1
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Schreiber JM, Limpens E, de Keijzer J. Distributing Plant Developmental Regulatory Proteins via Plasmodesmata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:684. [PMID: 38475529 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During plant development, mobile proteins, including transcription factors, abundantly serve as messengers between cells to activate transcriptional signaling cascades in distal tissues. These proteins travel from cell to cell via nanoscopic tunnels in the cell wall known as plasmodesmata. Cellular control over this intercellular movement can occur at two likely interdependent levels. It involves regulation at the level of plasmodesmata density and structure as well as at the level of the cargo proteins that traverse these tunnels. In this review, we cover the dynamics of plasmodesmata formation and structure in a developmental context together with recent insights into the mechanisms that may control these aspects. Furthermore, we explore the processes involved in cargo-specific mechanisms that control the transport of proteins via plasmodesmata. Instead of a one-fits-all mechanism, a pluriform repertoire of mechanisms is encountered that controls the intercellular transport of proteins via plasmodesmata to control plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Schreiber
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:343-370. [PMID: 36610013 PMCID: PMC9975081 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post-embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08891, USA
- Correspondences: Yi Zhang (); Juan Dong (). Yi Zhang and Juan Dong are fully responsible for the distribution of all materials associated with this article
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3
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Cui Y, He M, Liu D, Liu J, Liu J, Yan D. Intercellular Communication during Stomatal Development with a Focus on the Role of Symplastic Connection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032593. [PMID: 36768915 PMCID: PMC9917297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that serve as a major passage for the gas and water exchange between a plant and the atmosphere. The formation of stomata requires a series of cell division and cell-fate transitions and some key regulators including transcription factors and peptides. Monocots have different stomatal patterning and a specific subsidiary cell formation process compared with dicots. Cell-to-cell symplastic trafficking mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) allows molecules including proteins, RNAs and hormones to function in neighboring cells by moving through the channels. During stomatal developmental process, the intercellular communication between stomata complex and adjacent epidermal cells are finely controlled at different stages. Thus, the stomata cells are isolated or connected with others to facilitate their formation or movement. In the review, we summarize the main regulation mechanism underlying stomata development in both dicots and monocots and especially the specific regulation of subsidiary cell formation in monocots. We aim to highlight the important role of symplastic connection modulation during stomata development, including the status of PD presence at different cell-cell interfaces and the function of relevant mobile factors in both dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Meiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Datong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low & Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Li M, Wang M, Lin Q, Wang M, Niu X, Cheng J, Xu M, Qin Y, Liao X, Xu J, Wu S. Symplastic communication in the root cap directs auxin distribution to modulate root development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:859-870. [PMID: 35199475 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root cap not only protects root meristem, but also detects and transduces the signals of environmental changes to affect root development. The symplastic communication is an important way for plants to transduce signals to coordinate the development and physiology in response to the changing enviroments. However, it is unclear how the symplastic communication between root cap cells affects root growth. Here we exploit an inducible system to specifically block the symplastic communication in the root cap. Transient blockage of plasmodesmata (PD) in differentiated collumella cells severely impairs the root development in Arabidopsis, in particular in the stem cell niche and the proximal meristem. The neighboring stem cell niche is the region that is most sensitive to the disrupted symplastic communication and responds rapidly via the alteration of auxin distribution. In the later stage, the cell division in proximal meristem is inhibited, presumably due to the reduced auxin level in the root cap. Our results reveal the essential role of the differentiated collumella cells in the root cap mediated signaling system that directs root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingyun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xufang Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meizhi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinyi Liao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian Xu
- The Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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5
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Tan C, Qiao H, Ma M, Wang X, Tian Y, Bai S, Hasi A. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Melon bHLH Transcription Factors in Regulation of Fruit Development. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122721. [PMID: 34961193 PMCID: PMC8709311 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and plays crucial roles in plant development. Melon is an important horticultural plant as well as an attractive model plant for studying fruit ripening. However, the bHLH gene family of melon has not yet been identified, and its functions in fruit growth and ripening are seldom researched. In this study, 118 bHLH genes were identified in the melon genome. These CmbHLH genes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes 1 to 12, and five CmbHLHs were tandem repeat on chromosomes 4 and 8. There were 13 intron distribution patterns among the CmbHLH genes. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that these CmbHLHs could be classified into 16 subfamilies. Expression patterns of the CmbHLH genes were studied using transcriptome data. Tissue specific expression of the CmbHLH32 gene was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that the CmbHLH32 gene was highly expressed in female flower and early developmental stage fruit. Transgenic melon lines overexpressing CmbHLH32 were generated, and overexpression of CmbHLH32 resulted in early fruit ripening compared to wild type. The CmbHLH transcription factor family was identified and analysed for the first time in melon, and overexpression of CmbHLH32 affected the ripening time of melon fruit. These findings laid a foundation for further study on the role of bHLH family members in the growth and development of melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (C.T.); (H.Q.); (M.M.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Huilei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (C.T.); (H.Q.); (M.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (C.T.); (H.Q.); (M.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Yunyun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (C.T.); (H.Q.); (M.M.); (Y.T.)
| | - Selinge Bai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia MINZU University, Tongliao 028000, China
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Agula Hasi
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (C.T.); (H.Q.); (M.M.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.H.)
