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Benvenuti S. Weed Role for Pollinator in the Agroecosystem: Plant-Insect Interactions and Agronomic Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2249. [PMID: 39204685 PMCID: PMC11359367 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in safeguarding agroecosystem biodiversity has led to interest in studying ecological interactions among the various organisms present within the agroecosystem. Indeed, mutualisms between weeds and pollinators are of crucial importance as they influence the respective survival dynamics. In this review, the mutualistic role of flower visitors and the possible (often predominant) abiotic alternatives to insect pollination (self- and wind-pollination) are investigated. Mutualistic relations are discussed in terms of reward (pollen and/or nectar) and attractiveness (color, shape, scent, nectar quality and quantity), analyzing whether and to what extent typical weeds are linked to pollinators by rigid (specialization) or flexible (generalization) mutualistic relations. The entomofauna involved is composed mainly of solitary and social bees, bumblebees, Diptera, and Lepidoptera. While some of these pollinators are polylectic, others are oligolectic, depending on the shape of their mouthparts, which can be suited to explore the flower corollas as function of their depths. Consequently, the persistence dynamics of weed species show more successful survival in plants that are basically (occasional insect pollination) or totally (self and/or wind pollination) unspecialized in mutualistic relations. However, even weed species with typical abiotic pollination are at times visited during periods such as late summer, in which plants with more abundant rewards are insufficiently present or completely absent. Many typically insect-pollinated weeds can represent a valid indicator of the ecological sustainability of crop management techniques, as their survival dynamics are closely dependent on the biodiversity of the surrounding entomofauna. In particular, the presence of plant communities of species pollinated above all by butterflies (e.g., several Caryophyllaceae) gives evidence to the ecological compatibility of the previous agronomic management, in the sense that butterflies require certain weed species for oviposition and subsequent larva rearing and, therefore, provide further evidence of plant biodiversity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benvenuti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Hu Q, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Wen S, Wang J, Wang M, Li H. The identification and functional characterization of the LcMCT gene from Liriodendron chinense reveals its potenatial role in carotenoids biosyanthesis. Gene 2024; 902:148180. [PMID: 38253298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are not only important component of plant floral scent, but also indispensable elements in the formation of floral color. The petals of Liriodendron chinense are rich in tetraterpene carotenoids and release large amounts of volatile monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds during full blooming stage. However, the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis is not clear in L. chinense. In this study, we identified a LcMCT gene and characterized its potential function in carotenoids biosynthesis. A total of 2947 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discerned from the transcriptomic data of L. chinense petals, with a significant enrichment of DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. After comprehensive analysis on these DEGs, the LcMCT gene was selected for subsequent function characterization. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that LcMCT was expressed at the highest level in the petals during full blooming stage, suggesting a possible role in carotenoids biosynthesis and volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. Subcellular localization showed that the LcMCT protein was localized in the chloroplast. Overexpression of LcMCT in Arabidopsis thaliana affected the expression levels of MEP pathway genes. Moreover, the MCT enzyme activity and carotenoids contents in transgenic A. thaliana were increased by 69.27% and 15.57%, respectively. These results suggest that LcMCT promotes the biosynthesis of terpenoid precursors via the MEP pathway. Our work lays a foundation for exploring the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhonghua Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaoying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Minxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huogen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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3
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Cordeiro GD, Dötterl S. Global warming impairs the olfactory floral signaling in strawberry. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:549. [PMID: 37936058 PMCID: PMC10631152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming is expected to impact the chemical communication between flowering plants and their pollinators. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether and how temperature-induced changes in scent emission affect pollinator behavior. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a plant primarily pollinated by bees and hoverflies, with the former group being particularly attracted to the floral scent they emit. RESULTS Using chemical analytical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches we tested whether temperature-induced shifts in floral scent of strawberry affect chemical communication with its main bee pollinators (Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Osmia bicornis). While strawberry flowers in the optimum scenario released 10.4 ng/flower/hour, mainly p-anisaldehyde (81%) and seven other scent compounds, in the warmer scenario, the flowers did not emit any detectable scent. In the behavioral experiments, the pollinators were attracted by the scents of the optimum scenario. CONCLUSIONS We predict that the absence of detectable scent emissions from strawberry plants grown under heat stress will reduce the attractiveness of the flowers to the bee pollinators. Our study raises important ecological and agricultural questions, as decreased attractiveness of flowers to pollinators might potentially lead to insufficient bee pollination, with potential negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and crop yields, particularly in regions reliant on bees as primary pollinators. Given that our study centered on bee pollinators, it is needed to conduct further research to evaluate the impact on hoverflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaraci Duran Cordeiro
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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4
