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Lu Y, Xiang F, Xu L, Tian H, Tao Q, Jia K, Yin H, Ye C, Fang R, Peng L. The protective role of chicken cathelicidin-1 against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in vitro and in vivo. Vet Res 2023; 54:65. [PMID: 37605242 PMCID: PMC10463303 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen with the characteristics of high mortality and morbidity, which brings great challenges to prevent and control epidemic disease in the swine industry. Cathelicidins (CATH) are antimicrobial peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects of chicken cathelicidin-1 (CATH-1) were investigated in vitro and in vivo against SS2 infection. The results show that CATH-1 exhibited a better bactericidal effect compared to other species' cathelicidins including chickens (CATH-2, -3, and -B1), mice (CRAMP) and pigs (PMAP-36 and PR-39), which rapidly killed bacteria in 20 min by a time-killing curve assay. Furthermore, CATH-1 destroyed the bacterial morphology and affected bacterial ultrastructure as observed under electron microscopy. Moreover, CATH-1 antibacterial activity in vivo shows that CATH-1 increased survival rate of SS2-infected mice by 60% and significantly reduced the bacterial load in the lungs, liver, spleen, blood, and peritoneal lavage as well as the release of SS2-induced inflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18. Importantly, CATH-1 did not show severe histopathological changes in mice. Further studies on the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity show that CATH-1 not only reduced the inflammatory response through direct neutralization, but also by regulating the TLR2/4/NF-κB/ERK pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for the research and development of antimicrobial peptides as new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fa Xiang
- WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyi Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongliang Tian
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qi Tao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kaixiang Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Lianci Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Antimicrobial peptides for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 68:100954. [PMID: 36905712 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The problem of drug resistance due to long-term use of antibiotics has been a concern for years. As this problem grows worse, infections caused by multiple bacteria are expanding rapidly and are extremely detrimental to human health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a good alternative to current antimicrobials with potent antimicrobial activity and unique antimicrobial mechanisms, which have advantages over traditional antibiotics in fighting against drug-resistant bacterial infections. Currently, researchers have conducted clinical investigations on AMPs for drug-resistant bacterial infections while integrating new technologies in the development of AMPs, such as changing amino acid structure of AMPs and using different delivery methods for AMPs. This article introduces the basic properties of AMPs, deliberates the mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria and the therapeutic mechanism of AMPs. The current disadvantages and advances of AMPs in combating drug-resistant bacterial infections are also discussed. This article provides important insights into the research and clinical application of new AMPs for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Therapeutic effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on the gut health and growth of broilers. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106537. [PMID: 35623400 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although some studies on the effects of para-probiotics on the immune system and intestinal health have been conducted independently of research on antibiotics ass growth promoters. This study investigated the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarumL-137 (L-137) and antibiotics as preventive and/or therapeutic substances for broilers against subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP). In total, 300 1-day-old broilers (46.13 ± 1.38 g) were randomly stocked at 10 birds pen-1 in five replicates and divided into six groups, namely T1 and T2, positive and negative control of CP challenge; T3 and T4, prevention with basal diet plus 10 and 50 mg/kg L-137; T5 and T6, prevention and treatment with basal diet plus 50 mg/kg of L-137 and bacitracin at 50 ppm, respectively. Broilers administered L-137 in T4, T5 and bacitracin in T6 showed an improved (p < 0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio than control groups, suggesting that it might significantly boost growth performance. In contrast to bacitracin, a high dosage of L-137 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the spleen index value and the cytokine levels, as well as the expression of intestinal β-defensin genes on day 28. During the 42-day production period, broilers in T4 and T5 showed a significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) expression of cytokines, AvBD-1 and AvBD-7 on day 42 compared to the control and bacitracin groups. In particular, broilers given the L-137 diets demonstrated no cumulative mortality following CP exposure, compared to a 2% mortality in T6. Our findings provide insight into eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance, feed efficiency and long-term disease protection in chickens; however, this has to be proven in larger-scale commercial experiments.