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6
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Zuo ZF, Sun HJ, Lee HY, Kang HG. Identification of bHLH genes through genome-wide association study and antisense expression of ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 influence tolerance to low temperature and salinity in Zoysia japonica. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111088. [PMID: 34763873 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress greatly affects plant growth and developmental processes, resulting in poor productivity. A variety of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) that play important roles in plant abiotic stress response pathways have been identified. However, bHLH proteins of Zoysia japonica, one of the warm-season turfgrasses, have not been widely studied. In this study, 141 bHLH genes (ZjbHLHs) were identified and classified into 22 subfamilies. The ZjbHLHs were mapped on 19 chromosomes except for Chr17 and one pair of the tandemly arrayed genes was identified on Chr06. Also, the co-linearity of ZjbHLHs was found to have been driven mostly by segmental duplication events. The subfamily IIIb genes of our present interest, possessed various stress responsive cis-elements in their promoters. ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1, a MYC-type bHLH TF in subfamily IIIb was analyzed by overexpression and its loss-of-function via overexpressing a short ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 fragment in the antisense direction. The overexpression of ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 enhanced the tolerance to cold and salinity stress in the transgenic Z. japonica plants. However, the anti-sense expression of ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 showed sensitive to these abiotic stresses. These results suggest that ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 would be a promising candidate for the molecular breeding program to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of Z. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Zuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Sun
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong-Gyu Kang
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Maintaining the structural and functional homeostasis of the plant endoplasmic reticulum. Dev Cell 2021; 56:919-932. [PMID: 33662257 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous organelle that is vital to the life of eukaryotic cells. It synthesizes essential lipids and proteins and initiates the glycosylation of intracellular and surface proteins. As such, the ER is necessary for cell growth and communication with the external environment. The ER is also a highly dynamic organelle, whose structure is continuously remodeled through an interaction with the cytoskeleton and the action of specialized ER shapers. Recent and significant advances in ER studies have brought to light conserved and unique features underlying the structure and function of this organelle in plant cells. In this review, exciting developments in the understanding of the mechanisms for plant ER structural and functional homeostasis, particularly those that underpin ER network architecture and ER degradation, are presented and discussed.
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8
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Iswanto ABB, Shelake RM, Vu MH, Kim JY, Kim SH. Genome Editing for Plasmodesmal Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679140. [PMID: 34149780 PMCID: PMC8207191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic canals that facilitate intercellular communication and molecular exchange between adjacent plant cells. PD-associated proteins are considered as one of the foremost factors in regulating PD function that is critical for plant development and stress responses. Although its potential to be used for crop engineering is enormous, our understanding of PD biology was relatively limited to model plants, demanding further studies in crop systems. Recently developed genome editing techniques such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associate protein (CRISPR/Cas) might confer powerful approaches to dissect the molecular function of PD components and to engineer elite crops. Here, we assess several aspects of PD functioning to underline and highlight the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas that provide new insight into PD biology and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Jae-Yean Kim,
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Hee Kim,
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9
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Hou Z, Chen Q, Zhao M, Huang C, Wu X. Genome-wide characterization of the Zn(II) 2Cys 6 zinc cluster-encoding gene family in Pleurotus ostreatus and expression analyses of this family during developmental stages and under heat stress. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9336. [PMID: 32566411 PMCID: PMC7295025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in China. The regulatory mechanisms of fruiting body formation and the response to heat stress in P. ostreatus are main research focuses. The Zn(II)2Cys6 family is one of the largest families of transcriptional factors and plays important roles in multiple biological processes in fungi. In this study, we identified 66 zinc cluster proteins in P. ostreatus (PoZCPs) through a genome-wide search. The PoZCPs were classified into 15 types according to their zinc cluster domain. Physical and chemical property analyses showed a huge diversity among the PoZCPs. Phylogenetic analysis of PoZCPs classified these proteins into six groups and conserved motif combinations and similar gene structures were observed in each group. The expression profiles of these PoZCP genes during different developmental stages and under heat stress were further investigated by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), revealing diverse expression patterns. A total of 13 PoZCPs that may participate in development or the heat stress response were selected for validation of their expression levels through real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis, and some developmental stage-specific and heat stress-responsive candidates were identified. The findings contribute to our understanding of the roles and regulatory mechanisms of ZCPs in P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Hou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Mengran Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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10
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Abstract
The coordination of cell fate decisions within complex multicellular structures rests on intercellular communication. To generate ordered patterns, cells need to know their relative positions within the growing structure. This is commonly achieved via the production and perception of mobile signaling molecules. In animal systems, such positional signals often act as morphogens and subdivide a field of cells into domains of discrete cell identities using a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient. Reflecting the independent origin of multicellularity, plants evolved distinct signaling mechanisms to drive cell fate decisions. Many of the basic principles underlying developmental patterning are, however, shared between animals and plants, including the use of signaling gradients to provide positional information. In plant development, small RNAs can act as mobile instructive signals, and similar to classical morphogens in animals, employ a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient to generate precisely defined cell fate boundaries. Given the distinctive nature of peptide morphogens and small RNAs, how might mechanisms underlying the function of traditionally morphogens be adapted to create morphogen-like behavior using small RNAs? In this review, we highlight the contributions of mobile small RNAs to pattern formation in plants and summarize recent studies that have advanced our understanding regarding the formation, stability, and interpretation of small RNA gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klesen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristine Hill
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Cucumber BPC Transcription Factors and Their Responses to Abiotic Stresses and Exogenous Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205048. [PMID: 31614627 PMCID: PMC6829308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BPC) is a small transcription factor family that functions in diverse growth and development processes in plants. However, the roles of BPCs in plants, especially cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), in response to abiotic stress and exogenous phytohormones are still unclear. Here, we identified four BPC genes in the cucumber genome, and classified them into two groups according to phylogenetic analysis. We also investigated the gene structures and detected five conserved motifs in these CsBPCs. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that the four CsBPCs were expressed ubiquitously in both vegetative and reproductive organs. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of the four CsBPCs were induced by various abiotic stress and hormone treatments. Overexpression of CsBPC2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) inhibited seed germination under saline, polyethylene glycol, and abscisic acid (ABA) conditions. The results suggest that the CsBPC genes may play crucial roles in cucumber growth and development, as well as responses to abiotic stresses and plant hormones. CsBPC2 overexpression in tobacco negatively affected seed germination under hyperosmotic conditions. Additionally, CsBPC2 functioned in ABA-inhibited seed germination and hypersensitivity to ABA-mediated responses. Our results provide fundamental information for further research on the biological functions of BPCs in development and abiotic stress responses in cucumber and other plant species.
