1
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Lee J, Kim WK. Applications of Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) Hormone: Applicability on Feed Intake and Nutrient Absorption in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2975. [PMID: 37760373 PMCID: PMC10525316 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of hormones derived from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) on appetite and nutrient absorption in chickens. In response to nutrient intake, EECs release hormones that act on many organs and body systems, including the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas. Gut hormones released from EECs play a critical role in the regulation of feed intake and the absorption of nutrients such as glucose, protein, and fat following feed ingestion. We could hypothesize that EECs are essential for the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption because the malfunction of EECs causes severe diarrhea and digestion problems. The importance of EEC hormones has been recognized, and many studies have been carried out to elucidate their mechanisms for many years in other species. However, there is a lack of research on the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption by EEC hormones in chickens. This review suggests the potential significance of EEC hormones on growth and health in chickens under stress conditions induced by diseases and high temperature, etc., by providing in-depth knowledge of EEC hormones and mechanisms on how these hormones regulate appetite and nutrient absorption in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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2
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Campbell JE, Beaudry JL, Svendsen B, Baggio LL, Gordon AN, Ussher JR, Wong CK, Gribble FM, D’Alessio DA, Reimann F, Drucker DJ. GIPR Is Predominantly Localized to Nonadipocyte Cell Types Within White Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2022; 71:1115-1127. [PMID: 35192688 PMCID: PMC7612781 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) augments glucose-dependent insulin secretion through its receptor expressed on islet β-cells. GIP also acts on adipose tissue; yet paradoxically, both enhanced and reduced GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling reduce adipose tissue mass and attenuate weight gain in response to nutrient excess. Moreover, the precise cellular localization of GIPR expression within white adipose tissue (WAT) remains uncertain. We used mouse genetics to target Gipr expression within adipocytes. Surprisingly, targeting Cre expression to adipocytes using the adiponectin (Adipoq) promoter did not produce meaningful reduction of WAT Gipr expression in Adipoq-Cre:Giprflx/flx mice. In contrast, adenoviral expression of Cre under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter, or transgenic expression of Cre using nonadipocyte-selective promoters (Ap2/Fabp4 and Ubc) markedly attenuated WAT Gipr expression. Analysis of single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, adipose tissue data sets localized Gipr/GIPR expression predominantly to pericytes and mesothelial cells rather than to adipocytes. Together, these observations reveal that adipocytes are not the major GIPR+ cell type within WAT-findings with mechanistic implications for understanding how GIP and GIP-based co-agonists control adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Corresponding authors: Jonathan E. Campbell, , or Daniel J. Drucker,
| | - Jacqueline L. Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laurie L. Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew N. Gordon
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John R. Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - David A. D’Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel J. Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding authors: Jonathan E. Campbell, , or Daniel J. Drucker,
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3
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He X. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and tissue inflammation: Implications for atherogenic cardiovascular disease. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has pleiotropic actions on pancreatic endocrine function, adipose tissue lipid metabolism, and skeletal calcium metabolism. Recent data indicate a potential new role for GIP in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the emerging literature that highlights GIP’s role in inflammation—an established process in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In vasculature tissue, GIP may reduce concentrations of circulating inflammatory cytokines, attenuate vascular endothelial inflammation, and directly limit atherosclerotic vascular damage. Important to recognize is that evidence exists to support both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of GIP even within the same tissue/cell type. Therefore, future study designs must account for factors such as model heterogeneity, physiological relevance of doses/exposures, potential indirect effects on inflammatory pathways, and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonist form. Elucidating the specific effects of enhanced GIP signaling in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis is crucial given the existing widespread use of DPP4 inhibitors and the emergence of dual-incretin receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming He
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China
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4
