state materials. The central relational database, the Materials Provenance Store (MPS), manages the metadata and experimental provenance from acquisition of raw materials, through synthesis, to a broad range of materials characterization techniques. Given the primary research goal of materials discovery of solar fuels materials, many of the characterization experiments involve electrochemistry, along with optical, structural, and compositional characterizations. The MPS is populated with all information required for executing common data queries, which typically do not involve direct query of raw data. The result is a database file that can be distributed to users so that they can independently execute queries and subsequently download the data of interest. We propose this strategy as an approach to manage the highly heterogeneous and distributed data that arises from materials science experiments, as demonstrated by the management of over 30 million experiments run on over 12 million samples in the present MPS release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Guevarra
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Morrell
- Caltech Library, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Liquid Sunlight Alliance, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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3
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Crovetto A, Unold T, Zakutayev A. Is Cu 3-x P a Semiconductor, a Metal, or a Semimetal? CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:1259-1272. [PMID: 36818593 PMCID: PMC9933438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent surge in interest in Cu3-x P for catalysis, batteries, and plasmonics, the electronic nature of Cu3-x P remains unclear. Some studies have shown evidence of semiconducting behavior, whereas others have argued that Cu3-x P is a metallic compound. Here, we attempt to resolve this dilemma on the basis of combinatorial thin-film experiments, electronic structure calculations, and semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. We find strong evidence that stoichiometric, defect-free Cu3P is an intrinsic semimetal, i.e., a material with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction band. On the other hand, experimentally realizable Cu3-x P films are always p-type semimetals natively doped by copper vacancies regardless of x. It is not implausible that Cu3-x P samples with very small characteristic sizes (such as small nanoparticles) are semiconductors due to quantum confinement effects that result in the opening of a band gap. We observe high hole mobilities (276 cm2/(V s)) in Cu3-x P films at low temperatures, pointing to low ionized impurity scattering rates in spite of a high doping density. We report an optical effect equivalent to the Burstein-Moss shift, and we assign an infrared absorption peak to bulk interband transitions rather than to a surface plasmon resonance. From a materials processing perspective, this study demonstrates the suitability of reactive sputter deposition for detailed high-throughput studies of emerging metal phosphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crovetto
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109Berlin, Germany
- National
Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109Berlin, Germany
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
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4
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Sherbondy R, Smaha RW, Bartel CJ, Holtz ME, Talley KR, Levy-Wendt B, Perkins CL, Eley S, Zakutayev A, Brennecka GL. High-Throughput Selection and Experimental Realization of Two New Ce-Based Nitride Perovskites: CeMoN 3 and CeWN 3. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:6883-6893. [PMID: 35965892 PMCID: PMC9367680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitride perovskites have only been experimentally realized in very few cases despite the widespread existence and commercial importance of perovskite materials. From oxide perovskites used in ultrasonics to halide perovskites that have revolutionized the photovoltaics industry, the discovery of new perovskite materials has historically impacted a wide number of fields. Here, we add two new perovskites, CeWN3 and CeMoN3, to the list of experimentally realized perovskite nitrides using high-throughput computational screening and subsequent high-throughput thin film growth techniques. Candidate compositions are first down-selected using a tolerance factor and then thermochemical stability. A novel competing fluorite-family phase is identified for both material systems, which we hypothesize is a transient intermediate phase that crystallizes during the evolution from an amorphous material to a stable perovskite. Different processing routes to overcome the competing fluorite phase and obtain phase-pure nitride perovskites are demonstrated for the CeMoN3-x and CeWN3-x material systems, which provide a starting point for the development of future nitride perovskites. Additionally, we find that these new perovskite phases have interesting low-temperature magnetic behavior: CeMoN3-x orders antiferromagnetically below T N ≈ 8 K with indications of strong magnetic frustration, while CeWN3-x exhibits no long-range order down to T = 2 K but has strong antiferromagnetic correlations. This work demonstrates the importance and effectiveness of using high-throughput techniques, both computational and experimental: they are integral to optimize the process of realizing two entirely novel nitride perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sherbondy
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Metallurgical
and Materials Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rebecca W. Smaha
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Christopher J. Bartel
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Megan E. Holtz
- Metallurgical
and Materials Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin R. Talley
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ben Levy-Wendt
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Craig L. Perkins
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Serena Eley
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials
Science Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Geoff L. Brennecka
- Metallurgical
and Materials Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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5
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Greenaway AL, Ke S, Culman T, Talley KR, Mangum JS, Heinselman KN, Kingsbury RS, Smaha RW, Gish MK, Miller EM, Persson KA, Gregoire JM, Bauers SR, Neaton JB, Tamboli AC, Zakutayev A. Zinc Titanium Nitride Semiconductor toward Durable Photoelectrochemical Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13673-13687. [PMID: 35857885 PMCID: PMC9354241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photoelectrochemical fuel generation is a promising route
to sustainable
liquid fuels produced from water and captured carbon dioxide with
sunlight as the energy input. Development of these technologies requires