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12
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Spiegelman Z, Wu S, Gallagher KL. A role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell-to-cell movement of SHORT-ROOT. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1455-1459. [PMID: 31123903 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata enable the trafficking of various signaling molecules, as well as viruses that exploit these channels for their intercellular movement. Viral movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which serves as a stable platform for the assembly of viral replication complexes and their subsequent shuttling toward plasmodesmata. The role of the ER in the intercellular movement of endogenous proteins is less clear. In the root meristem, the mobile transcription factor SHORT-ROOT (SHR) traffics between cell layers to regulate root radial patterning and differentiation. Movement of SHR is a regulated process that requires several cellular factors including the endomembrane system, intact microtubules and an endosome-associated protein named SHR-interacting-embryonic-lethal (SIEL). Recently, we found that KINESIN G (KinG) interacts with both SIEL and microtubules to support the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Here, we provide evidence that both SHR-associated endosomes and KinG localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that movement of SHR-associated endosomes occurs on the ER. Moreover, we show that compromised ER structure leads to a reduction in the cell-to-cell movement of SHR. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the ER plays a role in SHR movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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13
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Li P, Yu Q, Gu X, Xu C, Qi S, Wang H, Zhong F, Baskin TI, Rahman A, Wu S. Construction of a Functional Casparian Strip in Non-endodermal Lineages Is Orchestrated by Two Parallel Signaling Systems in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2777-2786.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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15
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Wang R, Zhao P, Kong N, Lu R, Pei Y, Huang C, Ma H, Chen Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Potato bHLH Transcription Factor Family. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010054. [PMID: 29361801 PMCID: PMC5793205 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant basic/helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors participate in a number of biological processes, such as growth, development and abiotic stress responses. The bHLH family has been identified in many plants, and several bHLH transcription factors have been functionally characterized in Arabidopsis. However, no systematic identification of bHLH family members has been reported in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Here, 124 StbHLH genes were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. The intron numbers varied from zero to seven. Most StbHLH proteins had the highly conserved intron phase 0, which accounted for 86.2% of the introns. According to the Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, 259 bHLH proteins acquired from Arabidopsis and potato were divided into 15 groups. All of the StbHLH genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes, and 20 tandem duplicated genes and four pairs of duplicated gene segments were detected in the StbHLH family. The gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that StbHLH mainly function in protein and DNA binding. Through the RNA-seq and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, StbHLH were found to be expressed in various tissues and to respond to abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and heat. StbHLH1, 41 and 60 were highly expressed in flower tissues, and were predicted to be involved in flower development by GO annotation. StbHLH45 was highly expressed in salt, drought and heat stress, which suggested its important role in abiotic stress response. The results provide comprehensive information for further analyses of the molecular functions of the StbHLH gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Nana Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ruize Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yue Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chenxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Overexpression of a pH-sensitive nitrate transporter in rice increases crop yields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7118-23. [PMID: 27274069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525184113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular pH homeostasis is fundamental for life, and all cells adapt to maintain this balance. In plants, the chemical form of nitrogen supply, nitrate and ammonium, is one of the cellular pH dominators. We report that the rice nitrate transporter OsNRT2.3 is transcribed into two spliced isoforms with a natural variation in expression ratio. One splice form, OsNRT2.3b is located on the plasma membrane, is expressed mainly in the phloem, and has a regulatory motif on the cytosolic side that acts to switch nitrate transport activity on or off by a pH-sensing mechanism. High OsNRT2.3b expression in rice enhances the pH-buffering capacity of the plant, increasing N, Fe, and P uptake. In field trials, increased expression of OsNRT2.3b improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 40%. These results indicate that pH sensing by the rice nitrate transporter OsNRT2.3b is important for plant adaption to varied N supply forms and can provide a target for improving NUE.