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Rizvi AA, Rizzo M. The Emerging Role of Dual GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Agonists in Glycemic Management and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1023-1030. [PMID: 35411165 PMCID: PMC8994606 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s351982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin pathway is a self-regulating feedback system connecting the gut with the brain, pancreas, and liver. Its predominant action is on the postprandial glucose levels, with extraglycemic effects on fat metabolism and endovascular function. Of the two main incretin hormones released with food ingestion, the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been exploited for therapeutic benefit. However, little attention has been paid to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) until the recent experimental introduction of dual agonists, or "twincretins". Interestingly, simultaneous activation of both receptors is not only replicative of normal physiology, it seems to be an innovative way to enhance their mutual salubrious actions. In patients with type 2 diabetes, dual agonists can have powerful benefits for glucose control and weight reduction. Additionally, there is mounting evidence of their favorable cardiovascular impact, making them potentially appealing pharmacologic agents of choice in the future. Although we seem to be poised on the horizons of exciting new breakthroughs, much knowledge has yet to be gained before these novel agents are ready for prime time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Correspondence: Ali A Rizvi, Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 3400 Quadrangle Blvd, Orlando, Florida, 32817, USA, Tel +1 803-609-1935, Fax +1 407-882-4799, Email
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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5
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Morrow NM, Hanson AA, Mulvihill EE. Distinct Identity of GLP-1R, GLP-2R, and GIPR Expressing Cells and Signaling Circuits Within the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703966. [PMID: 34660576 PMCID: PMC8511495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells directly integrate signals of nutrient content within the gut lumen with distant hormonal responses and nutrient disposal via the production and secretion of peptides, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). Given their direct and indirect control of post-prandial nutrient uptake and demonstrated translational relevance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, malabsorption and cardiometabolic disease, there is significant interest in the locally engaged circuits mediating these metabolic effects. Although several specific populations of cells in the intestine have been identified to express endocrine receptors, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and αβ and γδ T-cells (Glp1r+) and smooth muscle cells (Glp2r+), the definitive cellular localization and co-expression, particularly in regards to the Gipr remain elusive. Here we review the current state of the literature and evaluate the identity of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gipr expressing cells within preclinical and clinical models. Further elaboration of our understanding of the initiating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) circuits engaged locally within the intestine and how they become altered with high-fat diet feeding can offer insight into the dysregulation observed in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center CRCHUM-Pavillion R, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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English A, Craig SL, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Individual and combined effects of GIP and xenin on differentiation, glucose uptake and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biol Chem 2020; 401:1293-1303. [PMID: 32769216 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), released postprandially from K-cells, has established actions on adipocytes and lipid metabolism. In addition, xenin, a related peptide hormone also secreted from K-cells after a meal, has postulated effects on energy regulation and lipid turnover. The current study has probed direct individual and combined effects of GIP and xenin on adipocyte function in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, using enzyme-resistant peptide analogues, (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln, and knockdown (KD) of receptors for both peptides. (d-Ala2)GIP stimulated adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes over 96 h, with xenin-25-Gln evoking similar effects. Combined treatment significantly countered these individual adipogenic effects. Individual receptor KD impaired lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation, with combined receptor KD preventing differentiation. (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln increased glycerol release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but this lipolytic effect was significantly less apparent with combined treatment. Key adipogenic and lipolytic genes were upregulated by (d-Ala2)GIP or xenin-25-Gln, but not by dual peptide culture. Similarly, both (d-Ala2)GIP and xenin-25-Gln stimulated insulin-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but this effect was annulled by dual treatment. In conclusion, GIP and xenin possess direct, comparable, lipogenic and lipolytic actions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, effects on lipid metabolism are significantly diminished by combined administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew English
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sarah L Craig
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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7
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A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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8
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Stemmer K, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Insights into incretin-based therapies for treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:34-53. [PMID: 32485206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Derangements in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism (dyslipidemia) are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in obese and type-2 diabetic (T2D) patients. An emerging class of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and next generation peptide dual-agonists such as GLP-1/glucagon or GLP-1/GIP could provide effective therapeutic options for T2D patients. In addition to their role in glucose and energy homeostasis, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon serve as regulators of lipid metabolism. This review summarizes the current knowledge in GLP-1, glucagon and GIP effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and frames the emerging therapeutic benefits of GLP-1 analogs and GLP-1-based multiagonists as add-on treatment options for diabetes associated dyslipidemia.