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van Dijk A, Anten J, Bakker A, Evers N, Hoekstra AT, Chang JC, Scheenstra MR, Veldhuizen EJA, Netea MG, Berkers CR, Haagsman HP. Innate Immune Training of Human Macrophages by Cathelicidin Analogs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:777530. [PMID: 35958593 PMCID: PMC9360325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.777530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained innate immunity can be induced in human macrophages by microbial ligands, but it is unknown if exposure to endogenous alarmins such as cathelicidins can have similar effects. Previously, we demonstrated sustained protection against infection by the chicken cathelicidin-2 analog DCATH-2. Thus, we assessed the capacity of cathelicidins to induce trained immunity. PMA-differentiated THP-1 (dTHP1) cells were trained with cathelicidin analogs for 24 hours and restimulated after a 3-day rest period. DCATH-2 training of dTHP-1 cells amplified their proinflammatory cytokine response when restimulated with TLR2/4 agonists. Trained cells displayed a biased cellular metabolism towards mTOR-dependent aerobic glycolysis and long-chain fatty acid accumulation and augmented microbicidal activity. DCATH-2-induced trained immunity was inhibited by histone acetylase inhibitors, suggesting epigenetic regulation, and depended on caveolae/lipid raft-mediated uptake, MAPK p38 and purinergic signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report of trained immunity by host defense peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert van Dijk
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Albert van Dijk,
| | - Jennifer Anten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne Bakker
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Noah Evers
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna T. Hoekstra
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike R. Scheenstra
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Avian antimicrobial peptides: in vitro and in ovo characterization and protection from early chick mortality caused by yolk sac infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2132. [PMID: 33483611 PMCID: PMC7822892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance is a matter of grave concern for consumers, public health authorities, farmers, and researchers. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as novel and effective non-antibiotic tools to combat infectious diseases in poultry. In this study, we evaluated six avian AMPs including 2 truncated cathelicidins, [CATH-1(6-26) and CATH-2(1-15)], and 4 avian β-defensins (ABD1, 2, 6 and 9) for their bactericidal and immunomodulatory activities. Our findings have shown CATH-1(6-26) and ABD1 being the two most potent avian AMPs effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria investigated in these studies. Moreover, CATH-1(6-26) inhibited LPS-induced NO production and exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity to HD11 cells. While, ABD1 blocked LPS-induced IL-1β gene induction and was non-toxic to HD11 cells. Importantly, in ovo administration of these AMPs demonstrated that ABD1 can offer significant protection from early chick mortality (44% less mortality in ABD1 treated group versus the control group) due to the experimental yolk sac infection caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Our data suggest that in ovo administration of ABD1 has immunomodulatory and anti-infection activity comparable with CpG ODN. Thus, ABD1 can be a significant addition to potential alternatives to antibiotics for the control of bacterial infections in young chicks.
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Wang Y, Wang M, Shan A, Feng X. Avian host defense cathelicidins: structure, expression, biological functions, and potential therapeutic applications. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6434-6445. [PMID: 33248558 PMCID: PMC7704953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) are multifunctional effectors of the innate immune system, which has antimicrobial and pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. Although there is a very sophisticated superposition of adaptive immune systems in vertebrates, this system is still essential. As an important family of HDP, cathelicidins are also known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. It has been found in humans and other species, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, and some kind of fish. Among them, cathelicidins in birds were described for the first time in 2005. This review focuses on the structure, biological activities, expression, and regulation of avian cathelicidin, especially main effects of host defense cathelicidin on potential therapeutic applications. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for cathelicidin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of cathelicidin as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Xiao Y, Lyu W, Yang H, Xu X, Zhou C, Lu L, Zhang L. Molecular characterization, mRNA gene expression, and antimicrobial activity of 2 new cathelicidin genes in goose. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2983-2991. [PMID: 32475433 PMCID: PMC7597728 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins represent a major group of host defense peptides (HDPs) that share a highly conserved cathelin-like domain. In birds, this gene family has been identified in many species. However, no information was available in the goose until now. In this study, we present the molecular characterization of 2 goose cathelicidin genes, namely goose CATH2 and goose CATH3, for the first time. The complete cDNA of goose CATH2 and goose CATH3 were 571 bp and 573 bp in length, respectively, and the deduced amino acid sequences exhibited high similarity with other avian cathelicidins. Furthermore, evolutionary analyses indicated that all known cathelicidins form 3 distinct clusters from reptiles, while the oldest cathelicidin member, which is known as CATHB1, is very likely absent in the goose genome. Meanwhile, highly expressed goose CATH2 and goose CATH3 were also observed in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, same as the observations in other avian species. In addition, chemically synthesized mature peptides of the 2 cathelicidins exerted optimal antimicrobial abilities to a range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The discovery and characterization of goose cathelicidins complete the knowledge for goose HDPs and might contribute to understanding the evolution of avian cathelicidins as well as for the development of antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China.