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18
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Cui W, Lee JY. Arabidopsis callose synthases CalS1/8 regulate plasmodesmal permeability during stress. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16034. [PMID: 27243643 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with biotic and abiotic stress through well-coordinated cell-to-cell communication to survive as sedentary organisms. Environmental challenges such as wounding, low temperature, oxidative states and pathogen infection are known to affect the symplasmic molecular exchange between plant cells determined by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the signalling pathways and mechanisms by which different environmental stressors affect plasmodesmal permeability are not well understood. Here we show that regulating callose accumulation at plasmodesmal channels is a common strategy to alter plasmodesmal permeability under both pathogen infection and mechanical wounding stress. We have identified Arabidopsis callose synthase 1 (CalS1) and CalS8 as key genes involved in this process, and have integrated these new players into both known and novel signalling pathways that control responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Our studies provide experimental data that indicate the presence of specialized pathways tuned to respond to particular stressors, and new insights into how plants regulate plasmodesmata in response to environmental assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Cui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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19
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Becker A, Ehlers K. Arabidopsis flower development--of protein complexes, targets, and transport. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:219-30. [PMID: 25845756 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past 25 years or more of research on the molecular mechanisms of floral organ identity, patterning, and development. While collections of floral homeotic mutants of Antirrhinum majus laid the foundation already at the beginning of the previous century, it was the genetic analysis of these mutants in A. majus and Arabidopsis thaliana that led to the development of the ABC model of floral organ identity more than 20 years ago. This intuitive model kick-started research focused on the genetic mechanisms regulating flower development, using mainly A. thaliana as a model plant. In recent years, interactions among floral homeotic proteins have been elucidated, and their direct and indirect target genes are known to a large extent. Here, we provide an overview over the advances in understanding the molecular mechanism orchestrating A. thaliana flower development. We focus on floral homeotic protein complexes, their target genes, evidence for their transport in floral primordia, and how these new results advance our view on the processes downstream of floral organ identity, such as organ boundary formation or floral organ patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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Lee JY. Plasmodesmata: a signaling hub at the cellular boundary. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 27:133-40. [PMID: 26247123 PMCID: PMC4618179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Effective intercellular communication is crucial for the survival of plants. Because plant cells are encased in rigid cell walls, direct cell-to-cell exchange of cytoplasmic content is only possible through plasmodesmata (PD), membrane-lined nanotubes that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. PD are highly dynamic communication channels that can undergo various structural and functional modifications. Recent findings in the field suggest that defense signaling pathways are tightly linked to the regulation of PD, and the restriction of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication is an essential innate immune response to microbial pathogens. Moreover, several plasma membrane-bound signaling components, including receptor-like kinases that are known to have non-cell autonomous function or pathogen perception at the cell periphery, are found to also partition to PD. These findings hint at the novel role of PD as a signaling hub for both symplasmic and cross-membrane pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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21
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A de novo floral transcriptome reveals clues into Phalaenopsis orchid flower development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123474. [PMID: 25970572 PMCID: PMC4430480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis has a zygomorphic floral structure, including three outer tepals, two lateral inner tepals and a highly modified inner median tepal called labellum or lip; however, the regulation of its organ development remains unelucidated. We generated RNA-seq reads with the Illumina platform for floral organs of the Phalaenopsis wild-type and peloric mutant with a lip-like petal. A total of 43,552 contigs were obtained after de novo assembly. We used differentially expressed gene profiling to compare the transcriptional changes in floral organs for both the wild-type and peloric mutant. Pair-wise comparison of sepals, petals and labellum between peloric mutant and its wild-type revealed 1,838, 758 and 1,147 contigs, respectively, with significant differential expression. PhAGL6a (CUFF.17763), PhAGL6b (CUFF.17763.1), PhMADS1 (CUFF.36625.1), PhMADS4 (CUFF.25909) and PhMADS5 (CUFF.39479.1) were significantly upregulated in the lip-like petal of the peloric mutant. We used real-time PCR analysis of lip-like petals, lip-like sepals and the big lip of peloric mutants to confirm the five genes' expression patterns. PhAGL6a, PhAGL6b and PhMADS4 were strongly expressed in the labellum and significantly upregulated in lip-like petals and lip-like sepals of peloric-mutant flowers. In addition, PhAGL6b was significantly downregulated in the labellum of the big lip mutant, with no change in expression of PhAGL6a. We provide a comprehensive transcript profile and functional analysis of Phalaenopsis floral organs. PhAGL6a PhAGL6b, and PhMADS4 might play crucial roles in the development of the labellum in Phalaenopsis. Our study provides new insights into how the orchid labellum differs and why the petal or sepal converts to a labellum in Phalaenopsis floral mutants.
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22
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Grison MS, Brocard L, Fouillen L, Nicolas W, Wewer V, Dörmann P, Nacir H, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Claverol S, Germain V, Boutté Y, Mongrand S, Bayer EM. Specific membrane lipid composition is important for plasmodesmata function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1228-50. [PMID: 25818623 PMCID: PMC4558693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are nano-sized membrane-lined channels controlling intercellular communication in plants. Although progress has been made in identifying PD proteins, the role played by major membrane constituents, such as the lipids, in defining specialized membrane domains in PD remains unknown. Through a rigorous isolation of "native" PD membrane fractions and comparative mass spectrometry-based analysis, we demonstrate that lipids are laterally segregated along the plasma membrane (PM) at the PD cell-to-cell junction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Remarkably, our results show that PD membranes display enrichment in sterols and sphingolipids with very long chain saturated fatty acids when compared with the bulk of the PM. Intriguingly, this lipid profile is reminiscent of detergent-insoluble membrane microdomains, although our approach is valuably detergent-free. Modulation of the overall sterol composition of young dividing cells reversibly impaired the PD localization of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins Plasmodesmata Callose Binding 1 and the β-1,3-glucanase PdBG2 and altered callose-mediated PD permeability. Altogether, this study not only provides a comprehensive analysis of the lipid constituents of PD but also identifies a role for sterols in modulating cell-to-cell connectivity, possibly by establishing and maintaining the positional specificity of callose-modifying glycosylphosphatidylinositol proteins at PD. Our work emphasizes the importance of lipids in defining PD membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali S Grison
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Plant Imaging Platform, Bordeaux Imaging Centre, INRA, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux/CNRS/UMS3420 and University of Bordeaux/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/US004, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Houda Nacir
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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23
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) are microscopic channels that connect virtually every plant cell to its neighbors. They also provide a route for molecules to access the phloem for systemic movement throughout the plant. In this report, I review recent findings that broaden the potential impact of these channels, by revealing their contribution to auxin movement and as potential sites of receptor signaling. These discoveries should prompt a reassessment of symplasmic connectivity and its importance to plant development, defense, and physiology.