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9
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Irwin N, Gault VA, O'Harte FPM, Flatt PR. Blockade of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) action as a novel means of countering insulin resistance in the treatment of obesity-diabetes. Peptides 2020; 125:170203. [PMID: 31733230 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a 42 amino acid hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. Despite a recognised physiological role for GIP as an insulin secretagogue to control postprandial blood glucose levels, growing evidence reveals important actions of GIP on adipocytes and promotion of fat deposition in tissues. As such, blockade of GIP receptor (GIPR) action has been proposed as a means to counter insulin resistance, and improve metabolic status in obesity and related diabetes. In agreement with this, numerous independent observations in animal models support important therapeutic applications of GIPR antagonists in obesity-diabetes. Sustained administration of peptide-based GIPR inhibitors, low molecular weight GIPR antagonists, GIPR neutralising antibodies as well as genetic knockout of GIPR's or vaccination against GIP all demonstrate amelioration of insulin resistance and reduced body weight gain in response to high fat feeding. These observations were consistently associated with decreased accumulation of lipids in peripheral tissues, thereby alleviating insulin resistance. Although the impact of prolonged GIPR inhibition on bone turnover still needs to be determined, evidence to date indicates that GIPR antagonists represent an exciting novel treatment option for obesity-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Victor A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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10
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GIP as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041509. [PMID: 32098413 PMCID: PMC7073149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut hormones that are secreted from enteroendocrine L cells and K cells in response to digested nutrients, respectively. They are also referred to incretin for their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts anorexic effects via its actions in the central nervous system. Since native incretin is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), DPP-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and DPP-4 inhibitors are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as incretin-based therapy. These new-class agents have superiority to classical oral hypoglycemic agents such as sulfonylureas because of their low risks for hypoglycemia and body weight gain. In addition, a number of preclinical studies have shown the cardioprotective properties of incretin-based therapy, whose findings are further supported by several randomized clinical trials. Indeed, GLP-1RA has been significantly shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the role of GIP in cardiovascular disease remains to be elucidated. Recently, pharmacological doses of GIP receptor agonists (GIPRAs) have been found to exert anti-obesity effects in animal models. These observations suggest that combination therapy of GLP-1R and GIPR may induce superior metabolic and anti-diabetic effects compared with each agonist individually. Clinical trials with GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonists are ongoing in diabetic patients. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the cardiovascular effects of GIP and GIPRAs in cell culture systems, animal models, and humans.
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11
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Killion EA, Lu SC, Fort M, Yamada Y, Véniant MM, Lloyd DJ. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity, Do Agonists = Antagonists? Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5568102. [PMID: 31511854 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) is associated with obesity in human genome-wide association studies. Similarly, mouse genetic studies indicate that loss of function alleles and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide overexpression both protect from high-fat diet-induced weight gain. Together, these data provide compelling evidence to develop therapies targeting GIPR for the treatment of obesity. Further, both antagonists and agonists alone prevent weight gain, but result in remarkable weight loss when codosed or molecularly combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs preclinically. Here, we review the current literature on GIPR, including biology, human and mouse genetics, and pharmacology of both agonists and antagonists, discussing the similarities and differences between the 2 approaches. Despite opposite approaches being investigated preclinically and clinically, there may be viability of both agonists and antagonists for the treatment of obesity, and we expect this area to continue to evolve with new clinical data and molecular and pharmacological analyses of GIPR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Killion
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Shu-Chen Lu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Madeline Fort
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Murielle M Véniant
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - David J Lloyd
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
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Perry RA, Craig SL, Ng MT, Gault VA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Characterisation of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Antagonists in Rodent Pancreatic Beta Cells and Mice. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419875453. [PMID: 31548798 PMCID: PMC6743192 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419875453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypersecretion and alterations in the biological activity of the incretin
hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), have been
postulated as contributing factors in the development of obesity-related
diabetes. However, recent studies also point to weight-reducing effects of GIP
receptor activation. Therefore, generating precise experimental tools, such as
specific and effective GIP receptor (GIPR) antagonists, is of key significance
to better understand GIP physiology. Thus, the primary aim of the current study
was to uncover improved GIPR antagonists for use in rodent studies, using human
and mouse GIP sequences with N- and C-terminal deletions. Initial in
vitro studies revealed that the GIPR agonists, human (h) GIP(1-42),
hGIP(1-30) and mouse (m) GIP(1-30), stimulated (P < 0.01 to
P < 0.001) insulin secretion from rat BRIN-BD11 cells.
Analysis of insulin secretory effects of the N- and C-terminally cleaved GIP
peptides, including hGIP(3-30), mGIP(3-30), h(Pro3)GIP(3-30),
hGIP(5-30), hGIP(3-42) and hGIP(5-42), revealed that these peptides did not
modulate insulin secretion. More pertinently, only hGIP(3-30), mGIP(3-30) and
h(Pro3)GIP(3-30) were able to significantly (P
< 0.01 to P < 0.001) inhibit hGIP(1-42)-stimulated
insulin secretion. The human-derived GIPR agonist sequences, hGIP(1-42) and
hGIP(1-30), reduced (P < 0.05) glucose levels in mice
following conjoint injection with glucose, but mGIP(1-30) was ineffective. None
of the N- and C-terminally cleaved GIP peptides affected glucose homeostasis
when injected alone with glucose. However, hGIP(5-30) and mGIP(3-30)
significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01)
impaired the glucose-lowering action of hGIP(1-42). Further evaluation of these
most effective sequences demonstrated that mGIP(3-30), but not hGIP(5-30),
effectively prevented GIP-induced elevations of plasma insulin concentrations.