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Kraaij MD, van Dijk A, Scheenstra MR, van Harten RM, Haagsman HP, Veldhuizen EJA. Chicken CATH-2 Increases Antigen Presentation Markers on Chicken Monocytes and Macrophages. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:60-66. [PMID: 31362652 PMCID: PMC6978643 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190730125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Background Cathelicidins are a family of Host Defense Peptides (HDPs), that play an important role in the innate immune response. They exert both broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogens, and strong immunomodulatory functions that affect the response of innate and adaptive immune cells. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate immunomodulation by the chicken cathelicidin CATH-2 and compare its activities to those of the human cathelicidin LL-37. Methods Chicken macrophages and chicken monocytes were incubated with cathelicidins. Activation of immune cells was determined by measuring surface markers Mannose Receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) and MHC-II. Cytokine production was measured by qPCR and nitric oxide production was determined using the Griess assay. Finally, the effect of cathelicidins on phagocytosis was measured using carboxylate-modified polystyrene latex beads. Results CATH-2 and its all-D enantiomer D-CATH-2 increased MRC1 and MHC-II expression, markers for antigen presentation, on primary chicken monocytes, whereas LL-37 did not. D-CATH-2 also increased the MRC1 and MHC-II expression if a chicken macrophage cell line (HD11 cells) was used. In addition, LPS-induced NO production by HD11 cells was inhibited by CATH-2 and D-CATH-2. Conclusion These results are a clear indication that CATH-2 (and D-CATH-2) affect the activation state of monocytes and macrophages, which leads to optimization of the innate immune response and enhancement of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Kraaij
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel M van Harten
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Rajasekaran G, Kumar SD, Yang S, Shin SY. The design of a cell-selective fowlicidin-1-derived peptide with both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dietary modulation of endogenous host defense peptide synthesis as an alternative approach to in-feed antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:160-169. [PMID: 30140755 PMCID: PMC6104571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, antibiotics are included in animal feed at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and disease prevention. However, recent links between in-feed antibiotics and a rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens have led to a ban of all antibiotics in livestock production by the European Union in January 2006 and a removal of medically important antibiotics in animal feeds in the United States in January 2017. An urgent need arises for antibiotic alternatives capable of maintaining animal health and productivity without triggering antimicrobial resistance. Host defense peptides (HDP) are a critical component of the animal innate immune system with direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. While in-feed supplementation of recombinant or synthetic HDP appears to be effective in maintaining animal performance and alleviating clinical symptoms in the context of disease, dietary modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides has emerged as a cost-effective, antibiotic-alternative approach to disease control and prevention. Several different classes of small-molecule compounds have been found capable of promoting HDP synthesis. Among the most efficacious compounds are butyrate and vitamin D. Moreover, butyrate and vitamin D synergize with each other in enhancing HDP synthesis. This review will focus on the regulation of HDP synthesis by butyrate and vitamin D in humans, chickens, pigs, and cattle and argue for potential application of HDP-inducing compounds in antibiotic-free livestock production.