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24
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Vilches-Barro A, Maizel A. Talking through walls: mechanisms of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis thaliana. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:31-8. [PMID: 25449724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are formed postembryonically and determine the final shape of the root system, a determinant of the plants ability to uptake nutrients and water. The lateral root primordia are initiated deep into the main root and to protrude out the primary root they have to grow through three cell layers. Recent findings have revealed that these layers are not merely a passive physical obstacle to the emergence of the lateral root but have an active role in its formation. Here, we review examples of communication between the lateral root primordium and the surrounding tissues, highlighting the importance of auxin-mediated growth coordination as well as cell and tissue mechanics for the morphogenesis of lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches-Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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ten Hove CA, Lu KJ, Weijers D. Building a plant: cell fate specification in the early Arabidopsis embryo. Development 2015; 142:420-30. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is the beginning of plant development, yet the cell fate decisions and patterning steps that occur during this time are reiterated during development to build the post-embryonic architecture. In Arabidopsis, embryogenesis follows a simple and predictable pattern, making it an ideal model with which to understand how cellular and tissue developmental processes are controlled. Here, we review the early stages of Arabidopsis embryogenesis, focusing on the globular stage, during which time stem cells are first specified and all major tissues obtain their identities. We discuss four different aspects of development: the formation of outer versus inner layers; the specification of vascular and ground tissues; the determination of shoot and root domains; and the establishment of the first stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A. ten Hove
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kuan-Ju Lu
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Kitagawa M, Fujita T. A model system for analyzing intercellular communication through plasmodesmata using moss protonemata and leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:63-72. [PMID: 25516502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and environmental responses require the proper regulation of intercellular movement of signals and nutrients. For this, plants have specialized cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), which allow the symplasmic movement of micro- and macromolecules between neighboring cells. Internal and external signals spatio-temporally regulate the movement of molecules through the PD to control plant development and environmental responses. Although some aspects of targeted movement of molecules have been revealed, the mechanisms of non-targeted, diffusible flow of molecules through PD, and its regulation and function, remain poorly understood, particularly at the cellular level. Previously, we developed a system to quantitatively analyze non-targeted movement of a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2, at the single-cell level in the filamentous protonemata tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens. In protonemata, one-dimensional intercellular communication can be easily observed and quantitatively analyzed at the cellular level. In this review, we describe how protonemata and leaves of P. patens can be used to study symplasmic movement through PD, and discuss how this system can help improve our understanding of PD regulation and function in development and environmental responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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27
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Abstract
The symplastic communication network established by plasmodesmata (PD) and connected phloem provides an essential pathway for spatiotemporal intercellular signaling in plant development but is also exploited by viruses for moving their genomes between cells in order to infect plants systemically. Virus movement depends on virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs) that target PD and therefore represent important keys to the cellular mechanisms underlying the intercellular trafficking of viruses and other macromolecules. Viruses and their MPs have evolved different mechanisms for intracellular transport and interaction with PD. Some viruses move from cell to cell by interacting with cellular mechanisms that control the size exclusion limit of PD whereas other viruses alter the PD architecture through assembly of specialized transport structures within the channel. Some viruses move between cells in the form of assembled virus particles whereas other viruses may interact with nucleic acid transport mechanisms to move their genomes in a non-encapsidated form. Moreover, whereas several viruses rely on the secretory pathway to target PD, other viruses interact with the cortical endoplasmic reticulum and associated cytoskeleton to spread infection. This chapter provides an introduction into viruses and their role in studying the diverse cellular mechanisms involved in intercellular PD-mediated macromolecular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France,
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28
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Brunkard JO, Burch-Smith TM, Runkel AM, Zambryski P. Investigating plasmodesmata genetics with virus-induced gene silencing and an agrobacterium-mediated GFP movement assay. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:185-98. [PMID: 25287205 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, permitting intercellular transport and communication. PD function and formation are essential to plant growth and development, but we still know very little about the genetic pathways regulating PD transport. Here, we present a method for assaying changes in the rate of PD transport following genetic manipulation. Gene expression in leaves is modified by virus-induced gene silencing. Seven to ten days after infection with Tobacco rattle virus carrying a silencing trigger, the gene(s) of interest is silenced in newly arising leaves. In these new leaves, individual cells are then transformed with Agrobacterium to express GFP, and the rate of GFP diffusion via PD is measured. By measuring GFP diffusion both within the epidermis and between the epidermis and mesophyll, the assay can be used to study the effects of silencing a gene(s) on PD transport in general, or transport through secondary PD specifically. Plant biologists working in several fields will find this assay useful, since PD transport impacts plant physiology, development, and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Brunkard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 281A Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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29