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Xue Y, Shan Y, Yao JL, Wang R, Xu S, Liu D, Ye Z, Lin J, Li X, Xue C, Wu J. The transcription factor PbrMYB24 regulates lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in stone cells of pear fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1997-2014. [PMID: 37011145 PMCID: PMC10315299 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignified stone cell content is a key factor used to evaluate fruit quality, influencing the economic value of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruits. However, our understanding of the regulatory networks of stone cell formation is limited due to the complex secondary metabolic pathway. In this study, we used a combination of co-expression network analysis, gene expression profiles, and transcriptome analysis in different pear cultivars with varied stone cell content to identify a hub MYB gene, PbrMYB24. The relative expression of PbrMYB24 in fruit flesh was significantly correlated with the contents of stone cells, lignin, and cellulose. We then verified the function of PbrMYB24 in regulating lignin and cellulose formation via genetic transformation in homologous and heterologous systems. We constructed a high-efficiency verification system for lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes in pear callus. PbrMYB24 transcriptionally activated multiple target genes involved in stone cell formation. On the one hand, PbrMYB24 activated the transcription of lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes by binding to different cis-elements [AC-I (ACCTACC) element, AC-II (ACCAACC) element and MYB-binding sites (MBS)]. On the other hand, PbrMYB24 bound directly to the promoters of PbrMYB169 and NAC STONE CELL PROMOTING FACTOR (PbrNSC), activating the gene expression. Moreover, both PbrMYB169 and PbrNSC activated the promoter of PbrMYB24, enhancing gene expression. This study improves our understanding of lignin and cellulose synthesis regulation in pear fruits through identifying a regulator and establishing a regulatory network. This knowledge will be useful for reducing the stone cell content in pears via molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Xue
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yanfei Shan
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Runze Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shaozhuo Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
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5
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Zhang P, Sari EF, McCullough MJ, Cirillo N. Metabolomic Profile of Indonesian Betel Quids. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1469. [PMID: 36291678 PMCID: PMC9599835 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of areca nut alone, or in the form of betel quid (BQ), has negative health effects and is carcinogenic to humans. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of areca nuts worldwide, yet little is known about the biomolecular composition of Indonesian areca nuts and BQs. We have recently shown that phenolic and alkaloid content of Indonesian BQs exhibits distinct geographical differences. Here, we profiled for the first time the metabolomics of BQ constituents from four regions of Indonesia using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In addition to well-known alkaloids, the analysis of small-molecule profiles tentatively identified 92 phytochemicals in BQ. These included mainly benzenoids and terpenes, as well as acids, aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. Safrole, a potentially genotoxic benzenoid, was found abundantly in betel (Piper betle) inflorescence from West Papua and was not detected in areca nut samples from any Indonesian region except West Papua. Terpenes were mostly detected in betel leaves and inflorescence/stem. Areca nut, husk, betel leaf, the inflorescence stem, and BQ mixture expressed distinctive metabolite patterns, and a significant variation in the content and concentration of metabolites was found across different geographical regions. In summary, this was the first metabolomic study of BQs using GC-MS. The results demonstrate that the molecular constituents of BQs vary geographically and suggest that the differential disease-inducing capacity of BQs may reflect their distinct chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Fitriana Sari
- Discipline of Dentistry, Department of Rural Clinical Science, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
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Movahedi A, Wei H, Pucker B, Ghaderi-Zefrehei M, Rasouli F, Kiani-Pouya A, Jiang T, Zhuge Q, Yang L, Zhou X. Isoprenoid biosynthesis regulation in poplars by methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonic acid pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968780. [PMID: 36247639 PMCID: PMC9562105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to develop plant isoprenoid production when dealing with human-demanded industries such as flavoring, aroma, pigment, pharmaceuticals, and biomass used for biofuels. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) plant pathways contribute to the dynamic production of isoprenoid compounds. Still, the cross-talk between MVA and MEP in isoprenoid biosynthesis is not quite recognized. Regarding the rate-limiting steps in the MEP pathway through catalyzing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and also the rate-limiting step in the MVA pathway through catalyzing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), the characterization and function of HMGR from Populus trichocarpa (PtHMGR) were analyzed. The results indicated that PtHMGR overexpressors (OEs) displayed various MEP and MVA-related gene expressions compared to NT poplars. The overexpression of PtDXR upregulated MEP-related genes and downregulated MVA-related genes. The overexpression of PtDXR and PtHMGR affected the isoprenoid production involved in both MVA and MEP pathways. Here, results illustrated that the PtHMGR and PtDXR play significant roles in regulating MEP and MVA-related genes and derived isoprenoids. This study clarifies cross-talk between MVA and MEP pathways. It demonstrates the key functions of HMGR and DXR in this cross-talk, which significantly contribute to regulate isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Movahedi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology and BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Fatemeh Rasouli
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ali Kiani-Pouya
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhuge,
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Liming Yang,
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Xiaohong Zhou,
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7
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Transcriptome-Based WGCNA Analysis Reveals Regulated Metabolite Fluxes between Floral Color and Scent in Narcissus tazetta Flower. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158249. [PMID: 34361014 PMCID: PMC8348138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between the scent and color of Narcissus tazetta flowers can be anticipated due to their biochemical origin, as well as their similar biological role. Despite the obvious aesthetic and ecological significance of these colorful and fragrant components of the flowers and the molecular profiles of their pigments, fragrant formation has addressed in some cases. However, the regulatory mechanism of the correlation of fragrant components and color patterns is less clear. We simultaneously used one way to address how floral color and fragrant formation in different tissues are generated during the development of an individual plant by transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A spatiotemporal pattern variation of flavonols/carotenoids/chlorophyll pigmentation and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid/ monoterpene fragrant components between the tepal and corona in the flower tissues of Narcissus tazetta, was exhibited. Several candidate transcription factors: MYB12, MYB1, AP2-ERF, bZIP, NAC, MYB, C2C2, C2H2 and GRAS are shown to be associated with metabolite flux, the phenylpropanoid pathway to the production of flavonols/anthocyanin, as well as related to one branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway to the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid component in the tepal and the metabolite flux between the monoterpene and carotenoids biosynthesis pathway in coronas. It indicates that potential competition exists between floral pigment and floral fragrance during Narcissus tazetta individual plant development and evolutionary development.
