1
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Villajos JA, Balderas-Xicohténcatl R, Al Shakhs AN, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Buckley CE, Cazorla-Amorós D, Charalambopoulou G, Couturas F, Cuevas F, Fairen-Jimenez D, Heinselman KN, Humphries TD, Kaskel S, Kim H, Marco-Lozar JP, Oh H, Parilla PA, Paskevicius M, Senkovska I, Shulda S, Silvestre-Albero J, Steriotis T, Tampaxis C, Hirscher M, Maiwald M. Establishing ZIF-8 as a reference material for hydrogen cryoadsorption: An interlaboratory study. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300794. [PMID: 38165137 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen storage by cryoadsorption on porous materials has the advantages of low material cost, safety, fast kinetics, and high cyclic stability. The further development of this technology requires reliable data on the H2 uptake of the adsorbents, however, even for activated carbons the values between different laboratories show sometimes large discrepancies. So far no reference material for hydrogen cryoadsorption is available. The metal-organic framework ZIF-8 is an ideal material possessing high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability that reduces degradation during handling and activation. Here, we distributed ZIF-8 pellets synthesized by extrusion to 9 laboratories equipped with 15 different experimental setups including gravimetric and volumetric analyzers. The gravimetric H2 uptake of the pellets was measured at 77 K and up to 100 bar showing a high reproducibility between the different laboratories, with a small relative standard deviation of 3-4 % between pressures of 10-100 bar. The effect of operating variables like the amount of sample or analysis temperature was evaluated, remarking the calibration of devices and other correction procedures as the most significant deviation sources. Overall, the reproducible hydrogen cryoadsorption measurements indicate the robustness of the ZIF-8 pellets, which we want to propose as a reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villajos
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Centro Ibérico de Investigación en Almacenamiento Energético (CIIAE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Balderas-Xicohténcatl
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Current address: Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V., Münnchen, Germany
| | - Ali N Al Shakhs
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrice Couturas
- Université Paris Est Creteil (CNRS-ICMPE-UMR7182), Thiais, France
| | - Fermin Cuevas
- Université Paris Est Creteil (CNRS-ICMPE-UMR7182), Thiais, France
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Stefan Kaskel
- Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Hyunlim Kim
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | - Hyunchul Oh
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Shulda
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Denver, USA
| | | | - Theodore Steriotis
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Tampaxis
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Bell RT, Strange NA, Plattenberger DA, Shulda S, Park JE, Ambrosini A, Heinselman KN, Sugar JD, Parilla PA, Coker EN, McDaniel A, Ginley DS. Synthesis and structure of high-purity BaCe 0.25Mn 0.75O 3: an improved material for thermochemical water splitting. Acta Crystallogr Sect B 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar thermochemical hydrogen production (STCH) via redox-active metal oxides is an approach for direct solar-driven hydrogen generation typically using a high-temperature redox cycle involving refractory oxides and steam. Typical cycles involve high-temperature reduction of oxides to form oxygen vacancies, followed by lower temperature reaction between oxygen vacancies and steam where the oxide is re-oxidized and the steam is reduced to hydrogen. Only a few materials have demonstrated reversible cycling under the typically harsh STCH conditions (e.g. 1500°C reduction, 900°C re-oxidation) and critical questions remain on the true reversibility of non-stoichiometric multi-cation oxide systems, significantly hampered by the lack of single-phase samples for these material systems. To date, most STCH processes have relied on CeO2 as a benchmark active material, but more recently, the 12R phase of BaCe0.25Mn0.75O3 (BCM) has demonstrated greater hydrogen-generation potential at lower peak temperatures. However, previous reports of 12R-BCM have included large fractions, > 10 wt%, of secondary phases, which complicate analysis of the stability and performance. A comprehensive understanding of the redox mechanism and reversibility of the process in BCM can only be achieved with nearly single-phase samples which, to date, have been difficult to produce. Here two approaches to BCM synthesis are reported: solid state and sol–gel-based routes. It is demonstrated that both routes can be tuned to produce the 12R structure with > 97 wt% yield when annealed ≥1450°C. Herein synchrotron-based diffraction measurements of rhombohedral 12R-BCM enabled characterization of the anisotropy between thermal expansion along the c-axis and within the ab plane. The impact of high-temperature redox cycling on the stability and phase fraction of the 12R-BCM polytype was also investigated. These results offer two viable routes for synthesis of high-purity 12R-BCM critically needed for evaluating the efficacy of BCM as a STCH material and validate its ability to split water at lower temperatures over extended numbers of redox cycles.