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Sager R, Lee JY. Plasmodesmata in integrated cell signalling: insights from development and environmental signals and stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6337-58. [PMID: 25262225 PMCID: PMC4303807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive as sedentary organisms built of immobile cells, plants require an effective intercellular communication system, both locally between neighbouring cells within each tissue and systemically across distantly located organs. Such a system enables cells to coordinate their intracellular activities and produce concerted responses to internal and external stimuli. Plasmodesmata, membrane-lined intercellular channels, are essential for direct cell-to-cell communication involving exchange of diffusible factors, including signalling and information molecules. Recent advances corroborate that plasmodesmata are not passive but rather highly dynamic channels, in that their density in the cell walls and gating activities are tightly linked to developmental and physiological processes. Moreover, it is becoming clear that specific hormonal signalling pathways play crucial roles in relaying primary cellular signals to plasmodesmata. In this review, we examine a number of studies in which plasmodesmal structure, occurrence, and/or permeability responses are found to be altered upon given cellular or environmental signals, and discuss common themes illustrating how plasmodesmal regulation is integrated into specific cellular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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30
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Pajoro A, Biewers S, Dougali E, Leal Valentim F, Mendes MA, Porri A, Coupland G, Van de Peer Y, van Dijk ADJ, Colombo L, Davies B, Angenent GC. The (r)evolution of gene regulatory networks controlling Arabidopsis plant reproduction: a two-decade history. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4731-45. [PMID: 24913630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant reproduction relies on the perfect orchestration of singular processes that culminate in the product of reproduction: the seed. The floral transition, floral organ development, and fertilization are well-studied processes and the genetic regulation of the various steps is being increasingly unveiled. Initially, based predominantly on genetic studies, the regulatory pathways were considered to be linear, but recent genome-wide analyses, using high-throughput technologies, have begun to reveal a different scenario. Complex gene regulatory networks underlie these processes, including transcription factors, microRNAs, movable factors, hormones, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Here we review recent progress in understanding the networks that control the major steps in plant reproduction, showing how new advances in experimental and computational technologies have been instrumental. As these recent discoveries were obtained using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, we will restrict this review to regulatory networks in this important model species. However, more fragmentary information obtained from other species reveals that both the developmental processes and the underlying regulatory networks are largely conserved, making this review also of interest to those studying other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pajoro
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Biewers
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Evangelia Dougali
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Leal Valentim
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Aimone Porri
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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PLETHORA gradient formation mechanism separates auxin responses. Nature 2014; 515:125-129. [PMID: 25156253 DOI: 10.1038/nature13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During plant growth, dividing cells in meristems must coordinate transitions from division to expansion and differentiation, thus generating three distinct developmental zones: the meristem, elongation zone and differentiation zone. Simultaneously, plants display tropisms, rapid adjustments of their direction of growth to adapt to environmental conditions. It is unclear how stable zonation is maintained during transient adjustments in growth direction. In Arabidopsis roots, many aspects of zonation are controlled by the phytohormone auxin and auxin-induced PLETHORA (PLT) transcription factors, both of which display a graded distribution with a maximum near the root tip. In addition, auxin is also pivotal for tropic responses. Here, using an iterative experimental and computational approach, we show how an interplay between auxin and PLTs controls zonation and gravitropism. We find that the PLT gradient is not a direct, proportionate readout of the auxin gradient. Rather, prolonged high auxin levels generate a narrow PLT transcription domain from which a gradient of PLT protein is subsequently generated through slow growth dilution and cell-to-cell movement. The resulting PLT levels define the location of developmental zones. In addition to slowly promoting PLT transcription, auxin also rapidly influences division, expansion and differentiation rates. We demonstrate how this specific regulatory design in which auxin cooperates with PLTs through different mechanisms and on different timescales enables both the fast tropic environmental responses and stable zonation dynamics necessary for coordinated cell differentiation.
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32
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Benkovics AH, Timmermans MCP. Developmental patterning by gradients of mobile small RNAs. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 27:83-91. [PMID: 24929831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms depends on intercellular communication via mobile signals that provide positional information to coordinate cell fate decisions. In addition to peptide ligands, transcription factors, and hormones, plants use small RNAs as positional instructive signals. The unique patterning properties of small RNA gradients resulting from regulated mobility suggest conceptual similarities to the function of animal morphogens, and provide robustness and precision to the formation of cell fate boundaries. While common principles may underlie the formation, stability, and interpretation of both plant small RNA and animal morphogen gradients, the unique nature of small RNAs with respect to their biogenesis and target regulation imply important differences as well. In this review, we discuss the patterning properties of mobile small RNAs and highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of how small RNAs move, and how the graded accumulation that underlies their patterning activity could be created, maintained, and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Benkovics
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Szent-Györgyi 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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33
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Benitez-Alfonso Y. Symplastic intercellular transport from a developmental perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1857-63. [PMID: 24619998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells have channel-like structures named plasmodesmata that allow for the symplastic molecular transport between neighbouring cells. The importance of plasmodesmata in whole plant development is well acknowledged. They mediate the cell-to-cell and vascular loading and unloading of metabolites, proteins, and other signalling molecules. However, it is still not clear how, mechanistically, these channels are regulated in response to developmental and environmental cues. This review aims to bring together knowledge acquired in recent years on plasmodesmata composition, regulation, and function. Progress in the discovery of factors that regulate symplastic transport and plant development in particular are discussed. This will hopefully highlight the challenges faced by the scientific community to unveil the mechanisms controlling symplastic communication during the formation and maintenance of plant meristems.