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8
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Xu S, Kreitzer C, McGale E, Lackus ND, Guo H, Köllner TG, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Zhou W. Allelic differences of clustered terpene synthases contribute to correlated intraspecific variation of floral and herbivory-induced volatiles in a wild tobacco. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1083-1096. [PMID: 32535930 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defense and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defense and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co-evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, due either to pleiotropy or to genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co-evolving defense and floral traits is scarce. We characterized intraspecific variation of herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), the key components of indirect defense against herbivores, and floral volatiles in wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. We found that variation of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene contributed to the correlated changes in HIPVs and floral volatiles among N. attenuata natural accessions. Intraspecific variations of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emissions resulted from allelic variation of two genetically co-localized terpene synthase genes, NaTPS25 and NaTPS38, respectively. Analyzing haplotypes of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 revealed that allelic variations of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 resulted in correlated changes of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emission in HIPVs and floral volatiles in N. attenuata. Together, these results provide evidence that pleiotropy and genetic linkage result in correlated changes in defenses and floral signals in natural populations, and the evolution of plant volatiles is probably under diffuse selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreitzer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Geography & Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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9
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Chatterjee P, Kanagendran A, Samaddar S, Pazouki L, Sa TM, Niinemets Ü. Influence of Brevibacterium linens RS16 on foliage photosynthetic and volatile emission characteristics upon heat stress in Eucalyptus grandis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134453. [PMID: 31670196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces secondary metabolic changes in plants, channeling photosynthetic carbon and energy, away from primary metabolic processes, including, growth. Use of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase containing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in conferring heat resistance in plants and the role of PGPB, in altering net carbon assimilation, constitutive and stress volatile emissions has not been studied yet. We exposed leaves of Eucalyptus grandis inoculated and non-inoculated with PGPB Brevibacterium linens RS16 to two levels of heat stress (37 °C and 41 °C for 5 min) and quantified temporal changes in foliage photosynthetic characteristics and volatile emission rates at 0.5 h, day 1 and day 5 after the stress application. Heat stress resulted in immediate reductions in dark-adapted photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (Fv/Fm), net assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), and enhancement of stress volatile emissions, including enhanced emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLV), mono- and sesquiterpenes, light weight oxygenated volatile organic compounds (LOC), geranyl-geranyl diphosphate pathway volatiles (GGDP), saturated aldehydes, and benzenoids, with partial recovery by day 5. Changes in stress-induced volatiles were always less in leaves inoculated with B. linens RS16. However, net assimilation rate was enhanced by bacterial inoculation only in the 37 °C treatment and overall reduction of isoprene emissions was observed in bacterially-treated leaves. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that different stress applications influenced specific volatile organic compounds. In addition, changes in the expression analysis of heat shock protein 70 gene (DnaK) gene in B. linens RS16 upon exposure to higher temperatures further indicated that B. linens RS16 has developed its own heat resistance mechanism to survive under higher temperature regimes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that foliar application of ACC deaminase containing PGPB can ameliorate heat stress effects in realistic biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; FARCE Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tong-Min Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
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10
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Hammerbacher A, Coutinho TA, Gershenzon J. Roles of plant volatiles in defence against microbial pathogens and microbial exploitation of volatiles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2827-2843. [PMID: 31222757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a large variety of volatile organic compounds during infection by pathogenic microbes, including terpenes, aromatics, nitrogen-containing compounds, and fatty acid derivatives, as well as the volatile plant hormones, methyl jasmonate, and methyl salicylate. Given the general antimicrobial activity of plant volatiles and the timing of emission following infection, these compounds have often been assumed to function in defence against pathogens without much solid evidence. In this review, we critically evaluate current knowledge on the toxicity of volatiles to fungi, bacteria, and viruses and their role in plant resistance as well as how they act to induce systemic resistance in uninfected parts of the plant and in neighbouring plants. We also discuss how microbes can detoxify plant volatiles and exploit them as nutrients, attractants for insect vectors, and inducers of volatile emissions, which stimulate immune responses that make plants more susceptible to infection. Although much more is known about plant volatile-herbivore interactions, knowledge of volatile-microbe interactions is growing and it may eventually be possible to harness plant volatiles to reduce disease in agriculture and forestry. Future research in this field can be facilitated by making use of the analytical and molecular tools generated by the prolific research on plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Teresa A Coutinho
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Ma D, Constabel CP. MYB Repressors as Regulators of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:275-289. [PMID: 30704824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway gives rise to lignin, flavonoids, and other metabolites and is regulated by MYB transcription factors. Many R2R3-MYB transcriptional activators are known, but the prevalence of MYB repressors has only recently become recognized. This review article summarizes recent progress on function and mechanism of these MYB repressors. The characterized phenylpropanoid R2R3-MYB repressors comprise two phylogenetic clades that act on the lignin and general phenylpropanoid genes, or the flavonoid genes, respectively; anthocyanin R3-MYB repressors form a separate clade. While some flavonoid MYBs repressors can bind basic-helix-loop-helix factors and disrupt the MBW complex, for the lignin repressor MYBs interactions with promoter cis-elements have been demonstrated. The role of the conserved repression motifs that define the MYB repressors is not yet known, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ma
- Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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12
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Ma D, Reichelt M, Yoshida K, Gershenzon J, Constabel CP. Two R2R3-MYB proteins are broad repressors of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid metabolism in poplar. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:949-965. [PMID: 30176084 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway leads to the production of many important plant secondary metabolites including lignin, chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides. Early studies have demonstrated that flavonoid biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated, often by a MYB, bHLH, and WDR transcription factor complex. In poplar, several R2R3 MYB transcription factors are known to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Previous work determined that poplar MYB134 and MYB115 are major activators of the proanthocyanidin pathway, and also induce the expression of repressor-like MYB transcription factors. Here we characterize two new repressor MYBs, poplar MYB165 and MYB194, paralogs which comprise a subgroup of R2R3-MYBs distinct from previously reported poplar repressors. Both MYB165 and MYB194 repressed the activation of flavonoid promoters by MYB134 in transient activation assays, and both interacted with a co-expressed bHLH transcription factor, bHLH131, in yeast two-hybrid assays. Overexpression of MYB165 and MYB194 in hybrid poplar resulted in greatly reduced accumulation of several phenylpropanoids including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid esters. Transcriptome analysis of MYB165- and MYB194-overexpressing poplars confirmed repression of many phenylpropanoid enzyme genes. In addition, other MYB genes as well as several shikimate pathway enzyme genes were downregulated by MYB165-overexpression. By contrast, leaf aromatic amino acid concentrations were greater in MYB165-overexpressing poplars. Our findings indicate that MYB165 is a major repressor of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathway in poplar, and may also affect the shikimate pathway. The coordinated action of repressor and activator MYBs could be important for the fine tuning of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis during development or following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ma
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Kazuko Yoshida
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
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13
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Wang X, Song H, Sun M, Zhu Z, Xing G, Xu X, Gao M, Hou L, Li M. Digital gene expression analysis during floral transition in pak choi ( Brassica rapasubsp . chinensis). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1307141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Mengxia Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guoming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Meiying Gao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Leiping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, P. R. China
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14
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Kajiura H, Suzuki N, Tokumoto Y, Yoshizawa T, Takeno S, Fujiyama K, Kaneko Y, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Two Eucommia farnesyl diphosphate synthases exhibit distinct enzymatic properties leading to end product preferences. Biochimie 2017; 139:95-106. [PMID: 28478108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prenyl precursors for the production of primary and secondary metabolites, including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids and ubiquinones, and for the modification of proteins. Here we identified and characterized two FPSs (EuFPS1 and EuFPS2) from the plant Eucommia ulmoides. The EuFPSs had seven highly conserved prenyltransferase-specific domains that are critical for activity. Complementation and biochemical analyses using bacterially produced recombinant EuFPS isoforms showed that the EuFPSs had FPP synthesis activities both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the typical reaction mechanisms of FPS, EuFPSs utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate and participated in further elongation of the isoprenyl chain, resulting in the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. However, despite the high amino acid similarities between the two EuFPS isozymes, their specific activities, substrate preferences, and final reaction products were different. The use of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as an allylic substrate highlighted the differences between the two enzymes: depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulated geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesized little geranyl diphosphate. The reaction kinetics of the EuFPSs demonstrated that isopentenyl diphosphate and DMAPP were used both as substrates and as inhibitors of EuFPS activity. Taken together, the results indicate that the biosynthesis of FPP is highly regulated by various factors indispensable for EuFPS reactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan; Laboratory of Forest Ecology & Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, E1-1 (300), Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.