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3
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Greenaway AL, Ke S, Culman T, Talley KR, Mangum JS, Heinselman KN, Kingsbury RS, Smaha RW, Gish MK, Miller EM, Persson KA, Gregoire JM, Bauers SR, Neaton JB, Tamboli AC, Zakutayev A. Zinc Titanium Nitride Semiconductor toward Durable Photoelectrochemical Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13673-13687. [PMID: 35857885 PMCID: PMC9354241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photoelectrochemical fuel generation is a promising route
to sustainable
liquid fuels produced from water and captured carbon dioxide with
sunlight as the energy input. Development of these technologies requires
photoelectrode materials that are both photocatalytically active and
operationally stable in harsh oxidative and/or reductive electrochemical
environments. Such photocatalysts can be discovered based on co-design
principles, wherein design for stability is based on the propensity
for the photocatalyst to self-passivate under operating conditions
and design for photoactivity is based on the ability to integrate
the photocatalyst with established semiconductor substrates. Here,
we report on the synthesis and characterization of zinc titanium nitride
(ZnTiN2) that follows these design rules by having a wurtzite-derived
crystal structure and showing self-passivating surface oxides created
by electrochemical polarization. The sputtered ZnTiN2 thin
films have optical absorption onsets below 2 eV and n-type electrical
conduction of 3 S/cm. The band gap of this material is reduced from
the 3.36 eV theoretical value by cation-site disorder, and the impact
of cation antisites on the band structure of ZnTiN2 is
explored using density functional theory. Under electrochemical polarization,
the ZnTiN2 surfaces have TiO2- or ZnO-like character,
consistent with Materials Project Pourbaix calculations predicting
the formation of stable solid phases under near-neutral pH. These
results show that ZnTiN2 is a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical
liquid fuel generation and demonstrate a new materials design approach
to other photoelectrodes with self-passivating native operational
surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Greenaway
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sijia Ke
- Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Theodore Culman
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin R Talley
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John S Mangum
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karen N Heinselman
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan S Kingsbury
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca W Smaha
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M Gregoire
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sage R Bauers
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adele C Tamboli
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.,Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Chemical and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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4
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Crovetto A, Kojda D, Yi F, Heinselman KN, LaVan DA, Habicht K, Unold T, Zakutayev A. Crystallize It before It Diffuses: Kinetic Stabilization of Thin-Film Phosphorus-Rich Semiconductor CuP 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13334-13343. [PMID: 35822809 PMCID: PMC9335872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Numerous phosphorus-rich metal phosphides containing
both P–P
bonds and metal–P bonds are known from the solid-state chemistry
literature. A method to grow these materials in thin-film form would
be desirable, as thin films are required in many applications and
they are an ideal platform for high-throughput studies. In addition,
the high density and smooth surfaces achievable in thin films are
a significant advantage for characterization of transport and optical
properties. Despite these benefits, there is hardly any published
work on even the simplest binary phosphorus-rich phosphide films.
Here, we demonstrate growth of single-phase CuP2 films
by a two-step process involving reactive sputtering of amorphous CuP2+x and rapid annealing in an inert atmosphere.
At the crystallization temperature, CuP2 is thermodynamically
unstable with respect to Cu3P and P4. However,
CuP2 can be stabilized if the amorphous precursors are
mixed on the atomic scale and are sufficiently close to the desired
composition (neither too P poor nor too P rich). Fast formation of
polycrystalline CuP2, combined with a short annealing time,
makes it possible to bypass the diffusion processes responsible for
decomposition. We find that thin-film CuP2 is a 1.5 eV
band gap semiconductor with interesting properties, such as a high
optical absorption coefficient (above 105 cm–1), low thermal conductivity (1.1 W/(K m)),
and composition-insensitive electrical conductivity (around 1 S/cm).