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Banaschewski BJH, Baer B, Arsenault C, Jazey T, Veldhuizen EJA, Delport J, Gooyers T, Lewis JF, Haagsman HP, Veldhuizen RAW, Yamashita C. The Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Chicken Cathelicidin-2 combined with Exogenous Surfactant for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis-Associated Pathogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15545. [PMID: 29138462 PMCID: PMC5686076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by recurrent airway infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and chronic inflammation. Chicken cathelicin-2 (CATH-2) has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to reduce inflammation. In addition, exogenous pulmonary surfactant has been suggested to enhance pulmonary drug delivery. It was hypothesized that CATH-2 when combined with an exogenous surfactant delivery vehicle, bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES), would exhibit antimicrobial activity against CF-derived bacteria and downregulate inflammation. Twelve strains of CF-pathogens were exposed to BLES+CATH-2 in vitro and killing curves were obtained to determine bactericidal activity. Secondly, heat-killed bacteria were administered in vivo to elicit a pro-inflammatory response with either a co-administration or delayed administration of BLES+CATH-2 to assess the antimicrobial-independent, anti-inflammatory properties of BLES+CATH-2. CATH-2 alone exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all clinical strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while BLES+CATH-2 demonstrated a reduction, but significant antimicrobial activity against bacterial isolates. Furthermore, BLES+CATH-2 reduced inflammation in vivo when either co-administered with killed bacteria or after delayed administration. The use of a host-defense peptide combined with an exogenous surfactant compound, BLES+CATH-2, is shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant CF bacterial isolates and reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Baer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Arsenault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teah Jazey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Delport
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James F Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defense, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A W Veldhuizen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cory Yamashita
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Kraaij MD, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. CATH-2 and LL-37 increase mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation and the endocytic capacity of chicken mononuclear phagocytes. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:118-125. [PMID: 28715682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins display in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities and are part of the innate immune system. Previously, we found that in ovo treatment with chicken cathelicidin CATH-2 partially protects young broilers against respiratory E. coli infection. To determine the cellular aspects of this protection, we investigated immunomodulatory effects of CATH-2 and the human cathelicidin LL-37 on primary chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Treatment of chicken PBMCs with L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 or LL-37 increased the percentage of mononuclear phagocytes, but decreased that of B cells. L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 treatment of chicken PBMCs also enhanced the expression levels of mannose receptor MRC1 and antigen presentation markers MHCII, CD40 and CD86 on mononuclear phagocytes, indicating increased antigen presentation capacity. Concomitantly, L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 neutralized LPS-induced cytokine production, while increasing the endocytic capacity. We conclude that L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 can modulate the immune response of primary chicken immune cells by increasing mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation, endocytosis and neutralizing LPS-induced cytokine production and as a result augment activation of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Kraaij
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Interspecies cathelicidin comparison reveals divergence in antimicrobial activity, TLR modulation, chemokine induction and regulation of phagocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40874. [PMID: 28102367 PMCID: PMC5244392 DOI: 10.1038/srep40874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are short cationic peptides initially described as antimicrobial peptides, which can also modulate the immune system. Because most findings have been described in the context of human LL-37 or murine CRAMP, or have been investigated under varying conditions, it is unclear which functions are cathelicidin specific and which functions are general cathelicidin properties. This study compares 12 cathelicidins from 6 species under standardized conditions to better understand the conservation of cathelicidin functions. Most tested cathelicidins had strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and/or MRSA. Interestingly, while more physiological culture conditions limit the antimicrobial activity of almost all cathelicidins against E. coli, activity against MRSA is enhanced. Seven out of 12 cathelicidins were able to neutralize LPS and another 7 cathelicidins were able to neutralize LTA; however, there was no correlation found with LPS neutralization. In contrast, only 4 cathelicidins enhanced DNA-induced TLR9 activation. In conclusion, these results provide new insight in the functional differences of cathelicidins both within and between species. In addition, these results underline the importance not to generalize cathelicidin functions and indicates that caution should be taken in extrapolating results from LL-37- or CRAMP-related studies to other animal settings.