These data highlight, for the first time, that mGIP(3-30) represents an
effective molecule to inhibit GIPR activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Perry
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - S L Craig
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - M T Ng
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - V A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - N Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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13
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Mroz PA, Finan B, Gelfanov V, Yang B, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD, Perez-Tilve D. Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism. Mol Metab 2019; 20:51-62. [PMID: 30578168 PMCID: PMC6358549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structurally-improved GIP analogs were developed to determine precisely whether GIP receptor (GIPR) agonism or antagonism lowers body weight in obese mice. METHODS A series of peptide-based GIP analogs, including structurally diverse agonists and a long-acting antagonist, were generated and characterized in vitro using functional assays in cell systems overexpressing human and mouse derived receptors. These analogs were characterized in vivo in DIO mice following acute dosing for effects on glycemic control, and following chronic dosing for effects on body weight and food intake. Pair-feeding studies and indirect calorimetry were used to survey the mechanism for body weight lowering. Congenital Gipr-/- and Glp1r-/- DIO mice were used to investigate the selectivity of the agonists and to ascribe the pharmacology to effects mediated by the GIPR. RESULTS Non-acylated, Aib2 substituted analogs derived from human GIP sequence showed full in vitro potency at human GIPR and subtly reduced in vitro potency at mouse GIPR without cross-reactivity at GLP-1R. These GIPR agonists lowered acute blood glucose in wild-type and Glp1r-/- mice, and this effect was absent in Gipr-/- mice, which confirmed selectivity towards GIPR. Chronic treatment of DIO mice resulted in modest yet consistent, dose-dependent decreased body weight across many studies with diverse analogs. The mechanism for body weight lowering is due to reductions in food intake, not energy expenditure, as suggested by pair-feeding studies and indirect calorimetry assessment. The weight lowering effect was preserved in DIO Glp-1r-/- mice and absent in DIO Gipr-/- mice. The body weight lowering efficacy of GIPR agonists was enhanced with analogs that exhibit higher mouse GIPR potency, with increased frequency of administration, and with fatty-acylated peptides of extended duration of action. Additionally, a fatty-acylated, N-terminally truncated GIP analog was shown to have high in vitro antagonism potency for human and mouse GIPR without cross-reactive activity at mouse GLP-1R or mouse glucagon receptor (GcgR). This acylated antagonist sufficiently inhibited the acute effects of GIP to improve glucose tolerance in DIO mice. Chronic treatment of DIO mice with high doses of this acylated GIPR antagonist did not result in body weight change. Further, co-treatment of this acylated GIPR antagonist with liraglutide, an acylated GLP-1R agonist, to DIO mice did not result in increased body weight lowering relative to liraglutide-treated mice. Enhanced body weight lowering in DIO mice was evident however following co-treatment of long-acting selective individual agonists for GLP-1R and GIPR, consistent with previous data. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that peptide-based GIPR agonists, not peptide-based GIPR antagonists, that are suitably optimized for receptor selectivity, cross-species activity, and duration of action consistently lower body weight in DIO mice, although with moderate efficacy relative to GLP-1R agonists. These preclinical rodent pharmacology results, in accordance with recent clinical results, provide definitive proof that systemic GIPR agonism, not antagonism, is beneficial for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr A Mroz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Baldassano S, Gasbjerg LS, Kizilkaya HS, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Hartmann B. Increased Body Weight and Fat Mass After Subchronic GIP Receptor Antagonist, but Not GLP-2 Receptor Antagonist, Administration in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:492. [PMID: 31447774 PMCID: PMC6691063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are hormones secreted from the enteroendocrine cells after a meal. They exert their actions through activation of G protein-coupled receptors (R), the GIPR and GLP-2R, respectively. Both have been reported to influence metabolism. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of the hormones in the regulation of lipid and bone homeostasis by subchronic treatment with novel GIPR and GLP-2R antagonists. Rats were injected once daily with vehicle, GIPR, or GLP-2R antagonists for 3 weeks. Body weight, food intake, body composition, plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipokines, triglycerides and the marker of bone resorption carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), were examined. In rats, subchronic treatment with GIPR antagonist, rat GIP (3-30)NH2, did not modify food intake and bone resorption, but significantly increased body weight, body fat mass, triglycerides, LPL, and leptin levels compared with vehicle treated rats. Subchronic (Pro3)GIP (a partial GIPR agonist), GLP-2(11-33), and GLP-2(3-33) (GLP-2R antagonists) treatment did not affect any parameter. The present results would be consistent with a role for GIP, but not GLP-2, in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in rats, while neither GIPR nor GLP-2R antagonism appeared to influence bone resorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bolette Hartmann