We anticipate that our processing route can be extended to other phosphorus-rich
phosphides that are still awaiting thin-film synthesis and will lead
to a more complete understanding of these materials and of their potential
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crovetto
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.,Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Kojda
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Feng Yi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen N Heinselman
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David A LaVan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Klaus Habicht
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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5
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Willis J, Bravić I, Schnepf RR, Heinselman KN, Monserrat B, Unold T, Zakutayev A, Scanlon DO, Crovetto A. Prediction and realisation of high mobility and degenerate p-type conductivity in CaCuP thin films. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5872-5883. [PMID: 35685803 PMCID: PMC9132065 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphides are interesting candidates for hole transport materials and p-type transparent conducting applications, capable of achieving greater valence band dispersion than their oxide counterparts due to the higher lying energy and increased size of the P 3p orbital. After computational identification of the indirect-gap semiconductor CaCuP as a promising candidate, we now report reactive sputter deposition of phase-pure p-type CaCuP thin films. Their intrinsic hole concentration and hole mobility exceed 1 × 1020 cm−3 and 35 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, respectively. Transport calculations indicate potential for even higher mobilities. Copper vacancies are identified as the main source of conductivity, displaying markedly different behaviour compared to typical p-type transparent conductors, leading to improved electronic properties. The optical transparency of CaCuP films is lower than expected from first principles calculations of phonon-mediated indirect transitions. This discrepancy could be partly attributed to crystalline imperfections within the films, increasing the strength of indirect transitions. We determine the transparent conductor figure of merit of CaCuP films as a function of composition, revealing links between stoichiometry, crystalline quality, and opto-electronic properties. These findings provide a promising initial assessment of the viability of CaCuP as a p-type transparent contact. We synthesize air-stable, p-type CaCuP thin films with high hole concentration and high hole mobility as potential p-type transparent conductors. We study their optoelectronic properties in detail by advanced experimental and computational methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK .,Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Ivona Bravić
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Rekha R Schnepf
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA .,Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | | | - Bartomeu Monserrat
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK.,Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, GmbH Berlin Germany
| | | | - David O Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK .,Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Andrea Crovetto
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA .,Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, GmbH Berlin Germany
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6
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Greenaway AL, Loutris AL, Heinselman KN, Melamed CL, Schnepf RR, Tellekamp MB, Woods-Robinson R, Sherbondy R, Bardgett D, Bauers S, Zakutayev A, Christensen ST, Lany S, Tamboli AC. Combinatorial Synthesis of Magnesium Tin Nitride Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8421-8430. [PMID: 32279492 PMCID: PMC10905991 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitride materials feature strong chemical bonding character that leads to unique crystal structures, but many ternary nitride chemical spaces remain experimentally unexplored. The search for previously undiscovered ternary nitrides is also an opportunity to explore unique materials properties, such as transitions between cation-ordered and -disordered structures, as well as to identify candidate materials for optoelectronic applications. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental study of MgSnN2, an emerging II-IV-N2 compound, for the first time mapping phase composition and crystal structure, and examining its optoelectronic properties computationally and experimentally. We demonstrate combinatorial cosputtering of cation-disordered, wurtzite-type MgSnN2 across a range of cation compositions and temperatures, as well as the unexpected formation of a secondary, rocksalt-type phase of MgSnN2 at Mg-rich compositions and low temperatures. A computational structure search shows that the rocksalt-type phase is substantially metastable (>70 meV/atom) compared to the wurtzite-type ground state. Spectroscopic ellipsometry reveals optical absorption onsets around 2 eV, consistent with band gap tuning via cation disorder. Finally, we demonstrate epitaxial growth of a mixed wurtzite-rocksalt MgSnN2 on GaN, highlighting an opportunity for polymorphic control via epitaxy. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of MgSnN2 as a model ternary nitride, with controlled polymorphism, and for device applications, enabled by control of optoelectronic properties via cation ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L. Greenaway
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Amanda L. Loutris
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karen N. Heinselman
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Celeste L. Melamed
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rekha R. Schnepf
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - M. Brooks Tellekamp
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rachel Woods-Robinson
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Applied
Science and Technology Graduate Group, University
of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
| | - Rachel Sherbondy
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan Bardgett
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sage Bauers
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Steven T. Christensen
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stephan Lany
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Adele C. Tamboli
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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7
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Talley KR, Bauers SR, Melamed CL, Papac MC, Heinselman KN, Khan I, Roberts DM, Jacobson V, Mis A, Brennecka GL, Perkins JD, Zakutayev A. COMBIgor: Data-Analysis Package for Combinatorial Materials Science. ACS Comb Sci 2019; 21:537-547. [PMID: 31121098 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial experiments involve synthesis of sample libraries with lateral composition gradients requiring spatially resolved characterization of structure and properties. Because of the maturation of combinatorial methods and their successful application in many fields, the modern combinatorial laboratory produces diverse and complex data sets requiring advanced analysis and visualization techniques. In order to utilize these large data sets to uncover new knowledge, the combinatorial scientist must engage in data science. For data science tasks, most laboratories adopt common-purpose data management and visualization software. However, processing and cross-correlating data from various measurement tools is no small task for such generic programs. Here we describe COMBIgor, a purpose-built open-source software package written in the commercial Igor Pro environment and designed to offer a systematic approach to loading, storing, processing, and visualizing combinatorial data. It includes (1) methods for loading and storing data sets from combinatorial libraries, (2) routines for streamlined data processing, and (3) data-analysis and -visualization features to construct figures. Most importantly, COMBIgor is designed to be easily customized by a laboratory, group, or individual in order to integrate additional instruments and data-processing algorithms. Utilizing the capabilities of COMBIgor can significantly reduce the burden of data management on the combinatorial scientist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Talley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sage R. Bauers
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Celeste L. Melamed
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Meagan C. Papac
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karen N. Heinselman
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dennice M. Roberts
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Valerie Jacobson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Allison Mis
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Geoff L. Brennecka
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - John D. Perkins
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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