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Jia S, Wang Y, Hu J, Ding Z, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Wang H. Mineral and metabolic profiles in tea leaves and flowers during flower development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:316-326. [PMID: 27372442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops in the world, and the physiological processes and gene regulations involved in development in tea plants have been well characterized. However, relatively little is known about the metabolic changes combined with mineral distributions that occur during flower development. Here we detected the contents of 11 elements in tea leaves and flowers and found that, some of them, especially phosphorus, sulfur and copper, showed significant changes during tea flowering. We also detected 122 metabolites in tea leaves and flowers and found that, 72 of them showed significant differences between flowers and leaves, of which sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids dominated. The sugars, such as trehalose and galactose, all accumulated in tea flowers, and the organic acids, such as malic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid involved in TCA cycle. The flavonoids, like epicatechin, catechin gallate and epigallocatechin, were more abundant in leaves. Furthermore, we found that the contents of 33 metabolites changed during the development of flowers. Especially, citric acid, phenylalanine and most flavonoids decreased while fructose and galactose increased during flowering stages in flowers. We also analyzed the correlations between the ions and metabolites and found that, some mineral nutrients including phosphorus, sulfur, manganese and zinc had close relations to organic acids, flavonoids, sugars and several amino acids during flowering. We mapped the metabolic pathway according to the KEGG database. This work will serve as the foundation for a systems biology approach to the understanding of mineral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Jia
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianhui Hu
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Qing Liang
- Rizhao Vocational and Technical College, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, China
| | - Yinfei Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Rizhao Tea Research Institute of Shandong, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, China
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Junker RR. Multifunctional and Diverse Floral Scents Mediate Biotic Interactions Embedded in Communities. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Farré-Armengol G, Filella I, Llusià J, Niinemets Ü, Peñuelas J. Optimum temperature for floral terpene emissions tracks the mean temperature of the flowering season. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:851-857. [PMID: 32480727 DOI: 10.1071/fp14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of volatiles from leaves exhibit temperature dependence on maximums, but the optimum temperatures for the release of floral volatiles and the mechanism(s) of optimising these emissions have not been determined. We hypothesised that flowers have an optimum temperature for the emission of volatiles and, because the period of flowering varies highly among species, that this optimum is adapted to the temperatures prevailing during flowering. To test these hypotheses, we characterised the temperature responses of floral terpene emissions of diverse widespread Mediterranean plant species flowering in different seasons by using dynamic headspace sampling and analysis with GC-MS. The floral emissions of terpenes across species exhibited maximums at the temperatures corresponding to the season of flowering, with the lowest optimal temperatures observed in winter-flowering and the highest in summer-flowering species. These trends were valid for emissions of both total terpenes and the various terpene compounds. The results show that the optimum temperature of floral volatile emissions scales with temperature at flowering, and suggest that this scaling is the outcome of physiological adaptations of the biosynthetic or emission mechanisms of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farré-Armengol
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Transcriptome of the Chinese Medicinal Herb, Gentiana rigescens. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11550-73. [PMID: 26006235 PMCID: PMC4463717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana rigescens is an important medicinal herb in China. The main validated medicinal component gentiopicroside is synthesized in shoots, but is mainly found in the plant's roots. The gentiopicroside biosynthetic pathway and its regulatory control remain to be elucidated. Genome resources of gentian are limited. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can aid in supplying global gene expression profiles. In this study we present sequence and transcript abundance data for the root and leaf transcriptome of G. rigescens, obtained using the Illumina Hiseq2000. Over fifty million clean reads were obtained from leaf and root libraries. This yields 76,717 unigenes with an average length of 753 bp. Among these, 33,855 unigenes were identified as putative homologs of annotated sequences in public protein and nucleotide databases. Digital abundance analysis identified 3306 unigenes differentially enriched between leaf and root. Unigenes found in both tissues were categorized according to their putative functional categories. Of the differentially expressed genes, over 130 were annotated as related to terpenoid biosynthesis. This work is the first study of global transcriptome analyses in gentian. These sequences and putative functional data comprise a resource for future investigation of terpenoid biosynthesis in Gentianaceae species and annotation of the gentiopicroside biosynthetic pathway and its regulatory mechanisms.