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Varol C, Zvibel I, Spektor L, Mantelmacher FD, Vugman M, Thurm T, Khatib M, Elmaliah E, Halpern Z, Fishman S. Long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ameliorates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4002-9. [PMID: 25217161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity induces low-grade chronic inflammation, manifested by proinflammatory polarization of adipose tissue innate and adaptive resident and recruited immune cells that contribute to insulin resistance (IR). The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that mediates postprandial insulin secretion and has anabolic effects on the adipose tissue. Importantly, recent evidence suggested that GIP is a potential suppressor of inflammation in several metabolic models. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory role of GIP in a murine model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) using the long-acting GIP analog [d-Ala(2)]GIP. Administration of [d-Ala(2)]GIP resulted in adipocytes of increased size, increased levels of adipose tissue lipid droplet proteins, indicating better lipid storage capacity, and reduced adipose tissue inflammation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed reduced numbers of inflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes and F4/80(hi)CD11c(+) macrophages, associated with IR. In addition, [d-Ala(2)]GIP reduced adipose tissue infiltration of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, [d-Ala(2)]GIP treatment induced a favorable adipose tissue adipokine profile, manifested by a prominent reduction in key inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL8, and CCL5) and an increase in adiponectin. Notably, [d-Ala(2)]GIP also reduced the numbers of circulating neutrophils and proinflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes in mice fed regular chow or a high-fat diet. Finally, the beneficial immune-associated effects were accompanied by amelioration of IR and improved insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue. Collectively, our results describe key beneficial immunoregulatory properties for GIP in DIO and reveal that its augmentation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and improves IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Isabel Zvibel
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Lior Spektor
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Fernanda Dana Mantelmacher
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Milena Vugman
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Tamar Thurm
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Marian Khatib
- Surgery Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Elinor Elmaliah
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Zamir Halpern
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
| | - Sigal Fishman
- Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; and
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Ben-Shlomo S, Zvibel I, Varol C, Spektor L, Shlomai A, Santo EM, Halpern Z, Oren R, Fishman S. Role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in adipose tissue inflammation of dipeptidylpeptidase 4-deficient rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2331-41. [PMID: 23408696 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, used in obese diabetic patients, reduce inflammation in several models. The role of chronic DPP4-deficiency (DPP4-) in diet-induced obesity with respect to insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue inflammation was investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS Insulin resistance was induced by 2 months high fat diet (HFD). In vitro effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were assessed in adipose tissue explants and stromal vascular fraction (SVF). RESULTS HFD-fed DPP4-rats gained significantly more weight and visceral fat mass, yet were more insulin sensitive. Adipose tissue of DPP4- rats demonstrated increased adipocyte maturation and increased expression of enzymes involved in triglyceride uptake and synthesis, yet increased adiponectin mRNA, reduced mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced vascular adhesion molecules, suggesting reduced inflammation. In vitro and in vivo experiments explored the role of GIP in inducing this phenotype. Indeed, we demonstrated that GIP directly enhanced adiponectin expression in rat and human adipose tissue explants and in SVF. Lastly, GIP administration to normal or HFD-fed rats elevated serum adiponectin and improved their glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION In a HFD model, DPP4-rats exhibited reduced adipose tissue inflammation and improved insulin resistance, which may be mediated in part by GIP induction of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Ben-Shlomo
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, The Department of Gastroenterology and Liver diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Irwin N, Hunter K, Montgomery IA, Flatt PR. Comparison of independent and combined metabolic effects of chronic treatment with (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 and long-acting GLP-1 and GIP mimetics in high fat-fed mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:650-9. [PMID: 23388064 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are gastrointestinal peptides with important physiological effects. However, rapid enzymatic degradation results in short-lived biological actions. METHODS This study has examined metabolic actions of exendin-4, GIP[mPEG] and a novel CCK-8 analogue, (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 as enzymatically stable forms of GLP-1, GIP and CCK, respectively. RESULTS All peptides significantly (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) stimulated insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells, and acute in vivo experiments confirmed prominent antihyperglycaemic and insulinotropic responses to GLP-1 or GIP receptor activation in normal mice. Twice daily injection of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 alone and in combination with exendin-4 or GIP[mPEG] in high fat-fed mice significantly decreased accumulated food intake (p < 0.05-p < 0.01), body weight gain (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and improved (p < 0.05) insulin sensitivity in high fat-fed mice. However, there was no evidence for superior effects compared to (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 alone. Combined treatment of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 and exendin-4 resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lowered circulating glucose levels and improved (p < 0.05) intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. These effects were superior to either treatment regime alone but not associated with altered insulin concentrations. A single injection of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8, or combined with exendin-4, significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose levels 24 h post injection in untreated high fat-fed mice. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 alone and in combination with incretin hormones for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK.
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