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Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Chicken Cathelicidin-2 Derived Peptides. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147919. [PMID: 26848845 PMCID: PMC4743981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host Defence Peptides and derived peptides are promising classes of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory lead compounds. For this purpose we examined whether chicken cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2)-derived peptides modulate the function and inflammatory response of avian immune cells. Using a chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) we found that full-length CATH-2 dose-dependently induced transcription of chemokines CXCLi2/IL-8, MCP-3 and CCLi4/RANTES, but not of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. In addition, CATH-2 efficiently inhibited IL-1β and nitric oxide production by HD11 cells induced by different sources of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). N-terminal truncated CATH-2 derived peptides maintained the capacity to selectively induce chemokine transcription, but despite their high LPS affinity several analogs lacked LPS-neutralizing capacity. Substitution of phenylalanine residues by tryptophan introduced endotoxin neutralization capacity in inactive truncated CATH-2 derived peptides. In contrast, amino acid substitution of phenylalanine by tyrosine abrogated endotoxin neutralization activity of CATH-2 analogs. These findings support a pivotal role for aromatic residues in peptide-mediated endotoxin neutralization by CATH-2 analogs and were shown to be independent of LPS affinity. The capacity to modulate chemokine production and dampen endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory responses in chicken immune cells implicates that small CATH-2 based peptides could serve as leads for the design of CATH-2 based immunomodulatory anti-infectives.
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15
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Robinson K, Deng Z, Hou Y, Zhang G. Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier Function by Host Defense Peptides. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:57. [PMID: 26664984 PMCID: PMC4672242 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is achieved primarily through regulating the synthesis of mucins and tight junction (TJ) proteins, which are critical for maintaining optimal gut health and animal performance. An aberrant expression of TJ proteins results in increased paracellular permeability, leading to intestinal and systemic disorders. As an essential component of innate immunity, host defense peptides (HDPs) play a critical role in mucosal defense. Besides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, HDPs promotes inflammation resolution, endotoxin neutralization, wound healing, and the development of adaptive immune response. Accumulating evidence has also indicated an emerging role of HDPs in barrier function and intestinal homeostasis. HDP deficiency in the intestinal tract is associated with barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis. Several HDPs were recently shown to enhance mucosal barrier function by directly inducing the expression of multiple mucins and TJ proteins. Consistently, dietary supplementation of HDPs often leads to an improvement in intestinal morphology, production performance, and feed efficiency in livestock animals. This review summarizes current advances on the regulation of epithelial integrity and homeostasis by HDPs. Major signaling pathways mediating HDP-induced mucin and TJ protein synthesis are also discussed. As an alternative strategy to antibiotics, supplementation of exogenous HDPs or modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis may have potential to improve intestinal barrier function and animal health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA
| | - Zhuo Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA ; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , China
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16
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Bommineni YR, Pham GH, Sunkara LT, Achanta M, Zhang G. Immune regulatory activities of fowlicidin-1, a cathelicidin host defense peptide. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Dhama K, Tiwari R, Khan RU, Chakrabort S, Gopi M, Karthik K, Saminathan M, Desingu PA, Sunkara LT. Growth Promoters and Novel Feed Additives Improving Poultry Production and
Health, Bioactive Principles and Beneficial Applications: The Trends and Advances-A
Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.129.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Avian antimicrobial host defense peptides: from biology to therapeutic applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:220-47. [PMID: 24583933 PMCID: PMC3978490 DOI: 10.3390/ph7030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomoduatory properties. Because they act on the microbial membranes or host immune cells, HDPs pose a low risk of triggering microbial resistance and therefore, are being actively investigated as a novel class of antimicrobials and vaccine adjuvants. Cathelicidins and β-defensins are two major families of HDPs in avian species. More than a dozen HDPs exist in birds, with the genes in each HDP family clustered in a single chromosomal segment, apparently as a result of gene duplication and diversification. In contrast to their mammalian counterparts that adopt various spatial conformations, mature avian cathelicidins are mostly α-helical. Avian β-defensins, on the other hand, adopt triple-stranded β-sheet structures similar to their mammalian relatives. Besides classical β-defensins, a group of avian-specific β-defensin-related peptides, namely ovodefensins, exist with a different six-cysteine motif. Like their mammalian counterparts, avian cathelicidins and defensins are derived from either myeloid or epithelial origin expressed in a majority of tissues with broad-spectrum antibacterial and immune regulatory activities. Structure-function relationship studies with several avian HDPs have led to identification of the peptide analogs with potential for use as antimicrobials and vaccine adjuvants. Dietary modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis has also emerged as a promising alternative approach to disease control and prevention in chickens.