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34
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Boutté Y, Moreau P. Plasma membrane partitioning: from macro-domains to new views on plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:128. [PMID: 24772114 PMCID: PMC3982076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of cellular functions relies on partitioning of domains of diverse sizes within the plasma membrane (PM). Macro-domains measure several micrometers and contain specific proteins concentrated to specific sides (apical, basal, and lateral) of the PM conferring a polarity to the cell. Cell polarity is one of the driving forces in tissue and growth patterning. To maintain macro-domains within the PM, eukaryotic cells exert diverse mechanisms to counteract the free lateral diffusion of proteins. Protein activation/inactivation, endocytosis, PM recycling of transmembrane proteins and the role of diffusion barriers in macro-domains partitioning at PM will be discussed. Moreover, as plasmodesmata (PDs) are domains inserted within the PM which also mediate tissue and growth patterning, it is essential to understand how segregation of specific set of proteins is maintained at PDs while PDs domains are smaller in size compared to macro-domains. Here, we will present mechanisms allowing restriction of proteins at PM macro-domains, but for which molecular components have been found in PDs proteome. We will explore the hypothesis that partitioning of macro-domains and PDs may be ruled by similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- *Correspondence: Yohann Boutté, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Université Bordeaux Segalen, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Bâtiment A3, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France e-mail:
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35
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Ueki S, Citovsky V. Plasmodesmata-associated proteins: can we see the whole elephant? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27899. [PMID: 24518352 PMCID: PMC4091224 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Encased in rigid cell walls, plant cells have evolved unique channel structures, plasmodesma (Pd), to create a pathway for molecular exchange between adjacent cells. Pd are basically cytoplasmic channels through the cell wall, which are lined by plasma membrane, and contain a modified strand of ER that spans them. These structures provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity between connected cells, and that continuity is utilized for short and long distance molecular trafficking. Pd sphincters, made from constricting the Pd openings by outer layers of callose, together with the ER strand that occludes the Pd lumen set the upper limit for the size of molecules that can freely diffuse through the cytoplasmic component of the Pd channel. This limit, called the size exclusion limit (SEL), is a major factor that restricts macromolecular transport through Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources; Okayama University; Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama Japan
- Correspondence to: Shoko Ueki,
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; State University of New York; Stony Brook, NY USA
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36
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Peña EJ, Heinlein M. Cortical microtubule-associated ER sites: organization centers of cell polarity and communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:764-73. [PMID: 24269577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic cell growth and the ability of plant cells to communicate within and across the borders of cellular and supracellular domains depends on the ability of the cells to dynamically establish polarized networks able to deliver structural and informational macromolecules to distinct cellular sites. Studies of organelle movements and transport of endogenous and viral proteins suggest that organelle and macromolecular trafficking pathways involve transient or stable interactions with cortical microtubule-associated endoplasmic reticulum sites (C-MERs). The observations suggest that C-MERs may function as cortical hubs that organize cargo exchange between organelles and allow the recruitment, assembly, and subsequently site-specific delivery of macromolecular complexes. We propose that viruses interact with such hubs for replication and intercellular spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo José Peña
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg 67084, France
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37
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Stahl Y, Simon R. Gated communities: apoplastic and symplastic signals converge at plasmodesmata to control cell fates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5237-41. [PMID: 23975796 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their rigid cell walls, plant cells can only communicate with each other either by symplastic transport of diverse non-cell autonomous signalling molecules via plasmodesmata (PDs) or by endo- and exocytosis of signalling molecules via the extracellular apoplastic space. PDs are plasma membrane-lined channels spanning the cell wall between neighbouring cells, allowing the exchange of molecules by symplastic movement through them. This review focuses on developmental decisions that are coordinated by short- and long-distance communication of cells via PDs. We propose a model combining both apoplastic and symplastic signalling events via secreted ligands and their PD-localized receptor kinases which gate the symplastic transport of information molecules through PDs. Cell communities can thus coordinate cell-fate decisions non-cell autonomously by connecting or disconnecting symplastic subdomains. Here we concentrate on the establishment of such subdomains in the plant's primary meristems that serve to maintain long-lasting stem cell populations in the shoot and root apical meristems, and discuss how apoplastic signalling via transport of information molecules through PDs is integrated with symplastic feedback signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Stahl
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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38
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Abstract
While the importance of intercellular communication in plants is well documented, the role of symplastic transport during the formation of new meristems in roots has remained unexplored. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Benitez-Alfonso et al. (2013) show that callose-dependent cell-to-cell connectivity determines root branching in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Vanstraelen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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39
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Root apex transition zone as oscillatory zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:354. [PMID: 24106493 PMCID: PMC3788588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root apex of higher plants shows very high sensitivity to environmental stimuli. The root cap acts as the most prominent plant sensory organ; sensing diverse physical parameters such as gravity, light, humidity, oxygen, and critical inorganic nutrients. However, the motoric responses to these stimuli are accomplished in the elongation region. This spatial discrepancy was solved when we have discovered and characterized the transition zone which is interpolated between the apical meristem and the subapical elongation zone. Cells of this zone are very active in the cytoskeletal rearrangements, endocytosis and endocytic vesicle recycling, as well as in electric activities. Here we discuss the oscillatory nature of the transition zone which, together with several other features of this zone, suggest that it acts as some kind of command center. In accordance with the early proposal of Charles and Francis Darwin, cells of this root zone receive sensory information from the root cap and instruct the motoric responses of cells in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV – DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino, Italy
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40
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Brunkard JO, Runkel AM, Zambryski PC. Plasmodesmata dynamics are coordinated by intracellular signaling pathways. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:614-20. [PMID: 23978390 PMCID: PMC3828052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata (PD) connect the cytoplasts of adjacent plant cells across the cell wall, permitting intercellular movement of small molecules, proteins, and RNA. Recent genetic screens for mutants with altered PD transport identified genes suggesting that chloroplasts play crucial roles in coordinating PD transport. Complementing this discovery, studies manipulating expression of PD-localized proteins imply that changes in PD transport strongly impact chloroplast biology. Ongoing efforts to find genes that control root and stomatal development reveal the critical role of PD in enforcing tissue patterning, and newly discovered PD-localized proteins show that PD influence development, intracellular signaling, and defense against pathogens. Together, these studies demonstrate that PD function and formation are tightly integrated with plant physiology.