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Padovan A, Patel HR, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Krause ST, Degenhardt J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome sequencing of two phenotypic mosaic Eucalyptus trees reveals large scale transcriptome re-modelling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123226. [PMID: 25978451 PMCID: PMC4433141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic mosaic trees offer an ideal system for studying differential gene expression. We have investigated two mosaic eucalypt trees from two closely related species (Eucalyptus melliodora and E. sideroxylon), which each support two types of leaves: one part of the canopy is resistant to insect herbivory and the remaining leaves are susceptible. Driving this ecological distinction are differences in plant secondary metabolites. We used these phenotypic mosaics to investigate genome wide patterns of foliar gene expression with the aim of identifying patterns of differential gene expression and the somatic mutation(s) that lead to this phenotypic mosaicism. We sequenced the mRNA pool from leaves of the resistant and susceptible ecotypes from both mosaic eucalypts using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. We found large differences in pathway regulation and gene expression between the ecotypes of each mosaic. The expression of the genes in the MVA and MEP pathways is reflected by variation in leaf chemistry, however this is not the case for the terpene synthases. Apart from the terpene biosynthetic pathway, there are several other metabolic pathways that are differentially regulated between the two ecotypes, suggesting there is much more phenotypic diversity than has been described. Despite the close relationship between the two species, they show large differences in the global patterns of gene and pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hardip R. Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gavin A. Huttley
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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20
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Farré-Armengol G, Filella I, Llusià J, Niinemets Ü, Peñuelas J. Changes in floral bouquets from compound-specific responses to increasing temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3660-9. [PMID: 24817412 PMCID: PMC5788256 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We addressed the potential effects of changes in ambient temperature on the profiles of volatile emissions from flowers and tested whether warming could induce significant quantitative and qualitative changes in floral emissions, which would potentially interfere with plant-pollinator chemical communication. We measured the temperature responses of floral emissions of various common species of Mediterranean plants using dynamic headspace sampling and used GC-MS to identify and quantify the emitted terpenes. Floral emissions increased with temperature to an optimum and thereafter decreased. The responses to temperature modeled here predicted increases in the rates of floral terpene emission of 0.03-1.4-fold, depending on the species, in response to an increase of 1 °C in the mean global ambient temperature. Under the warmest projections that predict a maximum increase of 5 °C in the mean temperature of Mediterranean climates in the Northern Hemisphere by the end of the century, our models predicted increases in the rates of floral terpene emissions of 0.34-9.1-fold, depending on the species. The species with the lowest emission rates had the highest relative increases in floral terpene emissions with temperature increases of 1-5 °C. The response of floral emissions to temperature differed among species and among different compounds within the species. Warming not only increased the rates of total emissions, but also changed the ratios among compounds that constituted the floral scents, i.e. increased the signal for pollinators, but also importantly altered the signal fidelity and probability of identification by pollinators, especially for specialists with a strong reliance on species-specific floral blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farré-Armengol
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- corresponding author’s
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Majetic CJ, Sinka BN. Diverging pathways: Differential benzenoid and phenylpropanoid volatile production in Phlox subulata L. cultivars. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Lange BM, Ahkami A. Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:169-96. [PMID: 23171352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant-derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and MJ Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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23
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Zvi MMB, Shklarman E, Masci T, Kalev H, Debener T, Shafir S, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. PAP1 transcription factor enhances production of phenylpropanoid and terpenoid scent compounds in rose flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:335-345. [PMID: 22548501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Floral scent is a complex trait of biological and applied significance. To evaluate whether scent production originating from diverse metabolic pathways (e.g. phenylpropanoids and isoprenoids) can be affected by transcriptional regulators, Arabidopsis PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1 (PAP1) transcription factor was introduced into Rosa hybrida. • Color and scent profiles of PAP1-transgenic and control (β-glucuronidase-expressing) rose flowers and the expression of key genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites were analyzed. To evaluate the significance of the scent modification, olfactory trials were conducted with both humans and honeybees. • In addition to increased levels of phenylpropanoid-derived color and scent compounds when compared with control flowers, PAP1-transgenic rose lines also emitted up to 6.5 times higher levels of terpenoid scent compounds. Olfactory assay revealed that bees and humans could discriminate between the floral scents of PAP1-transgenic and control flowers. • The increase in volatile production in PAP1 transgenes was not caused solely by transcriptional activation of their respective biosynthetic genes, but probably also resulted from enhanced metabolic flux in both the phenylpropanoid and isoprenoid pathways. The mechanism(s) governing the interactions in these metabolic pathways that are responsible for the production of specialized metabolites remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Moyal Ben Zvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elena Shklarman
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Haim Kalev
- B. Triwaks Bee Research Center, Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover D-30419, Germany
| | - Sharoni Shafir
- B. Triwaks Bee Research Center, Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marianna Ovadis
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Aros D, Gonzalez V, Allemann RK, Müller CT, Rosati C, Rogers HJ. Volatile emissions of scented Alstroemeria genotypes are dominated by terpenes, and a myrcene synthase gene is highly expressed in scented Alstroemeria flowers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2739-52. [PMID: 22268153 PMCID: PMC3346232 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Native to South America, Alstroemeria flowers are known for their colourful tepals, and Alstroemeria hybrids are an important cut flower. However, in common with many commercial cut flowers, virtually all the commercial Alstroemeria hybrids are not scented. The cultivar 'Sweet Laura' is one of very few scented commercial Alstroemeria hybrids. Characterization of the volatile emission profile of these cut flowers revealed three major terpene compounds: (E)-caryophyllene, humulene (also known as α-caryophyllene), an ocimene-like compound, and several minor peaks, one of which was identified as myrcene. The profile is completely different from that of the parental scented species A. caryophyllaea. Volatile emission peaked at anthesis in both scented genotypes, coincident in cv. 'Sweet Laura' with the maximal expression of a putative terpene synthase gene AlstroTPS. This gene was preferentially expressed in floral tissues of both cv. 'Sweet Laura' and A. caryophyllaea. Characterization of the AlstroTPS gene structure from cv. 'Sweet Laura' placed it as a member of the class III terpene synthases, and the predicted 567 amino acid sequence placed it into the subfamily TPS-b. The conserved sequences R(28)(R)X(8)W and D(321)DXXD are the putative Mg(2+)-binding sites, and in vitro assay of AlstroTPS expressed in Escherichia coli revealed that the encoded enzyme possesses myrcene synthase activity, consistent with a role for AlstroTPS in scent production in Alstroemeria cv. 'Sweet Laura' flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Aros