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19
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Jiang W, Sunkara LT, Zeng X, Deng Z, Myers SM, Zhang G. Differential regulation of human cathelicidin LL-37 by free fatty acids and their analogs. Peptides 2013; 50:129-38. [PMID: 24140860 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LL-37 is the single cathelicidin host defense peptide in humans with direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Specific regulation of LL-37 synthesis has emerged as a novel non-antibiotic approach to disease control and prevention. Short-chain fatty acids, and butyrate in particular, were found recently to be strong inducers of LL-37 gene expression without causing inflammation. Here, we further evaluated the LL-37-inducing efficiency of a broad range of saturated free fatty acids and their derivatives in human HT-29 colonic epithelial cells and U-937 monocytic cells by real-time RT-PCR. Surprisingly, we revealed that valerate, hexanoate, and heptanoate with 5-7 carbons are more potent than 4-carbon butyrate in promoting LL-37 gene expression in both cell types. Free fatty acids with longer than 7 or shorter than 4 carbons showed only a marginal effect on LL-37 expression. Studies with a series of fatty acid derivatives with modifications in the aliphatic chain or carboxylic acid group yielded several analogs such as benzyl butyrate, trans-cinnamyl butyrate, glyceryl tributyrate, and phenethyl butyrate with a comparable LL-37-inducing activity to sodium butyrate. On the other hand, although reactive, the anhydride derivatives of short- and medium-chain fatty acids are as potent as their corresponding free acid forms in LL-37 induction. Thus, these newly identified free fatty acids and their analogs with a strong capacity to augment LL-37 synthesis may hold promise as immune boosting dietary supplements for antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74048, USA
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20
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Cuperus T, Coorens M, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Avian host defense peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:352-369. [PMID: 23644014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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21
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Sunkara LT, Zeng X, Curtis AR, Zhang G. Cyclic AMP synergizes with butyrate in promoting β-defensin 9 expression in chickens. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:171-80. [PMID: 24141182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) have both microbicidal and immunomodulatory properties. Specific induction of endogenous HDP synthesis has emerged as a novel approach to antimicrobial therapy. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and butyrate have been implicated in HDP induction in humans. However, the role of cAMP signaling and the possible interactions between cAMP and butyrate in regulating HDP expression in other species remain unknown. Here we report that activation of cAMP signaling induces HDP gene expression in chickens as exemplified by β-defensin 9 (AvBD9). We further showed that, albeit being weak inducers, cAMP agonists synergize strongly with butyrate or butyrate analogs in AvBD9 induction in macrophages and primary jejunal explants. Additionally, oral supplementation of forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase agonist in the form of a Coleus forskohlii extract, was found to induce AvBD9 expression in the crop of chickens. Furthermore, feeding with both forskolin and butyrate showed an obvious synergy in triggering AvBD9 expression in the crop and jejunum of chickens. Surprisingly, inhibition of the MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway augmented the butyrate-FSK synergy, whereas blocking JNK or p38 MAPK pathway significantly diminished AvBD9 induction in chicken macrophages and jejunal explants in response to butyrate and FSK individually or in combination. Collectively, these results suggest the potential for concomitant use of butyrate and cAMP signaling activators in enhancing HDP expression, innate immunity, and disease resistance in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi T Sunkara
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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22
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Zeng X, Sunkara LT, Jiang W, Bible M, Carter S, Ma X, Qiao S, Zhang G. Induction of porcine host defense peptide gene expression by short-chain fatty acids and their analogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72922. [PMID: 24023657 PMCID: PMC3758276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) represents a novel antimicrobial approach for disease control and prevention, particularly against antibiotic-resistant infections. However, HDP regulation by dietary compounds such as butyrate is species-dependent. To examine whether butyrate could induce HDP expression in pigs, we evaluated the expressions of a panel of porcine HDPs in IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells, 3D4/31 macrophages, and primary monocytes in response to sodium butyrate treatment by real-time PCR. We revealed that butyrate is a potent inducer of multiple, but not all, HDP genes. Porcine β-defensin 2 (pBD2), pBD3, epididymis protein 2 splicing variant C (pEP2C), and protegrins were