photoelectrode materials that are both photocatalytically active and
operationally stable in harsh oxidative and/or reductive electrochemical
environments. Such photocatalysts can be discovered based on co-design
principles, wherein design for stability is based on the propensity
for the photocatalyst to self-passivate under operating conditions
and design for photoactivity is based on the ability to integrate
the photocatalyst with established semiconductor substrates. Here,
we report on the synthesis and characterization of zinc titanium nitride
(ZnTiN2) that follows these design rules by having a wurtzite-derived
crystal structure and showing self-passivating surface oxides created
by electrochemical polarization. The sputtered ZnTiN2 thin
films have optical absorption onsets below 2 eV and n-type electrical
conduction of 3 S/cm. The band gap of this material is reduced from
the 3.36 eV theoretical value by cation-site disorder, and the impact
of cation antisites on the band structure of ZnTiN2 is
explored using density functional theory. Under electrochemical polarization,
the ZnTiN2 surfaces have TiO2- or ZnO-like character,
consistent with Materials Project Pourbaix calculations predicting
the formation of stable solid phases under near-neutral pH. These
results show that ZnTiN2 is a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical
liquid fuel generation and demonstrate a new materials design approach
to other photoelectrodes with self-passivating native operational
surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Greenaway
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sijia Ke
- Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theodore Culman
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin R Talley
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John S Mangum
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karen N Heinselman
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan S Kingsbury
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca W Smaha
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sage R Bauers
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adele C Tamboli
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.,Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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6
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Crovetto A, Kojda D, Yi F, Heinselman KN, LaVan DA, Habicht K, Unold T, Zakutayev A. Crystallize It before It Diffuses: Kinetic Stabilization of Thin-Film Phosphorus-Rich Semiconductor CuP 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13334-13343. [PMID: 35822809 PMCID: PMC9335872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Numerous phosphorus-rich metal phosphides containing
both P–P
bonds and metal–P bonds are known from the solid-state chemistry
literature. A method to grow these materials in thin-film form would
be desirable, as thin films are required in many applications and
they are an ideal platform for high-throughput studies. In addition,
the high density and smooth surfaces achievable in thin films are
a significant advantage for characterization of transport and optical
properties. Despite these benefits, there is hardly any published
work on even the simplest binary phosphorus-rich phosphide films.
Here, we demonstrate growth of single-phase CuP2 films
by a two-step process involving reactive sputtering of amorphous CuP2+x and rapid annealing in an inert atmosphere.
At the crystallization temperature, CuP2 is thermodynamically
unstable with respect to Cu3P and P4. However,
CuP2 can be stabilized if the amorphous precursors are
mixed on the atomic scale and are sufficiently close to the desired
composition (neither too P poor nor too P rich). Fast formation of
polycrystalline CuP2, combined with a short annealing time,
makes it possible to bypass the diffusion processes responsible for
decomposition. We find that thin-film CuP2 is a 1.5 eV
band gap semiconductor with interesting properties, such as a high
optical absorption coefficient (above 105 cm–1), low thermal conductivity (1.1 W/(K m)),
and composition-insensitive electrical conductivity (around 1 S/cm).
We anticipate that our processing route can be extended to other phosphorus-rich
phosphides that are still awaiting thin-film synthesis and will lead
to a more complete understanding of these materials and of their potential
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crovetto
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.,Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Kojda
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Yi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen N Heinselman
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David A LaVan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Klaus Habicht
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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7
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Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is believed to have enabled a paradigm shift in materials research, and in practice, ML has demonstrated its power in speeding up the cost-efficient discovery of new materials and autonomizing materials laboratories. In this Perspective, current research progress in materials data which are the backbones of ML are reviewed, focusing on high-throughput data generation, standardized data storage, and data representation. More importantly, the challenging issues in materials data that should be overcome to unlock the full potential of ML in materials research and development, including classic 5V (volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value) issues, 3M (multicomponent, multiscale, and multistage) challenges, co-mining of experimental and computational data, and materials data toward transferable/explainable ML or causal ML, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Integrated Computational Materials Engineering, International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Integrated Computational Materials Engineering, International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhimei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Integrated Computational Materials Engineering, International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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8
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Horton MK, Woods-Robinson R. Addressing the critical need for open experimental databases in materials science. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 2:100411. [PMID: 34950911 PMCID: PMC8672190 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the HTEM, an open online database containing experimental synthesis and characterization data of thin film inorganic materials, Talley et al. (2021) lay a foundation for a new era of high-throughput materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Horton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Woods-Robinson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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