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Veronica Gonzalez
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Carsten T. Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carlo Rosati
- ENEA, Trisaia Research Centre, S. S. 106 km 419+500, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
| | - Hilary J. Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
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Junker RR, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Floral odor bouquet loses its ant repellent properties after inhibition of terpene biosynthesis. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1323-31. [PMID: 22160332 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants are synchronously confronted with mutualists and antagonists, and thus benefit from signals that contain messages for both functional groups of interaction partners. Floral scents are complex blends of volatiles of different chemical classes, including benzenoids and terpenoids. It has been hypothesized that benzenoids have evolved as pollinator attracting signals, while monoterpenoids serve as defensive compounds against antagonists. In order to test this hypothesis, we reduced terpene emission in flowers of Phlox paniculata with specific biosynthetic inhibitors and compared the responses of Lasius niger ants to natural and inhibited floral scent bouquets. While the natural odors were strongly repellent to ants, the bouquets with a reduced emission rate of terpenoids were not. The loss of the flowers' ability to repel ants could be attributed predominantly to reduced amounts of linalool, a monoterpene alcohol. Flying flower visitors, mainly hoverflies, did not discriminate between the two types of flowers in an outdoor experiment. Since individual compounds appear to be capable of either attracting pollinators or defending the flower from enemies, the complexity of floral scent bouquets may have evolved to allow flowers to respond to both mutualists and antagonists simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Junker
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Isolation and identification of a putative scent-related gene RhMYB1 from rose. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4475-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Micro-propagation, embryo rescue, mutagenesis via chemical or irradiation means and in vitro inter-specific hybridisation methods have been used by breeders in the floriculture industry for many years. In the past 20 years these enabling technologies have been supplemented by genetic modification methods. Though many genes of potential utility to the floricultural industry have been identified, and much has been learnt of the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypes of great importance to the industry, there are only flower colour modified varieties of carnation and rose in the marketplace. To a large extent this is due to unique financial barriers to market entry for genetically modified varieties of flower crops, including use of technology fees and costs of regulatory approval.
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Marhevka E, Barkai O, Marton I, Edelbaum O, Masci T, Prathapani NK, Shklarman E, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. EOBII, a gene encoding a flower-specific regulator of phenylpropanoid volatiles' biosynthesis in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1961-76. [PMID: 20543029 PMCID: PMC2910970 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.067280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent, which is determined by a complex mixture of low molecular weight volatile molecules, plays a major role in the plant's life cycle. Phenylpropanoid volatiles are the main determinants of floral scent in petunia (Petunia hybrida). A screen using virus-induced gene silencing for regulators of scent production in petunia flowers yielded a novel R2R3-MYB-like regulatory factor of phenylpropanoid volatile biosynthesis, EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS II (EOBII). This factor was localized to the nucleus and its expression was found to be flower specific and temporally and spatially associated with scent production/emission. Suppression of EOBII expression led to significant reduction in the levels of volatiles accumulating in and emitted by flowers, such as benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, benzylbenzoate, and isoeugenol. Up/downregulation of EOBII affected transcript levels of several biosynthetic floral scent-related genes encoding enzymes from the phenylpropanoid pathway that are directly involved in the production of these volatiles and enzymes from the shikimate pathway that determine substrate availability. Due to its coordinated wide-ranging effect on the production of floral volatiles, and its lack of effect on anthocyanin production, a central regulatory role is proposed for EOBII in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid volatiles.
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Spiller M, Berger RG, Debener T. Genetic dissection of scent metabolic profiles in diploid rose populations. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 120:1461-71. [PMID: 20084491 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The scent of flowers is a very important trait in ornamental roses in terms of both quantity and quality. In cut roses, scented varieties are a rare exception. Although metabolic profiling has identified more than 500 scent volatiles from rose flowers so far, nothing is known about the inheritance of scent in roses. Therefore, we analysed scent volatiles and molecular markers in diploid segregating populations. We resolved the patterns of inheritance of three volatiles (nerol, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate) into single Mendelian traits, and we mapped these as single or oligogenic traits in the rose genome. Three other volatiles (geraniol, beta-citronellol and 2-phenylethanol) displayed quantitative variation in the progeny, and we mapped a total of six QTLs influencing the amounts of these volatiles onto the rose marker map. Because we included known scent related genes and newly generated ESTs for scent volatiles as markers, we were able to link scent related QTLs with putative candidate genes. Our results serve as a starting point for both more detailed analyses of complex scent biosynthetic pathways and the development of markers for marker-assisted breeding of scented rose varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spiller
- Department of Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Junker RR, Blüthgen N. Floral scents repel facultative flower visitors, but attract obligate ones. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:777-82. [PMID: 20228087 PMCID: PMC2859918 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biological mutualisms rely on communication between partners, but also require protective measures against exploitation. Animal-pollinated flowers need to attract pollinators but also to avoid conflicts with antagonistic consumers. The view of flower visitors as mutualistic and antagonistic agents considers primarily the plants' interest. A classification emphasizing the consumer's point of view, however, may be more useful when considering animal's adaptations to flower visits which may include a tolerance against defensive floral scent compounds. METHODS In a meta-analysis covering 18 studies on the responses of animals to floral scents, the animals were assigned to the categories of obligate and facultative flower visitors which considers their dependency on floral resources. Their responses on floral scents were compared. KEY RESULTS On average, obligate flower visitors, often corresponding to pollinators, were attracted to floral scent compounds. In contrast, facultative and mainly antagonistic visitors were strongly repelled by floral scents. The findings confirm that floral scents have a dual function both as attractive and defensive cues. CONCLUSIONS Whether an animal depends on floral resources determines its response to these signals, suggesting that obligate flower visitors evolved a tolerance against primarily defensive compounds. Therefore, floral scent bouquets in conjunction with nutritious rewards may solve the conflicting tasks of attracting mutualists while repelling antagonists.