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41
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Shen L, Yu H. Emerging insights into florigen transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:607-13. [PMID: 23810436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoperiodic control of flowering in plants begins with the perception of seasonal changes in day length and consequential induction of a mobile floral stimulus in leaves. This stimulus called florigen is transported from leaves to the shoot apical meristem to provoke the initiation of floral meristems. Decades of efforts have identified that the proteins encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and its orthologs in other plant species are part of the long-sought florigen. Emerging evidence suggests that long-distance transport of FT towards the shoot apical meristem occurs through the phloem in a regulated manner. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding florigen transport and discusses the proven and potential regulators required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 10 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Hussey SG, Mizrachi E, Creux NM, Myburg AA. Navigating the transcriptional roadmap regulating plant secondary cell wall deposition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:325. [PMID: 24009617 PMCID: PMC3756741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current status of lignocellulosic biomass as an invaluable resource in industry, agriculture, and health has spurred increased interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. The last decade of research has revealed an extensive network of NAC, MYB and other families of transcription factors regulating Arabidopsis SCW biosynthesis, and numerous studies have explored SCW-related transcription factors in other dicots and monocots. Whilst the general structure of the Arabidopsis network has been a topic of several reviews, they have not comprehensively represented the detailed protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions described in the literature, and an understanding of network dynamics and functionality has not yet been achieved for SCW formation. Furthermore the methodologies employed in studies of SCW transcriptional regulation have not received much attention, especially in the case of non-model organisms. In this review, we have reconstructed the most exhaustive literature-based network representations to date of SCW transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis. We include a manipulable Cytoscape representation of the Arabidopsis SCW transcriptional network to aid in future studies, along with a list of supporting literature for each documented interaction. Amongst other topics, we discuss the various components of the network, its evolutionary conservation in plants, putative modules and dynamic mechanisms that may influence network function, and the approaches that have been employed in network inference. Future research should aim to better understand network function and its response to dynamic perturbations, whilst the development and application of genome-wide approaches such as ChIP-seq and systems genetics are in progress for the study of SCW transcriptional regulation in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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43
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Slewinski TL. Using evolution as a guide to engineer kranz-type c4 photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:212. [PMID: 23847626 PMCID: PMC3696737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has independently and rapidly evolved over 60 times to dramatically increase radiation use efficiency in both monocots and eudicots. Indeed, it is one of the most exceptional examples of convergent evolution in the history of life. The repeated and rapid evolution of Kranz-type C4 suggests that it may be a derivative of a conserved developmental pathway that is present in all angiosperms. Here, I argue that the Kranz-type C4 photosynthetic system is an extension of the endodermis/starch sheath, that is normally only found in the roots and stems, into photosynthetic structures such as leaves. Support for this hypothesis was recently provided by a study that showed that the same genetic pathway that gives rise to the endodermis in roots, the SCARECROW/SHORT-ROOT radial patterning system, also regulates the development of Kranz anatomy and C4 physiology in leaves. This new hypothesis for the evolution of Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has opened new opportunities to explore the underlying genetic networks that regulate the development and physiology of C4 and provides new potential avenues for the engineering of the mechanism into C3 crops.
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44
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Baker RF, Slewinski TL, Braun DM. The tie-dyed pathway promotes symplastic trafficking in the phloem. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24540. [PMID: 23603956 PMCID: PMC3909061 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tie-dyed1 (tdy1) and tdy2 mutants of maize exhibit leaf regions with starch hyperaccumulation and display unusual genetic interactions, suggesting they function in the same physiological process. Tdy2 encodes a putative callose synthase and is expressed in developing vascular tissues of immature leaves. Radiolabelling experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed symplastic trafficking within the phloem was perturbed at the companion cell/sieve element interface. Here, we show that as reported for tdy2 mutants, tdy1 yellow leaf regions display an excessive oil-droplet phenotype in the companion cells. Based on the proposed function of Tdy2 as a callose synthase, our previous work characterizing Tdy1 as a novel, transmembrane-localized protein, and the present findings, we speculate how TDY1 and TDY2 might interact to promote symplastic transport of both solutes and developmentally instructive macromolecules during vascular development at the companion cell/sieve element interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Frank Baker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group; Missouri Maize Center; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
| | | | - David M. Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group; Missouri Maize Center; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
- Correspondence to: David M. Braun,
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