induced markedly in response to butyrate, whereas pBD1 expression remained largely unaltered in any cell type. Additionally, a comparison of the HDP-inducing efficacy among saturated free fatty acids of different aliphatic chain lengths revealed that fatty acids containing 3–8 carbons showed an obvious induction of HDP expression in IPEC-J2 cells, with butyrate being the most potent and long-chain fatty acids having only a marginal effect. We further investigated a panel of butyrate analogs for their efficacy in HDP induction, and found glyceryl tributyrate, benzyl butyrate, and 4-phenylbutyrate to be comparable with butyrate. Identification of butyrate and several analogs with a strong capacity to induce HDP gene expression in pigs provides attractive candidates for further evaluation of their potential as novel alternatives to antibiotics in augmenting innate immunity and disease resistance of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfang Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lakshmi T. Sunkara
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Megan Bible
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Scott Carter
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Alternatives to antibiotics: a symposium on the challenges and solutions for animal production. Anim Health Res Rev 2013; 14:78-87. [PMID: 23702321 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252313000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the most important medical discoveries of the 20th century and will remain an essential tool for treating animal and human diseases in the 21st century. However, antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens and concerns over their extensive use in food animals has garnered global interest in limiting antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Yet, limiting the availability of medical interventions to prevent and control animal diseases on the farm will directly impact global food security and safety as well as animal and human health. Insufficient attention has been given to the scientific breakthroughs and novel technologies that provide alternatives to antibiotics. The objectives of the symposium 'Alternatives to Antibiotics' were to highlight promising research results and novel technologies that could potentially lead to alternatives to conventional antibiotics, and assess challenges associated with their commercialization, and provide actionable strategies to support development of alternative antimicrobials. The symposium focused on the latest scientific breakthroughs and technologies that could provide new options and alternative strategies for preventing and treating diseases of animals. Some of these new technologies have direct applications as medical interventions for human health, but the focus of the symposium was animal production, animal health and food safety during food-animal production. Five subject areas were explored in detail through scientific presentations and expert panel discussions, including: (1) alternatives to antibiotics, lessons from nature; (2) immune modulation approaches to enhance disease resistance and to treat animal diseases; (3) gut microbiome and immune development, health and diseases; (4) alternatives to antibiotics for animal production; and (5) regulatory pathways to enable the licensure of alternatives to antibiotics.
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24
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Wang G. Post-translational Modifications of Natural Antimicrobial Peptides and Strategies for Peptide Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:72-79. [PMID: 24511461 DOI: 10.2174/2211550111201010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gene-coded defense molecules discovered in all the three life domains: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The latter covers protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It is now recognized that amino acid composition, peptide sequence, and post-translational modifications determine to a large extent the structure and function of AMPs. This article systematically describes post-translational modifications of natural AMPs annotated in the antimicrobial peptide database (http://aps.unmc.edu/AP). Currently, 1147 out of 1755 AMPs in the database are modified and classified into more than 17 types. Through chemical modifications, the peptides fold into a variety of structural scaffolds that target bacterial surfaces or molecules within cells. Chemical modifications also confer desired functions to a particular peptide. Meanwhile, these modifications modulate other peptide properties such as stability. Elucidation of the relationship between AMP property and chemical modification inspires peptide engineering. Depending on the objective of our design, peptides may be modified in various ways so that the desired features can be enhanced whereas unwanted properties can be minimized. Therefore, peptide design plays an essential role in developing natural AMPs into a new generation of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA,
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25
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van Dijk A, Molhoek E, Bikker F, Yu PL, Veldhuizen E, Haagsman H. Avian cathelicidins: Paradigms for the development of anti-infectives. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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