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Nitta K, Yasumoto AA, Yahara T. Variation of flower opening and closing times in F1 and F2 hybrids of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva; Hemerocallidaceae) and nightlily (H. citrina). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:261-267. [PMID: 21622386 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollination success is strongly dependent on the timing of when flowers start to bloom and when they start to close. To elucidate the genetic mechanism influencing the timing of flower opening and closing, we obtained F1 and F2 hybrids of Hemerocallis fulva (a diurnally blooming species, pollinated by swallowtail butterflies) and H. citrina (a nocturnally blooming species, pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths) and observed their flowering behavior from blooming to closing with the use of digital cameras. For flower opening times, F1 hybrids were highly variable, and F2 hybrids showed a bimodal distribution of flower opening times with peaks in both the morning and evening. The ratio of morning flowering and evening flowering among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 1:1. For the start to close time, both F1 and F2 hybrids were similar in showing the major peak in the evening. The ratio of evening closing and morning closing among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 3:1. These results suggest that the time of flower opening and the start of closing are regulated by different major genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nitta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Majetic CJ, Raguso RA, Ashman TL. The impact of biochemistry vs. population membership on floral scent profiles in colour polymorphic Hesperis matronalis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:911-22. [PMID: 18819948 PMCID: PMC2712399 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of floral scent evolution often attribute variation in floral scent to differences in pollinator behaviour, ignoring the potential for shared biochemistry between floral scent and floral colour to dictate patterns of phenotypic variation in scent production. To determine the relative effects of shared biochemistry and/or localized population-level phenomena on floral scent phenotype, floral scent composition and emission rate were examined in five wild populations of colour polymorphic Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae). METHODS Floral scent was collected by in situ dynamic headspace extraction on purple and white colour morphs in each of five wild populations. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of extracts allowed determination of floral scent composition and emission rate for all individuals, which were examined by non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of variance (ANOVA), respectively, to determine the contributions of floral colour and population membership to scent profile variation. KEY RESULTS Despite the fact that colour morph means were very similar in some populations and quite different in other populations, colour morphs within populations did not differ from each other in terms of scent composition or emission rate. Populations differed significantly from one another in terms of both floral scent composition and emission rate. CONCLUSIONS Shared biochemistry alone cannot explain the variation in floral scent phenotype found for H. matronalis. Such a result may suggest that the biochemical association between floral scent and floral colour is complex or dependent on genetic background. Floral scent does vary significantly with population membership; several factors, including environmental conditions, founder effects and genetics, may account for this differentiation and should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie J Majetic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Hanhineva K, Rogachev I, Kokko H, Mintz-Oron S, Venger I, Kärenlampi S, Aharoni A. Non-targeted analysis of spatial metabolite composition in strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) flowers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2463-81. [PMID: 18774147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of flower organs and the subsequent pollination process require a coordinated spatial and temporal regulation of particular metabolic pathways. In this study a comparison has been made between the metabolite composition of individual flower organs of strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) including the petal, sepal, stamen, pistil and the receptacle that gives rise to the strawberry fruit. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the semi-polar secondary metabolites by the use of UPLC-qTOF-MS was utilized in order to localize metabolites belonging to various chemical classes (e.g. ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, terpenoids, and spermidine derivatives) to the different flower organs. The vast majority of the tentatively identified metabolites were ellagitannins that accumulated in all five parts of the flower. Several metabolite classes were detected predominantly in certain flower organs, as for example spermidine derivatives were present uniquely in the stamen and pistil, and the proanthocyanidins were almost exclusively detected in the receptacle and sepals. The latter organ was also rich in terpenoids (i.e. triterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid derivatives) whereas phenolic acids and flavonols were the predominant classes of compounds detected in the petals. Furthermore, we observed extensive variation in the accumulation of metabolites from the same class in a single organ, particularly in the case of ellagitannins, and the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. These results allude to spatially-restricted production of secondary metabolite classes and specialized derivatives in flowers that take part in implementing the unique program of individual organs in the floral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Hanhineva
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ben Zvi MM, Negre-Zakharov F, Masci T, Ovadis M, Shklarman E, Ben-Meir H, Tzfira T, Dudareva N, Vainstein A. Interlinking showy traits: co-engineering of scent and colour biosynthesis in flowers. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:403-15. [PMID: 18346094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway gives rise to metabolites that determine floral colour and fragrance. These metabolites are one of the main means used by plants to attract pollinators, thereby ensuring plant survival. A lack of knowledge about factors regulating scent production has prevented the successful enhancement of volatile phenylpropanoid production in flowers. In this study, the Production of Anthocyanin Pigment1 (Pap1) Myb transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana, known to regulate the production of non-volatile phenylpropanoids, including anthocyanins, was stably introduced into Petunia hybrida. In addition to an increase in pigmentation, Pap1-transgenic petunia flowers demonstrated an increase of up to tenfold in the production of volatile phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds. The dramatic increase in volatile production corresponded to the native nocturnal rhythms of volatile production in petunia. The application of phenylalanine to Pap1-transgenic flowers led to an increase in the otherwise negligible levels of volatiles emitted during the day to nocturnal levels. On the basis of gene expression profiling and the levels of pathway intermediates, it is proposed that both increased metabolic flux and transcriptional activation of scent and colour genes underlie the enhancement of petunia flower colour and scent production by Pap1. The co-ordinated regulation of metabolic steps within or between pathways involved in vital plant functions, as shown here for two showy traits determining plant-pollinator interactions, provides a clear advantage for plant survival. The use of a regulatory factor that activates scent production creates a new biotechnological strategy for the metabolic architecture of fragrance, leading to the creation of novel genetic variability for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Moyal Ben Zvi
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Mumm R, Posthumus MA, Dicke M. Significance of terpenoids in induced indirect plant defence against herbivorous arthropods. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:575-85. [PMID: 18208515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plants respond to herbivory by arthropods with an induced emission of volatiles such as green leaf volatiles and terpenoids. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can attract carnivores, for example, predators and parasitoids. We investigated the significance of terpenoids in attracting herbivores and carnivores in two tritrophic systems where we manipulated the terpenoid emission by treating the plants with fosmidomycin, which inhibits one of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and consequently terpenoid emission. In the 'lima bean' system, volatiles from spider-mite-infested fosmidomycin-treated plants were less attractive to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis than from infested control plants. In the 'cabbage' system, fosmidomycin treatment did not alter the attractiveness of Brussels sprouts to two Pieris butterflies for oviposition. The parasitoid Cotesia glomerata did not discriminate between the volatiles of fosmidomycin-treated and water-treated caterpillar-infested cabbage. Both P. persimilis and C. glomerata preferred volatiles from infested plants to uninfested ones when both were treated with fosmidomycin. Chemical analysis showed that terpenoid emission was inhibited more strongly in infested lima bean plants than in Brussels sprouts plants after fosmidomycin treatment. This study shows an important role of terpenoids in the indirect defence of lima bean, which is discussed relative to the role of other HIPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Mumm
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Spitzer B, Zvi MMB, Ovadis M, Marhevka E, Barkai O, Edelbaum O, Marton I, Masci T, Alon M, Morin S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Vainstein A. Reverse genetics of floral scent: application of tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing in Petunia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:1241-50. [PMID: 17720754 PMCID: PMC2151718 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Floral fragrance is responsible for attracting pollinators as well as repelling pathogens and pests. As such, it is of immense biological importance. Molecular dissection of the mechanisms underlying scent production would benefit from the use of model plant systems with big floral organs that generate an array of volatiles and that are amenable to methods of forward and reverse genetics. One candidate is petunia (Petunia hybrida), which has emerged as a convenient model system, and both RNAi and overexpression approaches using transgenes have been harnessed for the study of floral volatiles. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is characterized by a simple inoculation procedure and rapid results relative to transgenesis. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of the tobacco rattle virus-based VIGS system to studies of floral scent. Suppression of the anthocyanin pathway via chalcone synthase silencing was used as a reporter, allowing easy visual identification of anthocyaninless silenced flowers/tissues with no effect on the level of volatile emissions. Use of tobacco rattle virus constructs containing target genes involved in phenylpropanoid volatile production, fused to the chalcone synthase reporter, allowed simple identification of flowers with suppressed activity of the target genes. The applicability of VIGS was exemplified with genes encoding S-adenosyl-l-methionine:benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, phenylacetaldehyde synthase, and the myb transcription factor ODORANT1. Because this high-throughput reverse-genetics approach was applicable to both structural and regulatory genes responsible for volatile production, it is expected to be highly instrumental for large-scale scanning and functional characterization of novel scent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture , Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Hsiao YY, Tsai WC, Kuoh CS, Huang TH, Wang HC, Wu TS, Leu YL, Chen WH, Chen HH. Comparison of transcripts in Phalaenopsis bellina and Phalaenopsis equestris (Orchidaceae) flowers to deduce monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:14. [PMID: 16836766 PMCID: PMC1540424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floral scent is one of the important strategies for ensuring fertilization and for determining seed or fruit set. Research on plant scents has hampered mainly by the invisibility of this character, its dynamic nature, and complex mixtures of components that are present in very small quantities. Most progress in scent research, as in other areas of plant biology, has come from the use of molecular and biochemical techniques. Although volatile components have been identified in several orchid species, the biosynthetic pathways of orchid flower fragrance are far from understood. We investigated how flower fragrance was generated in certain Phalaenopsis orchids by determining the chemical components of the floral scent, identifying floral expressed-sequence-tags (ESTs), and deducing the pathways of floral scent biosynthesis in Phalaneopsis bellina by bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS The main chemical components in the P. bellina flower were shown by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be monoterpenoids, benzenoids and phenylpropanoids. The set of floral scent producing enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to geraniol and linalool were recognized through data mining of the P. bellina floral EST database (dbEST). Transcripts preferentially expressed in P. bellina were distinguished by comparing the scent floral dbEST to that of a scentless species, P. equestris, and included those encoding lipoxygenase, epimerase, diacylglycerol kinase and geranyl diphosphate synthase. In addition, EST filtering results showed that transcripts encoding signal transduction and Myb transcription factors and methyltransferase, in addition to those for scent biosynthesis, were detected by in silico hybridization of the P. bellina unigene database against those of the scentless species, rice and Arabidopsis. Altogether, we pinpointed 66% of the biosynthetic steps from G3P to geraniol, linalool and their derivatives. CONCLUSION This systems biology program combined chemical analysis, genomics and bioinformatics to elucidate the scent biosynthesis pathway and identify the relevant genes. It integrates the forward and reverse genetic approaches to knowledge discovery by which researchers can study non-model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung-Hwa College of Medical Technology, Tainan Hsien 717, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Sheng Kuoh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Hsiang Huang
- Institue of Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Chia Wang
- Institue of Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Mumm R, Hilker M. Direct and indirect chemical defence of pine against folivorous insects. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2006; 11:351-8. [PMID: 16769239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical defence of pine against herbivorous insects has been intensively studied with respect to its effects on the performance and behaviour of the herbivores as well as on the natural enemies of pine herbivores. The huge variety of terpenoid pine components play a major role in mediating numerous specific food web interactions. The constitutive terpenoid pattern can be adjusted to herbivore attack by changes induced by insect feeding or oviposition activity. Recent studies on folivorous pine sawflies have highlighted the role of induced pine responses in herbivore attack and have demonstrated the importance of analysing the variability of pine defence and its finely tuned specificity with respect to the herbivore attacker in a multitrophic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Mumm
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Strasse 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany.
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